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A Proposed World Standard forCartographic Symbolization of Landmines,
Minefields, and Mine Actions
John Kostelnick Jerry Dobson Steve Egbert Matt DunbarUniversity of Kansas
Department of Geography
Lawrence, KS U.S.A.
Alan ArnoldGeneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
Geneva, Switzerland
ESRI International User Conference
San Diego, CA
August 9, 2006
Objectives
To investigate the need for a common set ofcartographic symbols to support humanitariandemining.
To research and catalog existing map symbols usedby humanitarian and military organizations to depictlandmines, minefields, and mine actions.
To develop and propose an improved set ofcartographic symbols that may be implemented inIMSMA for possible standardization.
Standardized Map Symbols
Benefits of Standardized Symbols for Demining
Consistent method for marking hazards on maps
Increase efficiency in operations
Aid in the exchange of maps and informationbetween organizations
Other standards for humanitarian demining,International Mine Action Standards (IMAS)
Symbol Inventory
Maps and symbols collected from severalsources
Humanitarian Demining Organizations
Military Organizations
Map Libraries
GIS Vendors
Sample Humanitarian Demining Symbols
Uncleared Minefield (Area)
Cleared Minefield (Area)
Cleared Minefield (Point)
Uncleared Minefield (Point)
BHMACCROMACAMAE
AMAE = Albanian Mine Action Executive
CROMAC = Croatian Mine Action Centre
BHMAC = Bosnia-Herzegovina Mine Action Centre
New Humanitarian Demining Symbol Set
≈ 200 total symbols
Point, line, and polygon symbols
2 True Type (.ttf) Fonts 1 ESRI Style (.style) File
Symbols integrated into IMSMA 4.X
Symbols may be integrated into ArcMap
New Humanitarian Demining Symbol Set
Hazards
Processes
Hazard Reductions Impact Survey Technical Survey Clearances Completion Survey
Mine Risk Education Completion Survey
Accidents
Victims
Places/Locations
Organisations
True Type Fonts
Defining Symbols with Symbol Property Editor
ESRI Style File
Rationale for Symbol Set
Hazard symbols clearly imply danger and should be similarto landmine hazard signs and markers
2. Symbols should be intuitive
3. Symbols should cross cultural barriers whenever possible
4. Symbols should be flexible to display both general andspecific information
5. Symbols should adhere to existing standards as feasible
Rationale for Symbol Set
6. Symbols should be based on appropriate colors
7. Symbols should print and photocopy in black and white
8. Symbols should be legible when displayed on topographicmaps, aerial photographs/orthophotos, and satellite images
9. Symbol set should accommodate multiple map scales
10. Symbols should adhere to symbolization limitations ofcommon GIS software
Rationale for Symbol Set
Hazard symbols should clearly imply dangerand should be similar to landmine hazardsigns and markers
May improve recognition of hazards on maps
IMAS 08.40 “Marking Mine and UXO Hazards”
Minefield Hazard Marker Signs
IMAS 08.40, 2nd edition, p. 7IMAS 08.40, 2nd edition, p. 8
Minefield sign in Chile Minefield sign in BosniaMinefield sign in Africa
Hazard Map Symbols
Minefield Hazard Marker SignsMinefield Hazard Marker Signs Hazard SymbolsHazard Symbols
Rationale for Symbol Set
Symbols should be intuitive
Intuitive, pictorial icons developed whenever possible
Icons may be especially useful for symbols that mustspan culture and language differences
Intuitive Symbols for Clearance Operations
Manual Clearance Mine Dog Clearance
Mechanical Clearance
Intuitive Symbols for Clearance Operations
Manual Clearance Mine Dog Clearance
Mechanical Clearance
Rationale for Symbol Set
4. Symbols should be flexible to display bothgeneral and specific information
Tiered or hierarchical structure
Creates a logical order to symbols
Tiered or Hierarchical Structure
Graphic AttributesGraphic Attributes
Point SymbolPoint Symbol Area SymbolArea Symbol
IconIcon
Fill ColorFill Color
Frame/BorderFrame/Border
ShapeShapeOutlineOutline IconIcon
Fill ColorFill Color
Fill PatternFill Pattern
Tiered or Hierarchical Structure
Hazard Hazard
Tiered or Hierarchical Structure
Hazard
Minefield
Hazard
Minefield
Tiered or Hierarchical Structure
Hazard
Minefield
Grenades
Hazard
Minefield
Rationale for Symbol Set
5. Symbols should adhere to existing standardsas feasible
Homeland Security Working Group symbol set
NATO, APP-6A, “Military Symbols for Land Based Systems"
Landmine Sea Mine Rocket Missile
School Police Station Airport
Rationale for Symbol Set
6. Symbols should be based on appropriatecolors
Appropriate colors for danger and safety
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)safety color guidelines
Color-blind friendly color schemes
Rationale for Symbol Set
7. Commonly used symbols should print andphotocopy in black and white
Point symbols = border
Area symbols = center symbol
Center Icons for Printing Symbols in Black andWhite
Center Icons for Printing Symbols in Black andWhite
Rationale for Symbol Set
Symbols should be legible when displayed ontopographic maps, aerial photographs,orthophotos, and satellite images
Transparent fills for area symbols
Background color for point symbols
Symbols on Topographic Map
Rationale for Symbol Set
9. Symbol set should accommodate multiple mapscales
Point symbols for overview maps of a larger area
Area symbols for more detailed maps of a smallerarea
Symbols Varying with Map Scale
Zoom InZoom Out
Example Map Created in ArcMap 9.1
Example Map Created in ArcMap 9.1
Symbols in IMSMA 4.1
Symbols in IMSMA 4.1
Symbols in IMSMA 4.1
Symbols in IMSMA 4.1
Symbols in IMSMA 4.1
Symbols in IMSMA 4.1
Humanitarian Demining Symbology Report
www.gichd.ch
Conclusions
A common set of map symbols can fill animportant void in humanitarian demining
Map symbols should be designed in a mannerto support safety
Map symbols should be flexible for multipleuses in humanitarian demining