DANA CAMELIA DIACONU

English for Communication

Part one - Grammar

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I. The Simple Present

Form:

Positive: S (I, you, we, they) + verb: We read every day.S (she, he, it) + verb - get -s, -es at the end:

She sleeps in the morning. He watches TV every night.

Spelling: -verbs ending in: -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o, get –es at the end:

He brushes his teeth.- verbs ending in consonant + y get –ies at the end:

I study French, she studies English.- verbs ending in a vowel get -s at the end:

I buy a hammer; he buys a screwdriver and a spade.

Negative:S (I, you, we, they) + don’t + verb: You don’t read every day.S (she, he, it) + doesn’t + verb: She doesn’t sleep in the morning.

Interrogative:Do + S (I, you, we, they) + verb? : Do we read every day?Does + S (she, he, it) + verb?: Does she sleep in the morning?

Use: - with adverbials: every day, every month, every year, etc.

always, ever, never, sometimes, usually, seldom, rarely, often, generally, etc.

in the morning, in the evening, at night, at noon, etc.

- to express general truths: Ice melts in the Sun. Water freezes at 0 0C.- for repeated / permanent actions (with adverbs of frequency): We go to school every afternoon. He works in a good company.- to express an officially planned action, a timetable (it has a future

meaning): The plane takes off at 5 o’clock. The program in the firm starts at 8o’clock.

- in temporal or conditional clauses: I’ll tell him if (when) I see him.- in exclamatory sentences beginning with: HERE, THERE: Here he

comes!- in proverbs, saying or sports commentaries: Make hay while the sun shines. The dogs bark, but the caravan goes

on. X passes the ball to Y, who scores.

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The Present Continuous

Form: Positive: S + to be (Present) + verb + -ing: He is playing now.

Negative: S + to be (Present) + not + verb + -ing: He is not playing now. I am not working in the laboratory right

now.

Interrogative: To be (Present) + S + verb + -ing?: Is he playing now? Are you reading now?

Spelling: - when a verb ends in one stressed vowel between two consonants,

we double the consonant: sit – sitting, swim – swimming, etc., but wait – waiting, open – opening, etc.

- when the infinitive ends in –e we drop the –e: write – writing, drive – driving, leave – leaving, etc, but see – seeing, lie – lying, die – dying, etc.

Use:- with adverbials: now, at the (this) moment, at present, nowadays,

today, tonight, still, just, etc.- to express an action in progress at the moment of speaking:

They are listening to music now. The girl is just writing a letter of application for a job.

- to express a temporary, particular action with limited duration: We usually go to work by bus, but today we are going by taxi.

- for repeated, annoying actions expressing criticism, fury, and sarcasm (with always): She is always chewing gum. She is always laughing during the courses.

- to express Futurity with verbs of movement (come, arrive, go, leave, etc.): He is going to London on Friday to close a deal.

- for changing and developing situations with get and grow: It’s getting dark. His working on computer is getting better and better.

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State verbs are verbs which do not normally have continuous tenses; they describe a state rather than an action. These include:- verbs which express likes and dislikes: like, love, hate, dislike, enjoy, prefer, etc. e.g.: Catherine likes action films.- verbs of perception: believe, know, notice, remember, forget, recognise, understand, realise, seem, think, etc. e.g.: They don’t believe a word he is saying.- verbs of the senses: see, hear, feel, taste, look, smell, sound. We use can or could with these verbs to refer to what we see, hear, smell, taste, etc., at the moment of speaking. e.g. The pizza tastes delicious and hot. John is outside. I can see him from my window.- some other verbs: be, contain, fit, include, matter, need, belong, cost, owe, mean, own, appear, want, have (= possess), etc. e.g. This pen is yours. It belongs to you.

Some state verbs have continuous aspect, but there is a difference in meaning: 1) We think she is Spanish. (We believe it.) I’m thinking about my holiday. (I am considering…)

2) The soup tastes nice. (It has a nice flavour.) He is tasting the soup. (He is testing the flavour of…)

3) Tom can see an aeroplane. (He perceives it with his eyes.) I’m seeing Ann tonight. (I have a meeting.) He is seeing his dentist today. (He has an appointment.)

4) Daisy looks tired. (She appears to be…) Dan is looking at some photos. (He is studying them.)

5) The house smells of perfume. (It has that smell.) The dog is smelling its food. (It is sniffing.)

6) This tablecloth feels soft. (It has a soft texture.) Jane is feeling her daughter’s forehead. (She is touching…)

7) He has a sports car. (He possesses it.) He is having dinner now. (He is eating - idiom)Some idioms with have include: an accident / an experience / a dream, etc. difficulty / fun / trouble, etc. a baby, have breakfast / lunch / dinner, have a shower, a party, etc. a bath / a shower / a swim / a party, etc.

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Exercises:

1. Complete each sentence with a Present Simple or a Present Continuous form, using the words given:

1. I always …………. you in this supermarket.meet

2. Mary often ………… to write her homework and learn her lessons.forget

3. She is a dancer, she ………….. at the Theatre.dance

4. I …….. the bus to the office today. My husband ……….. me a lift.not take, give

5. Sorry, I can’t talk. ………………… a shower.I have

6. She usually ………….. in English, but today she ……….... in French.sing

7. Where are you? I ………. at the kitchen table.

sit8. ………… you ……….. to come to my party?

go9. Who ………………………… to the match on Sunday?

you, go with10. He ………. to see me today, we …………. on a trip tomorrow.

come, go11. The court …………… his case next week.

hear12. Look out of the window! It’s sunny, but……………

it snow13. This is an exam! Why ………………?

you make noise14. Father always …..that he will mend the sink, but he never ……… it.

to say, do15. What time ……………………………?

the sun set16. We ………………… at the University at some courses.

watch videos17. Diana …………………………near to Silvia.

not, usually, sit18. Why ………………………… me like that?

you, talk to19. Ann …………………… to work by Taxi every day.

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go20. This ………………outside the post office.

tram, stop

2. Put the verbs in the brackets in the Present Simple or the Present Continuous:1. Cathy? What the children (do)? I (think) they (play) with the ball in the backyard. You (hear) the noise? Yes, it (sound) like something (splash) in the water. Well, I (hope) they (not throw) my dog into the pool again. 2. What you (do) tonight? I (meet) Jenny for dinner. You always (date) Jenny. Why you (not go) out with Diane instead?

3. Why these people (stand) there? They (listen) to the man in the park. And what he (do)? He (makes) a speech about the Protection of the Environment.

4. Listen! Someone (knock) at the door. Yes, it is my English teacher. She always (come) at 5 o’clock. Can you wait for a while until we (finish) the lesson?

5. What you (look) for, dear? My pen. Someone always (steal) it! No, dear. You (not remember) where you (put) it. It (be) on the TV table.

6. What time the concert with Depeche Mode (begin)? I (not remember) exactly. Why you (not telephone) Denis? You (not want) to lose the concert, they (be) your favourites.

7. (Imagine) you (drive) a fast Ford and a beautiful girl (sit) next to you. She (wear) a red dress and her hair (stream) out in the wind. You (stop) at a cafeteria and (have) a coffee and a cold drink. And then ... somebody (steal) your car and your girl…

3. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C or D that best completes each of the following sentences:1. "What’s that noise?" "I think the Smith ….. party."

A. make; B. have; C. are having; D. are doing;6

2. Your brother ….. me $500.A owns; B. is owing; C. owes; D. is owning;

3. This battery ….. for about ten months.A. longs; B. prolongs; C. lasts; D. extends;

8. Don’t disturb the priest. He ….. his prayers now.A. is talking; B. speaks; C. tells; D. is saying;

5. He ….. to be an intelligent and a brave man.A. sees; B. looks; C. is seeming; D appears;

2. The girl is ….. across the channel now.A. swimming; B. walking; C. crossing; D. sailing;

6. Jim ….. in the park every day after school.A. goes cycling; B. gets riding; C. drives bicycle; D. is having

a bike;9. I think I’m working quite efficiently, ….. ?

A. don’t I; B. aren’t I; C. am not I; D. not I;10. We must go now. It ….. dark.

A. is going; B. gets; C. becomes; D. is getting.

4. Put the verbs in the brackets in the Present Simple or the Present Continuous:1. I (assure) you that the man who (stand) there (not spy) on us. You (imagine) things!2. I (have) a tooth out this afternoon and I (not want) to eat now, particularly that this food (taste) awful. 3. Jim, (turn) down that music! It (make) me mad! Jim, I (talk) to you!4. Tim (hear) that you (leave) for Chicago next month.5. he (not realize) that the team (wait) for him?6. Why Raquel (iron) her skirt?

She (want) to look good because she (see) John off at the airport at 9 o’clock.7. What (worry) me is the money. I (not accept) the job unless they(offer) me a good salary.8. Grandmother (clean), mother (make) breakfast and the children (play) outside.9. You (recognise) anyone in this picture?Yes, the boy who (hit) the ball is my cousin John and the one who (sit) on the grass is my brother Sam.10. Nice to see you again! How (do) you? And where (live) now? I am fine. I (stay) at the inn for the time being. 11. We (think) of emigrating. My husband (not earn) enough money here and he (hope) to find a good job in America.12. I am sorry, Mrs Gram is not available at the moment; she (speak) to a customer.

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5. Choose the appropriate tense:1. I (see / am seeing) you (are feeling / feel) better.

Yes, I am thank you.2. Kate (belongs / is belonging) to a union.3. Xerox (makes / is making) a wide range of photocopiers.4. She (thinks / is thinking) of getting a transfer to another department.5. My boss (thinks / is thinking) I should take work home at the weekend.6. Society (changes / is changing) from one based on production to another based on more and more information.7. (Are you doing / Do you do) anything tomorrow evening?

Yes. I (am seeing / see) Jack at ten o’clock.8. What (are you looking / do you look) at?

I took some photos during my holidays. 9. What is that noise?

Our neighbours (have / are having) a party.10. This fabric (feel / is feeling) like wool.

I hope it is wool, I like it very much!11. I’m sorry, but I (do not understand / am not understanding) what you mean. Shall I explain it again?12. This cake (tastes / is tasting) awful.

I (think / am thinking) I forgot to put the sugar in it!

