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The Age of Revolution1750-1850
• The Age of Revolution (industrial, political, scientific)
• The World in 1750 and the World in 1850• The Industrial Revolution
– Why Britain?– The First Phase (Cotton textiles)– Crisis of the 1830s– Second Phase (Coal, Iron, Railways)– Industrial Revolution and Society
1450-1650 Europe Middle East Asia Transformation
Econ. Polit. Ottoman Portug. Empire Dutch in
SEA
End of feudal relations, StateExpansion
1450-1650-1750
Europe Middle East Asia
To America -Ottoman Empire Ming
Africa, Asia -Persian Empire to Qing
Absolutism Portug, Mercantilism Dutch
in SEA
Mughal
The Age of Revolution (1750-1850)
• Economy (Industrial Revolution) Individual’s ability to apply scientific thinking to production, and the creation of a society based on modern industry
• Politics (American, French Revolutions; Revolutions of 1848) Individual’s right to challenge the old order, and claim his political rights and popular sovereignty
• Science (Enlightenment) Individual’s ability to understand and control nature.
World in 1750 and in 1850
Second half of the 18th. c
• Limited transportation• Rural• Trade and merchants
dominate• Natural sources of energy
Second half of the 19th. c
• New methods of transportation
• Industry dominates trade and agriculture
• Nature harnessed
The Age of Revolution1750-1850
• The Age of Revolution (industrial, political, scientific)
• The World in 1750 and the World in 1850• The Industrial Revolution
– Why Britain?– The First Phase (Cotton textiles)– Crisis of the 1830s– Second Phase (Coal, Iron, Railways)– Industrial Revolution and Society
Why Britain?
• Agricultural background• Supportive state• Expansion of trade (mercantilism) • Suitable institutions• Suitable infrastructure• Overseas victories• Cultural environment• Seeds of early industries (cotton textiles, coal,
iron, railroads)
Stages in the Mechanization of Textile Industry in Britain
• Separating the seeds from the fibers– 1793: Eli Whitney’s mechanical gin
• Spinning– 1764 Spinning jenny (no mechanical power)– 1775 Richard Arkwright: Water powered spinning
machine– 1780 Steam powered mule (finer threads)
• Weaving– 1785 Edmund Cartwright (power loom)
• Printing and dyeing – 1772-1780s pullers
Raw Cotton Imports to Britain1785: 11m lbs1850: 588m lbs
Output of Cloth1785: 40m yards1850: 2,025m yards
Cotton Cloth Imports to India• 1820 11m yards• 1840 145m yards
From textiles to coal to iron to railroads
• Coal as source of heat
• Coal used to separate iron
• Railroads built to carry coals
• Coal used to power locomotives
• Railroads expanded and became a an area of investment
• Railroads increase demand for coal and iron
• Population of Europe1750: 100 million 1900: 400 million
• Population of Britain 1750: 7.4 million 1850:20.6 million
• Population of Manchester 1801: 77,000 1850: 303,000
• Population Liverpool 1801: 82,000 1850: 397,000