Cema-Agri.org Sites Default Files Publications CECE-CEMA-CO2-SuccessStories

8/12/2019 Cema-Agri.org Sites Default Files Publications CECE-CEMA-CO2-SuccessStories

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C ECE and CEMA O ptimising our industry2 reduce emissions.


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Introduction

Agricultural and construction machinery users are key contributors to the achievement ofa globally competitive sustainable business sector. Fuel is one of the highest input costs thesector faces and therefore there is constant pressure on machinery manufacturers to achieveefciency improvements which result in a reduction in fuel consumption and consequentreduction in CO 2 emissions.

Unlike the automotive sector fuel consumption is always related to the output achieved bythe work done. Therefore simply reducing the size of engines or machines is not an option.Indeed, it is often far more efcient to increase the size/power of machines to gain an overallreduction in CO 2 emissions.

The following examples show how through innovation, rather than regulation, signicantreductions in CO 2 emissions are being achieved and the ongoing competitive nature of themarket will continue to drive further efciency improvements through innovative solutions. These achievements are based on the 4 pillars shown in the diagram below:

MachineEfciency

Optimisation of

engine,

transmission,

hydraulics,

tyres,

etc.

ProcessEfciency

Selecting thebest machine

or combinationof machines forthe application.

The useof latest

technology.

e.g. GPS

OperationEfciency

Training ofmachine

operatorsand providing

enhancedinformationto minimisefuel used to

complete thework.

AlternativeEnergySources

Use of

biofuels,

electric drives,

solar panels,

hybrid drives,

etc.

Market Pressure

Innovation by all manufacturers resulting in CO 2 reduction

2 CECE and CEMA optimising our industry to reduce emissions


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MachineEfciencyExamplesIntelligent load adaptation for compaction rollers

Automatic blade-sharpening

Efcient backhoe loaders travelling on the road

Smart power management of drilling rigs

Full-Semi hybrid systems for machine and implementenhanced efciency

Torque converters and alternative braking systemsDrive train optimisation

Weight balancing boosting traction


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Machine EfciencyAutomatic blade-sharpening

Goal

Development of a blade-sharpening systemthat operates automatically, so that theforage wagon (grass harvester) to which theblades are attached always cuts as cleanlyas possible. Sharp knives minimise energy

consumption.

Description

Cattle require preserved grass to consume through thewinter, when grass growth in the elds ceases. The mostcommon way to collect and store this is to make silage.Grass is chopped into short lengths so that, when storedin a pit or silo, it can be easily compacted.

The energy required to chop grass is directly related tothe sharpness of the blades used. Traditionally it has beennecessary to regularly remove the blades from a forage inorder to sharpen them, and so keep the machine run-ning at peak performance and lowest fuel consumption.Recent advances mean that sharpening of the bladescan now be carried out with them in situ, with machinedesign incorporating a sharpener that works on an au-tomatic cycle. This ensures that the blades are always as

sharp as possible, and so fuel consumption in this respectis as low as it can possibly be.

Results

Forage wagons ttedwith automatic bladesharpening systems have

been shown to havea 15% lower powerrequirement andconsume 5.0 l/hr lessfuel than comparablemachines without thesystem.

CECE and CEMA optimising our industry to reduce emissions 5


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Results

The system reduces fuelconsumption by up to 25% , whilstat the same time increasing bothroad speed and working range by upto 10%.

Machine EfciencyEfcient backhoe loaders travelling on the road

Goal

Reducing the fuelconsumption of backhoeloaders by disconnectinghydraulic functions.

Description

Backhoe loaders, machines that incorporate rear-mounted booms fordigging and front-mounted loaders for moving materials, provide themain source of power for a multitude of construction applications. Theycan be moved on the public highway between sites under their ownpower.

Backhoe loader designers have introduced a number of features toreduce fuel consumption during road travel. One of the major develop-ments has been a feature which allows the engine to directly drive thegearbox, eliminating power wastage. Another has been a hydraulicspeed control system which automatically disconnects the rst hydraulicpump when in the top road gear, meaning that fuel is not poweringhydraulic functions when on the road, when they are not needed.



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Machine EfciencySmart power management of drilling rigs

Results

The system offers thepotential to make fuelsavings of between 5%and 15% , depending on thework in hand.

Goal

Reducing fuel use by adaptingthe power provided to hole-boring drilling rigs accordingto the operating conditions inwhich they are working.

