BOOKLET - Waste or Opportunity

1By RichaRd Laycock

MasteRs of aRchitectuRe

yeaR 2 - seMesteR 1

5ContentsiNtRoductioN

LocatioN

histoRy

fLatteN

the GRid

PoPuLatioN

deNsity

aRea Vs scaLe

Waste systeMs

BioLoGicaL Vs MaN Made

Nyc Waste 2013

Mt faciLities

out of state LaNdfiLLs

iNfRastRuctuRe

dos eXPeNdituRe

Waste stReaMs

LaNdfiLLed VoLuMes

VeRticaL scaLe

hoRiZoNtaL scaLe

NeW yoRks soLutioNs

the BLooMBeRG PLaN

MaRiNe tRaNsfeR statioNs

the PLaNNed Mts LocatioN

LaNdfiLLs

fResh kiLLs

tyPes of LaNdfiLLs

tRaNsfoRMatioN

0 30 yeaR PLaN

hoW they WoRk

LocatioN ReQuiReMeNts

desiGN PaRaMeteRs

daiLy oPeRatioNs

GRouNdWateR MoNitoRiNG

cLosuRe & Post cLosuRe

Leachates

Leachate tReatMeNts

LaNdfiLL issues

MateRiaLs

fuN MateRiaL facts

NoNe decoMPosaBLe

coMPosite MateRiaLs

Waste MaNaGeMeNt

Nyc MaJoR PRoBLeMs

soLutioN to the PRoBLeMs

desiGN BRief Phase 1

Waste MaNaGeMeNt systeMs

PReceedeNts

RecycLiNG PLastic Mike BiddLe

autoMated sePaRatioN techNoLoGies

diRk VaN deR kooiJ

d-shaPe

GRP

PRoBLeMs With PLastic oiL & PLastic

LaNdfiLL aiRPoRt

Phase 1 MachiNe

7Manhattan is Currently on the verge of Massive Change.

the driver for this Change has Manifested itself in the forM of landfills reaChing CapaCity Coupled with rising Costs of both transporting and disposing of waste out of state.

equally distressing yet disConneCted to this probleM is widespread flooding with the future not looking so bright. the eMinent threat of rising sea levels is just another blow to the

Major City.

this investigation analyses the Current systeMs of waste disposal seeking preCedents showing future teChnologies Capable of dealing with waste differently.

following on froM the researCh, the design will ConneCt the issues above.....

introduCtion

9new yorka City that never sleeps

10

geographiCal loCation

NoRth

aMeRicaeuRoPe

asia

austRaLia

afRica

south

aMeRica

new york City

NeW yoRk city is Located oN oNe of the WoRLds LaRGest NatuRaL haRBouRs, cooRdi-

Nates 40.6700 N, 73.9400 W

NoRth

Pacific

iNdiaN

oceaN

south

atLaNtic

south

Pacific

tRoPic of

caNceR

eQuatoR

tRoPic of

caPRicoRN

NoRth

atLaNtic

11

new york state

new york City

13

CliMatean ever Changing influenCe

14

CLlMATE - MACROLoWeR hiGheR LoWeR hiGheR

LoWeR hiGheR LoWeR hiGheR

hurriCane risk tornado risk

earthquake risk flood risk

15

j f M a M j j a s o n d

30 c

20 c

10 c

0 c

-10 c

j f M a M j j a s o n d

100 MM

75 MM

50 MM

25 MM

0 MM

MiNiMuM & MaXiMuM aVeRaGe teMPeRatuRe thRouGhout the Last 10 yeaRs

TeMperature

MiNiMuM & MaXiMuM aVeRaGe PReciPitatioN thRouGhout the Last 10 yeaRs

PreCipitation

17

historyManhattans boundarys have expanded over the last 250 years

Manhattan was onCe a thin, Marshy outCropping that proteCted the Mainland froM the oCean.

