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Carbohydrat Carbohydrat BiochemistryBiochemistry
AULANNI’AMAULANNI’AMBIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORYBIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY
BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITYBRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Nature’s most abundant organic substance.Nature’s most abundant organic substance. Precursors for synthesis of all organic Precursors for synthesis of all organic
compounds in plants and animalscompounds in plants and animals Composed of C, H, and O atomsComposed of C, H, and O atoms Contain Carbon , Hydrogen and Oxygen in the Contain Carbon , Hydrogen and Oxygen in the
ratio of 1:2:1ratio of 1:2:1
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Monomers are called monosaccharides.Monomers are called monosaccharides. Carbohydrate polymers are known as Carbohydrate polymers are known as
polysaccharides.polysaccharides.
Macromolecular StructureMacromolecular Structure MonomerMonomer
Single unit of a macromoleculeSingle unit of a macromolecule Can be linked together to form polymersCan be linked together to form polymers
MonomerMonomer Monomer Monomer
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATESCLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
OligosaccharidesOligosaccharides
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
Carbohydrates (cont.)Carbohydrates (cont.) MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
““Simple sugars”Simple sugars” Monomer unit of carbohydrate groupMonomer unit of carbohydrate group Examples: Glucose, fructoseExamples: Glucose, fructose
DisaccharidesDisaccharides Composed of two monosaccharide units joined Composed of two monosaccharide units joined
togethertogether Examples: Sucrose, lactoseExamples: Sucrose, lactose
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides Composed of multiple monosaccharide units (100s – Composed of multiple monosaccharide units (100s –
1000s)1000s) Examples: Starch, glycogen, celluloseExamples: Starch, glycogen, cellulose
MONOSACCHARIDESMONOSACCHARIDES
Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones which Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones which cannot be further hydrolysed to simpler sugarscannot be further hydrolysed to simpler sugars
Contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms, 2 or more Contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms, 2 or more hydroxyl(OH) groups and one aldehyde hydroxyl(OH) groups and one aldehyde (CHO) or one ketone (CO) group(CHO) or one ketone (CO) group
MonosacharidesMonosacharides
If n=3, triose (glyceraldehyde)If n=3, triose (glyceraldehyde)
If n=5, pentose (fructose, ribose)If n=5, pentose (fructose, ribose)
If n=6, hexose (glucose, galactose)If n=6, hexose (glucose, galactose)
Used for Energy and Building BlocksUsed for Energy and Building Blocks
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
Are also known as simple sugars.Are also known as simple sugars. Glucose, for example, looks like this:Glucose, for example, looks like this:
Simple SugarsSimple Sugars The most important simple sugars are glucose, The most important simple sugars are glucose,
galactose, and fructose.galactose, and fructose.
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
all have the formula C6 H12 O6 all have the formula C6 H12 O6 all have a single ring structure all have a single ring structure
(glucose is an example) (glucose is an example)
Simple sugarsSimple sugars Generally made of carbon chains containing 4 Generally made of carbon chains containing 4
(tetrose), 5 (pentose), and 6 (hexose) carbons.(tetrose), 5 (pentose), and 6 (hexose) carbons. Can be drawn as a straight chain, cyclic Can be drawn as a straight chain, cyclic
compound, or a chair configuration.compound, or a chair configuration.
DisaccharidesDisaccharides Two sugars bonded together with the removal of a Two sugars bonded together with the removal of a
water molecule.water molecule.
Other common double sugars are sucrose (glucose and Other common double sugars are sucrose (glucose and fructose) and lactose (glucose and galactose).fructose) and lactose (glucose and galactose).