Description

Drilling rigs, the machines used to bore holes in the ground for a mul-titude of different construction tasks, use at least two main hydrauliccircuits, usually powered by variable-displacement pumps, with thepump power regulators set to a xed ratio, usually providing 50% ofthe engine power to each of the pumps.

Depending on the drilling task, the hydraulic loads vary over a widepressure and ow range, and each pump has to serve multiple hydraulicdemands simultaneously. To minimise the power these demand and thefuel consumed, a new control device enables the pump with the higherload to receive the engine power the pump with the lower load doesntneed. If an additional load like a water ushing pump is switched onoccasionally during drilling, the appropriate required power will be au-tomatically deducted from one of the pumps. On electrically-controlleddrill rigs, the system is optimised by monitoring the various hydraulic

load consumers.



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Machine EfciencyFull-Semi hybrid systems for machine andimplement enhanced efciency

Goal

Fuel consumption and carbon emissions arereduced on both tractors and on large-scaleconstruction equipment through the use ofelectric drive systems.

Description

The efciency of diesel engines as power sources on largemachines is improved when they are integrated with elec-tric generation capability on many machines. One methodused allows for operation at a steady state without widevariations in engine speed, creating electricity that is thenused to power motors for machine propulsion or forauxiliary systems. Operating at or near peak efciencyrange allows for large reductions in fuel consumptionand exhaust emissions without compromising operatoror machine productivity. This benet varies with machineform and with work load prole. Machines with variableand repeatable working cycles will see the most benetsfrom this approach.

In agricultural machines, new energy management and

drive systems are being used to power electrically-drivenimplements, improving fuel efciency by optimisingadjustment and operation independently of the dieselengine powering the machine, which therefore operatesmore economically.

Results

Fuel savings of up to 20% have been identied bylarge construction machinesincorporating diesel-electrical generators runningat a steady state. Furtheruse of electrication couldboost this gure to 30% byeliminating the mechanicaldriveline and integrating anenergy storage system. Inagricultural machines, fuelsavings of up to 10% havebeen identied from variousintegrated use of electricalpower.



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Machine EfciencyTorque converters and alternative braking systems

ResultsFuel savings on machinestted with this systemworking in loading andcarrying applications can beas high as 15% .

Goal

Boosting fuel efciency byavoiding braking with thetorque converter.

Description

Torque converters are particularly suited to high-capacity machinessuch as wheeled loaders, which are often used for digging into piles ofloose material and then moving heavy loads. They work by transferringpower hydraulically, with the engine powering an oil pump which, byway of a turbine, then transfers drive to the transmission. A drive clutchmechanically locks the pump rotator and the turbine rotator to elimi-nate power losses.

In short cycle loading moving material from a heap to a nearby lorry,for example a forward/reverse shuttle lever can be used to changedirection without applying the brakes, the torque converter handlingthe deceleration. However, this method results in energy loss and placesa lot of strain on the converter due to heat transfer. It is possible touse a braking feature that automatically assists machine decelerationby using the standard service brake instead of the torque converter.

This provides a smoother deceleration and direction change, and sincethe converter is no longer used for braking, not only is converter wearreduced, but fuel use is too.



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Machine EfciencyDrive train optimisation

Goal

Optimising the drive trainefciency of a trackedmachine.

Description

During the most frequent operations of tracked dozers, from travel-ling to dozing, an automatic locking function routes the engine powerdirectly to the transmission, bypassing the torque converter, to preventpower loss.

In large dozers, and also in wheel loaders, all functions can be poweredby a hydrostatic travel drive which is continuously adjustable, allowinghigh efciency over the whole speed range, based on optimal driveadjustment, and allowing the use of fewer moving parts.

Over time, transmissions for these vehicles have changed to much moreefcient systems, from the single sliding gear type to the electro-hy-draulic and power shift and nally to the Continuous Variable Trans-mission. The efciency management strategies possible with CVT areconstant gear ratio, constant engine RPM, constant speed, economymode and automatic full power control.

Results

For tracked dozers, bypassing thetorque converter results in a 10%

increase in efciency .Using a hydrostatic travel drive in largedozers up to 50 tonnes could cut fuelconsumption by 15% . Research hasshown that for wheel loaders the fuelsavings range from 20 to 40% .

In tractors with CVT transmissions,fuel reductions up to 10% can beobserved depending on the working

application.



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Machine EfciencyWeight balancing boosting traction

Goal

To improve traction and fuelefciency by transferring theweight of semi-mountedmachines from the implementto the rear axle of the tractor.

