Brief History LessonBrief History Lesson

I. MercantilismI. Mercantilism

• Economic theory focused on creating a Economic theory focused on creating a favorable balance of tradefavorable balance of trade

exports > importsexports > imports– Governments encourage exports from their own Governments encourage exports from their own

countrycountry– Tariffs are passed to discourage importsTariffs are passed to discourage imports– Gold and Silver very much in demandGold and Silver very much in demand

• Mercantilism encouraged Europeans to Mercantilism encouraged Europeans to begin Age of Imperialism in 1800sbegin Age of Imperialism in 1800s

Mercantilism

Cotton

Sugar

Silk

Favorable Balance of Trade

Clothes

Rum

Lingerie

Which items bring in more $$$???

Why didn’t Britain’s colonies sell materials to France?

Cotton

Sugar

Silk

France

Lingerie, Rum, Clothes

II. ImperialismA. WHAT?

– Political dominance of a weaker culture (turned into a “colony”) by a powerful culture (“mother country”) through the use of force

B. WHY? – Goals of Imperialism (God, Gold, Glory)

1. Favorable balance of trade2. Extract precious natural resources3. Exploit cheap labor4. Convert “primitive” cultures to Christianity5. Teach natives how to become modern6. Territory = Power (Pac Man theory)7. Source of national pride for Europeans

ImperialismC. WHO and WHERE?

– British • Egypt South Africa• India

– French• West Africa • Indochina

– Spanish• Central and South America• Philippines (pre-1898)• Few in Africa

– Portuguese• South America• Few in Africa

– Dutch • East Indies

– Belgians• Congo

– Germans• Few in Africa

– Italians• Only Europeans to be

defeated – Ethiopia• Somalia

– Americans• Philippines (post-1898)• Island territories

ImperialismD. HOW?

1. Superior technology

2. Developed immunity to disease OR developed vaccines for diseases

3. “Divide and conquer” (i.e. Hotel Rwanda situation)• Easier to control vast territory so far from home• Ruling minority dependent on Europeans for

resources and staying in power

4. Berlin Conference prevented Europeans fighting over territory

A quick overview (3:00) on African imperialismA quick overview (3:00) on African imperialismhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkJNGfb7eRg

4. Berlin Conference - 18844. Berlin Conference - 1884• Portugal, Belgium, Britain, and Germany meetPortugal, Belgium, Britain, and Germany meet• Consequences:Consequences:

a)a) Set up rules for adding African land to European Set up rules for adding African land to European countriescountries

b)b) Reduced tensions b/t countries, no wars b/t Reduced tensions b/t countries, no wars b/t EuropeansEuropeans

c)c) Created landlocked African statesCreated landlocked African statesd)d) Created stateless nationsCreated stateless nationse)e) Created multi-state nationsCreated multi-state nationsf)f) Created MANY multi-nation statesCreated MANY multi-nation states

• No African delegates presentNo African delegates present

Africa after Berlin Conference 1884

Africa and the world -1910

E. Legacy of ImperialismE. Legacy of Imperialism

1.1. Political Political Instability– Weak gov’t. Weak gov’t. military coups military coups unable to maintain unable to maintain

control over territorycontrol over territory– Diff. nations in multinat’l states fight Diff. nations in multinat’l states fight

• Territorial claimsTerritorial claims• Political controlPolitical control• Natural resourcesNatural resources

– Leaders Leaders corrupt, disputed, & squander $$ corrupt, disputed, & squander $$– Robert Mugabe – Zimbabwe (images of his Palace)Robert Mugabe – Zimbabwe (images of his Palace)

2. Mono-economies (Banana Republics) created2. Mono-economies (Banana Republics) created– Mother country forced colonies to produce cash crops Mother country forced colonies to produce cash crops

for export (usually no more than 1 or 2)for export (usually no more than 1 or 2)– Dependent on dev. countries 4 food, manuf. goodsDependent on dev. countries 4 food, manuf. goods– Creates an unfavorable balance of tradeCreates an unfavorable balance of trade

Industrialization in Europe

Resource dependency(“Banana Republic,” “Oil state,” etc.)

