GRAMATICA - VIANU2006

8/3/2019 GRAMATICA - VIANU2006

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LIDIA VIANUDirector CTITC

(Centrul pentru Traducerea şi Intrepretarea Textului Contemporan)Catedra de EnglezăFacultatea de Limbi şi Literaturi StrăineUniversitatea din Bucureşti

Tabele de gramatică folosite în:

English with a Key, 1 English with a Key, 2 English with a Choice (toate la Editura Teora: 252-1431, 0724-821.361)

SPELLING (The Verb)

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INFINITIVE -ING -ED -S

to dine (e final cade)[excepţie: to dye (avopsi)

diningdyeing

dineddyed

dinesdyes]

to die dying died dies

to stay(y după vocală nu seschimbă)

staying stayed stays

to cr y(y după consoanădevine i,

pentru –ed, -s)

crying cr ied cr ies

to stop (consoană precedată de vocalăscurtă şi accentuată)[to develop[excepţie: to kidnap

stopping

developingkidnapping

stopped

developedkidnapped

stops

develops]kidnaps]

to travelto focus travel(l)ingfocus(s)ing travel(l)edfocus(s)ed travelsfocus(s)es

to refer (r final sedublează)

referring referred refers

to panic panick ing panick ed panics

PLURAL OF NOUNS

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SINGULAR PLURAL

car carsclass classesway wayssky sk ies

potato potatoesExceptions: cantos, dynamos, concertos,curios, embryos, halos, magnetos, scenarios,studios, solos, photos, pianos, archipelagos,radios

wife, thief wives, thievesExceptions: roofs, gulfs, chiefs, griefs, muffs,

proofs, cliffs, safes, handkerchief Double: scarfs, scarves; wharfs, wharves;calfs, calves; hoofs, hooves

FOREIGN PLURALS

thesiscrisis

basisanalysis

thesescrises

basesanalyses

datumaddendummediumerratumcandelabrum

dataaddendamediaerratacandelabra

phenomenoncriterion

phenomenacriteria

alga algaedogma dogmataopus opera

IRREGULAR PLURALS

man menwoman womenchild childrenox oxen

brother brethren (fraţ i de credinţă)goose geesetooth teethfoot feetmouse micelouse (păduche) lice

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die (zar) dice

AUXILIARIES

AUXILIARY Form of the verb to beconjugated

Tense/Mood formed

1. to do, did short Infinitive Present

Past Tense(interrogative, negative)

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2. shall, will short Infinitive FutureFuture Perfect

3. should, would short Infinitive Future-in-the-PastConditional PresentConditional Past

4. to have Past Participle Present PerfectPast PerfectPerfect InfinitivePerfect -ing

5. to be 1. –ing2. Past Participle

1. Continuous Aspect2. Passive Voice

TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD

PRESENT PERFECT

acţiune începută în trecut şi continuată sau cuconsecinţe în prezent

PAST PERFECT

acţiune trecută, înaintea unui alt momenttrecut

PRESENT

acţiune prezentă (generală sau în desfăşurare)

PAST TENSE

acţiune începută şi terminată în trecutFUTURE PERFECT

acţiune viitoare, înaintea unui alt momentviitor FUTURE

acţiune viitoare

FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST

acţiune viitoare faţă de un moment trecut(numai în subordonate cu timp trecut în

principală)

FORMATION OF TENSES/MOODS/VOICES

TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE(To Be + PastParticiple)

VOICE

Common Continuous(To Be+ -ing)

Common Continuous

1. Present Infinitive

+ s (3rd

person inthe singular)

to Be (Present)

+ -ing

to Be (Present)

+ Past Participle

to Be (Present

continuous) +Past Participle

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do/does; do not+ Infinitive

2. Past Tense Infinitive +

-ed; secondform (irregular verbs)did/did not +Infinitive

to Be (Past

Tense) + -ing

to Be (Past

Tense) + PastParticiple

to Be (Past

Tensecontinuous) +Past Participle

3. PresentPerfect

to Have(Present) + PastParticiple

to Be (PresentPerfect) + -ing

to Be (PresentPerfect) + PastParticiple

4. Past Perfect to Have (PastTense) + PastParticiple

to Be (PastPerfect) + -ing

to Be (PastPerfect) + PastParticiple

5. Future shall/will +Infinitive to Be (Future) +-ing to Be (Future) +Past Participle6. Future Perfect shall/will +

PerfectInfinitive

to Be (FuturePerfect) + -ing

to Be (FuturePerfect) + PastParticiple

7. ConditionalPresent (Future-in-the-Past)

should/would +Infinitive

to Be(ConditionalPresent) + -ing

to Be(ConditionalPresent) + PastParticiple

8. ConditionalPast

should/would +Perfect

Infinitive

to Be(Conditional

Past) + -ing

to Be(Conditional

Past) + PastParticiple9. Infinitive to ask to Be

(Infinitive) +-ing

to Be(Infinitive) +Past Participle

10. PerfectInfinitive

to Have(Infinitive) +Past Participle

to Be (PerfectInfinitive) +- ing

to Be (PerfectInfinitive) +Past Participle

11. –ing Infinitive + -ing to Be (-ing) +Past Participle

12. Perfect -ing to Have (-ing) +

Past Participle

to Be (Perfect

–ing) + PastParticiple

13. PastParticiple

Infinitive + -ed

PRESENT – PRESENT PERFECT – PAST TENSE – PAST PERFECT(common, continuous)

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♥ I read every day – Citesc zilnic.

♥ I am reading at this moment – Citesc acum.

♥ I have been reading for an hour – Citesc de o oră .

♥ I have been reading since you came – Citesc de când ai venit.

♥ He never sang when he lived in Paris – Nu cânta când locuia laParis.

♥ When you came he was singing – Cânta când ai venit.

♥ He had been singing for two hours when you came – Cânta de două ore când aivenit.

TENSES

TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE(To Be + PastParticiple)

Common Continuous(To Be+ -ing)

Common Continuous

1. Present I ask, do I ask he asks, does heask

I am asking I am asked I am being asked

2. Past Tense I askeddid I ask

I was asking I was asked I was beingasked

3. PresentPerfect I have asked I have beenasking I have beenasked

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4. Past Perfect I had asked I had beenasking

I had been asked

5. Future I shall/will ask I shall be asking I shall be asked

6. FuturePerfect

I shall/will haveasked

I shall have beenasking

I shall have been asked

7. ConditionalPresent(Future-in-the-Past)

I should/wouldask

I should beasking

I should beasked

8. ConditionalPast

I should/wouldhave asked

I should have been asking

I should have been asked

9. Infinitive to ask to be asking to be asked

10. PerfectInfinitive to have asked to have beenasking to have beenasked11. –ing asking being asked

12. Perfect -ing having asked having beenasked

13. PastParticiple

asked

CONTINUOUS ASPECT NOT USED

VERBS EXCEPTIONS (change of meaning)

1. to be temporary stateHe is being noisy (he is usually quiet).

2. feelings, attitudes (to love, like, hate) only colloquialI am loving it.

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3. perception (to see, hear, feel) voluntary actionThe manager is seeing him now.colloquial

I can’t believe what I am hearing.

4. wish (to desire, want)

5. mental activities (to understand, know, believe, think – a crede...)

voluntary actionI am thinking of him.

6. auxiliarieslink verbs (verbe copulative)modal verbs7. repeated actions to show irritation

He is always buying sweets (and I hate it).

