CENTRAL ASIAN HISTORY Kazuyuki KUBO*

CENTRAL ASIAN HISTORY

Japanese Historiography of Islamic Central Asia

Kazuyuki KUBO*

I. From the Arab Conquests to the Fall of the Timurid Empire

Japanese research on the history of Islamic Central Asia, in this paper the

former Soviet Central Asia and Afghanistan, began under the strong influence of

the Japanese Sinological tradition, which encouraged Japanese scholars to study

pre-Islamic Central Asia, using Chinese historical sources. This is why they at first used mainly the Chinese sources in the studies of Islamic Central Asia also,

and the subjects were considerably restricted. Therefore it is surprising that in

the early 20th century K. Fukazawa and T. Haneda wrote several articles using

the Central Asian and West Asian historical sources Zahir al-Din Muhammad

Babur's Babur-nama (Fukazawa 1910-11), Nizam al-Din Shami's Zafar-nama,

and Rashid al-Din's Jami al-Taviirikh (T. Haneda 1912, 1913, 1916), even

though they couldn't use the Turkic and Persian original texts but only European

translations.

Japanese imperialism leading up toward World War II encouraged Altaic

studies and Islamic studies in Japan, and immature journals were published

under the titles of Moko (Mongol) and Kaikyo-Ken (Islamic sphere). In those

years Japanese scholars seriously surveyed the Western and Russian literature on Islamic Central Asia and began to use non-Chinese historical sources. They were

greatly helped by the works of such acknowledged Western and Russian scholars as R. Grousset, V.V. Bartol'd, B.D. Grekov, A.Iu. Iakubovskii, F.H. Skrine, E.D.

Ross, and H. Lamb, which were translated into Japanese one after another (Aoki

(tr.) 1939, 1940, 1941-42; Mitsuhashi (tr.) 1940b; Harima (tr.) 1942; Takayama

(tr.) 1943; Goto (tr.) 1944). Original works of Japanese scholars, based both on Chinese and on non-Chinese sources, were published on basic subjects such as

the Mongol period (Saguchi 1941-42, 1942; Uemura 1941-42) and the

diplomatic relations of the Timurid empire with the Ming dynasty (Mitsui 1937;

Murakami 1938). Articles on historical sources, both Chinese and non-Chinese,

and Japanese translations of them were also published. Among them were

* Associate Professor , Kyoto University

Vol. XXXVIII 2003 135

travels by Chinese people like Chen Ceng, Changchun Zhenren, and Yeli Chucai

(Kanda 1927; Sanaka 1933; Mitsui 1938; Otani (tr.) 1939; Iwamura (tr.) 1948) and Timur's autobiography, fabricated later (Yoshihara (tr.) 1940-41; Uemura

1941).

After World War II, Japanese research on Islamic Central Asia stagnated

for more than ten years. Then, at the end of the 50's, Japanese scholars again

began to publish original works on such subjects as the political history of the

early Islamic period (Maejima 1958-59), ghulams during the Samanid period

(Sato, Keishiro 1959), the local dynasty, the early administration, and the

privileged class (darqan) of the Mongol period (Honda 1962, 1967; Etani 1963), and the early years of the Timurid empire (Mitsuhashi 1959; Kato 1968). These

works used Arabic and Persian historical sources, some of them using the

Chinese sources too. Moreover, under the influence of Japanese Turcology,

which was founded by T. Haneda, the Turkic-Arabic Dictionary of Mahmud

Kashghari was partially translated into Japanese (Fujimoto (tr.) 1957). It should

also be noted that the travels of Yeli Chucai during the Mongol period and of

Clavijo in the Timurid empire were completely translated into Japanese, the

latter via an English translation (Nakano (tr.) 1961; Yamada (tr.) 1967; Uchida

(tr.) 1968). Through the 70's and the first half of the 80's Japanese specialists became

familiar with the Central Asian and West Asian sources and actively published

articles using them, with the help of Western and Russian literature as, for

example, D'Ohson's great work, translated in those years (Saguchi (tr.) 1968-

79). Among the articles were those on the following subjects: questions about

the Islamization of Turkish peoples (A. Haneda 1973; Oda 1974); the legend of

Oghuz Qaghan (Koyama & Honda 1974); the Turkish titles in Kdshghari's

dictionary (Koyama 1977); the early Seljuks (Shimizu 1975); the Ghaznavids

(Kagaya 1971; Hattori 1976); the political history of the Chaghatay khanate

(Kato 1978, 1982); the Qaraunds (Shimo 1971); the Nikudaris down to the Timurid period (Kitagawa 1980, 1983, 1984); Timur's military and diplomatic