Problematic Boundaries?

Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Political and Cultural Legacy

Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Political Legacy/Issues of Ethnicity

Case of Nigeria:• Policy of “Indirect Rule”

(& “Divide and Rule”)• Differential policies

toward Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba

• Creation of Igbo ethnicity• Peripheralization of

“minor” groups

E. Legacy of ImperialismE. Legacy of Imperialism

3.3. Lack of CapitalLack of Capital– Little $ for investment into business (foreign Little $ for investment into business (foreign

companies feel too risky)companies feel too risky)– Few capital goods Few capital goods – Little human capital (brain drain)Little human capital (brain drain)

4.4. Lack of Lack of Infrastructure– All infrastructure leads to megacityAll infrastructure leads to megacity– Europeans designed IFS (instrument for stability), Europeans designed IFS (instrument for stability),

solely for exportsolely for export– Some countries today create “forward capitals” Some countries today create “forward capitals”

(Brazil, Nigeria, Pakistan, another example?)(Brazil, Nigeria, Pakistan, another example?)

E. Legacy of Imperialism

5. Primate Cities/Megacities (Definitions and examples)– Poor health in cities further spreads disease– Lack of education– High crime rate

6. Brain Drain– Africa’s finest GONE BABY GONE! WHO CAN BLAME

THEM!?!?– WHY??– Few smart people to fix problems

World Megacities

Megacities and associated causes and effects

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFboV2m1yuw&feature=shareDhaka

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsTpQuet4GgTokyo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo6d-pahxPM long version

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8j_XPi_gII

Lagos

E. Legacy of ImperialismE. Legacy of Imperialism

• Add 1-6 = #7. HUGE International DebtAdd 1-6 = #7. HUGE International Debt– Negative balance of tradeNegative balance of trade– Major health issuesMajor health issues– Few capital goodsFew capital goods– Too little foodToo little food– Dependence on other countriesDependence on other countries– IMPOSSIBLE to pay off debtIMPOSSIBLE to pay off debt

• Some people argue for debt forgiveness

8. More Problems…(can’t really blame the imperialists)

• Diseases (especially in Africa)– All infectious diseases = 5.6 million

deaths in Africa (670 million people)

• AIDS = 2 million (most ages 30-44)

• Malaria = 1.1 million

• Diarrhea-related diseases = 700,000

• Childhood diseases = 500,000

• Tuberculosis = 350,000

– 2.9 million deaths in SE Asia (1.6 billion people)

• Diarrhea-related diseases = 700,000

• Tuberculosis = 600,000

• Childhood diseases = 390,000

• For comparison…– 397,000 deaths in the

Americas (850 million people)• AIDS – 100,000• Diarrhea-related = 56,000• Tuberculosis = 46,000• Childhood diseases = 4,700• Malaria = 1,500

• Impossible to fix other problems without addressing disease concerns

F. Positive Results of Imperialism (let’s try to be glass half-full)

• SOME infrastructure developed (there was little b4)– Railroads– Roads– Bridges

• Some access to newer technologies– Railroad esp.– Weapons

• Some access to medicines

• Few people access to good jobs

IV. Why We NEED Africa!IV. Why We NEED Africa!• Oil Oil

– By 2015, ¼ of our imports!By 2015, ¼ of our imports!– Cheaper to refine & closerCheaper to refine & closer– More stable?More stable?– Mostly non-OPEC membersMostly non-OPEC members

• Metals & Industrial DiamondsMetals & Industrial Diamonds– Manganese (for steel)Manganese (for steel)– Cobalt and chrome (for aeronautrics)Cobalt and chrome (for aeronautrics)– Platinum family metals Platinum family metals – Industrial diamonds (b/c of their hardness/heat Industrial diamonds (b/c of their hardness/heat

conductionconduction

IV. Why We NEED Africa cont.IV. Why We NEED Africa cont.• Global Terrorism & SecurityGlobal Terrorism & Security

– Failed States (Somalia and Sudan)Failed States (Somalia and Sudan)– Terrorist havensTerrorist havens– Military cooperation Military cooperation less attacks, more captures, less attacks, more captures,

safer investmentssafer investments– Need strategic partners i.e. KenyaNeed strategic partners i.e. Kenya