PRONOUNS

PERSONAL POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVENominative Dative,

AccusativeAdjective Pronoun

I me my mine myself

you you your yours yourself

he him his his himself

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she her her hers herself

it it its its itself

we us our ours ourselves

you you your yours yourselves

they them their theirs themselves

thou (tu; vechi) thee thy thine thyself

IMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVE NEGATIVE EMPHATIClet me go let me not go

do not let me go

do let me see you home

(please)go do not godon’t yóu worry (accentuat)

do go

let him/her/it golet us gogolet them go

ORDER OF WORDS

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subject în propoziţii afirmative, de obicei pe primulloc

predicatedirect object de obicei nu se separă de verbindirect objectmanner

placetime 1. definite:

sfârşitul propoziţiei (după verb) sau începutulei (accentuat).[He came yesterday.]

2. indefinite (şi alte adverbe) [ever, never,

always, often, usually; only, first, last,already, just]: între subiect şi predicatsau între auxiliar şi verbul de conjugat (dupăprimul auxiliar).[He never laughs.He has already forgotten.I should never have guessed what it was.]

ARTICLE

COMPULSORY DEFINITE ARTICLE

1. rivers the Thames2. mountains the Alps3. oceans, seas the Pacific, the Mediterranean4. islands in the plural the Hebrides5. channels, canals the Channel (Canalul Mânecii)6. parks the Zoo7. shops the baker’s8. institutions the British Museum9. hotels the Ritz

10. ships the Hope11. newspapers the Times

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12. family names in the plural the Eliots13. nouns with attributes the England he knows

NO (ZERO) ARTICLE USED

1. proper names Jack 2. countries, continents, towns England, Europe, London

[Exceptions: the Congo, the Hague]

3. languages English4. nouns of material water 5. abstractions friendship6. individual nouns in the plural (generic) merchants

WHO: Cases

NOMINATIVE GENITIVE DATIVE, ACCUSATIVE

who whose whom

mi se... (reflexiv impersonal, în română) Passive

mi se spune

mi se dămi se aratămi se oferămi se predămi se promitemi se ordonăni se recomdadămi se decernează

I am told

I am givenI am shownI am offeredI am taughtI am promisedI am orderedI am recommendedI am awarded

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Inversion(when the sentence beginswith a negative or

restrictive adverb)I have never done this before.

I realized only later that hehad been fishing.I had hardly opened my eyeswhen I saw a hare.They had no sooner set outthan the car broke down.

Never have I done this before.Only later did I realize thathe had been fishing.Hardly had I opened myeyes when I saw a hare.No sooner had they set outthan the car broke down.

HARDLY (Past Perfect)

Hardly had he bought the gunHe had hardly found the coin

WHEN (Past Tense)

when the rabbit attacked him.when the beggar stole it from him.

NO SOONER (Past Perfect)

No sooner had the film startedThe baby had no sooner fallen asleep

THAN (Past Tense)

when the dwarf walked out.than the dog began barking.

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SEQUENCE OF TENSES

I. PAST TENSE in the

main clause(or any other past tenses)

Changes from direct toindirect speech:

1. PRESENT ----------------->

2. PRESENT PERFECT,PAST TENSE ---------------->

3. FUTURE ------------------->

in the subordinate

1. PAST TENSE2. PAST PERFECT3. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST

1. PAST TENSE

2. PAST PERFECT

3. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST

II. Temporal Clause

replace Future by 1. PRESENT2. PRESENT PERFECT(după ce...)

III. Conditional Clause

replace Future by PRESENT

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replace Conditional Present by

replace Conditional Past by

PAST TENSE (Subjunctive)

PAST PERFECT(Subjunctive)

ExamplesI. Past Tense in the mainclause

He said he knew, he was readinghe had finished, he had beenreading for hours

he would come back soonII. Temporal Clauses

I shall come 1. when I am free.2. after I have finished.

He said he would come when he was free.after he had finished.

He asksHe asked

Direct object clausewhen you will come.when you would come.

When will you come?

(adverb)Do not come till I ask you. (până nu terog)III. Conditional Clauses

I shall come if I buy the house.He said he would come if he had time.He would come if he knew.He would have come if he had known.I should be reading now if you had brought me the

book yesterday.

He would not have run away if you did not always beathim

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Use only past tenses(see The Subjunctive)

He would understand if you told him what you wanted. (ce vrei)

what you had done. (ce aifăcut)what you would do. (ce veiface)

He would have come if he had known. what you wanted.where you had been.who would help him.

He asks/askedDirect object clauseif/whether you would havecome.

I should have come

(Veneam

if I had known.

dacă ştiam.)Traducerea frazelor cu SEQUENCE OF TENSES în româneşte

Principală cu PastTense/Past Perfect

Completivă directă Temporală Traducere ( înromână nu existăSequence of Tenses)

He said/had said he would do it. că o va facehe had understood. că a înţeleshe had been walkingfor an hour.

că se plimbă de o oră

he would come back. că va revenihe would buy the

book when he found it . că va cumpăra cartea

când o va găsihe would write thenovel

after he had published his poems.

că va scrie romanuldupă ce-şi va publica

poemele.Principală Condiţională cu

Past Tense/PastPerfect(Subjunctive)

Orice subordonată

He would stay with

you

if you told him a witch was

following you.

dacă i-ai spune că te

urmăreşte ovrăjitoare

you had lost your keyand could not go in.

dacă i-ai spune că ţi-ai pierdut cheia şi nu

poţi intrayou would telleveryone the truth.

dacă i-ai spune că veispune tuturor adevărul

if he had been told who you were. dacă i s-ar fi spuscine eşti

what you had

decided.

dacă i s-ar fi spus ce

ai hotărâtwhen you would go dacă i s-ar fi spus

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to the Congo. când o să te duci înCongo

Câteva fraze complexe:

1. If you told him when you came back from Venice that you did not want him to phone you,he would stop calling you up every five minutes. [Dacă i-ai spune când te întorci de laVeneţia că nu mai vrei să te sune, nu te-ar mai chema la telefon din cinci în cinci minute.]2. He stated he would come back home when I had finished painting it and if I told himwhom I had been working with and when I would do it again, if this ever happened. [Adeclarat că se va întoarce acasă după ce voi termina s-o zugrăvesc şi dacă-i voi spune cu cineam lucrat şi când o s-o fac din nou, dacă aceasta se va întâmpla vreodată.]Forms of THE SUBJUNCTIVE

I. Synthetical

Present (=Infinitive)(old English, exclamatory)

Past (=Past Tense)simultaneity

Past Perfect (=Past Perfect)anteriority

I suggest that he go now.Suffice it to say that he waswrong.Long live England!

He is speaking as if he didnot know the truth.He was looking at me as if Ihad all the answers.

He is speaking as if he hadnot been told anything.He was looking at me as if Ihad stolen his golden watch.

II. Analytical

MODAL VERB simultaneityIndefinite Infinitive

anteriorityPerfect Infinitive

may, might

can, couldshouldwill, would

come today

be reading now

have come yesterday

have been reading at 7

EXAMPLES

It is strange that he should arrive tonight have arrived last night

It is natural that he should be asking this question have been dancing atseven

I suggest that you should forget about the party.

I shall give so that he may read

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him the book it tonight.

I came last

night

so that the witch

might

give me the broom.

He did not ask anything

lest you should shout at him.

SITUATIONS in which the Subjunctive is used

Main clause Conjunction Subjunctive form used

1. It is (natural, advisable...) that[subiective introduse cu itimpersonal]

he SHOULD go, be reading,have finished, have beenreading at seven o’clock (he go)

2. I suggest, insist, urge,demand, order...[dorinţa vorbitorului]

that he SHOULD go(he go)

3. (I shall comeI came yesterday...)

so that (final clauses) he may/might see mehe should see mehe can/could see mehe will/would see me

lest (ca să nu) he SHOULD forget

4. (He is/was walking) as if/as though(ca şi cum)

he did not knowhe had already finished

5. (I should tell youI should have told you)

if unless (dacă nu)

I knewI had known

omiterea conjuncţiei if Poetic; condiţionala pe primul loc; inversiune:

Should I know, I should tellhim.Had I known, I should havetold him.