6. Translate into English:1. Wendy întotdeauna vine devreme la serviciu, dar astăzi întârzie.2. Tom se trezeşte în fiecare dimineaţă la ora 7.30. El deschide

televizorul, priveşte ştirile şi apoi face un duş. Soţia lui face cafeaua şi apoi o beau împreună pe terasă. La ora 8. 15 ei se îmbracă şi pleacă la serviciu.

3. Din ce parte a României vii? Sunt născută în Moldova, dar acum locuiesc în Muntenia, în fosta Cetate de Scaun.

4. De câte ori am 2-3 zile libere, merg cu maşina la mare. Îmi place mare foarte mult.

5. De ce nu vii cu noi? Îmi pare tare rău, dar mâine merg la serviciu.6. De ce întrerupi oamenii când vorbesc la telefon? Scuze, nu mi-am

dat seama.7. Te întâlneşti cu Maria? Bineînţeles, o văd la concert diseară.

7. Make sentences with the different meanings of the verb keep:

keep something back, keep on, keep somebody off something, keep to something, keep somebody under, keep up, keep up with something.

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II. The Simple Past

Regular Verbs form the Affirmative adding –ed at the Infinitive for all the persons (worked, played, invited, etc.):

I worked hard yesterday at the office.Irregular Verbs have special past forms, for these you should see the

List of Irregular verbs.The Negative and the Interrogative of Regular Verbs and Irregular

verbs are formed with the auxiliary DO in the past (DID) and the short Infinitive of the verb:

Negative: S + did not / didn’t + Verb: I didn’t do my homework yesterday. He didn’t meet

me at the station.

Interrogative: Did + S + Verb? Did you eat your dinner? When did you meet

him?

Spelling:

When the verb ends in –e, only –d is added: like – liked, dance – danced, close – closed, etc.

When a verb in one syllable ends in a single consonant (exception c, w, x), preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled: drop – dropped, etc.

Verbs of more than one syllable, with the final syllable stressed and ending in vowel + consonant, double the consonant: omit – omitted, prefer – preferred, etc. But: visit – visited, listen – listened, etc.

Verbs ending in –c, add –k and then the suffix –ed: picnic – picnicked, etc.

For verbs ending in –y preceded by a vowel, the -y does not change, but if it is preceded by a consonant, it is changed into –i: play – played, stay – stayed, but try – tried, study – studied, etc.

Use:- with time expressions: when, then, yesterday, last

week/month/year, that day, the other day, once, ago, in 2003, etc.: I saw him the other day.

- for simple actions completed in the past: We met yesterday at the office.

- for past actions occurring in a sequence: He got up, washed, drank coffee and left for work.

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- to express a state or a habit in the past: We used to go to the theatre every evening. Grandma drank three cups of coffee a day.

- for actions which happened in a period of time, now finished: He worked in a bank for ten years.- in Indirect Speech to replace a Present Tense in Direct Speech: Sam said: „I work as an accountant.”Sam said (that) he worked as an accountant.- in Conditional clauses to express a Present Conditional:I would finish the paper if I had time.- after the verb wish or after as if/as though, if only, would rather

(different subjects), it’s (high) time: You wish you weren’t at the exam now.

The Past Continuous

Affirmative: S + was/were + Verb + -ing:He was having breakfast around 8:00 o’clock yesterday.

Negative: S + wasn’t/weren’t + Verb + -ing:Tom wasn’t talking on the phone, when I arrived.

Interrogative: Was/were + S + Verb + -ing?Was she living in New York?

Use:

- with time expressions: while, when, as, by the time, etc.- to express past action in progress at a certain moment or interrupted

by another action in the past: I was working at my papers when you arrived.While Tom was crossing the street yesterday he saw his

teacher.- to show that two or more past actions took place at the same time:

When mother was cooking, father was watching TV.While we were skimming the text, they were scanning the

documents.- for an annoying action in the past (with always):

They were always making jokes.- in Conditional Clauses, to express a Present Conditional in progress:

What would you do if she was joking about that?

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Exercises:

1. Change the following sentences in the Simple Past:

1. They are our job partners and live next door.2. She works at her project from 3 p. m. until midnight.3. Helen studies Philosophy and Social Sciences.4. We never go to the Company on weekends.5. Do you live in London?6. She knows I’m a good person, but she is afraid of me.7. Robbie never wakes up before 10 o’clock. ‘8. The children keep asking me silly questions.9. He never drinks coffee in the morning.10. Jamie drives better than I do.11. Mary always goes shopping on Saturdays.12. She writes speeches for the president of the company.13. Grandfather sometimes plays with the children.14. She understands what you say.

2. Put the verbs in brackets in the Simple Past:

1. This jacket (cost) $35. I (buy) it yesterday. The shop assistant (say) it (be) reduced. I (pay) it in cash. She (wrap) it for me and (put) it in a plastic bag.

2. I (hear) a strange noise last night. I (wake) up and (get) out of bed. I (walk) downstairs, I (take) a big knife from the kitchen and I (open) the front door. When I (look) outside I (see) a guy dressed in pyjamas. He (have) a big knife in his hand. When he (see) me he (start) to scream.

3. They (build) this house 70 years ago. Its first owner (die) in 1945. He (leave) a fortune to her son. He soon (spend) the money because he (be) a notorious gambler. He (sell) the house to an Irish manufacturer of ties.

3. Put each sentence in the Simple Past using the time adverbials:

1. Where have you bought your jeans (last week)?2. We’ve seen this comedy. (three months ago)3. He has broken his hand. (last winter)4. What time have you gone to sleep (last night)?5. She has never ridden a bike. (when she lived in Cambridge)6. What games have you played (when you were small)?7. The baby has fallen asleep. (immediately, after lunch)8. They have eaten all the food. (last night)

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9. Have you played any instruments (when you were in high school)?

10. I have spoken to your teacher on the phone. (yesterday)11. I have given him some advice. (when he was here)12. Jenny has taken some sleeping pills, and she hasn’t remembered

anything. (last night) .

4. Complete the missing parts of the sentences according to the example:

I ….. when the telephone rang. (T.V.)I was watching T.V. when the telephone rang.

1. Marie ….. when the stove made a flame. (dinner)2. Granny ….. while the dog was playing with its toy. (blouse)3. The nurse …… when the doctor came in. (injection)4. The children ….. when it started to rain. (football)5. Jillian ….. when she hurt her leg. (tennis)6. Phil ….. when he ran out of water. (tea)7. They ….. when they saw a deer. (mushrooms)8. The secretary ….. when the boss called her on the phone. (letters)9. Mum ….. when the war began. (Paris)10. Professor Smith …… when the students began the strike. (lecture)11. The reporter ….. when the police arrested him. (pictures)12. Nick ….. when he started to cough. (cigar)13. The gardener ….. when he found a snake in the grass. (lawn)14. The surgeon …... when the patient woke up. (operation)

5. Fill in the gaps with suitable verbs in the Simple Past or the Past Continuous:

1. Philip ….. the door without knocking and ….. in. The secretary …... on the phone, but she ….. down the receiver the moment she ….. his

face. 2. Yesterday I ….. down a street when I ….. into Brittany. She ….. her

car in high speed and suddenly she ….. an old lady.3. Sam ….. in his office on the 51st floor when the fire alarm …..He …..to the lift but it ….. out of order. Several people ….. to godownstairs but the blaze ….. them. The only way to go out ….. to the

roof. About thirty people ….. there for the rescue helicopter.

4. Jeremy ….. more and more impatient. It …..four o’clock and he ….. to the Cinema with Wendy at 4:30, but the meeting ….. to have no end. He ….. at the cinema at 5:30. Wendy ….. for him, but she …..very upset.

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5. I ….. in the garden when I ….. UFO. It ….. over the shed. It ….. like a big plate and it ….. strange noises. After a while a door ….. and several little creatures …...in my yard.

6. They …... some mountains, when a big bear ..… just in front of them and ….. to run after the group.

6. Make sentences with the verbs (use the past):

to advertise, to boost, to broadcast, to browse through, to bribe, to cover news, to hint, to issue, to release.

7. Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Simple or the Past Continuous:

1. While he (do) his gymnastics, Tom (feel) a cramp which (keep) him stuck to the floor for 10 minutes.

2. Susan (not know) when they (leave) for London.3. I’m sorry we (wake) up. What you (dream) about?4. While she (walk) in the park she (lose) her watch.5. They (laugh) when she (fall) off the bike and (not see) that she (be)

hurt.6. The students (dance) when the teacher (come) in.7. The boys (play) tennis when it (start) to rain. They (pick up) their

rackets and balls and (go) home.8. I (drive) my car home yesterday when I (see) an accident. I (get) out

of the car and (offer) to help.9. What (you, do) yesterday evening when I (call) you?10. On the stage of the theatre a boy (play) the piano. The tune he

(play) was great.

8. Translate into English (use Past Simple&Continuous):

1. La aproximativ 6 dimineaţa, în timp ce Ana dormea, telefonul a început să sune.

2. Paula făcea mâncare când copiii şi soţul ei au sosit acasă.3. Mergeau împreună prin parc şi vorbeau despre serviciu când

deodată au auzit un zgomot ciudat.4. Tom asculta vrăjit tot ce îi spunea prietena lui şi nu şi-a dat

seama că era târziu.5. Liz ştia că trebuie să meargă devreme la slujbă a doua zi

dimineaţa aşa că s-a grăbit spre dormitor.6. Copiii nu erau atenţi la bunica lor, ei se uitau la desene

animate.

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III. The Present Perfect Simple

Form:

Affirmative: S + have / has + verb (Past Participle / the 3rd form): I have already seen him. She has left the house.

Negative: S + haven’t / hasn’t + verb (Past Participle / the 3rd form): I haven’t played tennis, yet.

Interrogative: Have / has + S + verb (Past Participle / the 3rd form)? Has she already seen the film?

Use:

with time expressions: just, ever, never, already, yet (negations and questions), always, how long, so far, recently, often, several times, today, this week / month, etc., since (the beginning point of a period of time = Romanian: din, de la, de când), for (refers to a period that continues up to the present = Romanian: de atâta timp), etc: I have never been in Paris. Sue hasn’t left yet. I haven’t seen Alice

since 1990. The boys have known the truth for months. when we are not interested in the time of the action, but its result in

the present: I have visited an interesting museum. I haven’t done my job.

for recently completed actions: with just lately, recently, of late, till/up to now, so far, etc: The train just left the station. I haven’t seen you lately.

for incomplete periods of time, with today, this week/month/year, morning, etc: Last week we did four projects, but this week we have finished only

one. with how long for an action extended up to the present:

How long have you manufactured those products?

