CELLSCELLS

Organization of Living OrganismsOrganization of Living Organisms

Lesson 1

Cell Theory

Do Now

Cell theory, scientists and cell types worksheet

Hooke

English philosopher

Used primitive microscopes under coarse adjustment to view specimens.

Coined the term “cell” in the 1600’s

LEUWENHOEKLEUWENHOEKAnton Von Leuwenhoek studied pond water Anton Von Leuwenhoek studied pond water

to observe its living contentsto observe its living contents

SCHLEIDEN & SCHWANNSCHLEIDEN & SCHWANNMattias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann Mattias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann

determined the first point of the cell theory: determined the first point of the cell theory: All organisms are made up of cellsAll organisms are made up of cells

Cell TheoryCell Theory

1.1. ALL organisms are made of one or more ALL organisms are made of one or more cellscells

2.2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living thingsfunction of living things

3.3. ALL cells arise from preexisting cellsALL cells arise from preexisting cells

Cells specialize and Cells specialize and are grouped into are grouped into tissuestissues

Different tissues Different tissues combine to form combine to form organsorgans

Several organs form Several organs form systems to carry out systems to carry out life functions life functions

Prokaryotic vs. EukaryoticProkaryotic vs. EukaryoticSmallSmall

Simple Simple

No nucleus (DNA/RNA float No nucleus (DNA/RNA float in cell)in cell)

GrowGrow

Reproduce Reproduce

Respond to environmentRespond to environment

Ex: bacteriaEx: bacteria

LargeLarge

ComplexComplex

Have nucleus (contains Have nucleus (contains DNA/RNA)DNA/RNA)

Have organellesHave organelles

GrowGrow

ReproduceReproduce

Respond to environmentRespond to environment

Ex: plants, animals, fungi, Ex: plants, animals, fungi, insects etcinsects etc

Cells = The basic structure of life!Cells = The basic structure of life!

Cells have specific structures that perform Cells have specific structures that perform specific jobs called ORGANELLES specific jobs called ORGANELLES

Organelles are floating in the jellylike Organelles are floating in the jellylike substances in the cell called CYTOPLASMsubstances in the cell called CYTOPLASM

In class assignment

Homework

Cell Theory Worksheet

Lesson 2

Organelles

Do Now

Review 2 Worksheet - Cells

OrganellesOrganelles1.1. NucleusNucleus2.2. MitochondriaMitochondria3.3. VacuolesVacuoles4.4. RibosomesRibosomes5.5. Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum6.6. LysosomeLysosome7.7. Golgi BodyGolgi Body8.8. Cell MembraneCell Membrane9.9. ChloroplastChloroplast10.10. Cell WallCell Wall11.11. CiliaCilia12.12. FlagellumFlagellum13.13. CentrioleCentriole

NucleusNucleus““Control Center” Control Center”

- Large structure- Large structure- Controls cell - Controls cell metabolism metabolism - Stores genetic information (DNA) in - Stores genetic information (DNA) in chromosomeschromosomes

Nucleolus – subunit of the nucleus makes Nucleolus – subunit of the nucleus makes ribosomesribosomes

MitochondriaMitochondria

““Powerhouse”Powerhouse”

- Pod shaped with enzymes - Pod shaped with enzymes that extract that extract energy from energy from nutrients by cellular nutrients by cellular

respiration using O2respiration using O2

- Generate ATP (adenosine - Generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate) triphosphate) ENERGYENERGY

- Double membrane folds - Double membrane folds called Cristaecalled Cristae

VacuolesVacuolesStorage sacs that contain wastes, water or Storage sacs that contain wastes, water or

food, some pump out excess H20 food, some pump out excess H20 (contractile)(contractile)

Large central vacuole in plants holds H20Large central vacuole in plants holds H20

RibosomesRibosomesSite of protein building – tiny structuresSite of protein building – tiny structures

Some are attached to membranes Some are attached to membranes (endoplasmic reticulum) others just float in (endoplasmic reticulum) others just float in the cytoplasm of the cellthe cytoplasm of the cell

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic ReticulumSystem of channels through the cell – System of channels through the cell –

communication and transportcommunication and transport

- Smooth ER: no ribosomes- Smooth ER: no ribosomes

- Rough ER: has ribosomes- Rough ER: has ribosomes

LysosomeLysosome

Contain digestive enzymes “suicide sacs” Contain digestive enzymes “suicide sacs”

Join with vacuoles to break down food – If Join with vacuoles to break down food – If the lysosome ruptures or breaks the cell the lysosome ruptures or breaks the cell will diewill die

Golgi BodyGolgi Body

Packages secretions and transports Packages secretions and transports materials, which are then carried in materials, which are then carried in vesicles through the cytoplasm to other vesicles through the cytoplasm to other parts of the cell, or are are excreted parts of the cell, or are are excreted from the cell from the cell