6. I wish (aş vrea)I wished (aş fi vrut)

you came nowyou would come now(ce n-aş da să vii)you had come before

7. I would rather/sooner (aş prefera)If only (măcar dacă)

Suppose (dacă cumva)It is (high/about) time

he left nowhe had finished before

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(e vremea să)[To Be – use were in all

persons

I/he were here]8. Exclamatory sentences Long live... (lozinci)Long live the King!May you... (urări)May you live to be ahundred.So be it. (aşa să fie)Suffice it to say...(ajunge dacă spun că...)

[9. ...ever (whoever,

whatever, whenever,wherever)

he may/might do, be doing,

have done, have been doingWhatever he may be doing,you must not disturb him.Whoever he may have been,you should have told him thetruth.

After the SUBJUNCTIVE Past and Past Perfect, in the following situations, use onlypast tenses (Past Tense, Past Perfect, Future-in-the-Past):

Subjunctiveform whichrequires thechange

Subjunctivesituation whichrequires thechange

Tenses changed into Traducere înromână

1. SubjunctivePast2. SubjunctivePast Perfect

PRESENT----> PAST TENSE

PRESENTPERFECT,PAST TENSE

PASTPERFECT

FUTURE------> FUTURE-IN-

THE-PAST

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for clauses in asentence withconditional

clauses whichuse SubjunctivePast or PastPerfectas if/as thoughI wish/wishedif onlyI would rathersupposeit is time

Examples

I should tell youif I knew

you wanted togo there now.

că vrei să te duci

you had alreadyfound the key.

că ai găsit dejacheia

you would notscold her.

că n-o vei certa

I should havelistened if hehad explained

what he wantedto do.

ce vrea să facă

where he had

lost the book.

unde a pierdut

carteawhy he would

be leaving sosoon.

de ce va plecaatât de curând

I wish he knew where themoney was.

unde sunt banii

If only he hadtold us

why he hadshouted.

de ce a strigat

I would rather you told me

what wouldhappen.

ce se vaîntâmpla

Suppose he

never found out

why he had been

punished!

de ce a fost

pedepsit

Câteva fraze complexe:

1. If I knew you would not tell him what I was telling you, I might explain to you that he wasnot going to pay his debt because he had not yet found a means of making money whilesleeping.[Dacă aş şti că nu-i vei spune ce-ţi spun, poate ţi-aş explica cum că n-are de gând să-şi

plătească datoria fiindcă nu a descoperit încă un mijloc de a face bani în vreme ce doarme.]

2. If you had announced him when you would come back and how much you would be

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willing to pay for his monkey, he would certainly be waiting for you now.[Dacă-l anunţai când te vei întoarce şi cât vei fi dispus să-i dai pe maimuţă, acum precis căte-ar aştepta.]

3. I wish he had told us when he wanted to sell the house he had bought in Norway.[Aş vrea să ne fi spus când vrea să vândă casa pe care a cumpărat-o în Norvegia.]

4. I would rather he did not tell everyone he met that he had pawned his shirt because Irefused to give him any money and he would hang himself unless I paid all his debts by theend of the week.[Aş prefera să nu spună tuturor celor cu care se întâlneşte că şi-a amanetat cămaşa fiindcărefuz să-i dau bani şi că se va spânzura dacă n-am să-i plătesc toate datoriile până la sfârşitulsăptămânii.]

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

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Comparative

(C)

Intensified

Comparative

Traducere Examples

longer/better more expensive

much/far +C

mult mai much better far shorter much more expensive

C and Cever + C

din ce în ce mai better and better more and more unbelievableever larger ever more scared

the C 1, theC 2

cu cât... , cu atât The more, the merrier.The more interesting, the better.

The sooner he arrives, the less timeyou will have to spend without him.even + C şi mai even farther

even more attractiveC + by far cu mult mai cheaper by far

IRREGULAR COMPARISON

good, well better the best bad, ill worse the worstmuch, many more the mostlittle (puţin) less the leastfar farther

further (suplimentar)the farthestthe furthest

near nearer the nearestthe next (următorul)

old older elder

(our/your... elder s = ceivârstnici)

the oldestthe eldest (numai atributiv;

pentru fraţi)

late later the latter (al doilea din doi;the former – primul din doi)

the latest (cel mai recent)the last (ultimul)

AGREEMENT OF NOUNS (Acordul substantivelor)

PLURAL: THEY ARE

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Substantiv Traducere Acord 1, 2, 3... Exemple

THEY

ARE

pair(s) of

I.clothes hainetrousers pantalon(i) His trousers are dirty and they are

on the bed.shorts şortoveralls salopetăglasses/spectacles ochelari I only need a pair of glasses.

Have you seen my glasses?compasses compas

(compass – busolă)scales cântar

binoculars binoclutongs cleşte

pliers cleştescissors foarfecă I have three pairs of scissors in the

house.shears foarfecă

mare pyjamas pijama

pincers/tweezers pensetăflannels lenjerie de

flanelătights pantalon

strâns braces breteleannals letopiseţarchives arhivăashes cenuşă

(ash – scrum)

customs vamădregs zaţoutskirts periferiewages salariusavings economii

bellows foaleII. THEY

ARE

the Police poliţia The Police are looking for a thief.

the clergy clerulthe rich (articol + cei bogaţi The rich have much more than the

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adjectiv) poor.III. IT IS;

THEY

ARE

family (membri)

How long have your family livedhere? Are they at home?

crew echipaj (unitate) How many members does your crew have? Is it large?

team echipăIV. (Nouns of material in theplural)

sorturi de are

butters How many butters have you bought?coalsoils...

SINGULAR: IT IS

Substantiv Traducere Acord 1, 2, 3... Exemple

I. IT IS piece(s) of

news veşti No news is good news.information informaţii I need two pieces of information.knowledge cunoştinţeluggage bagajefurniture mobilă/mobil

emoney baniadvice sfaturifruit fructehomework temeII. IT IS

politicsmumps oreion Mumps is a dangerous disease.measles pojar rickets rahitism

billiards biliard

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draughts joc de damecards joc de cărţiskittles, ninepins popice

physics

SINGULAR = PLURAL

Au aceeaşi formă pentru singular şi plural.Forma de singular are şi sens de plural.

Substantiv Traducere AcordIS, ARE Exemple

series serie, seriispecies specie, speciimeans mijloc, intermediuworks uzină, uzinefish peşte, peşti How many fish have

you got?deer căprioară, căprioare A deer was running

across the street.

carp crap, crapitrout păstrăv, păstrăvisheep oaie, oi He had five sheep

when he startedfishing carp andtrout.

MODAL VERBS

1. SHALL (trebuie) 1. For the secondand third persononly: Modal Futureof promise,command and

determination (OldEnglish)

He shall come. (Va trebui să vină/ Garantez căva veni)You shall not go. (Îţi interzic, n-ai voie)

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2. For the firstperson,interrogative

Shall I go? (Vrei să mă duc? Să mă duc?)What shall I do? (Ce mă fac?)

2. SHOULD (ar trebui) 1. He asked me what he should do. (ce să facă)

2. You should come today/be reading now. (Artrebui)You should have come yesterday/have beenreading at seven. (Ar fi trebuit, trebuia să)

3. I think he should be there. (Presupun)

iritare, surpriză 4. Why should I do it? (De ce tocmai eu?)

dacă s-ar întâmpla(în condiţionale)

5. If I should find him, I should beat him.(Dacă s-ar întâmpla să-l găsesc)

omiterea conjuncţieiif

6. Should he know, he would come. [poetic](De-ar şti el...)

3. WILL (vrea) 1. First person:Modal Future(învechit)

I will not forget you. (Promit că nu te voi uita)

2. Will you help me? (Te rog)

Help me, will you? (Fii bun şi...)Go away, will you! (Fă bine şi pleacă de aici!)

