Ch. 4.2 - The Industrial Ch. 4.2 - The Industrial Revolution:Revolution:

Changes in technology in Western Europe & the United Changes in technology in Western Europe & the United States States

ca. 1750 - 1850ca. 1750 - 1850

What do you need to start an What do you need to start an Industrial Revolution? Industrial Revolution?

PreconditionsPreconditions1.1. Geography: able to grow food, easily Geography: able to grow food, easily transport food and goods (soil, waterways)transport food and goods (soil, waterways)

2.2. Technology – new ideas, inventions, for Technology – new ideas, inventions, for growing food, new productsgrowing food, new products

3.3. Supply of capital (money)Supply of capital (money)4.4. Natural resources – to make things Natural resources – to make things 5.5. Labor force – people to produce thingsLabor force – people to produce things6.6. Markets – people who will buy the things Markets – people who will buy the things

produced – so sellers can make profits $produced – so sellers can make profits $7.7. Government stable and friendly to businessGovernment stable and friendly to business8.8. Incentive – Let’s change! Make profitsIncentive – Let’s change! Make profits

I. Ind. Rev. Began in BritainI. Ind. Rev. Began in BritainA.A. Contributing Factors:Contributing Factors:

1.1. Agricultural revolutionAgricultural revolution2.2. Population growthPopulation growth3.3. Supply of capital (money)Supply of capital (money)4.4. Rich in natural resourcesRich in natural resources5.5. GovernmentGovernment’’s s ““laissez-fairelaissez-faire””

attitude; political stabilityattitude; political stability6.6. EmpireEmpire provided a market for goods provided a market for goods7.7. Geography: An Geography: An island nationisland nation

I. Industrial RevolutionI. Industrial RevolutionBegan in BritainBegan in Britain

A.A. Contributing Factors:Contributing Factors:1.1. Agricultural revolutionAgricultural revolution: increase in food supply meant : increase in food supply meant

more people could be fed at lower prices, with less more people could be fed at lower prices, with less laborlabor

2.2. Population growthPopulation growth (and so more workers -- labor (and so more workers -- labor supply) as a result of more food suppliessupply) as a result of more food supplies

3.3. Supply of capitalSupply of capital to invest & entrepreneurs seeking to invest & entrepreneurs seeking profits; highly developed banking systemprofits; highly developed banking system

4.4. Rich in natural resourcesRich in natural resources, including coal, iron ore, and , including coal, iron ore, and natural waterways -- for both fuel and transportationnatural waterways -- for both fuel and transportation

5.5. GovernmentGovernment’’s s ““laissez-fairelaissez-faire”” attitude towards econ. and attitude towards econ. and social regulation; politically stable (wars fought on the social regulation; politically stable (wars fought on the continent)continent)

6.6. Large empire provided a market for goods Large empire provided a market for goods and a source and a source of raw materialsof raw materials

7.7. Geography: Britain an island nationGeography: Britain an island nation, allowing easy sea , allowing easy sea trade, less risk of invasiontrade, less risk of invasion

B. Agricultural RevolutionB. Agricultural Revolution1. Enclosure movement: large, wealthy landowners bought up small farms on which they could experiment and apply the scientific approach to farming.

Jethro Tull was one of the first scientific farmers.

2. Methods such as crop rotation and selective breeding were employed by the scientific farmers.

Crop Rotation: a new idea

Seed Drill

Seed Drill

Result of the Enclosure Movement: Fenced-in lands

C. Effects of the Agricultural C. Effects of the Agricultural RevolutionRevolution

1.1. Population grew because of higher quality and Population grew because of higher quality and more food availablemore food available

2.2. Increased population led to higher demand for Increased population led to higher demand for food and goodsfood and goods

3.3. As farmers lost land to enclosures, they left rural As farmers lost land to enclosures, they left rural villages and moved to the cities to work in villages and moved to the cities to work in factoriesfactories

Cottage Industry: Home-Based Production of Goods to Sell

D. Changes in Cotton Production: D. Changes in Cotton Production: the Textile Industrythe Textile Industry

1.1. Industrialization Industrialization began in the began in the textile textile industryindustry; specifically ; specifically the demand for the demand for cottoncotton

2.2. One invention led to One invention led to another as spinners another as spinners and weavers tried to and weavers tried to keep up with keep up with demand for cotton demand for cotton clothcloth

Hargreaves’Spinning Jenny1764:

Arkwright invented the Waterframe in 1769.

Eli Whitney & The Cotton Eli Whitney & The Cotton GinGin

While spinners and weavers While spinners and weavers created inventions to keep created inventions to keep up with each otherup with each other’’s speed, s speed, the cotton growers were the cotton growers were now falling behind now falling behind

1793: while working on a 1793: while working on a plantation in Georgia to pay plantation in Georgia to pay college debts, Whitney college debts, Whitney developed Cotton Gin, developed Cotton Gin, hoping to receive a patent hoping to receive a patent and thus a handsome profit.and thus a handsome profit.

Negative impact: increased Negative impact: increased demand for both land and demand for both land and slave labor due to the slave labor due to the profitability of cotton profitability of cotton growinggrowing

Industrial Revolution, Industrial Revolution, from 18from 18thth century: century:– InventionsInventions, new methods, new methods boosted agricultural boosted agricultural

productionproduction of crops – more, cheaper food of crops – more, cheaper food– Population surgedPopulation surged as food became cheaper as food became cheaper– InventionsInventions created machines, used new sources created machines, used new sources

of power, to of power, to mass produce goodsmass produce goods – ( – (Textile Textile industry – cottonindustry – cotton -- the first) … -- the first) …

– … … and created and created new form of transportation new form of transportation – – steam-powered engines: Railroadssteam-powered engines: Railroads

– New sources of energy New sources of energy -- coal, iron ore, use of -- coal, iron ore, use of water, steam – fueled machines, transportationwater, steam – fueled machines, transportation

– Factories built Factories built to make goods – people moved to make goods – people moved from rural areas to cities – from rural areas to cities – urbanizationurbanization

Why did Industrialization Why did Industrialization begin in England?begin in England?