activities (Kato 1974, 1976); Timur's genealogy (Mano 1976); the activities of a

certain famous amir's family under the Timurids (Mano 1977); the political

history of the late Timurids and the early Shaybanids (Horikawa 1977, 1979,

1983a); and the circumstances of the bringing out of an agricultural manual

(Shimizu 1984). Several articles were also published on subjects new for Japanese Central Asian studies such as the Samanid lineage based on the

numismatic sources (Hattori 1975), the rural societies of 14th century Bukhdrd

based on a certain document (Kato 1972), the disciplines of the famous tdriqa,

136 ORIENT


Naqshbandiya (Kawamoto 1983). On the other hand, studies on the Chinese

historical materials continued (Enoki 1972; Hori 1978, 1982), and it is

remarkable that the compiled Chinese texts of the Central Asian sources of the

Ming period were also published in book form (Haneda Memorial Hall 1974).

From the second half of the 80's onward, young specialists made their

presence kown, and the publication of articles multiplied on various subjects such as the following: the religious situation at the time of the Islamic conquests

(Odani 1997); the political, institutional, and geographical history of the Ghaznavids (Inaba 1986, 1988, 1990, 1994, 1995, 1999); the Qarakhanids in a

Chinese historical work (Shirota 1992); the early Sebilks (Itani 1997); the

political history of the Khwarazmshah state (Itani 1988); Mery during the early Islamic period (A. Sato 1994); the historical sphere of Soghd (Nishimura 2001);

Tiiman as a geo-political term in the Mongol and post-Mongol periods

(Kawamoto 2000); the relations between the Kubraviya shaykhs and the Mongol rulers (Yajima 2000); Shahr-i Sabz at the time of Tim& (Kato 1988); the

activities of the powerful amirs in the Timurid empire (Ando 1985; Kawaguchi

1988, 1993a, 1993b); the institutional history of the Timurid empire (Ando

1994a, 1994b); the genealogical relations between the Timurids and the

Chingizids (Kawaguchi 1996); the political activities and the real property of

Khwdja Atirdr based on hagiographical works and documental sources

(Kawamoto 1986, 1989, 1991); the political situation, the patronage of science and art, and the socio-cultural development in Herat during and after the late

Timurid period (Kubo 1988, 1990, 2001); the rise of Chaghatay Turkic literature

(Sugahara 1998); the Uzbeks before the rise of the Shaybanid dynasty (Akasaka 2000); and historical works such as the Biibur-nama, 'Ali Yazdi's Zafar-nama,

klafiz-i Abrirs Majmira-yi Tavdrikh, Bind'i's Saybethi-neima etc., and their authors (Mano 1987, 1991, 1998; Ando 1994c; Kawaguchi 1995a, 1995b; Kubo

1997a). It is remarkable that the critical text, indexes and Japanese translation of

the Bdbur-nama and the critical text of Bind'i's Shayblemi-neima were brought

out in Japan (Mano (ed. & tr.) 1995-98; Kubo (ed.) 1997b). The Japanese

translation of the Clavijo's travels, this time based on the French translation, was

also published (Sugiyama (tr.) 1998).

Thus, now we have no small quantity of Japanese literature on the history

of Islamic Central Asia from the Arab conquests to the fall of the Timurid

empire. Futhermore, Japanese research on Central Asia during the Timurid

period in particular has begun to draw the attention of foreign scholars (Roemer & Ando 1991; Haneda Memorial Hall 1994). The main works of the leading

scholars have been published also in book form (Ando 1992; Kato 1999; Mano


2001).

II. From the Rise of the Cental Asian Khanates to the Beginning of Soviet

Rule

It is strange that Japanese scholars did not pay any attention to the post-

Timurid Central Asian khanates in the period before the end of World War II. On

the other hand, beginning with the expeditions of T. Nishi and Y. Fukushima in

the late 19th century (Nishi 1886; Ota (ed.) 1943), research on the Russian, later

Soviet Central Asia was encouraged by the political and diplomatic interests of

the government. In those years were published surveys on Russian and Soviet

Central Asia and Afghanistan (Nagase 1907; Mitsukawa 1930; Tanabe (ed.)