3. Let him go if he will go. (dacă vrea/ţine să seducă)

pentru obiecte:opune rezistenţă

4. The door will not open. (nu vrea să sedeschidă)

5. That boy over there will be his son. (o fi,cred că este)

FrequentativeMood(în general)

6. He will always read when he has breakfast.(Mereu citeşte)

4. WOULD (voia) 1. FrequentativeMood

He will do that. (Mereu face aşa) – în generalHe would/used to come here of old. (Obişnuiasă vină) – în trecut

2. He wouldn’t even see us. (Nici n-a vrut)

3. I wouldn’t know. (N-am de unde să ştiu)

4. You wouldn’t do that to me! (Nu-mi faci tu

26



mie una ca asta!)

5. You could go if you would. (Dacă ai vrea,

te-ai duce)

6. You would not (do not) want to know. (Nu teinteresează...)

5. OUGHT TO (ar trebui)

1. You ought to come today/be reading now.(Ar trebui)You ought to have finished yesterday/have beenreading at seven. (Ar fi trebuit, trebuia)2. I think he ought to be there. (Presupun)

6. MUST (trebuie) 1. You must go now. (Trebuie)

nu se schimbă dupăPast Tense

He said you must go.

neapărat 2. You must pay me a visit.

precis, trebuie că 3. He must be reading now. (Precis că citeşte)He must have come yesterday/have beenreading at seven. (Se vede că, trebuie că avenit/citea)

e interzis 4. You must not come in. (Nu ai voie, e

interzis)

Înlocuitor modal:TO HAVE TO

You will have to go soon.He said I would have to go to the States.I realized he had had to walk all the way to theSahara.

7. TO HAVE TO(trebuie)

I have (got) to go.Have you got to go?/Do you have to go?I do not have to go yet.

8. TO BE TO(urmează să, e partedintr-un planstabilit)

1. He is to come today. (Urmează să vină)

2. He was to come today. (Urma să vină azi.)He was to have come yesterday. (Urma să fivenit ieri.)

e interzis 3. You are not to go in there. (E interzis săintri)

de-ar fi să 4. If he were to come, I should tell him. (De-arfi să vină)

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9. CAN (poate, ştie,e în stare să)

ştii să, poţi 1. Can you read? (Ştii să citeşti?)Can you lift a chair? (Poţi ridica un scaun?)

n-ai dreptul 2. You can’t go in. (N-ai dreptul)

nu e cu putinţă 3. He can’t be your brother. (Nu e cu putinţă)He can’t be reading now. (Nu se poate să, nu ecu putinţă)He cannot have finished yesterday. (E imposibilsă fi terminat, nu putea să termine)Can he have been reading at seven? (Nu-mivine să cred că, nu se poate, cum să cred că..?)

familiar, pentruMAY 4. Can I go now? (Am voie?)

Înlocuitor modal:TO BE ABLE TO

You will be able to read next year.He had been able to speak Japanese for yearswhen we met.

10. COULD 1. Past Tense(could)

He said he could read. (poate, ştie)

2. ConditionalPresent (could)

You could go if you would. (Ai putea)

3. Conditional Past(could + PerfectInfinitive)

You could have gone if you had been free. (Aifi putut, puteai)

4. It could be true. (S-ar putea, cred eu că...)

11. MAY (Am voie;POATE, habar n-am)

Am voie 1. May I come in? (Am voie să)

Înlocuitor modal:TO BE ALLOWEDTO

He confessed he had never been allowed to eatraspberries.

2. POATE, nu ştiu,n-am idee (nu-miexprim nici o

părere)

He may come today, tomorrow.He may be reading now.He may have come yesterday.He may have been reading at seven.He may have finished by then. (Va fi terminat

până la zece.)

3. He may as well be a thief, for all I know. (Ofi şi hoţ, habar n-am.)

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12. MIGHT 1. Past Tense He said I might go. (am voie)He said it might rain. (se poate să, poate o să...)

2. ConditionalPresent (might)

a) It might be true. (S-ar putea, nu ştiu) b) You might send me a letter. (Ai putea, îţisugerez, aş vrea s-o faci)

3. Conditional Past(might + PerfectInfintive)

You might have helped him. (Ai fi putut, puteai, de ce nu l-ai ajutat? – reproş)

13. NEED (E nevoie –

impersonal)

[To need (verb regulat) – a avea nevoie(personal):

He needs a book. – Are nevoie de o carte.Will he need this book? – Va avea nevoie decarte?He does not need to be warned about this. – Nuare nevoie să fie prevenit.]

1. Need you go? (E nevoie să te duci?)He need not go.I do not think he need come. (de obicei nu areafirmativ, ca verb modal; excepţie fac verbelecare vin după o negaţie în propoziţia anterioară)

nu se schimbă dupăun timp trecut

2. He said you need not go.

3. You need not have come so soon. (Nu eranevoie)

14. DARE(Îndrăzneşte)

How dare you steal my apples? (Cumîndrăzneşti să-mi furi merele?)

DEGREES OFPROBABILITY(precis, probabil,

posibil, poate, s-ar putea)

precis 1. He must be reading.

cred, probabil 2. He should/ought to be reading.

mă gândesc că e posibil

3. He could be reading/He will be reading.

poate, nu ştiu 4. He may come.

s-ar putea, chiar nu 5. He might come.

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ştiuTREBUIA... (nutrebuia, nu era

nevoie, trebuia, ar fifost cazul, trebuie, atrebuit)

1. Nu era nevoie You need not have come.(Nu trebuia să vii, nuera nevoie)

2. Ar fi trebuit/trebuia, era cazul

You should have come. (Trebuia să vii, ar fitrebuit)

3. Reproş You might have come. (Trebuia să vii, de ce n-ai venit?)

4. Era mai bine You had better have come. (Trebuia să vii, mai bine veneai)

5. Trebuie să He said I must go. (trebuie să)

6. A trebuit Did he have to go? (a trebuit)

MAI BINE... 1. HAD BETTER (urmat numai deinfinitiv scurt)

You had better go tomorrow/be reading now.(Mai bine ai pleca)You had better have finished yesterday/have

been reading at seven. (Mai bine terminai)

2. would rather I would rather you left now. (Mai bine ai pleca,aş prefera să pleci)

I would rather you had left yesterday. (Mai bine plecai, mai bine ai fi plecat, aş prefera)

3. should You should go tomorrow/be reading now. (Mai bine ai pleca, ar trebui să)You should have come yesterday/have beenreading at seven. (Mai bine citeai, trebuia să)

4. need You need not go. (Mai bine nu pleci, nu enevoie)You need not have finished/have been reading.(Mai bine nu terminai, nu era nevoie)

SĂ ?... may 1. May I help you? (Îmi permiţi să te ajut? Nuţin neapărat.)

can 2. Can I help you? (Cu ce pot să te ajut? Ce potface pentru tine? Vreau să te ajut)

shall 3. Shall I help you? (Vrei să/Să te ajut?)

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ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE

VERB ACCUSATIVE INFINITIVE

I. I. Long Infinitive

1. I want/should like him to go

2. I allow, order, expect you to stay

3. I think, suppose, know,suspect, imagine, believe

her to be intelligent

4. I wait for (verbs withcompulsory prepositions)

them to come

II. II. Short Infinitive

1. I see, hear him go in

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2. I make, let (help)Causative Have (îl pun să):I shall have

her eat the orange

Examples

I know her to be in town.I expect them to be running now.I imagined you to have finished before he arrived.I suppose him to have been reading before the storm began.

