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7/31/2019 Cartography and Symbolization
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Neither the historian nor the cartographer can everreproduce the reality they are trying to communicateto the reader of books or maps; they can but give a
plan, a series of indications, of this reality.
Crane Brinton (18981968), The Shaping of Modern Thought
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Graphical Excellence
Principles of Cartography
Quantitative Thematic Maps
Page Layout and Design
Group Meetings
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Wired Magazine, September 2007
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Joseph Minard, 1861
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William Playfair
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Induce the viewer to think about the substance rather than about
methodology
Avoid distorting what the data has to say
Reveal the data at several levels of detail
Serve a reasonably clear purpose:
Description, exploration, tabulation, or decoration
Be closely integrated with statistical and verbal descriptions of a
dataset
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-$4,200,000 base line
($11,014) $397,747
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Data-ink ratio =
data-ink
total ink used to print the graphic
= proportion of a graphics ink devoted to the
non-redundant display of data-information
= 1.0 proportion of a graphic that can be
erased without loss of data-information
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Thematic Maps
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Filter
Emphasize
Abstract
Represent
Classify
Correlate
Story tell
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Google Maps
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DeLorme Road Atlas
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Benchmark Road Atlas
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Eddie Jabbour, Kick Design
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Alan MacEachren
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www.colorbrewer.org
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Adapted from John Snow, 1854
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Greek: Choros (Place) and Pleth (Value)
Shows derived values, %s or medians of aggregated data
for an area (county, state)
Not usually used to show totals because areas are
uneven and obscure densities.
Good for showing density
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InfoGraphics Lab, 2004
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Matthew Campbell, 2003
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Sized proportional to data value (classed or unclassed)
Symbol representing aggregated total value for an area
(county, state)
Symbol represents a point location and value (city,
power plant)
Good for showing magnitudes
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New York Times, 2006
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John Krygier
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Each dot represents a specific number
Dots are distributed to represent the total for an area
(i.e. census tract, county, etc..)
Good for showing continuous density
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Each line represents a consistent data value
Lines are separated by a regular data interval
Areas are filled and value graded for emphasis
Good for showing continuous density
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Atlas of Oregon, 2001
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Shows connections between distant areas
Line thickness is proportional to data value
Paths are sometimes generalized to simplifyinterpretation
Good for showing connection and movement
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Alex Tait, Sports Illustrated Atlas
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Each areal unit (county, country) is varied in sizeaccording to a value
Two types: contiguous and non-contiguous
Usually bivariate displays using color and size
Good for showing multiple magnitudes
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New York Times Online, 2008
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Aligning objects on the page
Creates visual connectionsCreates stronger cohesive units
Connects related items distant not in close
proximity
Unifies and organizes the page
What to avoid
Avoid centered alignments (esp. text)
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Grouping related items
Reduces clutter
Creates initial organizational hierarchy
Shows what is most /least important
Connects correlated themes
Organizes white space
What to avoid
Too many separate elementsDont put items in the corners or the middle
Keep unrelated elements apart
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Repeating visual elements
Creates consistency
Develops visual organization and hierarchy
Strengthens unity
Facilitates comparisons
Adds visual interest
What to avoidAvoid repeating the element so much itbecomes annoying
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