Description

The weight of machines that can be mounted on a tractor and liftedfully by it can be used to improve traction, and therefore fuel efciency,when working the soil. The weight carried by the tractor acts on thewheels and improves their traction. But wider machines must be trailed,and so lose this benet. To account for this, a traction-boosting systemhas been developed to shift part of trailed implements weight to thetractor, and from the tractors front axle onto the rear axle, creating anintelligent weight transfer system only provided when required in theeld. This cuts wheel slip, boosting traction and therefore fuel efcien-cy, and allowing lighter, more economical tractors to be used for deepsoil cultivation.

Results

This system signicantlyreduces wheel slip. Workingspeed can be increased,tractor performance remainsmore constant, and up to20% energy can be saved .



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ProcessEfciencyExamplesIntelligent reduction of eld passes

Cold recycling process for road repairs

New tillage methods

Automatic machine controls and guidance

Precision farming

Optimizing eet utilisation


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Process EfciencyIntelligent reduction of eld passes

Goal

Reducing the number of passestractors make in the eld.

Results

Combining eld processes can result in a potential fuelconsumption savings up to 50% . Replacing four tractorspulling 3m implements with two larger ones pulling 6mmachines cut overall tractor travel by 25% to complete thesame job, reducing fuel consumption also by 25% .

Description

New implement designs and combinations of implements can be usedto cut the number of passes necessary to complete a task, such asplanting potatoes, sowing cereals or cutting and drying grass. This maybe done with one machine, or a combination of machines mountedfront and rear on one tractor. Certain types of seed drill, for example,can sow fertiliser at the same time. Other machines work in tandem,carrying out operations front and rear. These require sophisticated con-trols to co-ordinate them. Communication through a data communica-tion system with the tractor can allow such control.

Combined with the use of minimum tillage to reduce or eliminate fuel-hungry deep cultivations, the use of the right equipment and combinedimplement systems can, depending on conditions, cut fuel consump-tion in half. In some cases potato land preparation, for example, thereis also the benet of reduced soil erosion because the land does not

remain uncultivated during winter.



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Process EfciencyCold recycling process for road repairs

Goal

Recycling of asphalt whenrepairing roads and pavementsto reduce the need totransport new materials.

Description

When laying asphalt, a cold recycler granulates the existing pavementmaterial while homogeneously mixing in binding agents and water atthe same time. This method produces a new construction material mixin just one single machine pass. Cold recyclers are equipped with pow-erful milling and mixing rotors and with highly efcient injection sys-tems. Some machine models are additionally tted with paving screedsfor placing and pre-compacting the new material mix. This methodproduces base layers of high load-bearing capacity.

This cold recycling process requires only small quantities of new con-struction materials, which saves precious natural resources and con-siderably reduces the number of material loads that need to be trans-ported to the job site. In addition, as the construction materials do notrequire heating, cold recycling consumes less energy.

Results

Cold recycling has beenshown to produce upto 68% less CO 2 whencompared to conventionalroad repair procedures.



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Process EfciencyNew tillage methods

Goal

Reducing the amount offuel per hectare needed toestablish a crop by disturbingonly the portion of the soil inwhich the crop will grow.

Description

Traditional cultivation using ploughs requires considerable power, andhence considerable quantities of fuel. New crop establishment tech-niques plant seed directly into the ground or use shallow-workingcultivators instead to disturb the soil far less, using less power and lessfuel as a consequence. They also reduce the number of eld passesnecessary to make a seedbed.

In order to make these reduced cultivations possible, manufacturers ofother machinery also play a part. Most combine harvesters, for exam-ple, now incorporate a straw chopper which processes unneeded strawinto small fragments, improving its distribution across the eld andeliminating the need for it to be removed.

Seed drill manufacturers have developed a new technique known asstrip-till, where only the rows of soil where the plants will grow arecultivated, with the strips in between, which represent 80% of the totaleld area, left undisturbed. This means less power/fuel is required to es-tablish the crop, and can allow wider machinery to be used, thus com-pleting eld tasks in fewer passes. A further advantage is a reduction insoil erosion, with previous crop roots remaining relatively undisturbed,and hence binding the soil together.

Results

Reducing the number of eld passesnecessary to plant a crop can reducefuel use by 50% , depending uponthe systems used. Strip-tillage disturbsonly the soil needed for the seedrows, leaving 80% untouched, withconsequent fuel use benets.



