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GENERAL ANATOMY OF JOINTS
DR IRAM IQBAL
AIM To describe the common features of joints
with their main differences ,their stabilizing
factors, classification based on different
criteria along with different type of
movements occurring on these joints.
SEQUENCE Defination
Classification of joints
Classifications of fibrous joints
Classifications of cartilaginous joint
Structure of synovial joint
Classification of synovial joint
Movements around a synovial joint
Factors Stabilizing Synovial Joints
Blood supply of joints, Nerve supply and
Lymphatic's of joints
Point of clinical significance
Conclusion
JOINT / ARTICULATIONS
Joints are the regions of the
skeleton where two or more
bones meet and articulate.
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
SOLID JOINTS
CAVITATED JOINTS
SOLID JOINTS
FIBROUS JOINTS
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
MIXED SOLID JOINTS
INTERCHONDRAL FIBROUS JOINTS
OSSEOCHONDRAL FIBROUS JOINTS
A:FIBROUS JOINTS SYNARTHROSES
SUTURES
SYNDESMOSIS
GOMPHOSIS
1. SUTURES there are 33 officially
recognized sutures
1.PLANE:
INTERPALATINE
SUTURE
INTERMAXILLARY
SUTURE
2.SQUAMOUS:
TEMPOROPARIETAL
SUTURE
3.SERRATE:
SAGITTAL SUTURE
4.LIMBOUS:
MODIFIED
TEMPOROPARIETAL
SUTURE
5.DENTICULATE:
LAMBDOID SUTURE
6.SCHINDYLESIS:
(WEDGE AND GROOVE)
VOMEROSPHENOID
7.METOPIC:
FRONTAL SUTURE
2. GOMPHOSIS
“PEG AND SOCKET”
DENTOALVEOLAR
ARTICULATIONS
3. SYNDESMOSIS
12 OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED MIDDLE RADIOULNAR JOINT MIDDLE TIBIOPFIBULAR JOINT DORSAL PART OF SACROILIAC JOINT
(LIGAMENT) CORACOCLAVICULAR JOINt JOINT BETWEEN VERTEBRAL ARCHES
B:CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS AMPHHIARTHROSIS
1:PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS / SYNCHONDROSIS / TEMPORARY
CRANIAL SYNCHONDROSES POSTCRANIAL SYNCHONDROSES 2:SECONDARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
/ SYMPHOSES / PERMANENT FIBROCARTILAGE WITH CAVITY FIBROCARTILAGE WITHOUT CAVITY
PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUSJOINTS
SYNCHONDROSIS CRANIAL
SQUAMOUS PETROUS MASTOID AND
TYMPANIC PARTS OF TEMPORAL
BONES
PETROBASILAR JOINT
SYNCHINDROSIS POSTCRANIAL
EPIPHSIODIAPHYSEAL/EPIPHYSIOMETAPHYSAL
EPIPHYSIOCORPOREAL
INTRAEPIPHYSEAL IN COMPOUND EPIPHYSIS
MULTIPLEX
STERNALES
MANUBRIOSTERNALIS
XYPHIOSTERNALIS
EPIPHSIODIAPHYSEAL/EPIPHYSIOMETAPHYSIAL
INTRAEPIPHYSEAL IN COMPOUND EPIPHYSIS
MULTIPLEX
STERNALES / MANUBRIOSTERNALIS
MANUBRIOSTERNALIS
SECONDARY CARTILAGINOUSJOINTS
FIBROCARTILAGE WITH CAVITY
PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
MANUBRIOSTERNAL IN LATER YEARS
OF LIFE
FIBROCARTILAGE WITHOUT CAVITY
SYMPHYSIS MENTI
SYMPHYSIS MANUBRIOSTERNALIS IN
EARLY YEARS OF LIFE
C:MIXED SOLID JOINTS
ISLANDS OF FIBROCARTILAGE MAY BE PRESENT IN SUTURAL TISSUE OF MANY SUTURES OF SKULL
D:INTERCHONDRAL FIBROUS
JUNCTION BETWEEN CARTILAGES OF LARYNX
JUNCTION BETWEEN CARTILAGES OF NOSE
D:INTERCHONDRAL FIBROUS
E:OSSEOCHONDRAL FIBROUS
JUNCTION BETWEEN BONY AND CARTILAGINOUS EXTERNAL
AUDITORY MEATUS LARYNX AND HYOID BONE NASAL BONE AND CARTILAGES COSTAL CARTILAGES RIBS AND STERNUM
BONY AND CARTILAGINOUS EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS
NASAL BONE AND CARTILAGESCOSTAL CARTILAGES RIBS AND STERNUM
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
CHARACTERISTICS HYALINE CARTILAGE AT ARTICULAR
SURFACES ARTICULAR CAPSULE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE CAVITY AND
FLUID FATTY PADS(HAVERSIAN GLANDS)
ACCESSORY LIGAMENTS ARTICULAR DISC AND MENISCI BURSAE LABRUM TENDONS WITH SYNOVIAL
MRMBRANES
CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
A:GENERAL MORPHOLOGY
1.SIMPLEHOMOMORPHIC
INTERMETATARSALINTERMETACARPAL
HETEROMORPHIC ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT SHOULDER JOINT