The Present Perfect Continuous

Form:

Affirmative: S + have / has + been + verb + -ing: I have been teaching for an hour.

Negative: S+ haven’t / hasn’t + been + verb + -ing: She hasn’t been travelling long.

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Interrogative: Has / Have + S + been + verb + -ing? Have you been sleeping?

Use:

with time expressions: how long, since, for: How long have you been studying German? I have been studying

German for 2 years / since 2004. to emphasize the continuity, the duration of the action in the present:

Dan has been watering the plants for half an hour. for actions expressing anger, irritation and criticism:

Who has been drinking my coffee?

Exercises:

1. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect Tense:

1. You ever (ride) a motorbike?2. How long you (know) your girlfriend?3. We (miss) the last bus and the concert just (start). 4. How much money you (spend) so far?5. You ever (eat) a snake?6. Where she (be)?7. I never (speak) to him since we separated8. It (not rain) here for two days.9. Your father (phone) yet?10. My little dog never (bite) anyone.11. Come to my office when you (finish) your lunch.12. Now that you (graduate) high school you should find a well-paid job.13. You (see) any comedies recently?14. Why you (not bring) your boyfriend with you?15. I (study) your plan and I think it is not good.

2. Rephrase the sentences in the Present Perfect Tense using the words given:

1. It’s ten years since I had a drink. I haven’t…..2. The last time they gave a concert was twelve months ago. They

haven’t…..3. None of his films is better than the last one. He hasn’t made…..4. Last time we saw her, she wasn’t married. We haven’t …..5. It’s a long time since I last saw her. I haven’t…..

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6. Long time passed since she graduated from the University. She has…..

7. The last letter that Joe wrote to his wife was in 1991. Joe’s wife hasn’t…..

8. It’s two weeks since they separated. They have…..9. Don’t touch that button. Insert the CD first. Until you have…..10. I am dealing with the most difficult group of business people. I have

never…..

3. Use the words given to make complete sentences:

1. since / bike / have / that / when / had / new / you ?2. has / Jenny / boyfriend / married / finally / her?3. boring / film / in / life / I / never / my / such / a / have / seen 4. themselves / much / years / so / enjoyed / haven’t / the children / for5. at / the / he / last / repaired / CD player / has ? 6. none / a / horse / has / you / ever / before / of / ridden7. people / job / applied / more / than / for / this / a thousand / have8. you / typed / letters / have / long / time / for

4. Put the verbs in the brackets in the Present Perfect Simple / Continuous:

a) The old man (fish) since five in the morning, while his son (not fish) since yesterday at noon.b) Who (drink) my coffee? I (not touch) it and there isn’t any more!c) My boy (sleep) since 2 o’clock, but my girl (not sleep) since 3 o’clock.d) It (rain) since morning! It just (stop) now!e) The boy (listen) to that cassette since he (be) in his room.

5. Put the verbs you think that fit in the Present Perfect Continuous and also use for/since:

a) We ……………… for the final exam ……. 2 weeks.b) This man ……………… the paper …… he got on the bus.c) The patient …………………… twelve hours now.d) The gardener ……………… the flowers………seven o’clock.e) The chambermaid……… the beds ……ten minutes.f) The waiters ……….. the drinks…….morning.g) The girl ……… the horses……..half an hour.h) The architect …….. the plan for the interiors…..June.i) Mrs. Austin ……. the boys good manners and French……the 5th

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j) Your son …….. study at Cambridge ……graduated high school.k) My aunt and uncle ……………… with us …… September.l) Mr. Simpson ……………… in this office …… he graduated.m) You ……………… this party …… a long time, haven’t you?

6. Make sentences with the Present Perfect Simple / Continuous and:

already, just, yet, how long, since, for, recently.

7. Make your own dialogues following the example given:

You / play tennis / yearsCan you play tennis?Yes, I suppose / think I can, but I haven’t played it for years.

1. Shy / fly a helicopter / he came back from the war2. you / ride a bike / 15 years old3. your friend / skate / seven years4. Jim / take good pictures / he bought my camera5. your husband / mend a T.V. / we moved to this house7. they / play soccer / they left America8. you / stand on your hands / years9. your father / sleep in a tent / he left Boy Scouts10. Martha / ski / moved to Brazil11. Tim / paint a landscape / his college years12. her grandmother / speak German / the last war13. his wife / make good cake / as long as I can remember14. our uncle / shoot a bear / he came back from Asia15. she / design a house / his first big enterprise was built16. you/drive a truck / I left the Auto Industry17. Mary / bake a fruit cake / ten years18. Johnny / wash the dishes / he got served19. you / dive / ages20. Tom / make a boat / twelve years

8. Make questions so that the answers should be the underlined words:

1. I have borrowed my mother’s car.2. Ann has dyed her hair red.3. We have lived in this town all our lives.4. They have been married for ten seven now.5. I have never flown in a balloon.6. He has bought an expensive watch for his sister.

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7. Someone has opened this door.8. Paula has written a short novel.9. The first act of the play has just finished.10. I have saved only $20 this week.11. He has written this book for his wife.12. I have telephoned him at least 5 times this evening.13. The children have broken the windows.14. The secretary has typed five legal papers so far.15. The race hasn’t started, yet.

9. Choose one item marked A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences:

1. The storm has ….. some of the tallest trees.A. felled; C. felt; B. fallen; D. fell;

2. Look! The sun has…..A. set; C. sat; B. sit; D. see;

3. I think the baby has…..A. awoke; C. woke; B. awaken; D. waked;

4. Fifty people have ….. the crash.A. lived; C. revived; B. survived; D. livened;

5. The lightning has ….. our shed!A. stricken; C. strike; B. stroked; D. struck;

6. The landlady has ….. me $20 for this room.A. charged; C. asked; B. cost; D. priced;

7. Twenty-five passengers of the plane have …..A. dyed; C. dead; B. death; D. died;

8. They ….. him president of the country.A. nominated; C. elected; B. selected; D. made;

10. Translate into English:

1. Profesorul Thomson a scris mai mult de 15 articole de când lucrează în acest departament.

2. Te-ai hotărât, în sfârşit? Cât timp ai fost fără slujbă?3. Două nave ruseşti s-au scufundat după un atac submarin.4. Nu am cunoscut personal nici un American până acum.5. Lacul este îngheţat de când a apus soarele.6. Vântul a luat acoperişurile a două case din iulie.7. Ei au aruncat vechea maşină de spălat, vechiul frigider şi

calculator şi au cumpărat altele noi.8. Tony nu a condus niciodată un Mercedes de când este şofer

profesionist.18

9. Maria foloseşte calculatorul şi scanerul de 20 de minute.10. Bucătarul a pregătit o masă grozavă, el lucrează de 3 ore.

11. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect or the Simple Past:

1. You (hear) from Jenny lately?2. Yes. I (receive) a phone call yesterday. He (be) in Austria for six

months now.3. Professor Wells (write) more than five articles, recently.4. The sun rise since 5.20 o’clock in the morning.5. When he first (come) to this region he (not have) any money, but since

then he (become) the richest citizen in this town.6. I (not know) you (have) such a nice car.7. I always (want) to have a car. I (buy) this beauty last week.8. You (be) to America? 9. I (go) to the seaside last year.10. The skyscrapers (be) fantastic in Japan.11. You (make) your hotel reservation yet?12. I (write) to the Summer Inn Hotel 2 days ago, but they (not reply) yet.13. The maid (do) all the rooms in the hotel since breakfast.14. I (take) my first driving lesson the other day.15. They (throw) away the old TV set since last spring.16. The thief (hide) the money after the robbery.17. If I (be) you I would marry Lizzie.18. I (propose) to her last week, but she (turn) me down.19. I know you (travel) a lot, Mrs Smith. When you first (visit) Ireland?20. I just (heard) that Nick is out of work. They (fire) him three months

ago.

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IV. The Past Perfect Simple

Form:

Affirmative:S + had+ verb (Past Participle / the 3rd form):She had opened the door, before I arrived.You had seen me there until I noticed you.

Negative: S + hadn’t + verb (Past Participle / the 3rd form):They hadn’t read the advertisement until we came.

Interrogative: Had + S + verb (Past Participle / the 3rd form)?Had you seen him before I did?

Use:

- with time expressions: for, since, already, just, after, before, never, by, by the time, as soon as, etc:

He had finished his work after I came home from the office.- for a past action which happened before another past action or

before a stated past time: When father came home, Tom had done his homework.- to express a past action with results in the past: She was in a wheel-chair because she had had an accident.- with just, already, hardly / barely / scarcely…when and no

sooner…than to show that the past action has just been finished: We did not know that he had already fixed his bike.

The Past Perfect Continuous

Form:

Affirmative: S + had + been + verb + -ingThey had been speaking to each other before I entered the room.

Negative: S + hadn’t + been + verb + -ingShe hadn’t been travelling for a long time.

Interrogative: Had + S + been + verb+ -ing?Had she been writing until 9 o’clock?

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Use:

- to express a past action going on over a period up to a certain past moment and to underline its continuity up to that past moment:

They had been working as engineers for 31 years before they retired. - for a past action with results in the past: They were exhausted because they had been working all day.

Exercises:

1. Choose the most appropriate tense:

1. Jane saw that the boy had moved / had been moving her bike.2. As soon as Jimmy had unpacked / had been unpacking, he went out

for a drink.3. She didn’t have time to clean the house because she had studied /

had been studying all morning.4. By the time Helen got to the gate, the car disappeared / had

disappeared.5. When he heard the news Hanna knew that Geo had lied / had been

lying to her.6. The teacher stopped teaching when she realised that the students

hadn’t listened / hadn’t been listening.7. When Dan was very young, he went / had been to school near his

house.8. When she arrived at school, Gabrielle realised that she forgot / had

forgotten her ballet shoes.9. Florence hoped / had hoped to find a ticket for the concert, but it

was sold out.10. When Sam come back home, he could see that nothing changed /

had changed.

2. Put each verb in brackets in the Past Perfect Simple, the Past Perfect Continuous or the Past Simple:

1. Sue …..(go) to open the door, but whoever was outside ……(go).2. I …..(try) to get into the house, but the door ……(lock).3. Nobody ….. (realise) that it ……(start) to rain until it was too late.4. When I ….. (see) Dana, I ….. (congratulate) her on getting the job.5. By the time the police ……(come), the thief …..(leave). .6. The doctor didn’t come until 10 o’clock and by then Mark …..