THERE IS se transformă în THERE TO BE:

I should not like there to be another war.I do not want there to be any argument.I did not expect there to be so many obstacles.

NOMINATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE

NOMINATIVE VERB LONG INFINITIVE

I. Passive

He 1. is allowed, ordered to stay

He 2. is known, supposed(se ştie că, se presupune că)

to be abroad

He 3. is seen, heard to run down the street

He 4. is made, let to sweep the floor

He 5. is said, reported(se spune că)

to have finished

II. Active

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(one by one)de (numeral) ori (numeral) times five times – de cinci ori

(once, twice)

VÂRSTA

He is in his teens (e adolescent)He is in his early twenties (are puţin peste douăzeci de ani)He is in his middle twenties (are în jur de douăzeci şi cinci de ani, e trecut bine de douăzeci)He is in his late twenties (n-a împlinit încă treizeci de ani, mai are puţin şi face treizeci)He is in his prime (e în floarea vârstei)He is middle-aged (e între două vârste)

He turned 27 yesterday (a împlinit)He is under age (nu e major)He came of age last year (a devenit major)

Come back on Monday week . (de luni într-o săptămână)I swim in the pool every two days/ every other day. (din două în două zile)I used to read that novel every three years. (din trei în trei ani)DE...

Since-for-ago-before DE Examples, in onesentence Traducere

SINCE DE la (dinmomentul)

I have been readingsince seveno’clock,

Citesc DE la oraşapte,

FOR (timp) DE (durata) for two hours, DE două ore,

AGO DEmult (în urmă/acum cinci ani)

since he came back,long /two hours

ago,

DE când s-aîntors el,

DEmult/ acumdouă oreBEFORE (faţă de un moment

trecut) Înainte/DEand told me he hadarrived a week before.

şi mi-a zis că asosit DE osăptămână.

DE (fără sens real) (nu se traduce înengleză)

A venit deieri/de aseară.He cameyesterday/lastnight.

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MAI

1. longer thanthe most interesting

The street is longer than thehighway.

It is the most interesting playI have ever read.

mai lung

cea mai interesantă2. most people, almosteveryone, nearly all of them

Most people sleep at night.Almost everyone had left.

mai toţi

3. else Who else is there? Cine mai e?4. another, other I want another book/other

books.mai vreau

5. more I want (some) more milk/twomore loaves of bread.

mai vreau

6. still Is he still here? Mai este acolo?7. again Come again. Mai vino.

8. longer Stay a little longer. Mai stai.9. before Have you seen her before? Ai mai văzut-o?10. ever/never Have you ever seen her?

I have never been there.Ai mai văzut-o până acum?

N-am mai fost acolo.11. especially especially now mai ales acum12. other What other novelists do you

know?Ce romancieri mai ştii?

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CAUSATIVE HAVE

HAVE Accusative 1. Past Participle

I shall haveI must have

my hair cut pun pe cineva să, daula făcut...She has her dressesmade in Paris.

2. short InfinitiveI had them buy the dwarf i-am pus să

Have him translatethe sentence intoEnglish.

3. –ing

I cannot have him smoking nu permitI shall not have youtalking to your

grandfather like this.

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EMPHATIC ITIt was the

presidentwho broke a leg. Preşedintele a

fost cel careIt will not be you who will win the

race. Nu tu vei fi celcare va câştiga.

It had been themonk

who had taught himhow to pray.

Călugărul fusesecel care l-aînvăţat să seroage.

It must have been

the mayor

who built the school. Se vede că

primarul e celcare a construit.It is today that he wants it. O vrea chiar azi.

It was there that he first saw you. Acolo te-a văzutIt is in July that you must come

back.În iulie trebuiesă revii.

It was the wind that made him run sofast.

Vântul a fost celcare l-a împinssă fugă aşa iute.

It is by bus that you must go to

the Hague.

Cu autobuzul

trebuie să te ducila Haga.

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-ING

His being rude to youamazedeveryone.

Faptul că a fost nepoliticos cu tinei-a uimit pe toţi.

Jack’s finding the treasure wassheer luck.

Faptul că Jack a găsit comoara afost doar un noroc.

Your having bought the novelimpressed him.

Faptul că ai cumpărat romanul l-aimpresionat.

What do youthink of his

losing his passport? Ce crezi despre faptul că şi-a pierdut paşaportul?

I dislike his having left without me. Nu-mi place că a plecat fără mine.Have you heardof their

stealing the painting? Ai auzit că a furat tabloul?

On entering the garden Inoticed a lion.

Când am intrat în grădină am zăritun leu.

While waiting for the plumber I fell asleep.

Pe când îl aşteptam pe instalator am adormit.

Having alreadyseen the house

he waited for her outside.

Fiindcă văzuse deja casa, aaşteptat-o afară.

He remembered posting the letter. A ţinut minte că a pus scrisoarea lacutie (în trecut).

[to post the letter.] A ţinut minte să pună scrisoarea lacutie (în viitor).You must haveforgotten

posting the letter. Se vede că ai uitat că ai pus dejascrisoarea la cutie.

[to post the letter.] Se vede că ai uitat să puiscrisoarea la cutie.

He went on singing the samesong.

A cântat mai departe.

[to dance a newdance he hadlearnt.]

A trecut la un dans nou pe care-lînvăţase.

Try buying the book,if you cannot

Încearcă să cumperi cartea dacăn-o poţi lua cu împrumut. (printre

38



borrow it. alte posibilităţi)[to buy the book now.]

Cumpără cartea acum.

ROMANIAN TENSES translated into English

Timp în română Timp în engleză Exemple în română Traducere înengleză

1. PREZENT 1. Present, common Vine adesea să nevadă.

He often comes to seeus.

2. Present, continuous Acum citeşte şi nu poate veni.

He is reading nowand cannot come.

3. Present Perfect,common

Mă cunoşti demult? Have you known mefor a long time?

4. Present Perfect,

continuous

Mă aştepţi demult? Have you been

waiting for me for along time?5. Past Perfect,common

A zis că vine după cetermină.

He said he wouldcome after he hadfinished.

6. Past Perfect,continuous

A zis că citeşte demult. He said he had beenreading for a longtime.

7. Past Tense,common

A zis că ştie. He said he knew.

8. Past Tense,

continuous

A zis că citeşte. He said he was

reading.9. Future Vine mâine. He will come

tomorrow.10. Future-in-the-Past A zis că vine când

vrea.He said he wouldcome whenever hewanted to.

11. Imperative Te duci şi te culci. Go to bed.

12. Frequentative Aşa fac copiii. Children will bechildren.

13. Subjunctive E ciudat că pleci chiar

acum.

It is strange that you

should leave rightnow.

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14. Infinitive Se aştepta că ştii deasta.

He expected you toknow about this.

2. IMPERFECT


Simţea că e adevărat. He felt it was true.

2. Past Tense,continuous

Citea. He was reading.

3. Frequentative Venea adesea pe la noi. He would often/oftenused to come to seeus.

4. Future Tu erai tata şi eu erammama.

You will be father and I will be mother.

5. Near Future Nu ştia ce am de gând

să fac.

He had no idea what I

was going to do.6. Past Perfect,common

A zis că merge acolozilnic de un an.

He said he had gonethere daily for a year.

7. Past Perfect,continuous

Ploua de două ore. It had been rainingfor two hours.

8. Conditional Present Dacă ai fi sărac, nuaveai bani.

If you were poor, youwould not have anymoney.