2.COMPOUND ELBOW JOINT KNEE JOINT3.COMPLEX KNEE JOINT TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
1.SIMPLE JOINT
2.COMPOUND JOINT
3.COMPLEX JOINT
B:DEGREE OF FREEDOMa. Joints with translation/sliding
movement
b. Joint with angular movement1.UNI-AXIAL ELBOW JOINT INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT
2.BI-AXIAL WRIST JOINT
3.TRI/MULTI-AXIAL SHOULDER JOINT HIP JOINT
C. Joint with circumductory movement
1.UNI-AXIAL
UNI-AXIAL
2.BI-AXIAL
3.TRI/MULTI-AXIAL
C:GROSS MORPHOL0GICAL CLASSIFICATION
PLANE
INTERMETATARSAL
SOME INTERCARPAL HINGE JOINT
ELBOW JOINT
INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT PIVOT JOINT
MEDIAN ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT
PROXIMAL RADIOULNAR JOINT
CONDYLOID KNEE JOINT TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT ELLIPSOID RADIOCARPAL JOINT METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT SADDLE CARPOMETACARPAL JOINTS OF THUMB ANKLE JOINT CALCANEOCUBOID JOINT BALL AND SOCKET
HIP JOINT SHOULDER
ELLIPSOID JOINT
In Biaxial joints the articular surface of one bone is oval (ellipsoid) and it fits into an identically shaped socket on the other bone. All movements except rotation can occur in this shape of joint. Examples include the Radio carpal joint.
D:TYPES OF MOVEMENT: 1. GLIDING/SLIDING/TRANSLATION:
Plane joint 2. ANGULAR:
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction
Condyloid joint/Hinge/ellipsoid/…… 3. ROTATORY:
Medial Rotation Lateral Rotation Pivot joints
Classification of rotation according to axis of a bone
Classification of the rotation according to the causative factor Shape of the joint (conjunct,) Muscle action ( adjunct) Gravity “ External forces ”
4. CIRCUMDUCTORY:
Ball and socket joints
OPPOSITION Caropetacarpal joint of thumb
Inversion & eversion Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Movement of mendible Elevation Depression Protrusion Retraction Rotation
Movement of scapula
Movement of scapulaElevationDepressionProtractionRetractionForward rotationBackward rotation
Movement of shoulder girdle Pronation & supination
BLOOD SUPPLY OF JOINTS1.ARTERIAL SUPPLY:
Epiphyseal arteries
Periarticular plexus
Circulus articularis vasculosus
2.VENOUS DRAINAGE:
Veins follow arteries
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGEThe lymphatics drain into the adjacent regional veins
NERVE SUPPLY Free nerve endings capsule and ligament are highly sensitive Synovial membrane less sensitive Articular discs and cartilages are anervous
HILTON’S LAW
THE MOTOR NERVE TO A MUSCLE TENDS TO GIVE A BRANCH OF SUPPLY TO THE JOINT WHICH THE MUSCLES MOVES AND ALSO INNERVATES THE SKIN OVER THE JOINT
Gardner(1948)
Each nerve innervates a specific region of capsule, which may overlap with each other. this part of fibrous capsule made taut on the contraction of a given muscle or a group of muscles is usually innervated by the nerve or nerves supplying their antagonists.
FACTORS STABILIZING SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Nature of articulating surfaces (Shape,size and arrangfments) Tension of Ligaments Tendons Articular Discs Tension of muscles crossing joint Apposition of soft parts Force of cohesion Atmospheric pressure
SYNOSTOSIS“Fusion of any type of joint with aging”
Can take place in all types of joints .eg;
>FIBROUS JOINTS:
Sutures
>CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS:
Manubriosternal joints
>SYNOVIAL JOINTTS:
Sacroiliac joints
CLINICAL CORELATION Arthritis Osteoarthritis Joint injuries Dislocations Subluxation Synovitis Arthroscopy Joint replacement
REFERENCE
Gray's Anatomy(40thedition)(36thedition).Grant’s method of Anatomy.(10thedition).Clinical Anatomy by Richard S. Snell,(7thedition).www.google.com
CONCLUSION