(wait) for three hours.21

7. It took Paul three years to realise that his wife ….. (be) married before.

8. Jane eventually ….. (find) her suitcase, but by then the plane (leave).

9. Sam looked for something to eat, but his sister ….. (eat) all the food.

10. Nobody was sure what ….. (happen) the night before.

3. Translate into English:

1. Până când Helen a ajuns la magazin, a uitat ce vroia să cumpere.2. Ieri dimineaţă, am plecat în grabă, dar nu am ajuns departe pentru

că ploua şi nu aveam umbrelă.3. Ana a decis să meargă la un doctor, deoarece de ceva vreme nu se

simţea bine.4. După ce a muncit din greu, doctorul a ajuns la soluţia dorită.5. Când a sosit la Madrid, Laura nu ştia spaniolă deloc, deoarece nu

studiase acea limbă.6. Nick a spus că se uita la televizor de ore întregi când soţia lui l-a

strigat la masă.7. Alice mi-a povestit că două săptămâni îşi căutase o rochie de

mireasă, şi în sfârşit a găsit-o.8. Nu ştiam că Dana îl cunoştea pe Bob înainte de a se întâlni la

petrecerea mea.

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V. The Future Tenses

1. The Future simple:

Form:

Affirmative:S (I, we) + shall + verb: I shall write the letter tomorrow.S (you, he, she, it, they) + will + verb: You will change, someday.

Negative:S (I, we) + shall not+ verb: We shall not arrive in time.S (you, he, she, it, they) + will + verb: They will not play tomorrow.

Interrogative:Shall + S (I, we) + verb?: Shall we buy this?Will + S (you, he, she, it, they) + verb?: Will you go?

Use:

a) in predictions about the future (usually with think, believe, be afraid, probably):

e.g. I believe she will marry a rich man.b) for decisions or offers:

e.g. I shall lend you my car if you wish.c) for actions which will happen in the future (without our choice):

e.g. Summer will be hot this year.d) for promises, requests, hopes, etc:

e.g. I shall send you a card from Greece.

2. “To be going to” Future:

Form:

Affirmative: S + be (Present) + going to + verb: I am going to write the letter tomorrow.

Negative: S + be (Present) + not + going to + verb: We are not going to travel to France.

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Interrogative: Be (Present) + S + going to + verb?: Are we going to buy this coat?

Use:a) for plans, intentions:e.g. I am going to buy an expensive car.b) in predictions (in the near future):e.g. You are going to hit that tree.

3. The Future Continuous:

Form:

Affirmative: S + shall / will + be + verb + -ing: I shall be working at these papers this time tomorrow.

Negative: S + shall / will + not +be + verb + -ing: He will not be sleeping in the afternoon.

Interrogative: Shall / Will + S + Be + verb + -ing?: Shall we be walking in the park tomorrow?

Use:

a) for actions in progress in the future:e.g. This time next week they will be driving to the seaside.

b) for actions which will happen in the future ( as a result of an arrangement) e.g. She will be seeing her boss at work today.c) asking about plans for the near future: e.g. Will you be going to the country this weekend?

4. The Future Perfect:

Form:

Affirmative: S + shall / will + have + verb (Past Participle):

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I shall have been on holiday for a month next week.

Negative: S + shall not / will not + have + verb (Past Participle): We shall have not learned this poem by tomorrow.

Interrogative: Shall / Will + S + have + verb (Past Participle)? Shall we have finished this paper by Monday?

Use:

a) for actions which will be finished before a future time:e.g. We will have finished the cleaning by tomorrow.

b) for the duration up to a certain time in the future:e.g. By the end of the week, he will have been staying with us for

two months.

5. The Present Continuous:

- for arrangements in the near future:

e.g. He is flying to Spain next month, he has already made all the arrangements.

6. The Present Simple:- for timetables and programmes:

e.g. The train leaves the station at nine o’clock tomorrow morning.

Exercises:

1. Put the verbs in brackets in the Future Simple and the Future Perfect:

1. She ….. (meet) a lot of people tomorrow.2. By the end of next week, Pam …… (finish) the project.3. He …… (not start) painting the living room before Sunday.4. Mary ….. (not go) to a concert next week.5. I hope I …… (buy) my own house by the time I’m thirty.6. ….. I (help) you with the dishes and cleaning?7. Mother …... (feel) better when she takes her medicine.8. Tom ….. (call) the agency to reserve two tickets.9. By next week, Brittany …… (move) in her new house.

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10. I hope the builders …… (finish) building the house by next month.

2. Choose the correct answer:

1. “What are you thinking about?”“This time next month, I ..B.. on the beach.”A will have sunbathed; B will be sunbathing; C am going to

sunbath;

2. “…… to the market today?”“Yes. Do you want me to get you something?”A Will you have gone; B Will you go; C Will you be going;

3. “Can you give Sam a message for me?”“Yes, I …..him at work later on today.”A will be seeing; B will have seen; C will see;

4. “Theo has gone to the cinema to see that film again.”“I know. After this time, he ….. it four times!” A will have seen; B will see; C will be seeing;

5. “Johnny has an exam tomorrow, doesn’t he?”“Yes. In fact, at this time tomorrow, he ….. at the exam.”A will sit; B will be sitting; C is going to sit;

6. “Are you typing another article?”“Yes. By the time I finish this one, I ….. four articles today!”A will type; B will have typed; C will be typing;

3. Put the verbs in brackets in the Future:

1. I can’t come shopping on Saturday morning because I ….. (work).2. Don’t phone me after midnight because I ….. (sleep) then.3. ……(you finish) your homework by ten o’clock?4. I haven’t made the preparations for the party, but I …..(finish) them by tonight.5. ….. (you go) to James’ party on Saturday night? 6. I can’t go if meeting is so early. I …..( not leave) by 4 o’clock.7. What ..... (you do) tonight? ….. (leave) at 7 o’clock to go to the station?8. Excuse me, what time ….. (the bus arrive)?9. You are right, it is cold in here! I ….. (close) the windows.10. ….. (take) your coat to the dry cleaner’s tomorrow.11. I ….. (finish) my project by the time the holidays are over.

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12. What ….. (plan) to do this summer? ….. (spend) a week at the mountains?

4. Choose the appropriate tense:

1. Pam is not free on Sunday. She will work. / is working. 2. I shall go / am going to a party tonight. Would you like to come with me?3. I think Jack will get / is getting the job. He has a lot of experience.4. I can’t meet you this evening. Ann will come / is coming to see me.5. Dan won’t leave / isn’t leaving San Diego at noon.6. Mark will fail / is going to fail his exam unless he studies.7. How many people will you invite / are you inviting at the party?8. I am having / will have a meeting tomorrow.

5. Complete the sentences with will or will not (won’t):

1. I’m sorry about what happened. It ….. happen again!2. Don’t worry about the exam. I’m sure you …..pass.3. Try on this jacket! It….. look nice on you.4. There is no need to take the umbrella. It …..rain.5. You must meet George. I think you ….. adore him.6. Can you wait for me? I ..... be long.7. I’ve got some great news! You ….. believe what’s happened.8. If you don’t drink anything, you ….. be thirsty later.

6. Translate into English:

1. Cred că ei se vor întoarce curând, pleacă mâine la mare.2. Nu ştiam că Daisy va avea un copil, mi-a spus că naşte în februarie.3. Dacă nu ne grăbim nu vom ajunge la timp la serviciu.4. Noi lucrăm în acelaşi birou, îl voi vedea mâine la aceeaşi oră.5. Sper că vor termina de reparat maşina până săptămâna viitoare.6. O să dai cana jos de pe masă dacă nu eşti atent!7. Nu vom termina toate lucrările până mâine, abia vom fi făcut jumătate până diseară.8. Mergi cu noi la teatru mâine sau pleci la bunici?

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VI. The Modal verbs

Modal verbs express modality of the action and have some specific features:

• They form the Interrogative by inversion: Can you ski?• And the Negative adding not after the modal: They cannot ski.• Modals have no Infinitive and Participle; they are followed by various forms of the infinitive: It must be cold.• Modals do not inflect, they do not have -s at the third person singular, there is no “ing” or “ed” forms: She can swim.

1. CAN – expresses:

- ability in the present (can be replaced by to be able to): He can read. - permission in the present and in the future (can be replaced by to be

allowed to, to be permitted to): You can’t park there.- possibility: The road can be blocked if necessary.

2. COULD – expresses:

- ability in the past (negation: could not, couldn’t): He could read when he was five.- permission in the present and in the future: Could I use your

phone? and also for the past: Last year the children could wake up late.- negative assumption for present and past: Ana couldn’t be playing the piano. She can’t play.

3. MAY – expresses:

- permission for present and future (replaced by to be allowed to, to be permitted to): You may park here.

- possibility for present and future: He may be at home.- possibility for the past: There is no light on, he may have gone to

bed.

4. MIGHT – expresses:

- permission (more uncertain than may): Might I use your phone?- possibility for present and future: They might be asleep.- possibility for the past: They might have missed the train.

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5. MUST – expresses:

- obligation or necessity for the present and future (negation must not, mustn’t; replaced by to have to, to be obliged to):

You must solve this problem.- assumption or possibility for present and past: Your coat is wet, it must be raining. They didn’t answer the

phone, they must have gone out.- advice for the future: You must go out, it’s great outside.- prohibition in the negative: You mustn’t walk on the grass.- the lack of necessity is expressed by: needn’t:You needn’t write that composition.

6. SHALL – expresses:

- advice or requests in the I person: How shall I write the name?- promise and obligation in the II and III person: He shall also sell

cars.

7. SHOULD – expresses:- moral obligation and advice (negation: should not, shouldn’t): You should write to your grandmother.- disapproval of the speaker in the present or past: She shouldn’t be spending so much money. She shouldn’t have

lied to him.- deduction or logical necessity for the present and the past: Tom should be in Paris now. Tom should have arrived in Paris

by now.

8. WILL – expresses:

- intention for the present and the future: The phone is ringing. I will answer it!

- invitation for the future (negation is will not, won’t): Will you have some coffee?

- requests: You will phone me, will you?- deduction or logical necessity in the present or in the past: Don’t ask Bob, he won’t know. Call him, he will have got home

by now.

9. WOULD – expresses:

- intention in the past (negation would not, wouldn’t): She said she would write to him.