9. Conditional Past Dacă voiai veneai. If you had wanted to,you would havecome.

10. Subjunctive Măcar dacă veneai şi tuieri.

If only you had comeyesterday, too.

11. Perfect Infinitive Mai bine veneai cu noi. You had better havecome with us.

12. Modal verbs Trebuia să vii.

Urma să vină.

You should havecome.He was to come.

13. Present Aveam ceva să te rog. I want to ask you afavour.

3. PERFECT

COMPUS


Ai venit ieri? Did you comeyesterday?

2. Past Perfect,common

Zicea că a uitat. He was saying he hadforgotten.

3. Present Perfect,common

Ai citit ultima luicarte?

Have you read hislatest book?

4. Present, common Am auzit că ştii. I hear you knowabout it.

5. Present, continuous Ei gata, am plecat! I am going now.

6. Frequentative Ani de zile nici nu l-a For years he would

40



băgat în seamă. not even notice him.7. Subjunctive E ciudat că a plecat

deja.It is odd that heshould already have

left.4.CONDIŢIONALPREZENT

1. Indefinite Infinitive Cică ar fi hoţ.

Cică ar citi acum.

He is said to be athief.He is said to bereading now.

2. Past Tense Dacă ai vrea ai veni. If you wanted to, youwould come.

3. Present Se pare că ar fi ocupat. It seems he is busy.4. Conditional Present Aş veni şi eu dar nu pot.

I should come, too, but I cannot.

5. Future Cică ar pleca mâine. They say he willleave tomorrow.

6. Modals N-ar trebui să pleci. You should not goaway.

5.CONDIŢIONALTRECUT

1. Past Tense Cică ar fi venit ieri.

Nu că n-ar fi ştiut, dar n-a vrut.

They say he cameyesterday.He knew all right, buthe would not.

2. Past Perfect Dacă ar fi vrut, ar fivenit.

If he had wanted to,he would have come.

3. Conditional Past Ar fi venit dacă-ispuneai.

He would have comeif you had told him.

4. Subjunctive Măcar dacă ai fi venitieri.

If only you had comeyesterday.

5. Modals Ar fi fost cazul să vii. You should have

come.6. Perfect Infinitive Se zice că ar fi

terminat.He is said to havefinished.

6. PERFECTULSIMPLU

1. Past Tense Sosi şi se culcă. He arrived and wentto bed.

2. Hardly...when Nici nu sosi bine, că şiauzi pianul.

Hardly had he arrivedwhen he heard the

piano.

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INTRANSITIVE-TRANSITIVE VERBS

1. to rise, rose, risen (a se ridica) to raise, raised, raised (a ridica ceva)to rouse, roused, roused (a stârni)

2. to lie, lay, lain (a zăcea) to lay, laid, laid (a culca, a aşeza culcat)

3. to sit, sat, sat (a sta jos) to set, set, set ( a pune, a aşeza)

4. to fall, fell, fallen ( a cădea) to fell, felled, felled (a abate, a doborî)

5. to hang, hung, hung (a atârna)to hang, hanged, hanged (a spânzura)

ADJECTIVE-NOUN-VERB

ADJECTIVE NOUN VERBstrong strength strengthen

long length lengthen

high height heighten

wide width widen

broad breadth broaden

deep depth deepen

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DO and MAKE

DO MAKEgoodharmright/wronghomework one’s dutya favour a servicethe roomone’s hair

the housesums problemswondersa job

businesshonour/creditdamagerepairs

tea/coffeethe bedthe firea noisefriends/enemies

peace/war laws/rulesthe distinctionthe difference

moneya livinga fortunefacesa bowa journey/voyage/travela tripa startan attempta blunder mistakes

an excusea choicerooma mess

VERBS AND ADJECTIVES WITH COMPULSORY PREPOSITIONS

used in

English with a Key, 1 English with a Key, 2 English with a Choice

43



VERBS

the land abounds in gamehe abstains from drink you must account for your behaviour he was accused of robberyare you acquainted with T.S. Eliot?add this money to the sumI agree with you on thisI agree to this

what are you aiming atwhat does he allude tothe dance alternates with concertswhat does the sum amount todid you apologize to him for breaking the vase?it does not appeal to meapply to your boss for a risedo you approve of the plan?don’t argue with me for the pricewhen did you arrive at the shop?ask him for a loaf of bread

what does he aspire to?he associates with thievesI can assure you of my good intentionshe must atone for his crimehe will attend to your problemwhom was the play attributed towhom is the dog barking at?what is the book based onhe is basking in the sunhe beckoned to me to go awayI shall begin by saying who I am

whom does it belong to?he was bereft of his moneya large fortune was bestowed on her

beware of dogsdon’t blame me for not goingdon’t blame this on mehe kept blinking at mehe blushed at her wordswhat is he boasting of?what does England border on?whom did you borrow the book from?

what is he brooding on?whom do you care for?

44



he was changed into a dwarf he was charged with murder she is chatting with a friend

he cheered me upit coincides with your birthdayhe collaborates with usthe plane collided with another planewhat is he commenting on?I compared him to/with her do you compete with us?what are you complaining of?I concealed it from her concentrate on your homework he concluded with a few English words

he was condemned to ten years of jaildo you confide in her?it is confined to this spaceit has been confiscated from smugglers (contrabandişti)you must conform to the rulesdon’t confound him with meconfront me with her I congratulate you on your birthdayI consent to the marriagewhat does the book consist in?how many chapters does it consist of?

they conspired against the kinghe is consulted on various mattersit contrasts with the wallshe has converted to Catholicismhow much can you contribute to the sum?he was convicted of murder are you convinced of his guilt?I shall cooperate with you in writing itcan you cope with everything?it culminated in a quarrelhe was cured of measles

he darted/dashed at the door it dawned on me that I had seen him beforewhat does the book deal with?have you decided on the punishment?whom is it dedicated to?whom did you defend him from?he was deferred to the policeshe was delivered from the wizardcan I depend on it?he was deprived of everythinghe is devoted to his friends

he died of/from pneumoniadoes this differ from your result?

45



he was dipped into water I disagree with youhe disappeared from town

I disapprove of your ideacan you dispense with it?it was divided into seven shareshe was divested of all his gloryhe was doomed to prisonhe dotes on his daughter what are you dreaming of?he is endowed with a musical ear he enlarged on the subjecthe escaped from goalhe excels in physics

I exchanged the book for a penthis horse feeds on wheathe fired at the foxhe flung a stone at her it floated on water what are you fussing about?he is gazing at the lakehe glanced at my handshe grieves for his friendhe was grinning at meshe is harping on the same subject

hide it from her he was hindered from going therewhat did he hint at?let us hope for the besthe hungered for her sightis he implicated in this?this rule was imposed on usthey incited him to actionhe indulged in his work I infer from your words that you don’t knowthe air was infested with the smell

don’t inflict injuries on your friendsI informed him of what was going onhe inquired into her affairsI insist on your going homethe book inspired him with faiththey instigated him to actionshe is intended for himare you interested in this?don’t interfere in/with what she is doinghave you introduced him to her?I don’t want to intrude on you

he was isolated from his fellowswill you join in the talk?