18

Castello Map - 1660the casteLLo MaP has BeeN oVeRLaid oN the cuRReNt MaP oN MaNhattaN Which is the eaRLiest kNoWN MaP of the

city, datiNG Back to 1660. WaLL stReet Was the siNGLe foRtified Road, WhiLe eVeRythiNG NoRth of caNaL Was eitheR

WiLd oR faRMLaNd. oNLy thiRty yeaRs LateR, the city BeGaN its fiRst aRtificiaL iNfiLL PRoJect: the coNstRuctioN of

NeW PieRs aLoNG its BaNks.

19

ratzer Map - 1770the RestoRied RatZeR MaP, fRoM 1770 shoWs hoW MaNhattaN Looked Just BefoRe uRBaNiZatioN took hoLd.

the dutch GRid of 1623 iN the south -- a Neat syMMetRicaL PatteRN, aNd its GRoWth By the additioN of otheR PaRtiaL GRids

21

17th Century the great grid of the 1811 CoMMissioners plan,

the Model that will regulate the final and ConClusive oCCupanCy of Manhattan, a Matrix that Captures, at the saMe tiMe, all reMaining territory and

all future aCtivity on the island. - reM koolhaas,

the plan was designed to resolve the probleMs of Congestion produCed by a patChwork of partial grid systeMs ConneCted by narrow and winding streets, and by the irregular and

non-Coordinated property boundaries.

the reCtangular bloCks, long and narrow, are defined by 155 east-west Cross streets, 61M apart and 18M wide, with the exCeption of 15 wider streets within this Matrix, 20

streets and the bloCks in between Cover the length of 1.6 kM.

22

1904 Map By 1900, the oRiGiNaL footPRiNt of the city had eXPaNded outWaRds By aLMost 1,000 feet oN each side. this 1904

MaP shoWs us doZeNs of stReetcaR Routes aRouNd the citya VestiGe of PuBLic tRaNsPoRtatioN LoNG foRGotteN.

23

Manhattan in 1946 BustLiNG With the Post-WaR ecoNoMic BooM. east RiVeR dRiVe (LateR, fdR dRiVe) Was BuiLt aLoNG its easteRN edGe, Which

ReQuiRed thousaNds of toNs of LaNdfiLL. Most of the citys PuBLic housiNG PLotsthe oNes that fLooded duRiNG huRRicaNe

saNdyWeRe BuiLt oN LaNd cReated duRiNG this eRa.

24

Manhattan 1650 - 1980 MaNhattaN is BuiLt as aN aRtifi ciaL sPace, oN a GRid that is iMPRiNted oN the GRouNd aNd iGNoRes the NatuRe of the isLaNd. yet, the GRid itseLf

ReMaiNs oPeN aNd eXPaNdaBLe, WhiLe its BouNdaRies aRe deteRMiNed By the edGes of the isLaNd, the GRid eXPaNds as the coastLiNe MoVes outWaRd

With aRtificiaL eXteNsioNs. the GRidded isLaNd caN thus Be Read as a saMPLiNG of a ViRtuaLLy uNLiMited GRid.

1980196518001650

27

a RecoNNaissaNce study Was PeRfoRMed to MaP the distRiButioN of histoRic LaNdfiLLs WithiN the fiVe BoRouGhs of NeW yoRk. to PRePaRe aN eVaLuatioN

of the PRoGRessioN of LaNd-fiLLiNG actiVity thRouGhout tiMe, aNd PRoVide a histoRic fRaMeWoRk of LaNdfiLL disPosaLs of oNe tyPe fiLL MateRiaL.

history of nyC landfill

28

1891 - 1900duRiNG the Last thRee ceNtuRies, LaNd-fiLLiNG has BeeN PRacticed eXteNsiVeLy WithiN NeW yoRk city. eXcaVatioN

MateRiaLs, coNstRuctioN aNd deMoLitioN deBRis, dRedGe sPoiL aNd soLid Waste haVe tyPicaLLy BeeN aPPLied to

LoW-LyiNG tidaL WetLaNds, shoaLs aNd oPeN WateR aReas that WeRe aBuNdaNt aLoNG the PeRiPheRy of the city s

fiVe BoRouGh. MaP shoWiNG LocatioN of BaRGe-fed LaNd fiLLed PRioR to 1891 - 19001891 - 1900