Disaccharides (double sugars) Disaccharides (double sugars) all have the formula C12 H22 O11 all have the formula C12 H22 O11 sucrose (table sugar) is an example sucrose (table sugar) is an example
DisaccharidesDisaccharides
Formed from two monosaccharidesFormed from two monosaccharides Joined by a glycosidic bondJoined by a glycosidic bond A condensation reaction:A condensation reaction:
glucose + glucose glucose + glucose maltose maltose glucose + galactose glucose + galactose lactose lactose glucose + fructose glucose + fructose sucrose sucrose
Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Synthesis
Combining simple molecules to form a more Combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the complex one with the removal of waterremoval of water ex. monosaccharide + monosaccharide ----> ex. monosaccharide + monosaccharide ---->
disaccharide + waterdisaccharide + water (C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----> C12H22O11 + H2O(C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----> C12H22O11 + H2O
Polysaccharides are formed from repeated Polysaccharides are formed from repeated dehydration syntheses of water dehydration syntheses of water They are the stored extra sugars known as starchThey are the stored extra sugars known as starch
Hydrolysis Hydrolysis
Addition of Addition of WATERWATER to a compound to to a compound to SPLITSPLIT it into smaller subunits it into smaller subunits (also called chemical digestion) (also called chemical digestion) ex. disaccharide + H2O ---> ex. disaccharide + H2O --->
monosaccharide + monosaccharidemonosaccharide + monosaccharide
C12 H22 O11 + H2 O ---> C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 C12 H22 O11 + H2 O ---> C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6O6
OLIGOSACCHARIDESOLIGOSACCHARIDES
Sugars which yield 2 to 10 monosaccharide Sugars which yield 2 to 10 monosaccharide molecules on hydrolysismolecules on hydrolysis
The monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic The monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic bondsbonds
Eg: Maltose, Lactose and SucroseEg: Maltose, Lactose and Sucrose
POLYSACCHARIDESPOLYSACCHARIDES
Non sugars giving more than 10 Non sugars giving more than 10 monosaccharide molecules on hydrolysismonosaccharide molecules on hydrolysis
High molecular weightHigh molecular weight Form colloidal substances when heated with Form colloidal substances when heated with
waterwater Several monosaccharide molecules combine Several monosaccharide molecules combine
to form polysaccharides by glycosidic linkagesto form polysaccharides by glycosidic linkages
CARBOHYDRATES - FUNCTIONSCARBOHYDRATES - FUNCTIONS
Structural component of cellsStructural component of cells Major source of energyMajor source of energy Regulation of fat metabolismRegulation of fat metabolism Osmotic and ionic regulationOsmotic and ionic regulation
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
Formed of three or more simple sugar units Formed of three or more simple sugar units Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver & Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver &
muscles muscles Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell
walls walls Starches - used as energy storage Starches - used as energy storage
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
Made of many simple sugars linked in chains Made of many simple sugars linked in chains called polymers.called polymers.
Examples of polymers areExamples of polymers are Starch – common food storage in plants and Starch – common food storage in plants and
food for animalsfood for animals Glycogen – storage form of sugar in animalsGlycogen – storage form of sugar in animals Cellulose – main structural carbohydrate in Cellulose – main structural carbohydrate in
plantsplants
Bioorganic CompoundsBioorganic Compounds
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and Composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygenoxygen Large number of –OH groups attached to the Large number of –OH groups attached to the
carbonscarbons FunctionsFunctions
Energy source for living cellsEnergy source for living cells Certain structural components of cellsCertain structural components of cells
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
Polymers formed from many monosaccharidesPolymers formed from many monosaccharides Three important examples:Three important examples:
Starch Glycogen Cellulose
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
Polymers of several monosaccharidesPolymers of several monosaccharides Examples include: Examples include:
Starch: used by cells for energy (starch is like a Starch: used by cells for energy (starch is like a battery).battery).
Cellulose: used by plant cells for structure Cellulose: used by plant cells for structure (cellulose is like microscopic chicken wire). (cellulose is like microscopic chicken wire).
Starch looks like this:Starch looks like this:
Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis Dehydration (Dehydration (akaaka a condensation reaction) a condensation reaction)
loses water from the polymer and links loses water from the polymer and links monomers together.monomers together.
Energy is stored in the resulting bond.Energy is stored in the resulting bond.
Starch Starch
AmyloseAmylose
-glucose-glucose
1,4 glycosidic bonds1,4 glycosidic bonds
Spiral structureSpiral structure
AmylopectinAmylopectin
-glucose-glucose
1,4 and some 1,6 1,4 and some 1,6 glycosidic bondsglycosidic bonds
Branched structureBranched structure
GlycogenGlycogen
Insoluble compact store Insoluble compact store of glucose in animalsof glucose in animals
-glucose units-glucose units 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic
bondsbonds Branched structureBranched structure
CelluloseCellulose
Structural polysaccharide in plantsStructural polysaccharide in plants -glucose-glucose 1,4 glycosidic bonds1,4 glycosidic bonds H-bonds link adjacent chainsH-bonds link adjacent chains
O
O
O
O
O
FUNCTIONS OF POLYSACCHARIDES:FUNCTIONS OF POLYSACCHARIDES:
a number of monosaccharides joined together a number of monosaccharides joined together eg. Starch, a polymer of glucose, with formula eg. Starch, a polymer of glucose, with formula (C(C66HH1010OO55))nn eg. Glycogen, same molecular eg. Glycogen, same molecular
formula--gives glucose when hydrolised, formula--gives glucose when hydrolised, stored in liver and muscles as a reserve of stored in liver and muscles as a reserve of carbohydrates. carbohydrates.
HydrolysisHydrolysis
Hydrolysis adds water Hydrolysis adds water to the chemical bond to the chemical bond linking linking macromolecules.macromolecules.
This results in the This results in the breakdown of the breakdown of the polymer and the polymer and the release of energy.release of energy.
Secondary metabolitesSecondary metabolites
Produced in small amountsProduced in small amounts Can be very complex Can be very complex
(chemically)(chemically)
Why do plants produce secondary Why do plants produce secondary metabolites?metabolites?
AttractantsAttractants
Why do plants produce secondary Why do plants produce secondary metabolites?metabolites?
Deter predatorsDeter predators
Secondary metabolites as Secondary metabolites as chemoprotectantschemoprotectants
Saponins and fungal resistance avenicinavenicin