46



he jumped at her he knocked at the door don’t laugh at me

lean on my armlean against the wallhe left for Irelandthe pipe is linked to the wash basincan you listen to me?he lives on tea and breadshe longs for news from himlook at ithe marvelled at the sightthe bag doesn’t match with your dressdon’t mistake me for a coward

whom are you mocking at?multiply 6 by 7don’t nag at himcan I negotiate with her?note down the wordwhat do you object to?has it ever occurred to you that I am busy?when will he be operated on?what does it originate in?I parted with/from her they participated in the show

what did he pay for?what is he peering at?the raven is perched on a branchdon’t persevere/persist in your error I persuaded her of my sincerityexiles pine for homehe pleaded for his friendthe diver plunged into the seadon’t point to the door don’t point your forefinger at mehe pounced on the gold

he was praised for his hard work I prefer this book to thatare you prepared for the exam?he presided over the assemblydon’t prevent him from goingdon’t pride yourself on your achievementhe proceeded to townyou will not profit by his advicehe was promoted to a higher rank I protected her from the witchthe stick protrudes from your bag

he provided for her he provided her with food

47



don’t pry into other people’s affairshe was punished for his crimeI tried to reason with him

he recoiled from the touchhas he recovered from his illness?do you refer to him?I refrained from any commenthe reigned over the whole countrythis does not relate to what I was sayingcan I rely on you?your face reminds me of someonehe was remunerated for his work he repented of/for his deedwhat did you reply to him?

he reproached me with extravagance/ for being latehe reproved me for being latewhat do you require of/from us?I have reserved this table for youwhat does it reside in?he resorted to forceshe will not respond to forcehe retired from businesswhat will it result in?he was rewarded for his couragehe rushed at the door

he searches for truthshe saved him from destructionhe was separated from his friendsthe clerk was sent for don’t shoot at birdsshe never shrinks from dutywhom do you side with?she smiled at those wordsthe dog sniffed at himspeak to me about itdon’t spend money on sweets

he spies on youdon’t stare at peoplestick to what you are doinghe stumbled on a stonehe substituted his book for another subtract 5 pounds from the sumhe succeeded in finishingthey supply us with sugar we surround him with carewe suspect him of lyinghe suffers from rheumatism

she swore at meI sympathise with you

48



can you thank him for it?he theorizes on beautywhat are you thinking of?

he threatened us with a finethey throw stones at your dogI thrust the stick into the groundtranslate it into EnglishI travel by planedon’t tread on that plank he trembles with fear don’t trespass on his propertyshe triumphed over everyonedon’t tumble over the chair turn to him and see

wait for meI warned her against the danger what do you wish for?don’t worry about thathe yelled at meshe yielded to the thief

ADJECTIVES

he is absent from schoolis it necessary to you?I am not accustomed to reading aloudhe is active in politicshis means are not adequate to his aimhe is adverse to progressdon’t be afraid of me

he is ahead of his fellowsare you akin to her?he is alert to changesthis is alien to my way of thinkinghe is aloof from everyonedon’t be angry with me for doing thatmy book is anterior to hersmy opinions are antithetic to yoursdon’t be anxious about the resultapart from all this, you are rightit is apparent to all of us

he is apt for sportswhat are you ashamed of?

49



are you aware of what it means?he is away from homehe is bent on spending money

he is blind to all her defectsthe ship is bound for Indiahe is busy with his work is he capable of murder?I am certain of successhe is clever at gamesshe was charmed with himthe house is close to the park this feature is common to all of ushe is competent at his jobmy work is complementary to his

is this compatible with your ideas?he is conscious of the implicationsyour lecture was conspicuous for its originalityI am consistent with my decisionyou are contemporary with meone must be content with one’s fateit is contrary to my expectationsis it convenient for you to stay?are you conversant with Arabic?he is crazy about musiche is dear to her

you are deficient in mathematicshe is delighted with the ideathe idea is detrimental to our planshe is diffident about strangershis attitude is discrepant with his slogansthis part is distinct from the othersthe village is distant from the seathe prospect is distasteful to methe error is due to hurryhe is eager for new friendsyou are early for tea

it lies east of Chinais it easy for you?he is entangled in something complicatedhe is engaged in work he is engaged to her he is enthusiastic about the ideayou are envious of her luck is it equivalent to the sum?I am even with youhe is exempt from attendancehe is expert in astronomy

she is faithful to youshe is false to her friends

50



are you familiar with the idea?he is famous for his poetrythe house is far from the baker’s

it can be fatal to anyoneit is favourable to themhe is fit for nothingshe is fond of cocoait is full of peoplehe is good at drawingI am grateful to you for helping medon’t be hard on her the idea is harmful to everyone

be honest about ithe is hostile to us

this is identical with mineI am ignorant of the circumstancesit is imperative for her to gohe was impressed with your knowledgethe path is inaccessible to travellersI am indebted to youshe was indignant at the newshe is inferior to noneyou are inseparable from mehe is intent on his studyare you interested in this?

don’t get involved in thattake them, irrespective of the priceshe is jealous of you

be kind to ushe is lucky at cards/in love

be merciful to themhe is native to Indiathe street is near to the stationit is not necessary to mesit next to meis he obedient to the rules?

you are oblivious of what is going onit is obvious to meI am opposed to any changehe sits opposite to mehe is overcome with joy

be patient with her it is peculiar to his countryshe is pleased with her dress

be polite to your eldershe is popular with kidsI am positive of success

this is preliminary to the testthe book is previous to the film

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you are prejudiced against foreignershe is prone to various moodsis she qualified for the job?

he is ready for the testregardless of consequences, you must gothe house is remote from the park you are responsible for all the mistakesthe land is rich in gameyou are being rude to mewho is sad about the loss?he is safe from his pursuersthe same as that onehe is sensitive to kind treatmentshe is short of money

they are sick of sweetsyour boat is similar to minehe is sorry for being latethis is subject to improvementare you sure of that?it is useful to ushe is not used to waitingit is vital to us to goyou are welcome to our townhe is wrong about many things

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IRREGULAR VERBS

arise arose arisen a se ridica

awake awokeawaked

awokenawaked

a se trezi

be was / were been a fi

bear bore borne born

a purtaa se naşte

beat beat beaten a bate

become became become a deveni

begin began begun a începe

bend bent bent a se îndoi

bet bet betted

bet betted

a paria

bid bid bade bid bidden a licita, a porunci

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bind bound bound a lega

bite bit bitten a musca

bleed bled bled a sângera

blow blew blown a sufla, a bate

break broke broken a sparge

breed bred bred a creste, a educa

bring brought brought a aduce

broadcast broadcast broadcasted

broadcast broadcasted

a difuza

browbeat browbeat browbeaten browbeat

a intimida

build built built a construi

burn burned burnt

burned burnt

a arde

burst burst burst a exploda

buy bought bought a cumpăra

cast cast cast a arunca

catch caught caught a prinde

choose chose chosen a alege

cling clung clung a se agăta

come came come a veni

cost cost cost a costa

creep crept crept a se târî, a se furisa

cut cut cut a tăia

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deal dealt dealt a trata, a se ocupa de

dig dug dug a săpa

do did done a face

draw drew drawn a trage, a desena

dream dreameddreamt

dreameddreamt

a visa

drink drank drunk a bea

drive drove driven a şofa, a mâna

dwell dweltdwelled

dweltdwelled

a locui

eat ate eaten a mânca

fall fell fallen a cădea

feed fed fed a hrăni

feel felt felt a (se) simţi

fight fought fought a (se) lupta

find found found a găsi

fit fittedfit

fittedfit

a se potrivi

flee fled fled a fugi, a se refugia

fling flung flung a arunca

fly flew flown a zbura

forbid forbade forbidden a interzice

forecast forecastforecasted

forecastforecasted

a prevedea

foresee foresaw foreseen a prevedea

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foretell foretold foretold a prezice