1. NeWtoWN cReek

2. dutch kiLLs

3. RaVeNsWood

4. 135th aNd haRLeM RiVeR

5. GoWaNus 3

2

1

5

4

29

iN 1895 a Waste MaNaGeMeNt PLaN Was iNstituted iN NeW yoRk city that cuRtaiLed oceaN duMPiNG aNd

shifted the Waste stReaM to LaNd disPosaL. the PRoGRessiVe LaNdfiLL actiVity duRiNG this tiMe is aN estiMat-

ed 7,240 acRes. MaP shoWiNG LocatioN of BaRGe-fed LaNd fiLLed PRioR to 1891 - 1900 aNd 1924 NuMBeR

1-4 aRe BaRGe-fed aNd 5 iN a RaiLWay-fed LaNdfiLL

1. haRts isLaNd

2. cRoMWeLL cReek

3. staPLetoN

4. coNeys isLaNd

5. JaMaica Bay

2

4

3 5 6

1900 - 1924

1900 - 1924

30

LaNdfiLL actiVity fRoM 1924 to 1954 -1957 iNcReased eNoRMousLy as shoW By fiGuRe 4. this Was doWN to aN

iNcRease iN PoPuLatioN aNd iMPRoVed MeaNs of oVeRLaNd tRaNsPoRtatioN. duRiNG the 1930s the citys Waste

disPosaL focus Was cLeaRLy oN WetLaNd RecLaMatioN By fiLLiNG With soLid Waste Which Led to hiGhWays, PaRks

aNd aiRPoRts such as Jfk

1. RikeRs isLaNd

2. coRoNa

3. oRchaRd Beach

4. LaGuaRdia aiRPoRt

5. Jfk aiRPoRt

6. eastchesteR Bay

7. JaMaica Bay

8. GReat kiLLs

9. fResh kiLLs

9 8

7

5

6

3

1

4

2

1924 - 1957

31

the LocatioN of NeW LaNdfiLLs oPeRated BetWeeN 1954 - 1957 - PReseNt is aPPRoXiMateLy 8,270 aceRs of

LaNd fiLLed duRiNG this tiMe iNteRVaL.

1. fResh kiLLs LaNdfiLL

2. PeLaM Bay LaNdfiLL

1

2

1954 - present

32

the MethodoLoGy used iN this study Was usefuL iN ideNtifyiNG oVeR

45,500 acRes of LaNdfiLLed aRea WithiN the LiMits of NeW yoRk city

ColleCtively

33

ConClusiondeteRMiNatioN of the NatuRe of fiLL MateRiaL at LaNdfiLL sites is BeyoNd the scoPe of this study

PRioR to 1900, LaNdfiLL actiVity Was coNceNtRated aLoNG the shoReLiNes suRRouNdiNG heaViLy PoPuLated aReas of MaNhattaN aNd

NoRth-WesteRN BRookLyN. aPPRoXiMateLy 6,740 acRes of LaNd fiLLed PRioR to 1891-1900 WeRe ideNtified

BetWeeN 1891-1900 aNd 1924, iMPRoVed Waste tRaNsPoRt Methods eNaBLed fiLL actiVity to sPRead outWaRd to the south-WesteRN BRoNX

aNd southeRN BRookLyN. aPPRoXiMateLy 7,240 acRes of LaNd fiLLed PRioR to WeRe ideNtified

BetWeeN 1924 aNd 1954-1957, soLid Waste LaNdfiLLiNG of tidaL WetLaNds Was iNteGRated With a PoLicy of iNfRastRuctuRe deVeLoPMeNt.

this hiGhLy focused iNitiatiVe Led to a PeRiod of LaNd RecLaMatioN that is uNPaRaLLeLed iN the citys histoRy. aPPRoXiMateLy 23,400 acRes of

LaNd fiLLed duRiNG this tiMe PeRiod WeRe ideNtified.

ReceNt tReNds iNcLude the PRoGRessiVe cLosuRe aNd coNsoLidatioN of city LaNdfiLLs aNd VeRticaL eXPaNsioN of the ReMaiNiNG sites. iN 1991,

oNLy oNe LaNdfiLL oPeRated BetWeeN the BoaRdeRs of NeW yoRk city. BetWeeN 1954-1957 aNd PReseNt aPPRoXiMateLy 8,270 acRes of LaNd

fiLLed WeRe ideNtified.

