sequence• Branches of anatomy• Anatomical positions of human body• Body planes and sections• Axis of movement

AnatomyAnatomy

• (from the Greek anatome, to cut up),

• Is the branch of biology that deals with the structure and organization of living things

SubdivisionSubdivision of anatomy of anatomy• Gross anatomy• Histology• Embryology/developmental anatomy• General Anatomy• Osteology• Arthrology • Kinesiology• Myology• Angiology• Neurology• Cytology

• Systemic anatomy• Regional anatomy• Applied clinical anatomy• Surface Anatomy• Comparative Anatomy• Functional anatomy

Gross anatomy Its the naked eye study of human body

by dissection . Embryology/developmental

anatomy It is the study of human growth and

development. Developmental Anatomy includes the study of both the prenatal and the postnatal developmental changes in an individual.

Histology It is the study of structure with the use of light

microscope.

Cytology It is the study of cell and its contents with the

use of electron microscopes

Arthrology Is the study of joints

Kinesiology it’s the study of principles of mechanics and

anatomy in relation to human movement.

Neurology is the study of nervous system

Osteology Is the study of bones

Myology Is study of muscles

Angiology Is the study of vessels

Applied clinical anatomyApplied clinical anatomy Application of knowledge of Anatomy for clinical

purposes Comparative Anatomy comparison of Anatomy of different species General Anatomy This deals with the common feature of bones,

joints ,vessels, etc with main differences along with the classifications based on different criteria ,also included is introduction of various terms and body systems.

Systemic anatomy Study of system eg nervous system, cardiovascular,

or skeletal system is included under this heading.

SURFACE ANATOMYSURFACE ANATOMY• Surface (marking) projection of deep

structures.• Functional anatomy It is the study of structure of the body in

correlation with their function.• Surgical anatomy This study is based upon the paramount

anatomical facts which are of real practical value to the surgeons.

Radiological anatomyRadiological anatomy Is the branch of anatomy which deal

with the study of the structures and functions of the body using radiological techniques.

Anatomical positions of human Anatomical positions of human bodybody

Terms Related to Position Terms Related to Position • All descriptions of

the human body are based on the assumption that the person is standing erect and facing forwards, upper limbs by the side with the palms facing forwards, and lower limbs together with the toes facing forwards . . This is the so-called anatomic position ..

Body Body planesplanes

The human body is divided into various parts with the elp of imaginary planes

• Terminology– Anterior/ventral

Front side of the body

– Posterior/dorsalBack side of body

– Anterior medial lineThis is the vertical

line that divide the anterior surface of the body in RT and LT equal halves.

– Posterior median line.

This is the vertical line that divide the posterior surface of the body in RT and LT equal halves.

Median Sagittal Plane Median Sagittal Plane • This is a vertical plane

passing through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.

• Planes situated to one or the other side of the median plane and parallel to it are termed as Sagittal plane.

• A structure situated nearer to the median plane of the body than another is said to be medial to the other.

• Similarly, a structure that lies farther away from the median plane than another is said to be lateral to the other.

Coronal Planes Coronal Planes • This plane divide

the body in anterior and posterior halves, which can not be equal. The plane is at right angle to the median plane.

Horizontal, or Transverse, Horizontal, or Transverse, Planes Planes

• The plain is parallel to the ground and divide the body in to upper and lower parts. (not halves) . this may pass through any part of the body.

Oblique plainOblique plain• Any plane which is at an angle

(oblique) to the above fundamental planes is known as oblique plane.

Terms related to sections of the body parts.

Commonly used SectionsCommonly used Sections• Longitudinal

section A longitudinal

section does not always mean to cut some organ parallel to the median or any vertical plane . Such section carries the meaning to cut the organ parallel to its own long axis which may be directed horizontally.

Transverse or cross sectionSuch section is

not necessarily parallel to the transverse plane.

Rather the term implies that the organ is cut across perpendicular to its own long axis.

Oblique Section. These are not present to the right angle to the longitudinal section and deviate from typical horizontal sections.

Axis of the movementAxis of the movement

Axis of movementAxis of movementAxis is an imaginary line around

which a movement takes place. There are three primary axis.Transverse axis,

This passes from side to side, and movement of flexion and extension take place around this axis.

Antero-posterior axisIts direction is from before

backward or from behind forward and movements of abduction and adduction take place around this axis.

Vertical axisThis is vertical to the ground and rotation

take place around this axis.

REFERENCEREFERENCE• Gray'sAnatomy(40thedition)(36thedition).• Clinical Anatomy by Richard S. Snell, (7thedition).• www.google.com