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8/9/2019 Brain to Machine Interface
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WELCOME
8/9/2019 Brain to Machine Interface
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INTRODUCTIONy Brain-Machine Interface (BMI) is a communication system,
which enables the user to control special computer applications
by using only his or her thoughts.y It will allow human brain to accept and control a mechanical
device as a part of the body. Data can flow from brain to the
outside machinery, or to brain from the outside machinery.
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Brainy Mainly divided into four
structure:
1. Cerebral Cortex2. Cerebellum
3. Brain stem
4. Hypothalamus and Thalamus
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Cerebral Cortex
y responsible for many ³higher order´ functions like
problem solving, language comprehension and processing
of complex visual information.y It can be divided into several aeras each of which are
responsible for different function. E.g.
Auditory Association Area is responsible for the processing of
auditory information, Prefrontal Cortex is responsible for
problem solving approach.
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Basic Principley Main principle behind this interface is the bioelectrical activity
of nerves and muscles.
y
The brain is composed of millions of neurons. These neuronswork together in complex logic and produce thought and
signals that control our bodies. When the neuron fires, or
activates, there is a voltage change across the cell, (~100mv).
By monitoring and analyzing these signals we can make the
interface between a machine and brain.
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ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY(EEG)y Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method used in measuring
the electrical activity of the brain.
y
The brain generates rhythmical potentials which originatein the individual neurons of the brain. These potentials getsummated as millions of cell discharge synchronously andappear as a surface waveform, the recording of which isknown as the electroencephalogram.
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BRAIN RTHYMESy For the purpose of analysis , the basic frequency of the EEG
range is classified into five bands. These bands are called brain
rhythms .
y There are five Brain Rthymes
1. Delta 0.5 ± 4 Hz
2. Theta 4 ± 8 Hz
3. Alpha 8 ± 13 Hz
4. Beta 13 ± 22 Hz
5. Gamma 22 ± 30 Hz
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
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BMI COMPONENT
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BMI COMPONENTS1. )IMPLANT DEVICE
T he EEG is recorded with electrodes, which are placed on the
scalp. Electrodes are small plates, which conduct electricity.T hey provide the electrical contact between the skin and the
EEG recording apparatus by transforming the ionic current on
the skin to the electrical current in the wires.
2. )SIGNAL PROCESSING SECTION
y Multichannel Acquisition Systems
Electrodes interface directly to the non-inverting opamp inputs
on each channel. At this section amplification, initial filtering
of EEG signal and possible artifact removal takes place.
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BMI COMPONENTS CONTD.y Spike Detection
S pike detection will allow the BMI to transmit only the action
potential waveforms and their respective arrival times instead of the sparse, raw signal in its entirety. T his compression
reduces the transmitted data rate per channel, thus increasing
the number of channels that may be monitored simultaneously.
S pike detection can further reduce the data rate if spike counts
are transmitted instead of spike waveforms.
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BMI COMPONENT CONTD.y Signal Analysis
F eature extraction and classification of EEG are dealt in this
section. In the simplest form a certain frequency range is selected and the amplitude relative to some reference level
measured . T ypically the features are frequency content of the
EEG signal that can be calculated using, for example, F ast
F ourier T ransform ( FFT function).
3. ) EXTERNAL DEVICE
T he classifier¶s output is the input for the device control. T he
device control simply transforms the classification to a
particular action.
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ADVANTAGESy In this era where drastic diseases are getting common it is a
boon if we can develop it to its full potential.
y
Linking people via chip implants to super intelligent machinesseems to a natural progression ±creating in effect, super
humans.
y Machine can directly be controlled by the Brain.
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APPLICATIONSy Auditory and visual prosthesis :
a. Cochlear implants
b. Brainstem implantsc. S ynthetic vision
y Functional-neuromuscular stimulation (FNS)
FNS systems are in experimental use in cases where spinal cord damage or a stroke has severed the link between brain
and the peripheral nervous system. T hey can use brain to
control their own limbs by this system
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APPLICATION Contd.y Prosthetic limb control
a. T hought controlled motorized wheel chair.
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CHALLANGESy Connecting to the nervous system could lead to permanent
brain damage, resulting in the loss of feelings or movement, or
continual pain.
y Will people want to have their heads opened and wired? So a
lot of work is to be done t.o remove this kind of simulation
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CONCLUSIONy BMI is an electronic interfaces with the brain, which has the
ability to send and receive signals from the brain. BMI uses
brain activity to command, control and communicate with the
world directly through brain integration with peripheral devices
and systems. The signals from the brain are taken to the
computer via the implants for data entry without any direct
brain intervention. BMI transforms mental decisions and/or
reactions into control signals by analyzing the bioelectrical brain activity.
y BMI¶s will have the ability to give people back their vision and
hearing. They will also change the way a person looks at the
world.
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THANKS
By:
Neeraj Goyal
6017/2K6
CSE ± 8th sem
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