35

present250 years later the population has booMed and a City existed was alMost unreCognisable.

36

bronx

queens

brooklyn

staten island

Manhattan

NeW yoRk city coNsists of fiVe BoRouGhs, each of Which is a couNty of NeW yoRk

state. the fiVe BoRouGhs WeRe coNsoLidated iNto a siNGLe city iN 1898

density of nyC boroughs the PoPuLatioN of NeW yoRk city as of 2012 Was 8.7 MiLLioN PeoPLe With aN aVeRaGe

deNsity of 20,000 PeoPLe PeR sQuaRe MiLe With MaNhattaN aNd the BRoNX aNd PaRts

of QueeNs aNd BRookLyN soMe ceNsus tRacts is hiGheR theN 100,000 PeR sQ kiLoMetRe

37

16.8%

the PoPuLatioN of NeW yoRk city By BoRouGhs 2012

30.1%

19.4%

27.3%

5.6%

bronx population1,408,239

state island population470,728

brooklyn population2,566,824

queens population2,273,151

Manhattan population1,619,263

0 % 5.6% 16.8% 19.4% 27.3% 30.1%

2.50 MiLLioN

2.25 MiLLioN

2.00 MiLLioN

1.75 MiLLioN

1.5 MiLLioN

1.25 MiLLioN

1 MiLLioN

0.75 MiLLioN

0.5 MiLLioN

MiLLioN PeoPLe

PeRceNtaGe of Nyc

population

38

Nycs fiVe BoRouGhs haVe a totaL LaNd aRea of 667 sQuaRe kiLoMetRes With a fuRtheR

117.3 sQuaRe kiLoMetRes of WetLaNd aNd shoRes With LoW LeVeLs of WateR.

bronx109 sq kiloMetres

state island153 sq kiloMetres

brooklyn 181 sq kiloMetres

queens282 sq kiloMetres

Manhattan57 sq kiloMetres

36.1%

23.2%

7.3%

13.9%

19.6%

0 % 7.3% 13.9% 19.6% 23.2% 36.1%

300

275

250

225

200

175

150

125

100

75

50

sQuaRe

kiLoMetRes

PeRceNtaGe of Nyc

area kM2

39

density of boroughsWheN the PoPuLatioN fiGuRes aRe oVeRLaiN it shoWs staRtLiNG ResuLts that 28,408 PeoPLe LiVe iN 7.3%

Nyc LaNd aRea.

bronx12,191 people sq kiloMetre

state island3, 076 people sq kiloMetre

brooklyn 14,181 people sq kiloMetre

queens8,060 people sq kiloMetre

Manhattan28,408 people sq kiloMetre

deNsity of BoRouGhs

0k 5k 10k 15k 20k 25k 30k

41

why statistiCs are iMportantpeople waste

43

waste systeMs

44

Co2

biologiCal Closed loop systeMBioLoGicaL systeMs aRe as a coG iN a MachiNe, each systeM feeds aNotheR,

Waste is Not Waste, its siMPLy fueL foR aNotheR systeM. these syMBiotic

ReLatioNshiPs aRe the key to deaLiNG With Waste.

45

Man-Made linear systeMiN a LiNeaR systeM Waste is seeN as a PRoduct With No VaLue, a ResouRce We