forget forgot forgotten a uita

forgive forgave forgiven a ierta

forsake forsook forsaken a părăsi

freeze froze frozen a îngheţa

frostbite frostbit frostbitten a degera

get got got a primi, a obţine

give gave given a da

go went gone a merge

grind ground ground a măcina

grow grew grown a creşte

hang hung hung a atârna

have had had a avea

hear heard heard a auzi

hew hewed hewnhewed

a despica

hide hid hidden a (se) ascunde

hit hit hit a lovi

hold held held a ţine

hurt hurt hurt a lovi, a răni, a durea

interweave interwoveinterweaved

interwoveninterweaved

a (se) întreţese

keep kept kept a ţine, a păstra

kneel kneltkneeled kneltkneeled a îngenunchia

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knit knittedknit

knittedknit

a tricota

know knew known a şti, a cunoaşte

lay laid laid a pune, a aşeza

lead led led a conduce

lean leanedleant

leanedleant

a se apleca, a se sprijini

leap leapedleapt leapedleapt a sări

learn learnedlearnt

learnedlearnt

a învăţa

leave left left a pleca, a lăsa

lend lent lent a da cu împrumut

let let let a lăsa, a permite

lie lay lain a zăcea, a se afla

light litlighted

litlighted

a aprinde

lip-read lip-read lip-read a citi pe buze

lose lost lost a pierde

make made made a face

mean meant meant a însemna

meet met met a (se) întâlni

miscast miscast miscast a distribui într-un rol nepotrivit

mislay mislaid mislaid a pierde

mislead misled misled a îndruma greşit

misread misread misread a citi greşit

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misspell misspelledmisspelt

misspelledmisspelt

a ortografia greşit

mistake mistook mistaken a confunda

misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood a înţelege greşit

mow mowed mowedmown

a cosi

outbid outbid outbid a licita mai mult ca

outdo outdid outdone a întrece

outgrow outgrew outgrown a (se) face prea mare

outshine outshoneoutshined

outshoneoutshined

a eclipsa

outspeak outspoke outspoken a vorbi tare

overcome overcame overcome a covârşi

overdo overdid overdone a exagera

overdraw overdrew overdrawn a depăşi

overdrink overdrank overdrunk a bea în exces

overeat overate overeaten a mânca în exces

overfeed overfed overfed a (se) supraalimenta

overhang overhung overhung a atârna peste

overhear overheard overheard a auzi din întâmplare

overlay overlaid overlaid a pune peste

overpay overpaid overpaid a plăti prea mult

override overrode overridden a încălca

overrun overran overrun a depăşi

oversee oversaw overseen a supraveghea

oversell oversold oversold a supraevalua

oversleep overslept overslept a dormi prea mult

overtake overtook overtaken a depăşi

overthrow overthrew overthrown a răsturna

overwrite overwrote overwritten a suprascrie

partake partook partaken a împărtăşi

pay paid paid a plăti

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preset preset preset a preconfigura

proofread proofread proofread a corecta

prove proved proven proved

a (se) dovedi

put put put a pune

quick-freeze quick-froze quick-frozen a îngheţa rapid

quit quitquitted

quitquitted

a abandona

read read read a citi

rebuild rebuilt rebuilt a reconstrui

recast recast recast a remodela

remake remade remade a reface

repay repaid repaid a recompensa

reread reread reread a reciti

rerun reran rerun a relua

resell resold resold a revinde

resend resent resent a retrimite

reset reset reset a reaşeza

retell retold retold a repovesti

rethink rethought rethought a regândi

rewind rewound rewound a derula înapoi

rewrite rewrote rewritten a rescrie

rid rid rid a scăpa de, a se descotorosi

ride rode ridden a călări

ring rang rung a suna

rise rose risen a răsări, a se ridica

run ran run a fugi

saw sawed sawnsawed

a tăia cu fierăstrăul

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say said said a spune

see saw seen a vedea

seek sought sought a căuta

sell sold sold a vinde

send sent sent a trimite

set set set a pune

sew sewed sewnsewed

a coase

shake shook shaken a scutura, a tremura

shave shaved shavedshaven

a (se) rade

shear sheared shearedshorn

a tunde oi

shed shed shed a vărsa (lacrimi, sânge)

shine shoneshined

shoneshined

a străluci

shoe shod shod a potcovi

shoot shot shot a împuşca

show showed shown a arăta

shrink shrank shrunk a se strânge

shut shut shut a închide

sing sang sung a cânta

sink sank sunk

sunk a (se) scufunda

sit sat sat a sedea

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slay slewslayed

slainslayed

a ucide

sleep slept slept a dormi

slide slid slid a aluneca

sling slung slung a arunca

slink slunk slunk a se furisa

slit slit slit a (se) crăpa

smell smelledsmelt smelledsmelt a mirosi

sneak sneakedsnuck

sneakedsnuck

a se furişa

sow sowed sownsowed

a semăna (ceva)

speak spoke spoken a vorbi

speed spedspeeded

spedspeeded

a grăbi, a accelera

spell spelledspelt

spelledspelt

a ortografia

spellbind spellbound spellbound a fermeca

spend spent spent a cheltui, a petrece

spill spilledspilt

spilledspilt

a vărsa

spin spun spun a toarce

spit spatspit

spatspit

a scuipa

split split split a despica

spoil spoiledspolit

spoiledspoilt

a răsfăţa

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spoon-feed spoon-fed spoon-fed a hrăni cu lingurita

spread spread spread a (se) întinde

spring sprangsprung

sprung a izvorî, a sări

stand stood stood a sta (în picioare)

steal stole stolen a fura, a se furişa

stick stuck stuck a lipi

sting stung stung a înţepa

stink stunk stank

stunk a mirosi urât

strew strewed strewnstrewed

a presăra

stride strode stridden a merge cu paşi mari

strike struck struck stricken

a lovi

string strung strung a înşira

strive strovestrived

strivenstrived

a năzui

sublet sublet sublet a subînchiria

sunburn sunburned

sunburnt

sunburned

sunburnt

a se arde de soare

swear swore sworn a jura, a înjura

sweat sweatsweated

sweatsweated

a transpira

sweep swept swept a mătura

swell swelled swollenswelled

a se umfla

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swim swam swum a înota

swing swung swung a legăna

take took taken a lua

teach taught taught a preda

tear tore torn a rupe

telecast telecast telecast a teledifuza

tell told told a spune, a povesti

test-drive test-drove test-driven a testa o maşină

test-fly test-flew test-flown a testa un avion

think thought thought a (se) gândi

thrive throve thriven a prospera

throw threw thrown a arunca

thrust thrust thrust a înfige

tread trod troddentrod

a călca

typecast typecast typecast a distribui într-un rol tipic

typeset typeset typeset a culege pentru tipar

typewrite typewrote typewritten a dactilografia

unbend unbent unbent a (se) dezdoiunbind unbound unbound a dezlega

underbid underbid underbid a oferi un preţ prea mic

undercut undercut undercut a submina

underfeed underfed underfed a subalimenta

undergo underwent undergone a trece prin

underlie underlay underlain a sta la baza

undersell undersold undersold a vinde mai ieftin

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understand understood understood a înţelege

undertake undertook undertaken a lua asupra sa

underwrite underwrote underwritten a scrie sub

undo undid undone a anula

unfreeze unfroze unfrozen a dezgheţa

unwind unwound unwound a desfăşura

uphold upheld upheld a susţine

upset upset upset a tulbura

wake wokewaked wokenwaked a se trezi

waylay waylaid waylaid a întinde o cursă

wear wore worn a purta

weave woveweaved

wovenweaved

a ţese

wed wed

wedded

wed

wedded

a (se) cununa

weep wept wept a plânge

wet wetwetted

wetwetted

a uda

win won won a câştiga

wind wound wound a răsuci

withdraw withdrew withdrawn a (se) retrage

withhold withheld withheld a reţine

withstand withstood withstood a rezista la

wring wrung wrung a stoarce

write wrote written a scrie

Ediţie revizuită şi adăugită

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LIDIA VIANU

Martie 2006

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Documents

GRAMATICA - VIANU2006