E. The Transportation E. The Transportation RevolutionRevolution

1. James Watt developed the steam engine in 1765.

2. Steam was a cheap, convenient source of power.

4. In 1804, the 1st steam-powered locomotive ran on an industrial rail line. “The Iron Horse”

F. The Effect of the Railroads:F. The Effect of the Railroads:1.1. Spurred Spurred industrial growthindustrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap by giving manufacturers a cheap

way to transport goods & raw materialsway to transport goods & raw materials2.2. Created Created new jobsnew jobs to construct and operate rails, and in to construct and operate rails, and in

miningmining3.3. Boosted agricultural and fishing industriesBoosted agricultural and fishing industries4.4. Increased travel for pleasure and allowed people to take Increased travel for pleasure and allowed people to take

distant jobsdistant jobs

18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners

18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

18801880300 million tons

500, 000 miners

19141914250 million tons

1, 200, 000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:Huge Increases from 1800-

1914

Coal Mining in Britain:Huge Increases from 1800-

1914

Economic Changes

Social Changes: Transportation

Economic ChangesEconomic Changes

How many horses would be needed to transport 40 tons by road?

Railways cut the cost

of transporting

goods

G. Factory LifeG. Factory Life

1.1. New machines were New machines were large and expensive, large and expensive, so factories were built so factories were built to house machines.to house machines.

2.2. Initially built near Initially built near power sources (water); power sources (water); later w/ the later w/ the development of new development of new sources of fuel, sources of fuel, factories moved to factories moved to urban centersurban centers

3.3. People People migratedmigrated to to cities to work in cities to work in factoriesfactories

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the No. built the No. RRs.RRs.

Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the So. built the So. RRs. RRs.

Improvements in Improvements in TransportationTransportation

Water TransportationWater Transportation– Robert Fulton builds Robert Fulton builds

first steamboat, the first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807Clermont, in 1807

– EnglandEngland’’s water s water transport improved by transport improved by system of canalssystem of canals

II. Industrialization SpreadsII. Industrialization SpreadsA.A. Up until 1825 it was illegal Up until 1825 it was illegal

for engineers, mechanics, for engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers to leave and toolmakers to leave EnglandEngland– 1789: Samuel Slater 1789: Samuel Slater

emigrates illegally to US, emigrates illegally to US, – Builds spinning machine Builds spinning machine

from memory and partial from memory and partial designdesign

B.B. A year after Slater arrived A year after Slater arrived in the US: 1in the US: 1stst textile textile factory opens in USfactory opens in US

GermanyGermany::– Politically divided, but pockets of industrializationPolitically divided, but pockets of industrialization– Built RR to connect manufacturing citiesBuilt RR to connect manufacturing cities– Econ. strength led to military development by the Econ. strength led to military development by the late late

1919thth C., Germany was both an industrial and military C., Germany was both an industrial and military powerhousepowerhouse

FranceFrance: industrialized after 1850, delayed by war, : industrialized after 1850, delayed by war, debts; built RRdebts; built RR

SpainSpain: cotton production, industrialization delayed by : cotton production, industrialization delayed by lack of transportation (roads & canals)lack of transportation (roads & canals)

Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary: geography (mountain range) : geography (mountain range) blocked RR buildingblocked RR building

D. Industrialization in Continental D. Industrialization in Continental EuropeEurope

1.1. Due to the Napoleonic Wars & the French Rev. (1789 – Due to the Napoleonic Wars & the French Rev. (1789 – 1815), G.B. remained the 1815), G.B. remained the ““economic superpowereconomic superpower”” of the of the 1919thth C. C.

– More tradeMore trade– More iron & coal than the rest of the world combinedMore iron & coal than the rest of the world combined– Produced more than 70% of EuropeProduced more than 70% of Europe’’s cotton cloths cotton cloth

2.2. After 1815, industrialization spreads to the continentAfter 1815, industrialization spreads to the continent

Industrialization in the USIndustrialization in the US1.1. U.S. was mainly agricultural until the end U.S. was mainly agricultural until the end

of the Civil War (1865)of the Civil War (1865)2.2. Technology boom caused by:Technology boom caused by:

– Natural resources Natural resources (oil, coal, iron)(oil, coal, iron)– InventionsInventions (light bulb, telephone) (light bulb, telephone)– Growing populationGrowing population– Railroads, large cities Railroads, large cities grew up along grew up along

RR lines (Chicago, Minneapolis)RR lines (Chicago, Minneapolis)– Funded by entrepreneurs Funded by entrepreneurs who sold who sold

shares of stock, buyers became part-shares of stock, buyers became part-owners in corporations (Standard Oil, owners in corporations (Standard Oil, Carnegie Steel)Carnegie Steel)

Lowell Textile MillsLowell Textile Mills

Lowell Mill GirlsLowell Mill Girls Single young Single young

women left rural women left rural homes to work as homes to work as ““mill girlsmill girls””

Watched to ensure Watched to ensure ““proper behaviorproper behavior””

12 hour days/6 12 hour days/6 days/week, but days/week, but decent incomedecent income

Good alternative to Good alternative to becoming a servantbecoming a servant