WaNt RiG off. VaLue BecoMesW the cuRReNcy By Which We deteRMiNe Waste

46

NeW yoRk city is LookiNG foR aN ecoNoMicaLLy ViaBLe soLutioNs to a huGe PRoBLeM

nyC - waste - 2013

8 Million people 1000s businesses ConstruCtion projeCts

visitors dos - 13,000 tons36,200 tons

Nycs has oVeR 8 MiLLioN ResideNts Who MiGRate

to the city daiLy

1000s of BusiNesses GeNeRate a MassiVe aMouNt of

Waste Which is Not see as a PRoBLeM

Nycs coNstRuctioN iNdustRy PRoduces Waste iN

the foRM of RuBBLe

Nycs has oVeR 130,000 touRists eVeRy day Visit-

iNG the city this fiGuRe does Not iNcLude ResideNts

Who MiGRate to the city daiLy

PRoduciNG oVeR 36,200 toNs of Waste daiLy is aN

aLaRMiNG issue

the citys dePaRtMeNt of saNitatioN deaLs With

13,000 toNs of Waste eVeRy day

47

private CoMpanies

the ReMaiNdeR is deaLt With By PRiVate caRtiNG

coMPaNys

landfill dependenCy

duRiNG the tWeNtieth ceNtuRy the city ReLied oN a

NuMBeR of LaNdfiLLs foR GaRBaGe disPosaL

freshkills Closes

iN deceMBeR 2001 the citys Last GaRBaGe duMP,

fReshkiLLs LaNdfiLL oN stateN isLaNd cLosed

ColleCtion Costs disposal Costs transport Costs

$658M 2000

$1.25b 2012

the citys aNNuaL BiLL foR coLLectiNG ResideNtiaL

tRash JuMPed fRoM 658 MiLLioN iN 2000 to 1.25

BiLLioN doLLaRs iN 2008,

$300M 2005

$400M 2013

the citys aNNuaL BiLL foR disPosiNG of the Waste has

JuMPed fRoM 300 MiLLioN iN 2005 to 400 MiLLioN

today.

Most of the hiGheR costs aRe due to tRaNsPoR-

tatioN costs aNd PayiNG otheR states to LaNdfiLL

Nyc Waste.

48

the city has BeeN GatheRiNG its RuBBish at theses sPecific Loca-tioNs aNd siMPLy tRuckiNG its Waste to LaNdfiLLs iN NeiGhBouR-iNG states, MaNy of Which aRe aLso NeaRiNG caPacity.

nyC Mt stations01. MN - West 135th stReet02. MN - east 91st stReet 03. MN - West 59th stReet04. MN - GaNseVooRt05. BX - south BRoNX06. QN - NoRth shoRe07. Bk - GReeNPoiNt08. Bk - haMiLtoN aVeNue09. Bk - southWest BRookyLN10. si - fResh kiLLs

49

out of state waste ManageMent

this ResuLts iN LaNd-fiLLiNG RuBBish out of state. But doiNG so is PRo-hiBitiVeLy eXPeNsiVe aNd eNViRoNMeNtaLLy uNsouNd, so iN 2006 the city deVised a 20-yeaR soLid Waste MaNaGeMeNt PLaN.

nyC Mt stations

50

infrastruCture required

uNifoRMed saNitatioN WoRkeRs aNd suPeRVisoRs ciViLiaN WoRkeRs

coLLectioN tRucks MechaNicaL stReet sWeePeRs

the dePaRtMeNt seRVes the city out of 59 distRicts, usiNG aPPRoXiMateLy 5,700 VehicLes that iNcLude aNd oVeR 9245 WoRkeRs

7,197 2,048

2,230 450

51

sPeciaLiZed coLLectioN tRucks saLt/saNd sPReadeRs

fRoNt eNd LoadeRs VaRious otheR suPPoRt VehicLes

275 365

298 2,360

52

the departMent of sanitation annual bill for ColleCting and disposing residential trash juMped froM about $658 Million in 2000 and to about one and a quarter billion dollars in today.

the Cost of disposal has grown froM $300 Million in 2005 to about $400 Million today.

53

the ResuLtiNG issues, LaNd-fiLLiNG GaRBaGe out of state. But doiNG so is PRohiBitiVeLy eXPeNsiVe

aNd eNViRoNMeNtaLLy uNsouNd, so iN 2006 the city deVised a 20-yeaR soLid Waste MaNaGeMeNt

PLaN.

dep of sanitation expenditure

1998 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

1.75 BiLLioN

1.5 BiLLioN

1.25 BiLLioN

1 BiLLioN

750 MiLLioN

500 MiLLioN

711 MiLLioN

1.27 BiLLioN

54

waste streaMs

this GeNeRic Waste tyPes MeNtioNed aRe Not sPecific to NeW yoRk, hoWeVeR

they aRe PReseNt thRouGhout out PLaNet

agriCultural aniMal by-produCts (abps)

bio

Catering paCkaging

this is GeNeRaLLy Waste that caN Be coMPosted But

LaWs dePict What caN aNd caN Not Be coMPosted

aNiMaL Bodies, PaRts of aNiMaLs, PRoducts oBtaiNed

fRoM aNiMaLs that aRe Not fit oR iNteNded foR hu-

MaN coNsuMPtioN.