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- invitation and request in the present: Would you open the window?

- repeated action in the past: When we worked together we would often have lunch.

- preference before rather, sooner: Bob would rather go to a football match than to a museum.

10. OUGHT TO – expresses:

- moral obligation or advice (negation is oughtn’t): You ought to be more careful.

- disapproval for a present or past action: You ought to tell/have told me there is/was no coffee in the house.

- deduction or logical necessity in the past: They ought to have arrived by now.

Exercises:

1. Underline the correct modals. Sometimes more than one answer may be possible:

1. Kimmy is five years old. She can / could read and write. When she was three, she could / can count to ten.

2. You ought to/ need to / revise / must for your test.3. You can’t / mustn’t / couldn’t park in this area.4. You must / can sign the contract. 5. Helen doesn’t need to/doesn’t have to/ shouldn’t get a taxi. I’ll

give him a lift. 6. We can / could / must go out for a meal later. 7. Can / Could / Must I open the window, please? 8. She couldn’t / mustn’t swim fast when she was young.9. She couldn’t / may not reach the top shelf, even though she tried.10.Could / Should I open the window, please?11.Ann can’t / mustn’t play the piano, but she can / should play the

violin.12.You mustn’t / can’t / may not lie in court.13.Tony was able to / can win the race yesterday.14.May / Might / Need I open the window, please? 15.Can / Will / May you help me with this exercise? 16.May / Might / Would I have one of those leaflets? 17.She must / can be on holiday. She can’t / mustn’t be working. 18.You can / may / need to leave your luggage here.19.She could / may / might finish her work by six o’clock.20.Shall / Can / Could I help you cross the road?

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21.He ought to/should / may have told her the truth.22.Could / Would / Should you help me with these bags?

2. Choose the correct answer:

1 A letter arrives for you. You are sure it is from Pam.A. It may have been from Pam. B. It must be from Pam. C. It might be

from Pam.

2 You have toothache. Your sister gives you some advice.A. You may go to the dentist. B. You might go to the dentist. C. You

should go to the dentist.

3 You are looking for your skirt. You think it is in the bedroom.A. It can’t be in the bedroom. B. It should be in the bedroom. C. It

could be in the bedroom.

4 Your mother told you to do your chores. You tell her:A. I will do my chores. B. I have to do my chores. C. I might do my

chores.

5 You want your friend to baby-sit for you tonight.A. Would you baby-sit for me tonight? B. Shall you babysit for me

tonight? C. Must you baby-sit for me tonight?

6 You did the cleaning, but your mother didn’t expect you to.A. You mustn’t have done the cleaning. B. You may not have done the

cleaning. C. You needn’t have done the cleaning.

7 There was a documentary about Electronics on TV. You are sure James didn’t watch it.

A. James should have watched it. B. James may have watched it. C. James can’t have watched it.

8 You want to have a dog in your house, but your landlord tells you it isn’t allowed.

A. You mustn’t keep pets in the flat. B. You needn’t keep pets in the flat. C. You cannot keep pets in the flat.

9 A lady is trying to open the gate. You offer to help her.A. Couldn’t I open the gate for you? B. May I open the gate for you? C.

Shall I open the gate for you?

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10 You offer to do the washing up, but your mother says it isn’t necessary.

A. You may do the washing up. B You needn’t do the washing up. C You could do the washing up.

3. Rewrite the sentences using modal verbs:

a. It is possible that he has spent all the money.b. Perhaps Tommy is tired.c. I’m sure she isn’t studying hard. d. It is possible that they went out yesterday. e. I advise you to take a course in literature.f. It wasn’t necessary for her to give me a lift, but she did.g. It is possible that she has gone home.h. I advise you to have a nap.i. It isn’t necessary for Joanne to come here. j. You aren’t allowed to use this motorbike. k. I’m sure he is lying about his age.l. It is possible that the police are questioning him.m. You aren’t allowed to throw litter in the park.n. It wasn’t necessary for him to book two rooms, but he did.o. Let’s meet again tomorrow night.p. Let’s have a break in five minutes.q. It isn’t necessary for Mother to cook tonight.r. I advise you to call a doctor.

4. Complete these sentences with one of the following verbs (in the correct form):

carry cause be make repair send spend wake up Sometimes you need to use have:

1 The situation is serious. Something must be done, before it’s too late.2 I haven’t received the letter. It ….. to the wrong address.3 A decision will not ….. until the next meeting.4 I told the hotel receptionist that I wanted to ….. at 6.30 the next

morning.5 Do you think that less money should ….. on armaments?6 This road is in very bad condition. It should ….. a long time ago.7 The injured man couldn’t walk and had to ……8 It’s not certain how the fire started but it might ….. by an electrical

fault.

5. Write sentences with may or might:

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1. Where are you going to your holidays? (to Italy?) I may go to Italy.2. Take an umbrella with you when you go out. It ….. rain later.3. What sort of car are you going to buy? (a Mercedes?) I …..4. Be careful of that dog. It ….. bite you.5. The footpath is very icy. You ….. slip.6. What are you doing these days? (go to the country?) I …..7. Where are you hanging that picture? I haven’t made up my mind yet. I …..8. I don’t think we should throw that contract away. We ….. it later.9. When is Tom coming to us? (on Saturday?) He …..10. What is Julia doing when she leaves school? (go to university?) She …..

6. Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t or needn’t:

1. We have got plenty of time. We …… leave yet.2. I can manage the shopping alone. You ….. come with me.3. We ….. walk all the way home. We can get a taxi. 4. Just help yourself if you’d like something to eat. You ….. ask first.5. We can keep this a secret between ourselves. We ...... tell anybody else.6. I understand the situation perfectly. You …... explain any further.7. I haven’t got much time. We ..... hurry.8. They have enough food at home so they ...... go shopping today.9. It’s plenty of time for you to make up your mind. You ….. decide now.10. This is a valuable book. You ….. look after it carefully and you …..it!

7. Choose the correct words underlined in each sentence:

1. The weather forecast says it may rain / had to rain tomorrow.2. We mustn’t / don’t have to go to school on Tuesday. It’s a holiday.3. I don’t think you must / should go out today.4. Sorry, I don’t understand. I can’t / mustn’t speak French.5. In this country, you have to / should have an identity card.6. My sister could walk / might walk before she started talking.7. Sorry I’m late. I had to go / may go to the doctor.8. You have worked very hard at the office. You could be / must be tired.9. Don’t wait for me. I could be / had to be very late.10.You don’t have to / shouldn’t eat so much chocolate. It’s bad for you!11.Sorry I’m late. I must / had to go to the doctor’s.12.Where did you have to / must you go yesterday?13.I’m sorry, but I’m not able to / don’t have to meet you tomorrow.14.This can’t be / mustn’t be your bag.15.Geo didn’t have to wait / hadn’t to wait long for the taxi.16.Helen mustn’t do / couldn’t do her task, because she was hungry.

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17.Sam dropped the three glasses, but was able to catch / might catch one!18.This bus had to go / might go to the centre. Shall I ask the driver?

8. Complete the sentences using modal verbs (and have if you need):

1. You ….. go and see the film. It’s very good.2. It’s a pity you ….. come to the party last night. 3. I ….. you last night but I didn’t have your number.4. I was in a hurry when I saw you. Otherwise I ….. talked to you.5. I’m surprised they didn’t wait for us. They ….. waited.6. You ….. hear a baby crying and you’re trying to study.7. You’re looking for a job. I wish somebody ….. give me a good job.8. Brian ….. buy some new clothes.9. I wish you ….. drive so fast.10.Jack always leaves the door open. This ….. annoy you.11.People ….. drop litter in the street.12.That was a long walk to our house! You ….. be tired.13.Do you ….. to go now?14.Pete ….. ride a bike when he was seven.15.Kate is only five, but she ….. swim very well.16.Mother ….. be in the bedroom. The light is on.17.Students ….. not leave their bicycles in the car park. It is forbidden.18.They ….. to try very hard, but they succeeded in the end.19.Everyone ….. be here by 7.30. Don’t be late!20. ….. you open the windows, please! It’s too hot!

9. Translate into English:

1. Ar trebui să scrie acel articol.2. Trebuie să faci ce spun părinţii tăi.3. A putut să se înscrie la acea facultate deoarece avea numai note mari.4. Se poate să fi mers acolo unde crezi tu.5. Probabil că a şi terminat lucrarea pentru licenţă.6. Ar fi putut să îmi spună şi mie ce avea de gând.7. Poate să scrie de la 5 ani şi să citească de la 6.8. Va putea să meargă cu voi la mare , este în concediu.9. Ar putea să se ferească de pisici, doar ştie că are alergie.10.Va trebui să dea examenul mai devreme pentru ca pleacă în Spania.11.S-ar putea să nu realizeze ceea ce şi-a propus.12.Ar fi trebuit să încerce totuşi la Ştiinţe Economice.13.Nu era nevoie să meargă cu mine, ştiam drumul.14.Nu li s-a permis să aducă dicţionare la examen.

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VII. The Article

1. The Definite Article → the is used:

- to refer to something which has already been mentioned: Open the door, please!

- when we talk about something or somebody considered unique: the only one, the Earth, the Moon, etc; e.g.: The English like tea.

- with plural states and countries or representing an union: The United Kingdom, The USA, The Netherlands.

- with proper nouns denoting groups of islands, mountain ranges, deserts, oceans, seas, rivers, channels, canals, straits:

The Black Sea, The Alps, The Thames, The Suez Canal, etc.- with names of hotels, shops, museums, theatres, institutions:

The Hilton, The White House, The British Museum, etc- with proper nouns denoting ships, trains, planes, newspapers and magazines: The Orient Express, The Time, The Sun, etc.- with adjectives at superlative, nouns converted from adjectives, denoting a class, numerals: the best, the poor, the rich, the second, etc.- with parts of the days and musical instruments: in the morning, to play the piano, etc.- in phrases like: by the way, at one hand, in the country, for the time being, on the whole, etc.

2. The Indefinite Article → a (before consonants), an (before vowels) – uses:

- when a noun is mentioned for the first time: I looked out of the window and I saw a big dog.

- with nouns representing a single item of a class: A driver is a person who drives a car. Give me a pen, please!

- with nouns denoting a profession, a job, a religion, a class: He is a Mexican. I am a teacher, she is an engineer.

- with little, few, so, such and what: She has a little money. He is such a bad boy!