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Process EfciencyAutomatic machine controls and guidance

Goal

The use of automatic machinecontrol and guidance systemsto improve accuracy whengrading land for new roads.

Description

Machine control and guidance products are tools that combine digitaldesign data, in-cab operator guidance, and automatic blade controls.Bulldozer manufacturers now produce machines which have ve dif-ferent systems offering varying levels and combinations of automaticcross-slope and elevation control. From machine-mounted sensors andultrasonic technology to GPS and laser guidance, machine controls andguidance products use high precision to deliver high productivity.

In a study, two identical roads were built, one created the conventionalway, with stakes on the ground for guidance, and the other the newway, using the machine controls and guidance systems.

Results

The road built with the machine controls and guidance systems wasconstructed in exactly half the time, with nished design accuracy withintolerance 98% of the time, compared with 45%. Accuracy was also moreconsistent, resulting in better quality, resulting logically in material savings.Achieving the nal design in less time and with considerably fewer passesresulted in 43% fuel savings .



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Process EfciencyOptimising eet utilisation

Goal

Better management of overallmachine ow and utilisationleads to improved productivityand lower fuel consumption.

Description

Monitoring systems can be installed on both construction site vehiclesand on working sites. By utilising GPS input, machine position can betracked and a wireless radio network can allow the machines to com-municate with the base ofce. This technology allows machines to beco-ordinated and routed in the most efcient manner. By generatingassignments for each machine that take into account all the other ma-chine tasks, this management control system can manage overall trafcow, thus optimising the movement of the machines, while meetingthe site production goals. Operational considerations such as fuel con-sumption can be incorporated into these systems. The result is a morestreamlined, efcient operation, translating directly into fewer machinesneeded for the same amount of work performed, less idling time andlower CO 2 emissions.

Results

Using this technology tomonitor machines acrossa job site can reasonablyachieve increases of10-15% in productivity ,with the same, or lower,fuel consumption.



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OperationEfciencyExamplesFuel saving operating mode selector/automaticdeceleration control

Correct tyre pressure

Inform, train and teach correct machine use

Inform, train and teach in process management


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Operation EfciencyFuel saving operating mode selector/ automatic deceleration control

Goal

To improve the fuel efciencyof bulldozers.

Results

Idling system and choice ofoperating modes results in afuel efciency improvementof up to 10% .

Description

To enable him to operate in the most fuel efcient mode, the bulldozeroperator can choose between two operating modes , one for workwhere capacity counts and the emphasis is on working speed andpower, and another designed for fuel saving, for the operation beingperformed. An eco gauge can be displayed on the monitor screen tohelp the driver operate the machine in an environmentally-aware andenergy-saving way.

To further reduce fuel use and reduce operating noise, an idling cautionis displayed on the monitor screen whenever the machine is left idlingfor more than ve minutes. A few seconds after placing the opera-tion lever in neutral, the automatic deceleration control decreases theengine rpm to prevent unnecessary fuel consumption.



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Operation EfciencyCorrect tyre pressure

Goal

Providing information on tyreselection and ination to helpmachine buyers maximise tyrelife and limit fuel consumption.

Description

Tyre pressure control systems mean tractor tyre pressures can beincreased on the road, where a rm tyre is required for good fuel ef-ciency and handling, and reduced in the eld. With lower pressuresmore tyre is placed in contact with the ground, meaning less energyloss through slip, therefore ensuring more effective tractor tractionpower and less soil compaction. Ultra-low pressure tyres provide notonly a low slip rate but also a low rolling resistance, meaning productiv-ity and fuel savings.

In construction machinery, studies have proven the impact tyre selec-tion has on efcient backhoe loader operation. On soft ground a trac-tion tyre is best; for hard ground, an industrial tyre is preferable.

Using the wrong tyre, pressure setting or ply can signicantly increasefuel consumption and replacement frequency. Informing and educat-ing operators about tyre selection has also signicantly reduced overallmachine running cost. Lower fuel consumption from tting the correcttyres and operating them as recommended also leads to signicantlylower CO 2 emissions.

ResultsThe use of the correct tyreson a backhoe loader canreduce fuel consumptionby up to 10% and widenreplacement intervals by upto 30%. Varying the tyrepressures between eldand road on an agriculturaltractor both protects thesoil and improves fuelefciency by up to 30% .