BioLoGicaL Waste iNcLudes, But is Not LiMited to; PetRi

dishes, suRGicaL WRaPs, cuLtuRe tuBes, syRiNGes, Nee-

dLes, BLood ViaLs, aBsoRBeNt MateRiaL, PeRsoNaL PRo-

tectiVe eQuiPMeNt aNd PiPette tiPs.

aLL Waste food iNcLudiNG used cookiNG oiL oRiG-

iNatiNG iN RestauRaNts, cateRiNG faciLities aNd

kitcheNs, iNcLudiNG ceNtRaL kitcheNs aNd house-

hoLd kitcheNs

Refuse-deRiVed fueL (Rdf) is a fueL PRoduced By

shReddiNG aNd dehydRatiNG soLid Waste.

PackaGiNG is the techNoLoGy of eNcLosiNG oR PRo-

tectiNG PRoducts foR distRiButioN, stoRaGe, saLe,

aNd use. LaMiNated caRd, PLastics, Wood, MetaLs

refuse derived fuel(rdfs)

55

wood

Wood Waste coMes fRoM VaRious BusiNess sectoRs

aNd iNcLudes LocaL authoRity Waste. it caN Be Made

uP of tReated aNd uNtReated Wood.

building

coNstRuctioN Waste coNsists of uNWaNted Mate-

RiaL PRoduced diRectLy oR iNcideNtaLLy By the coN-

stRuctioN oR iNdustRies.

hazardous

haZaRdous Wastes aRe MateRiaLs that eXhiBit oNe

oR MoRe of the tRaits, iGNitaBLe, ReactiVe, coRRosiVe,

toXic.

eleCtriCal (weee)

end of lift vehiCles(elvs)

eLectRoNic Waste, e-Waste, e-scRaP, oR eLectRoN-

ic-disPosaL, Waste eLectRicaL aNd eLectRoNic eQuiP-

MeNt (Weee) descRiBes discaRded eLectRicaL oR

eLectRoNic deVices

euRoPeaN LeGisLatioN is PushiNG foR 85% of the

coNteNt of eNd-of-Life VehicLes to Be RecycLed.

total

3,261,750 tonsper year is exported

froM the City

56

land-filling this voluMe of waste shows a Major laCk of ConCern regarding not only the future of resourCes, it represents a

disConneCted soCiety inCapable of siMple probleM solving

LANDFILLED VOLUMES the GRaPhs RePReseNts a VoLuMetRic disPLay iN toNs of Waste tyPoLoGies cuRReNtLy BeiNG seNt to LaNdfiLL eVeRy day

57

land-filling this voluMe of waste shows a Major laCk of ConCern regarding not only the future of resourCes, it represents a

disConneCted soCiety inCapable of siMple probleM solving

LANDFILLED VOLUMES

58

GREA

T PYR

AMID

EIFFE

L TOW

ER

EMPI

RE ST

ATES

BUILD

ING

PETR

ONAS

TOW

ERS

TAIP

EI 10

1

WOR

LD TR

ADE C

ENTE

R

WILL

IS TO

WER

CN TO

WER

KVLY

TV M

AST

WAR

SAW

RAD

IO M

AST

BURJ

KHAL

IFA

CHAN

GSHA

J220

VERTICAL SCALE

900M

800M

700M

600M

500M

400M

300M

200M

100M

111 DAYS

100 DAYS

89 DAYS

78 DAYS

67 DAYS

56 DAYS

45 DAYS

33 DAYS

22 DAYS

11 DAYS

if the Waste Was stacked iN a toWeR Which Was 30 X 30 sQuaRed PLaced iN oNe toN BoXes each oNe MeteR X 1 MeteR the toWeR WouLd Reach 1kM WithiN 111 day, oVeR 3kM a yeaR.