In class assignment

Color Plant and Animal Cells

Homework

“Worksheet - Organelles

Lesson 3

Plant vs. Animal Cells

Do Now

Brain Pop vocabulary worksheet

ChloroplastChloroplast

Only found in plant cells and some protists Only found in plant cells and some protists site of photosynthesis (making food) site of photosynthesis (making food)

- Capture light energy and convert to usable - Capture light energy and convert to usable energyenergy

Cell WallCell Wall

Rigid outside wall around plant cells Rigid outside wall around plant cells (cellulose) (cellulose)

CentriolesCentriolesTubules in animal cells used to hold and Tubules in animal cells used to hold and

move chromosomesmove chromosomes

CiliaCilia

Short hairlike structuresShort hairlike structures

Flagellum Flagellum

Long hairlike structuresLong hairlike structures

Plant vs. Animal

PLANTS

1. Chloroplast

2. Cell Wall

3. Large Vacuole

ANIMAL

1. Centrioles

In class assignment

Plant vs. Animal Lab

Homework

Complete lab

Cells Research and Design Worksheet

Lesson 4

Cell Membrane

Do Now

Brain Pop Worksheet “Cells”

Cell MembraneCell Membrane

Thin structure that surround the cell – Thin structure that surround the cell – composed of lipids and proteinscomposed of lipids and proteins

Important functions of the Cell Important functions of the Cell MembraneMembrane

1. Separates contents of cell from outside 1. Separates contents of cell from outside environmentenvironment

2. Controls which molecules enter and leave 2. Controls which molecules enter and leave the cell (selective barrier)the cell (selective barrier)

3. Recognize and respond to chemical 3. Recognize and respond to chemical signals with “receptor” molecules signals with “receptor” molecules allow interactions between cellsallow interactions between cells

Fluid/Semi-permeable MembraneFluid/Semi-permeable Membrane

Receptor molecules used between nerve cells and Receptor molecules used between nerve cells and at sites where hormones workat sites where hormones work

- Molecules are transported across the cell - Molecules are transported across the cell membrane by 2 meansmembrane by 2 means

In class assignment

Create a Plasma Membrane

Homework

Lesson 5

Molecular Transport

Do Now

Complete Chapter 9 worksheet – Homeostasis and the Plasma Membrane

DiffusionMove from HIGH to LOW concentration directly through

membranesimple diffusion

no energy needed help through a protein

channelfacilitated diffusion (with help)

no energy needed

HIGH

LOW

DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION

Collisions between molecules cause them Collisions between molecules cause them to continually spread apartto continually spread apart

Movement occurs until molecules are Movement occurs until molecules are equally distributed = equally distributed = EQUILIBRIUMEQUILIBRIUM

Simple vs. facilitated diffusion

inside cell

outside cell

lipidinside cell

outside cell

H2O

simple diffusion facilitated diffusion

H2O

protein channel

Active TransportActive Transport

Movement of molecules from Movement of molecules from low to highlow to high concentration (riding a bike uphill)concentration (riding a bike uphill)

Must use Must use ENERGY or ATPENERGY or ATP to move to move moleculesmolecules

Move in and out until the molecules reach Move in and out until the molecules reach EQUALIBRIUMEQUALIBRIUM

In class assignment

Transport Demonstration

Homework

Movement across a membrane worksheet

Lesson 6

Osmosis

Do Now

Osmosis Worksheet

OsmosisOsmosis

Diffusion of Diffusion of WATERWATER across a cell across a cell membranemembrane

HighHigh to to lowlow concentration concentration

Cells are 98% water and 2% dissolved Cells are 98% water and 2% dissolved mineralsminerals

OsmosisOsmosisIf the liquid that surrounds the cell has the If the liquid that surrounds the cell has the samesame concentration of water as the concentration of water as the cytoplasm no net diffusion occurs in either cytoplasm no net diffusion occurs in either direction (molecules move at equal rates)direction (molecules move at equal rates)

If the water concentration is If the water concentration is low low and solute and solute is is highhigh the cell membrane will shrink the cell membrane will shrink

If the water concentration is If the water concentration is highhigh and and solute is solute is lowlow the cell membrane will the cell membrane will expand.. Cell will burstexpand.. Cell will burst

OsmosisOsmosis

If the liquid outside of the cell has a high If the liquid outside of the cell has a high concentration of water (less solute) than concentration of water (less solute) than the cytoplasm, water will diffuse into the the cytoplasm, water will diffuse into the cellcell

If the liquid outside of the cell has a lower If the liquid outside of the cell has a lower concentration of water (more solute) than concentration of water (more solute) than the cytoplasm water will diffuse out of the the cytoplasm water will diffuse out of the cellcell

Keeping Water Balance

Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & water loss

In class assignment

Diffusion, Osmosis, and Cell Transport Worksheet

Homework

Practice Exam

Lesson 7

Review

In class assignment

Review Question Worksheet

Practice Regents Questions