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Operation EfciencyInform, train and teach correct machine use

Goal

To help all who work inconstruction, from managersto machine operators, selectthe right machine for the taskand operate it as efciently

as possible, saving fuel andcutting CO 2 emissions as aresult.

Results

Fuel savings ranging from 5 to30% , with associated benets ofimproved operator awareness of whatthe training is trying to achieve, frombetter business efciency to reducedfuel use and CO 2 output.

Description

Training classes offered at manufacturers factories or the customersworkplace help to educate machine owners and operators in choosingthe correct machine for the job in hand.

Additionally, each customer receives training in machine operation and

application specics when a new machine is delivered. Aspects includethe most efcient way to complete a task, as well as the economicoperation of the machine.

One large construction company which uses 10 million litres of dieselto power its machine every year has lowered consumption by aroundve per cent. Not only does that save the business about 250.000,but it also cuts CO 2 output by around 500 tonnes. Eco driving operat-ing machines at the forward speed and engine speed required by thetask not only reduces CO 2 emissions, but benets operators by wayof reduced stress, improved safety and a more secure working area.Another large rm has cut fuel use by 5% as a whole, and 12% at onesite, or about 50-70.000 litres for ten machines. At the same time, thecompanies concerned benet from faster job completion.



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Operation EfciencyInform, train and teach in process management

Goal

Machinery efciency in thewhole process of farming isthe primary path to reducedfuel consumption and,consequently, reduced CO 2

emissions. Professional drivercourses and training can helpachieve this.

Description

Choosing the right machinery for a process does not automaticallyminimise CO 2 emissions. The wide variety of different machines usedon a farm and their increasing complexity make training crucial. Butmuch of agricultures business is transportation, mostly carried out withtractor-trailer combinations. Education and training can help drivers tolearn the best way to use brakes, throttle and gears to minimise fueluse, as well as ensuring machines are set-up, ballasted and serviced tooperate at peak performance. New systems allow operators to adjusttyre pressures so they can be lowered in the eld, increasing groundcontact, traction and fuel efciency.

Operator training and education also helps drivers to choose the opti-mum machine combination for specic conditions, taking into accountcrop requirements, soil type, erosion sensitivity and weather conditions.

Results

Professional driver courses havebeen shown to reduce fuelconsumption by up to 20% .



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AlternativeEnergySourcesExamplesHybrid drivetrain technology of a compaction roller

Pure plant oils

Dedicated hybrid excavator

Battery and fuel-cell, a dream coming through

Energy storage cylinder for excavatorsElectric excavators and material handlers


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Alternative Energy SourcesHybrid drivetrain technology of a compaction roller

Goal

Lower fuel consumption andless CO2 emitted, in additionto lower noise levels.

Results

When used on compaction

rollers, hybrid drivetraintechnology results in signicantsavings of up to 30% infuel consumption and acomparable reduction of CO 2 emissions.

Description

In addition to the usual conventional drive components, the hybridroller has an electric motor generator, a high-capacity battery and as-sociated electronics. Operation is simple and efcient: the battery ischarged in generator mode e.g. when braking (reversing) or duringvibration shutdown using the difference between the power generat-ed by the engine and the power take-up. Any unused power is stored.Power peaks are levelled out when the electric motor takes power fromthe battery when switching on vibration or during acceleration, forexample. Using this system reduces the size of engine required, lower-ing CO 2 output in itself. At the same time, the engine always operatesat optimum performance and efciency, which lowers fuel consump-tion and associated CO 2 emissions signicantly.



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Alternative Energy SourcesPure plant oils

Goal

To create a clean fuel supplysystem for mobile workingmachinery by completereplacement of fossil fuels.

ResultsThe fossil fuel-derivedCO2 reduction potentialfor fully rened plant oil,at a minimum 57% , isone of the highest of allcold-pressed plant oilbiofuels.

Description

Pure plant oil is one of the most promising of all renewablefuel sources, particularly for agricultural applications, wherepure vegetable oil could play a key role in future farm-ing strategies. And production of such oils offers spin-offbenets rapeseed crushed for plant oil can then be usedas a livestock protein feed. The crop therefore provides anintegrated solution for feed, food and fuel production.

Besides the obviously broad ecological benets due to itslow carbon footprint, pure vegetable oil offers an enormouseconomic potential for agricultural farms in the eld of en-ergy production. This is especially true in decentralised supplychains or for fuel self-supply in farms.



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Alternative Energy SourcesDedicated hybrid excavator

Goal

To improve the fuel efciencyof 360-degree excavators.