59

Horizontal sCaleif the Waste Was PLaced iN oNe toN BoXes each 1 X 1 MeteR the totaL aRea coVeRed WouLd Reach 6kM2 WithiN 2 MoNths Which haPPeNs to With the Width of MaNhattaN.

6 Months 12 Months

24 Months 48 Months

totaL aRea of 14 kM2 eQuiVaLeNt to 1.2 MiLLioN toNs. totaL aRea of 30 kM2 eQuiVaLeNt to 2.5 MiLLioN toNs.

totaL aRea of 60 kM2 eQuiVaLeNt to 7.4 MiLLioN toNs. totaL aRea of 120 kM2 eQuiVaLeNt to 14.8 MiLLioN toNs.

61

Mayor blooMbewrg devised a 20 year waste ManageMent plan whiCh Created eConoMiCally viable ways of dealing with the voluMe of waste being produCed.

new yorks solution

62

the blooMberg planiN his fiRst teRM, MayoR MichaeL BLooMBeRG MaPPed out aN eQuitaBLe PLaN

the coMPLeX PRoPosaL Was desiGNed to Make each BoRouGh take caRe of its

oWN tRash. esseNtiaLLy thRoWiNG MicRo GaRBaGe tRaNsfeR statioNs iN to

the MiX

it Was aLso suPPosed to heLP LiMit Noisy GaRBaGe tRucks aNd LiMit the dis-

taNces to Reach MaRiNe BaRGes, RaiLWays oR out-of-state tRash faciLities.

1

2

3

4

5

distriCts of nyC

63

01. MN - West 135th stReet02. MN - east 91st stReet 03. MN - West 59th stReet

Marine transfer stations

PLaNNiNG Mt statioN

64

each distRict Needs to deaL With theiR oWN RuBBish. this MeaNs ReoPeNiNG

aNd dRaMaticaLLy eXPaNdiNG aN Mts iN the uPPeR east side of MaNhattaN

that feLL iNto disuse iN 1999.

the RaMP that Leads to the Mts cuts the a sPoRt aNd fitNess ceNtRe GRouNds iN tWo. so iN additioN

to the Noise aNd PoLLutioN the estiMated 200 tRucks that WiLL deLiVeR GaRBaGe to the Mts eVeRy day,

LocaLs aLso feaR foR the chiLdReNs safety.

the planned Mts loCation

65

ResideNts foR saNe tRash soLutioNs, a

20,000-MeMBeR stRoNG coMMuNity GRouP that

Was foRMed to stoP the duMP fRoM haPPeNiNG.

oNe of theiR MaiN oBJectioNs is that the PRoPosed

site is diRectLy oPPosite asPhaLt GReeN,

asphate green Marine transfer station

the iNdustRiaL PLaNt WheN the oLd Mts Was

fiRst iN use, this site is No LoNGeR iN use aNd

thus has attRacted a Vast chiLdReN as a safe

PLace to Be.

stanley M. isaaCC neighbourhood Centre

theRe aRe aLso feaRs foR the heaLth of the eLdeRLy

coMMuNity Who coNGReGate at the staNLey M. isaacs

NeiGhBouRhood ceNtRe aNd the thousaNds of LoW iN-

coMe MiNoRities Who LiVe iN a PuBLic housiNG PRoJect,

Both of Which aRe MiNutes aWay fRoM the Mts site.

67

the governMent proposal

new high-teCh low sMell faCilities

the MiChael blooMberg proMise

Mts are positioned in lower-inCoMe CoMMunities

brooklyn queens the bronx staten island

68

the arguMent

it is tiMe for residents in that neighbourhood to aCCept a share of the Citys gar-bage probleM.

the City should build a Modern, environMentally sound faCility at 91st street to transfer trash froM Manhattan to barges on the east river. that trash, estiMated

at up to 1,800 tons a day, would then go by barge to other states.

69

deputy Mayor Cas holloway states that the City has had to fight off lawsuit after lawsuit with every frivolous arguMent under the sun froM those opposing the

91st street faCility.

those delays have helped push the Cost for building the station froM $125 Million in 2006 to about $226 Million now.