- in expressions of ratio (price, speed, frequency) or with numbers and expressions of quantity: five pence a box, once a day, a dozen, a hundred, a lot of workmen, etc.- in phrases like: as a rule, as a matter of fact, at a distance, at a time, all of a sudden, in a loud/low voice, three times a week, it’s a pity, it’s a

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shame, to keep an eye on, have a toothache, be in a hurry, make a noise, to take an interest in, etc.

3. The O (zero) article is used:

- with abstract nouns (life, death, freedom, liberty, love, hate, knowledge, etc.), uncountable (milk, bread, butter, coffee, gold, iron, snow, cotton, wool, etc.) and plural nouns used in a general sense:

Most people fear death. Books are expensive.- with meals, sports and games:

I have breakfast at 8 o’clock. She sometimes plays handball.

- with proper nouns denoting persons, continents, countries, regions, towns, mountains, lakes and capes: Daniel, Europe, London, Mount Everest, etc. - before words like: church, prison, school, hospital, market; cook, nurse, teacher, milkman, used for their primary purpose:

I go to school. Teacher is giving us a test.- before names of languages, subjects, sciences:

I study Music. She likes Physics.- with names of days, months, seasons, holidays:

Sunday is his favourite day.- with the preposition by and means of transport:

I go by bike. He travels by plane.- to express indefiniteness, instead of some:

There is some / 0 sugar in this coffee.- in stock phrases: arm in arm, hand in hand, face to face, keep in mind, at dawn/at night, by day/by night, in place of, in order of, beyond hope, in case of, in front of, stay at home, from time to time, on sale, by means of, on foot, etc.

Exercises

1. Supply a/an, the, zero article:

(…) Computers are designed to process (…) information instead of (…) human beings.There are (…) bugs in this program.(…) Iron is (…) metal.There is (…) sugar in this jar.I can’t speak (…) French very well.(…) Switzerland is (…) very beautiful country.(…)English and Spanish are (…) most widely used languages in (…) world.

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Tom is (…) captain of (…) British team. George Bush was elected (…) President of (…) United States.(…) computer is (…) powerful tool. A (…) computer expert can solve such (…) problem.(…) engineer in Computers is very expensive.(…) fax gives to (…) person (…) opportunity to work at home.(…) scanner can grab (…) picture very fast.I’m going to buy (…) new computer (…) next month.(…) Last night, I found (…) virus in (…) program.Sam studies at (…) University. He attends (…) evening classes.Mary is at (…) hospital. He works as (…) nurse.She goes to (…) work by (…) bus every day.He goes to (…) school on (…) foot.We had (…) tea at 4 o’clock.(…) breakdown happened at (…) midnight / in (…) morning.I waited at (…) church for (…) hour.

2. Choose the correct article:

1. We visited (…) Tower of London when we last were in London.a) the; b) an; c) 0;

2. Ann needs a hot tea; she must have caught (…) flu.a) a; b) the: c) 0;

3. (…) U.S.A. has (…) best movies in the world.a) The; b) 0: c) A;

4. That picture was a bargain; I bought it for half (…) price.a) a; b) 0: c) the;

5. I have some relatives in (…) Netherlands.a) 0; b) the; c) a;

6. They elected him (…) manager of that institution.a) 0; b) the; c) a;

7. On (…) whole, they succeeded.a) a; b) the; e) 0;

8. He was standing at (…) door, not daring to come in.a) the; b) a; c) 0;

9. He suffers from (…) pain in his knee.a) the; b) 0; c) a;

10.She has (…) ten at (…) Maths.a) a; b) the; c) 0;

11.She can hardly remember (…) Paris you are talking about.a) the; b) 0; c) a;

12.Every time I ask him about this problem, he beats about (…) bush.a) a; b) 0; c) the;

13.(…) friend in need is (…) friend indeed.37

a) an: b) a; c) 0;14.He is paid by (…) day, so he can quit whenever he wants.

a) a; b) the; c) 0;15.(…) apple a day keeps the doctor away. (saying)

a) The; b) A; c) An;16.Finally she lost (…) patience and left.

a) the; b) a; c) 0;17.He worked very hard and made (…) fortune out of this.

a) some; b). a; c) the;18.Stop making such (…) fuss: you are overreacting!

a) 0; b) a; c) the;19.Turn to (…) eleventh page and read (…) text.

a) a; b) 0; c) the;20.When she came back from the shop, she realised (…) basket was

empty.a) the; b) a; c) 0;

21.They took (…) nice half-hour walk on the alley.a) the; b) a; c) 0;

22.He takes (…) pride in having become a professor.a) 0; b) the; c) a;

23.I live in that beautiful house, on (…) left.a) a; b) 0; c) the;

24.Stop reading that magazine; take (…) Sun instead.a) the; b) a; c) 0;

25.In spite of his bad results, he remained (…) student of that university.

a) the; b) a; c) 0;26.He was elected (…) president for the first time.

a) 0; b) the; c) a;27.(…) Time is a popular newspaper.

a) 0; b) An; c) The;28.I tell you what you want on (…) condition you keep it a secret.

a) the: b) 0; c) a;

3. Translate into English:

1. Tatăl meu este inginer electronist. Ai putea să î1 rogi să îţi repare aparatul de fotografiat şi casetofonul.2. John este economist şi lucrează la o bancă. El este de asemenea preşedintele acestui club.3. Doar câţiva oameni au fost răniţi în accidentul de aseară.4. Elena şi-a rupt piciorul într-un accident de muncă şi acum este în spital.5. Vrei zahăr în cafea ? Nu, dar vreau puţină frişcă.6. Casa este construită din bambus, nu din cărămidă.

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7. Se consideră că sistemele expert efectuează sarcini extrem de complicate.8. Cineva a bătut la uşă. Du-te şi vezi cine poate fi!9. Proiectanţii de soft ţin pasul cu progresele tehnologice din domeniu.10. Obiectele grele trebuie puse sub masă, iar cele uşoare pe dulap.11. Germania Primului Război mondial a fost Germania copilăriei lui.12. Doamna Smith este Catolică sau Ortodoxă?

4. Make sentences with the phrases:

to be in a hurry; to have a talent for; all of a sudden; at dawn; face to face; beyond hope; in case of; keep in mind; by heart; from time to time.

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VIII. The Number of Nouns

A. Variable Nouns form the Plural in the following way:

a) nouns generally add the inflection –s to the singular: book – books, cat – cats, toy – toys;b) - es is added to the singular nouns ending in -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh:bus – buses, box – boxes, watch – watches, brush – brushes;c) - es is added to nouns ending in -y preceded by a consonant (y

changes in i): fly – flies; city – cities;d) - es is also added to nouns ending in -o preceded by a consonant:

hero – heroes, potato – potatoes, (but: photo – photos);e) - (e)s is added to nouns ending in –f(e) (which changes in -v): knife – knives, leaf – leaves, (but: roof – roofs, belief – beliefs, chief –

chiefs, etc.);f) some of the nouns that have irregular plural are: man – men, woman – women, foot – feet, tooth – teeth, goose – geese,

louse – lice, mouse – mice, child – children, ox – oxen, etc.h) foreign plurals are preserved with some borrowed nouns (Latin or

Greek): stimulus – stimuli, larva – larvae, stratum – strata, basis – bases, criterion – criteria, (but: cactus – cacti/cactuses, formula – formulae/formulas), etc.

i) - s is added to the last element of a compound noun: washing machine – washing machines, forget-me-not – forget-me-

nots; to the first element: passer-by – passers-by, son-in-law – sons-in-law; or both: woman driver – women drivers, etc.

B. Invariable Nouns have either the singular or the plural form.

1. Singular Invariable Nouns take the verb in the singular:

a) concrete uncountable nouns: bread, meat, milk, coffee, tea, luggage, furniture, money, etc.:

The money is on the table.b) abstract uncountable nouns: music, progress, nonsense,

information, knowledge, advice, homework, etc.: His advice is always good.c) proper nouns: John, The U.S.A., The Danube, etc.: The U.S.A. lies in North America.d) nouns which end in –s: news, measles (diseases), optics,

mathematics (subjects), cards, chess (games):Chemistry is easy. The news is very good.

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To express quantity of uncountable nouns we use: a piece of, a item of, a bar of, a slice of, a pound of: a piece of news, a bar of chocolate.

2. Plural Invariable Nouns take the verb in the plural:

a) tools, instruments, articles of dress: scissors, scales, trousers, pyjamas, etc.: His trousers are on the chair.

b) proper nouns: The Alps, The Carpathians, The Smith, etc.: The Alps are beautiful.c) „pluralia tantum”: savings, surroundings, customs, contents, wages,

stairs, cattle, infantry, people, police, family, team, crew, jury, etc.: The police are after the thief.d) substantivized adjectives: the rich, the poor, goods, the bad: The poor are suffering.We use pair for one article of dress or instrument: a pair of trousers.

We also use much for uncountable nouns and many for countable nouns: much money, many people.

Exercises:

1. Write down the nouns deriving from the following verbs:

agreeanalysebelievelosecorrespond expressformthreaten suggestrefer

correct promiseirritateintenddamagedeclareinheritdecideinsult sustain

2. Give the synonyms of the following words:

accumulationcompetitionsignalglobalsourceencodingcheapproductivitydevelopment

originalnoisesurvivalinformation technologiesstructure worship revolution labour

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survival

3. Put the nouns in the plural:

1. I can see two (man) working in the garden. They are (man-worker).2. What do they need two (piano), two (camera) and three (violin) for?3. The (roof) of the buildings were covered with dead (leaf).4. These (photo) are worth staying on (shelf), not in the (album).5. She’s got the most beautiful (tooth), (lip), (hair) and (foot) I’ve ever seen.6. (Tomato) are tasty, but (potato) and (cucumber) are healthier.7. Have you seen these interesting (phenomenon)? It is a hurricane!8. Last night the Museum was robbed by (thief) and the (police) came to see the (fact).9. The (child) in these (family) have good (feature).10. The (housewife) are the principal (consumer) of the advertised (product).