• Africa = GROWING MARKET!Africa = GROWING MARKET!– U.S. exports to Africa rising U.S. exports to Africa rising – U.S. imports from Africa HUGE = $60 billion!!!U.S. imports from Africa HUGE = $60 billion!!!– As their GDP per capita increases, we make more $$$!As their GDP per capita increases, we make more $$$!– Globalization means we are connected to EVERYONE!Globalization means we are connected to EVERYONE!– Some of the fastest growing economies on Earth!Some of the fastest growing economies on Earth!

• 4 of top 10 in 20094 of top 10 in 2009• Angola 24% in 2007Angola 24% in 2007

IV. Why We NEED Africa cont.IV. Why We NEED Africa cont.• Highly skilled laborHighly skilled labor

– Most educated immigrant group in U.S.Most educated immigrant group in U.S.– We benefit from their brain drain!We benefit from their brain drain!

• Competition w/ ChinaCompetition w/ China– China & U.S. compete for Africa’s markets and resourcesChina & U.S. compete for Africa’s markets and resources

• China 2China 2ndnd largest importer of African goods (U.S. #1) largest importer of African goods (U.S. #1)• Africa imports from China more than anywhere else (#4)Africa imports from China more than anywhere else (#4)• U.S. invests more than China but for how long?U.S. invests more than China but for how long?

– U.S. can’t afford China to have greater influence in AfricaU.S. can’t afford China to have greater influence in Africa

– Video clip: The Rise of China in Africa Video clip: The Rise of China in Africa http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfrrGwdd9SY (10:28)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfrrGwdd9SY (10:28)

– Winner of Africa = global power of the future?Winner of Africa = global power of the future?– Video Clip: Africa: Open for Business (2006)Video Clip: Africa: Open for Business (2006)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVm_2AmnK-s (6:09)

The Danger of a Single Story

http://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story.html(18:49)

Quotes by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

•“The single story creates stereotypes, and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete. They make one story become the only story.”

•“If I had not grown up in Nigeria, and if all I knew about Africa were from popular images, I too would think that Africa was a place of beautiful landscapes, beautiful animals and incomprehensible people, fighting senseless wars, dying of poverty and AIDS, unable to speak for themselves and waiting to be saved by a kind, white foreigner.”

•“Show a people as one thing — as only one thing — over and over again, and that is what they become.”

Single Story ResponseAfter viewing the Danger of a Single Story video:

Answer the following questions in a 1-2 page response (typed or hand-written IN INK!)

1. Why do you think I had you watch this video?2. Have you ever felt victim of someone else's single story of you?3. Have you ever been guilty of having a single story of someone else?

Put some thought into your responses. If you don't want to answer 2 and focus on 3, that's fine. If you don't want to answer 3 and focus on 2, that's fine. But you have to answer 1 first.

Let me know if you have any questions!

V. Fast Forward…or backwardA. WWII

– Hitler started it in Europe– U.S. officially joined after Pearl Harbor– Germany, Italy, and Japan lost– Soviet Union and U.S. emerge as two

superpowers• Military dominance

(US goal= 2 wars on 2 continents at one time)• Economic dominance• Cultural dominance

– Cold War begins almost before WWII ends

B. Cold WarB. Cold War

• United States vs. Soviet UnionUnited States vs. Soviet Union

• NATO vs. Warsaw PactNATO vs. Warsaw Pact

• ““First World” vs. “Second World”First World” vs. “Second World”

• ““My enemy’s enemy is my friend”My enemy’s enemy is my friend”– WWII: Jap./Germ./Italy vs. WWII: Jap./Germ./Italy vs.