Description

One of the latest developments in 360-degree excavator design ispower that is sourced from a hybrid system, which includes a specical-ly developed electric swing motor, a power generator motor, a capaci-tor and a conventional diesel engine. The system has been developedto work on the principle of energy regeneration from the machinesswinging action and energy storage using an ultra capacitor, whichprovides fast energy storage and instantaneous power transmission.

The kinetic energy generated during the swing-braking phase of themachine, when it pivots and then stops in order to dump earth or digin a different place, is converted to electricity, which is sent through aninverter and then captured by the ultra capacitor. This captured energyis then discharged very quickly for use in rotation and to assist the en-gine as commanded by the hybrid controller when required for movingthe digging boom.

Electric swing motor/generator Recovers energy during swing braking.

Power generator/motor Utilizes electricity from thecapacitor to assist engine

acceleration.

Turning of the upper structure

Electric power assistanceduring engine acceleration forwork equipment operation

Inverter

Capacitor Efciently and

instantaneously stores anddischarges electric energy.

Engine

Results

Fuel savings of up to25% have been recordedfrom use of the system,with associated CO 2 emission reductions.



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Alternative Energy SourcesBattery and fuel-cell powered machines

Goal

To replace fossil fuels as apower source with renewable(mainly electric) energy.

Description

Farmers are increasingly substituting fossil energy sources with self-pro-duced sustainable energy. Regenerative energy for stationary applica-tions is mostly electric power from sources such as biogas, wind andphotovoltaic systems. Electric energy is therefore expected to be thekey energy form, and since electrication will be an enabler for automa-tion, electric drives, storage devices and electric power supplies havethe greatest potential for signicant technological benets.

Agricultural equipment manufacturers are researching batteries andfuel cells as carriers for electric energy and the integration of futureelectro-mobility concepts into medium-sized decentralised rural energysupply systems and electric power grids. The electric energy storage onagricultural production and transport vehicles would support smallerrural electric power grids for renewable energies. A strong positiveimpact on the development of rural areas and on the improved usage

of electric energy from renewable resources will be the result.

Results

The development ofsuch a system of powergeneration has thepotential to create energy-independent farming thatdoes not use fossil-derived fuels which arepositive CO 2 producers.



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Alternative Energy SourcesEnergy storage cylinder for excavators

Goal

To capture wasted energy.

Results

Depending on theapplication the machine isbeing used for, potentialfuel savings are as highas 20% per hour.

Description

This system has been developed initially for materials handling machinesof between 30 tonnes and 80 tonnes in weight, with plans to extendits use to both smaller and larger materials handlers. It works by usingthe force created by lowering the machines boom to compress a gasin a storage cylinder. When the boom is then raised, this stored energythen assists the action of the booms two hydraulic lifting rams, mean-ing less demand is placed on the engine. The system is designed as aseparate entity for use on the machine, with no need for the additionof complex additional installations such as separate storage devices.



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Alternative Energy SourcesElectric excavators and material handlers

Goal

Increasing the efciencyof excavators and materialhandlers by replacing dieselengines with highly-efcientelectric motors.

Description

The combination of new, efcient material handlers with a pure electricdrive, with no combustion engine, leads to signicantly higher overallefciency. Such electric machines are connected to the public powernetwork and produce zero local CO 2 emissions, maximising efciencyfrom the energy source to the machine. The application is not limited tostationary machines, as semi-stationary machines, like crawler excava-tors, can use this technique as well. This solution is much more effectivethan, for example, electric cars, which have to carry heavy batteries.

Results

This system results in 100%local C0 2 reduction, and

100% total CO 2 reductionwhen using renewableenergy sources toproduce the electricity. Evenwhere this is not the case,reduction is still in the regionof 10-15% .



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Notes

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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _



32/32

CECECommittee for EuropeanConstruction Equipment

Diamant BuildingBd A. Reyers Ln 80BE-1030 BrusselsBelgium

Phone: +32 2 706 82 26Fax: +32 2 706 82 10

E-mail: [email protected]: www.cece.eu

CEMAEuropean Agricultural Machinery

Diamant BuildingBd A. Reyers Ln 80BE-1030 BrusselsBelgium

Phone: +32 2 706 82 26Fax: +32 2 706 82 10

E-mail: [email protected]: www.cema-agri.org

Documents

Cema-Agri.org Sites Default Files Publications CECE-CEMA-CO2-SuccessStories