4. Make sentences with the following nouns. Use the plural (sometimes you need some):

newspaperanswercoffeecheesematchhandkerchiefembargomonth

dishpassengercliffboxbenchwatchchild

5. Translate into English:

1) Exerciţiile şi problemele la matematică şi chimie nu sunt mereu uşoare.2) Zgomotul pe care îl fac vecinii noştri este de nesuportat.3) Divorţurile sunt la fel de comune ca şi căsătoriile în zilele noastre.4) Rezervele de petrol ale acestei ţări sun cele mai bogate din lume.5) Preţurile Cuprului şi Aurului au crescut în ultimii ani.6) Înainte de îmbarcarea în avion, pasagerii trebuie să aibă biletele şi paşapoartele controlate, iar pe bagaje ataşată o etichetă.7) Regulile de la frontieră interzic introducerea în ţară de arme, narcotice, substanţe toxice, transmiţătoare şi receptoare radio, etc.8) Care sunt argumentele pro şi contra metodelor moderne de publicitate?

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9) Universitatea noastră are cel mai mare număr de studenţi dintre toate instituţiile de învăţământ superior de la noi.10) Facultatea de Inginerie Electrică cuprinde cinci specializări : Automatică şi Informatică, Electronică aplicată, Electronică generală, Electromecanică şi Energetică Industrială.

6. Match the two columns:

e.g. antique collectorantique professorcivil instructorcoal collectordental inspectordriving decoratorestate guidefilm minerfitness attendantflight agentimmigration editorinterior technicianlaboratory assistantrefuse officersales trainersocial dealertax workertourist surgeonuniversity engineer

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IX. The Comparison of Adjectives

According to the way the Adjectives form their Comparison there are two kinds of Adjectives in English: regular and irregular.

A. Regular adjectives

Within the regular adjectives there are two subclasses: monosyllabic adjectives and plurisyllabic adjectives.

1. Monosyllabic adjectives (small, fat, tall, short, long, thin, etc., except right, real, wrong) form the Comparative with -er and the Superlative adding –est:

Positive Comparative: adj.+-er Superlative: the+adj+-est

small smaller the smallestfat fatter the fattestthin thinner the thinnestbig bigger the biggest

pretty prettier the prettiesthappy happier the happiest

dry drier the driest

In this group there are included „y” ending adjectives: busy, happy, lazy, lucky, noisy, etc. and some other adjectives: stupid, pleasant, simple, narrow, handsome, clever, common, quiet.

2. Plurisyllabic adjectives (modern, interesting, beautiful, boring, etc.) form the Comparative with more and the Superlative with the most:

Positive Comparative: more+adj.

Superlative: the most+adj

interesting more interesting the most interestingboring more boring the most boring

wonderful more wonderful the most wonderfuluseful more useful the most useful

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B. Irregular Adjectives:

Positive Comparative Superlativegood better the bestbad worse the worstill worse the worst

little less the leastmuch more the mostmany more the most

far

late

near

old

furtherfartherlater latternearer

olderelder

the furthest (for space)the farthest (space and time)the latest (the most recent)

the last (the final)the nearest (for distance)

the next (for order)the oldest

the eldest (members of the same family)

C. Uses:

a. We use than in order to compare two things or persons: Lisa is older than Clara. The factory is higher than the bank.b. When we compare two equal things we use as+adj.+as: Harry is as good as Jack. Football is as interesting as tennis.

Chemistry is as hard as Physics.c. We use not as+adj.+as when we compare two things negatively:

Cathy is not as good as Mary. Technology is not as interesting as Informatics.

d. For plurisyllabic adjectives we use more than and less than to form the Comparative of Superiority and the Comparative of Inferiority:

That game is more interesting than the last one. This exercise is less useful than that one.

e. The Absolute Superlative is formed with very+ Adjective (Positive); sometimes very is replaced by: most, quite, terribly, extremely, awfully:

It is awfully cold. This institution is very old.

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Exercises:

1. Give the meaning or the synonyms of the adjectives. Make sentences using the adjectives:

aliveabsolutecompactdisadvantageousillegalhypersensitiveincapableinteractivemisleadingpermissive

supernaturalunfairrepublicancarefuleconomicalcourageoushandsomehistoricactiveaccidental

2. Give the Comparative and the Superlative of the following long adjectives:

affectionateathleticcautiouschildishcowardlydangerousdeceitfulinterestingexpensivefoolish

furioushastyhumorousmysteriouspoeticpoisonoussensibleskilfulsuspiciousvaluable

3. Give the Comparative and the Superlative of the following short and irregular adjectives:

richbraveoldpoorsickhardtightfardeeplonghighstupid

healthyluckyquietcruelbadgoodmuchlatenearfreeslysorry

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4. Make adjectives from these words:

hesitateenjoyhumourchildwestenergyinterestannoyexhaustshock

fascinateconfusedelightamusedeterminefascinateastonishpleasescarebelieve

5. Make adjectives by completing the nationalities:

Country Nationality Country Nationality

Japan Australia AustralianPortugal Portuguese BelgiumSweden SpainTurkey Turkish KuwaitU.S.A. Canada CanadianRussia MexicoBrazil China ChineseNigeria ItalyGermany SingaporeSaudi Arabia Saudi DenmarkPakistan Pakistani GreeceThe Netherlands Switzerland SwissRomania FranceHungary EgyptIraq Finland

a) What languages do they speak in these countries?b) What currencies do they use?c) In what country do they use the following currencies?

yenrupeepesetayuanriyalliraeuro

zlotydongpesocruzeirodrachmaroublebaht

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6. Using the following words, describe a person you admire.

than e.g.: My friend is more beautiful than yours.as …… asmorenot as ….. asmore thanless thanmostquiteterriblyextremelyawfully

7. Use the expressions in sentences of your own:

advert advertisementadvertisement agentadvertisement appealadvertisement contestadvertisement canvasseradvertisement columnadvertisement department advertisement directoryadvertisement expenditureadvertisement manageradvertisement officeadvertisement directoryadvertisement expenditureadvertisement ratesadvertisement schedule

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X. The Passive Voice

The representation of the tenses in the Indicative Mood in the Passive Voice:

1. Present Simple

Active Voice : S + Infinitive (-s / -es, 3rd person, singular): The police ask John some questions.

Passive Voice: S + Be (present) + Past Participle (3rd form of the verb):

Some questions are asked by the police.

2. Present Continuous

Active Voice : S + Be (present) + V-ing:John is building the house.

Passive Voice: S + Be (present) + Being + 3rd form:The house is being built by John.

3. Past Simple

Active Voice : S + 2nd form of the verb:John gave the paper to Hellen.

Passive Voice: S + Be (past) + Past Participle (3rd form of the verb):The paper was given to Hellen by John.

4. Past Continuous

Active Voice: S + Be (past) + V-ing:Jane was giving money to her friends.

Passive Voice: S + Be (past) + Being + 3rd form:Money was being given to her friends by Jane.

5. Present Perfect Simple

Active Voice: S + Have/Has + 3rd form:They have chosen Ann as the new boss.

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Passive Voice: S + Have/Has + been + 3rd form:Ann has been chosen by them as the new boss.

6. Past Perfect Simple

Active Voice: S + Had + 3rd form:They said Dan had painted his house last week.

Passive Voice: S + Had + Been + 3rd form:They said Dan’s house had been painted last week.

7. Future Simple

Active Voice: S + Shall/Will + Infinitive:John will give flowers to Daisy.

Passive Voice: S + Shall/Will +Be + 3rd form:Daisy will be given flowers by John. Flowers will be given to Daisy.

8. Future in the Past

Active Voice: S + Should/Would + Infinitive:They said Kate would write the composition.

Passive Voice: S + Should/Would + Be + 3rd form:They said the composition would be written by Kate.

The Passive is used:

a) when the person who carries out the action is unknown or unimportant:e.g. My computer was stolen from my house last night. (I do not

know who stole the computer.) b) when the action is more important than the person who carries it out (used in news headlines, newspaper articles, advertisements): e.g. Ten teenagers were seriously injured in a bus accident last evening.

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Exercises:

1. Put the sentences in the Active Voice, where possible:

1. This castle was built in prehistoric times.2. It was probably constructed as a home for a prince’s family.3. Many of its paintings and its stained glass windows have been stolen

over the years.4. This castle is visited by a lot of tourists every year.5. My car is serviced twice a year. 6. My motorbike has already been serviced.7. Mercedes cars are made in Germany.8. The children are changed four times a day.9. My new jeans are ruined by the cat.10.The baby has been looked after by mother.

2. Rewrite the sentences in the Passive, where possible:

1. Jack opened the door.2. The door was opened by Jack.3. They did not come home early last night.4. Their mother takes them to the Circus every week.5. I left in a hurry yesterday morning.6. Megan asked the old man for directions.7. Sam is moving to a new house next month.8. The application letter arrived three days ago.9. Charles took these photographs with his camera.10. Someone is repairing the front door. 11. Do they teach German at this College?12. Did your neighbours see the fire?13. Susan hit her partner with a tennis racket.14. Mike has made the preparations for the party.15. The boss is going to give us a vacation.16. Theodore won’t have completed the papers by the end of the week.17. The police are questioning the teenagers.18. They will deliver my new furniture soon.19. Too many young children use computers nowadays.20. Is Claire cleaning the house?21. Grandmother will post the letters.22. Had Dan closed the windows before he left?

3. Fill in with by or with:

1. The door was broken ...... a hammer.51

2. These books were written ….. my favourite author.3. The cake was decorated …… cream and fruit.4. The bear was shot ….. a gun.5. Tim was shouted at ….. her father.6. She was hit on the shoulder ….. an umbrella.7. I have often been told ….. him not to go there.8. The window was closed ….. Mark.9. That drawer was opened ….. Lisa ….. a knife.10.The boy was taken care of ….. his mother.

4. Put the verbs in brackets in the Passive :

“Do you still work at the Bank?”“Yes, I do. I ..... (employ) by Mr Thompson for two years now.“Oh. Do you still like it?”“Oh yes! I ….. (give) a raise and a promotion last month and I’m very happy.” “A raise? A promotion? What is your job now?”“I …..(make) Assistant Manager.”“And what do you do?”“Well, from time to time I ……(send) to other countries on business.”“I see. Do they pay you well?”“Well, I ….. (pay) very well and I hope I ….. (give) a pay raise soon.”“I am glad to hear that about you!”