U.S.S.R./U.S./G.B./ChinaU.S.S.R./U.S./G.B./China– Post WWII: U.S/Japan/West Germ/Italy/G.B. vs. Post WWII: U.S/Japan/West Germ/Italy/G.B. vs.

U.S.S.R./China/East Germ.U.S.S.R./China/East Germ.

B. Cold War cont.B. Cold War cont.• Capitalism vs. CommunismCapitalism vs. Communism

1. No direct conflict1. No direct conflict2. Fight proxy wars (domino theory)2. Fight proxy wars (domino theory)

a)a) Korean Conflict (succeeded at containment) UN Korean Conflict (succeeded at containment) UN involvedinvolved– DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) establishedDMZ (Demilitarized Zone) established– Largest occupied border in the worldLargest occupied border in the world

b)b) Vietnam Conflict (failed) (Not sanctioned by the UN)Vietnam Conflict (failed) (Not sanctioned by the UN)c)c) 1979 USSR invaded Afghanistan-war and rise of 1979 USSR invaded Afghanistan-war and rise of

Taliban Taliban

3. Red Scare (1947-1957)3. Red Scare (1947-1957)4. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) First Strike 4. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) First Strike capability?capability?5. Elsewhere… Independence Movements!5. Elsewhere… Independence Movements!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6ekXbXpMPY

U.S. Troop Deployment (2007)

African Independence

The East-West Divide/Iron Curtain

NATO

Warsaw Pact

East versus West: View of Communist “Red Bloc” during Cold War

Lumping failed to recognizedifferences among Communists,or local causes of conflict

Enlargement ofSoviet bloc afterWorld War II

BerlinWall,

1961-89

Changes in Europe, 1990-93

6. Arms Race• Build up of nuclear weapons by both sides

– MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction– “mutual deterrence”– Reagan, elected 1980, accelerated arms race

• Crazy gamble or political genius?• U.S.S.R. collapsed in Dec. 1991 economy couldn’t sustain

arms race

7. Results of U.S.S.R. collapse:– Warsaw Pact countries free to move toward democracy– Many people fear a “uni-polar” world– Balance of Power?

USS Ronald Reagan

“Nuclear Club”• 6 other “official” members besides U.S.:

– United Kingdom, France, China, Russia, India, Pakistan

• 1 other “unofficial” members– Israel – almost definitely have nukes, but never really

say they do

• North Korea? – Still not sure, likely “minor” nuclear power– Maybe unsuccessful test in 2006– More successful test in 2009– Another test in 2013 – getting closer

• Iran and Syria – working on it…we think

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NNPT)Treaty (NNPT)

• 187 states agree…187 states agree…– Not to spread nuclear weaponsNot to spread nuclear weapons– Disarm nuclear weapons that existDisarm nuclear weapons that exist– Help member state w/o nuclear weapons Help member state w/o nuclear weapons

develop nuclear NRGdevelop nuclear NRG• Israel, India, and Pakistan have NOT joinedIsrael, India, and Pakistan have NOT joined• N. Korea joined, then withdrewN. Korea joined, then withdrew• Iran = “non-compliance”Iran = “non-compliance”• U.S., China, Russia, France, and U.K.U.S., China, Russia, France, and U.K.

– Designated “Nuclear Weapon States” Designated “Nuclear Weapon States” – Permanent members of U.N. Security Council Permanent members of U.N. Security Council

(each has veto power)(each has veto power)

1990-1993: Dissolution in Europe• Soviet Union (Dec. 1991)

• Yugoslavia (1990-1991) vs. Czechoslovakia (1993)

• 8 major ethnicities

• Spatially integrated

• Death of Marshall Tito

• Rise of nationalism/history of violence

• Weak federal gov’t. system

• Major econ. problems

• “Balkanization”

• 2 major ethnicities

• Relatively spatially segregated

• Little history of violence

• Few economic problems

• “Velvet Divorce”

Where the “mighty” Italians failed

And now for the kicker…