1930; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (ed.) 1935; Hashimoto et al. 1940; Numata

1943), travels (Nagase 1908; Soejima 1931), and reports on such contemporary

subjects as the Anglo-Russian conflicts (Nagase 1898, 1899, 1900a, 1900b) and

nationalistic movements and ethnic problems (Kasama 1930; Mitsukawa 1934;

Anonym 1938, 1939; Mitsuhashi 1940a). Moreover, the travels of A.L. Strong

and G. Christ and works of Western and Russian scholars were translated into

Japanese (Oki (tr.) 1931; Bin & Saito (trs.) 1942; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

(tr.) 1939; Mitsuhashi (tr.) 1940b). After the World War II, in the 50's, Japanese research on the post-Timurid

Central Asian khanates began, but by the end of the 80's only one book and

several articles had been published, with the help of Western and Russian

literature, on such subjects as the diplomatic relations and foreign trade of the

Central Asian khanates (Saguchi 1953, 1955, 1966b), Ottoman influence on

Central Asia (Mitsuhashi 1963), the ethnic groups of the Kazakhs (Saguchi

1966a), iqtia` in Uzbek Central Asia (Horikawa 1983b), and culture in 19th

century Bukhara (Maejima 1977; Komatsu 1983). Although Japanese

translations of the travels of A. Jenkinson and A. Vambery were also published

(Shumuta & Ochi (trs.) 1983; Iwamura (tr.) 1962; Kobayashi & Sugimoto (trs.) 1965), Japanese literature on Central Asia of that period was too scant. From the

90's on, Japanese research on post-Timurid Central Asia reached a new stage,

and Japanese specialists, using Central Asian sources, actively published articles

on the following subjects: the political history of the Shaybanids (Isogai 1993,

1995; Sato, Kihei 1997); political history of 18-19th centuries Khurasdn

(Komaki 1992, 1997); trade in 19th century Khurdsdn (Mizuta 2000, 2001, 2002); the political history of the Bukharan emirate (Komae 2001); the

diplomatic relations of the Central Asian khanates with Ottoman empire, based

on documental sources (Komatsu 1989; Sawada 1990; Horikawa 1991); and

138 ORIENT


social aspects of Uzbek Central Asia based on documental sources (Kawamoto

1993; Kubo 1996; Isogai 1999).

From the 50's to the end of the 80's, Japanese scholars had little interest in

the history of Russian and Soviet Central Asia either, and published only several

articles on the following subjects: the ethnic problems at the beginning of Soviet

rule (Inako 1953); the socialist revolutions and the following events (H. Kimura

1966, 1968, 1974, 1979, 1986); Bukhara in the late emirate based on the

ethnographical materials (Kano 1976; Komatsu 1978); the modern thought of

Fitrat (Komatsu 1981); and the activities of the ishäns (Komatsu 1985, 1986).

During those years, however, the work of 0. Caroe, the travels of H. Lansdell

and the report of the Russian governer-general on Central Asian Islam were

usefully translated into Japanese (N. Ito (tr.) 1956; Oba (tr.) 1964; Komatsu (tr.)

1988). The memoirs of the modern Central Asian intellectuals S. Aini and Z.V.

Togan were also partially translated (Yonai (tr.) 1973; Koyama, Yamauchi &

Komatsu (trs.) 1976-86). From the 90's onward, after the end of the Cold War,

Japanese specialists actively published articles on the following subjects: Central

Asian studies in the Russian empire (Kayama 1993-96); Central Asia under

Russian rule (S. Ito 1992, 1999-2001); the young Bukharans (Nakamura 1997);

the muslim uprising in 1916 (Nishiyama 1990; Nishijima 1994); the socialist

revolutions (Nishiyama 1991); the Basmachi movement (Obiya 1992, 1998);

social groups in the first half of the 20th century (Y. Kimura 1999); the Kazakh

intellectuals in the early 20th century (Uyama 1997); and the Kazakh heroic

epics as historical sources (Sakai 1994, 1997). Besides those articles, studies on

the activities of Fitrat and Enver Pasha were published in book form (Komatsu

1996; Yamauchi 1999). On the other hand, studies on Russian and Soviet Central

Asia from the point of view of Russian-Soviet studies were also published in

book form (H. Kimura 1999; Nishiyama 2002). The publication of the Japanese

translation of K. Sahni's work is also noteworthy (Hakamada (ed.) & Matsui (tr.)

2000).

* * * * * * * * * *

Japanese research on the history of the Islamic Central Asia shows great

activity at the present, and Japanese scholars usually use Central Asian and West

Asian sources, including manuscripts and archives. It seems that the research on

the Mongol and Timurid period has almost reached the international level, as

stated above. Research on the Russian and Soviet Central Asia has also

progressed to the point of publishing a book in collabolation with foreign


scholars (Dudoignon & Komatsu (eds.) 2001).

The subjects and contents of their works are, however, deeply influenced

by the works of Western and Soviet scholars, and are sometimes mere rehashes

of them. We are not yet familiar enough with Western and Soviet-Russian

literature on Islamic Central Asia. Furthermore, it is difficult to say that Japanese

specialists are comfortable with Central Asian languages. Therefore it is

important for them not simply to debate on subjects that foreign scholars are

discussing, but to enrich their knowledge based on primary sources, with the

help of Western and Soviet-Russian literature.

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