5. Translate into English:

1. Poliţia a fost informată de cineva că o crimă a fost comisă la Primărie.2. Engleza şi Franceza sunt predate studenţilor din această instituţie.3. Turiştilor li s-a spus să se grăbească pentru că va veni furtuna.4. Călătoria noastră a fost amânată din cauza grevei ceferiştilor.5. Fetei i s-a oferit o slujbă bună şi un salariu pe măsură.6. Ei s-au obişnuit cu noul oraş şi s-au declarat norocoşi de noua şansă oferită.7. Certificatul de căsătorie s-a dovedit a fi pierdut la Primărie.8. Au fost învinuiţi că nu ar respecta termenii şi prevederile legii.

6. Make sentences with the different meanings of the verb come:

come to hand, come to mind, come true, come about, come after, come apart, come away, come between, come by, come for, come in, come of, come on, come out, come up (against, for, to, with).

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XI. The Conditional Clauses

Conditionals are clauses introduced with if. There are three types of conditional clause: Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3. There is also another common type, Type 0. A. Type 0 – Conditionals: they are used to express something true; we can use when (whenever) instead of if and unless for if not.

Form:

If-clause Main clause if + Present Simple Present Simple

e.g. If you heat ice, it melts. If the temperature falls below 0°C, water turns into ice.

B. Type 1 – Conditionals: they are used to express real or very probable situations in the present or future.

Form:

If-clause Main clauseif + Present Simple Future bare

Present Continuous or (can/may/might/ Infinitive Present Perfect must/should/ could) Present Perfect Continuous

e.g. If you don’t study hard, you won’t go to the University.

C. Type 2 – Conditionals: they are used to express imaginary situations which are unlikely to happen in the present or future.

Form:

If-clause Main clause if + Past Simple would (could/might) + bare Infinitive Past Continuous

e.g. If I won the lottery, I would go on a trip around the world.

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D. Type 3 – Conditionals: they are used to express imaginary situations in the past, criticism or regrets.

Form:

If-clause Main clause if + Past Perfect would (could/might) + have + Past Participle Past Perfect Continuous

e.g. If John hadn’t missed the train, he wouldn’t have quarrelled with his boss.

Exercises:

1. Complete the Conditionals: 1. If the weather ….. (be) fine tomorrow, we will go to the swimming pool. 2. If you ….. (fill) in this form, I will process your application. 3. If he …… (pay) the fine, he will go to prison. 4. If you ….. (finish) your work, we can have dinner. 5. If you ……(not stop) laughing, you will have to leave. 6. If Pam ….. (call), tell him I’ll be late. 7. If I ….. (have) time, I would go to the seaside in the weekend.8. If I ….. (be) you, I would talk to my friend about the problem. 9. If he …… (study) harder, he would have passed the exam.10. If he ……(not be) so stupid, he would have been accepted.

2. Change the sentences using unless:

1. If you don’t go now, you will miss the flight. 2. If Tom wasn’t/weren’t here, we could have a party.3. If you don’t have an appointment you should come with me.4. We will not have dinner together if Mary doesn’t come on time.5. If your boss didn’t come to work, you could tell him you weren’t late.6. I wouldn’t trust him, if I didn’t know him.7. If he hadn’t known, he would have called us. 8. If Susan doesn’t find the book in the shops she will go to the library.9. If we don’t take care of the trees, the world’s climate will change.10. If we do not stop using aerosols we will destroy the ozone layer.11. If we don’t find some alternative sources of energy we won’t solve our environmental problems.12. If you don’t like the colour I could change it.

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3. Complete the sentences using Conditional rules:

1. Unless you …... (be) over eighteen, you ….. (join) this club.2. If you ….. (not burn) the dinner, we…..(not come) to this restaurant!3. If I ….. (not move) to Canada, I …..(never meet) you.4. If she ……(be) so busy, Sue ……(spend) more time with me.5. If she …… (have) the time, she ……(fly) to Rome.6. If I ……(see) Bob, I …..(tell) him the news.7. If he …… (change) the CD, he ……( crash) his car.8. If we ……(be) rich, we ….. (afford) an expensive car.9. If you ……(behave) yourself, we ……(go) to the Safari Park later.10. If you ……(see) Corrine ……(come) and …… (tell) me.

4. Choose the correct answer:

1 If you ...C... that pot, you will burn yourself.A will touch B would touch C touch

2 …….. you are busy, we shall talk later.A If B when C Unless

3 If you watch the news, you….. a lot to learn.A have B will have C would have

4 ……. you wear warm clothes, you won’t get cold.A Unless B If C Providing

5 If I were you, I ……. Jake to the party A would invite B will invite C have invited

6 …….the professor comes back now, what will you do?’A When B If C Supposing

7 If you……a seat, I will fetch the menu.A take B will take C have taken

8 If I ….. the bus, I wouldn’t have been late for work.’A haven’t miss B hadn’t missed C didn’t miss

5. Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense:

1 If I were you, I ……(go out) in the snow.2 Michael would help you if he ……(be) here.3 If I ….. (close) the window, the storm would not have broken it.4 I …… (call) for help if I got luggage.5 Unless I knew the woman, I ……(talk) to her.6 If my boy had toothache, I ……(take) him to the dentist.7 Unless you ……(save) some money, you wouldn’t go on holiday.8 They would have changed their plans if they ….. (hear) the weather forecast.

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9 Emily would have sent a present if she …… (remember) their anniversary.10 They …… (help) us move the furniture if we ……(ask) them.11 If you…..(like) cream, you will like this cake.12 If Pam ….. (live) in the neighbourhood, you could invite her for dinner.13 Sarah ….. (join) us later unless she has work to do.14 Robbie ….. (feel) better if you invited him over.

6. Translate into English:

1. Voi termina mai repede aceste dosare dacă mă vei ajuta.2. Dacă îmi explici acest exerciţiu voi face curăţenie în locul tău.3. Răniţii ar fi murit dacă echipajul salvării nu ar fi sosit la timp.4. Ana nu ar mai fi fost atât de supărată pe tine dacă ar fi ştiut adevărul.5. Dacă ar şti adresa noastră ar veni să ne viziteze.6. Dacă sora mea ar fi mers la universitate nu ar mai fi lucrat ca

asistentă acum. 7. Ar fi fost angajat la acea firmă până acum dacă ar fi avut calificarea

necesară.8. Nu îţi vei îmbunătăţi Engleza şi Spaniola dacă nu munceşti mai mult.

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IRREGULAR VERBSInfinitive Past Tense Past

ParticipleTranslation of the Infinitive

arise arose arisen a se ridicaawake awoke awoken a se trezibe was/were been a fibear bore born/borne a purta, a naştebeat beat beaten a batebecome became become a devenibegin began begun a începebend bent bent a (se) îndoibet bet bet a pariabind bound bound a legabit bit bit/bitten a muşcableed bled bled a sângerablow blew blown a sufla, a batebreak broke broken a (se) spargebreed bred bred a creste, a educabring brought brought a aducebuild built built a construiburn burnt burnt a ardeburst burst burst a izbucni, a năvălibuy bought bought a cumpăracast cast cast a aruncacatch caught caught a prindechoose chose chosen a alegecling clung clung a se agăţacome came come a venicost cost cost a costacreep crept crept a se târî, a se furişacut cut cut a tăiadeal dealt dealt a trata, a se ocupa de

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dig dug dug a săpado did done a facedraw drew drawn a trage, a desenadream dreamt dreamt a visadrink drank drunk a beadrive drove driven a mâna, a şofaeat ate eaten a mâncafall fell fallen a cădeafeed fed fed a hrănifeel felt felt a (se) simţifight fought fought a (se) luptafind found found a găsifly flew flown a zburaforbid forbade forbidden a interziceforecast forecast forecast a prevedeaforget forgot forgotten a uitaforgive forgave forgiven a iertafreeze froze frozen a îngheţaget got got a primi, a obţinegive gave given a dago went gone a mergegrind ground ground a măcinagrow grew grown a creştehang hung hung a atârnahave had had a aveahear heard heard a auzihide hid hid/hidden a (se) ascundehit hit hit a lovihold held held a ţinehurt hurt hurt a răni, a dureakeep kept kept a tine, a păstrakneel knelt knelt a îngenuncheaknit knit knit a tricota

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know knew known a şti, a cunoaştelay laid laid a pune, a aşezalead led led a conducelean leant leant a se apleca/sprijinileap leapt leapt a sărilearn learnt learnt a învăţaleave left left a pleca, a lăsalend lent lent a da cu împrumutlet let let a lăsa, a permitelie lay lain a zăcea, a se aflalight lit lit a aprindelose lost lost a pierdemake made made a facemean meant meant a însemnameet met met a (se) întâlnipay paid paid a plătiput put put a puneread read read a citiride rode ridden a călăriring rang rung a sunarise rose risen a răsări, a se ridicarun ran run a fugisaw sawed sawn a tăia cu ferăstrăulsay said said a spunesee saw seen a vedeaseek sought sought a căutasell sold sold a vindesend sent sent a trimiteset set set a punesew sewed sewn a coaseshake shook shaken a scutura, a tremurashine shone shone a strălucishoot shot shot a împuşca, a filma

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show showed shown a arătashrink shrank shrunk a se strângeshut shut shut a includesing sang sung a cântasink sank sunk a (se) scufundasit sat sat a şedeasmell smelt smelt a mirosisow sowed sown a semănaspeak spoke spoken a vorbispeed sped sped a grăbi, a acceleraspell spelt spelt a ortografiaspend spent spent a cheltui, a petrecespill spilt spilt a vărsaspin spun spun a toarcespit spat spat a scuipasplit split split a despicaspoil spoilt spoilt a răsfăţaspread spread spread a (se) întindespring sprang sprung a izvorî, a saristand stood stood a sta (în picioare)steal stole stolen a fura, a (se) furişastick stuck stuck a lipisting stung stung a înţepastink stunk stunk a mirosi urâtstrike struck struck a lovistring strung strung a înşira (pe o aţă)strive strove striven a năzuiswear swore sworn a jura, a înjurasweat sweat sweat a transpirasweep swept swept a măturaswell swelled swollen a se umflaswim swam swum a înotaswing swung swung a legăna

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take took taken a luateach taught taught a învăţa (pe altul), a preda

tear tore torn a rupe, a sfâşiatell told told a spune, a povestithink thought thought a (se) gândithrow threw thrown a aruncathrust thrust thrust a înfigeunderstand understood understood a înţelegewake woke woken a treziwear wore worn a purtaweave wove woven a ţeseweep wept wept a plângewin won won a câştigawind wound wound a răsuciwithdraw withdrew withdrawn a (se) retragewring wrung wrung a stoarcewrite wrote written a scrie

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