70

an earlier trash station at that site, whiCh was Closed in 1999, was badly designed so that truCks idled along york avenue.

the new faCility, Mr. holloway said, has been designed to reduCe the Congestion probleM with longer raMps leading to the faCility, whiCh sits on the eastern side of franklin d. roosevelt drive. the plans also Call for higher noise-bloCking walls

along the raMps.

71

this terMinal is an integral part of the Citys 20-year waste ManageMent plan. john doherty, the sanitation CoMMissioner, told CritiCs at a hearing,

we will not entertain any Changes to what is a fair and thoughtful, borough-based approaCh that was founded on the prinCiples of environMental equity for all new yorkers. environMental equity, in this Case, Means that the upper east side of

Manhattan has to do its part.

72

fundaMental probleMs

other Major Cities have draMatiCally reduCed their waste by inCreasing their reCyCling and CoMposting efforts and enCouraging Mindfulness when it CoMes to throwing things away.

in new york, however, the Culture is suCh that Many people think nothing of eating out twiCe a day and ordering in a third Meal at hoMe, despite the Mountains of refuse generated

froM suCh a lifestyle.

73

while the City is not responsible for the wasteful ways of its Citizens, ad-voCates insist that unless it leads the way, it will be iMpossible to Change

new yorkers disposable Mentality.

74

to be fair to the City, its 20 year plan does involve waste reduCtion efforts and goals to signifiCantly inCrease reCyCling diversion rates. Currently only 15% of new yorks resi-

dential waste is reCyCled down froM a peak of 23% in 2001 and reCyCling is still optional for CoMMerCial entities whiCh generate nearly 75% of the Citys trash total.

75

advoCates also beMoan the laCk of publiC reCyCling faCilities, whiCh they say sends a Con-fusing Message to people about the neCessity of reCyCling. there are Currently less than 1,000 reCyCling bins in publiC plaCes CoMpared to around 25,000 waste baskets. so

while in their hoMes, new yorkers Must reCyCle plastiC bottles or faCe a fine, out on the street its okay to throw the saMe bottle in the trash. there is also virtually no Curbside

or doMestiC CoMposting opportunities so Most food and organiC waste stills ends up in landfills.

76

the Citys long-terM plan is to reduCe Costs by reCyCling More, reduCing waste and build-ing a waterfront waste transfer systeM less dependent on truCks and able to use Contain-

ers to ship garbage by barge and train further away to Cheaper duMp-sites.

77

it is hard to iMagine a More environMentally daMaging waste-ManageMent systeM than the one situated in new york.

79

unfortunately the 20 year plan neither targeted the sourCe of the waste nor did it fix the issue of what to do with it onCe its being ColleCted.

81

landfillsa governMent funded worldwide aCCepted design solution to our waste probleMs

83

fresh kills landfilluntil little over a deCade ago, nearly all of new yorks waste ended up in the

fresh kills landfill in the borough of staten island.

when it reaChed CapaCity in 2001 it was Closed and sealed.

84

type of landfillModeRN LaNdfiLLs aRe hiGhLy eNGiNeeRed faciLities that aRe Located, desiGNed,

oPeRated, aNd MoNitoRed to eNsuRe coMPLiaNce With fedeRaL ReGuLatioNs.

ash Monofill ConstruCtion &deMolition (C&d)

industrial/CoMMerCial

BottoM ash MeaNs the ash Residue ReMaiNiNG

afteR coMBustioN of soLid Waste oR soLid Waste

iN coMBiNatioN With fossiL fueL iN a soLid Waste

iNciNeRatoR that is dischaRGed thRouGh aNd fRoM

the GRates, coMBustoR oR stokeR.

coNstRuctioN aNd deMoLitioN deBRis is uNcoN-

taMiNated soLid Waste ResuLtiNG fRoM the coN-

stRuctioN, ReModeLiNG, RePaiR aNd deMoLitioN of

utiLities, stRuctuRes aNd Roads; aNd uNcoNtaMi-

Nated soLid Waste ResuLtiNG fRoM LaNd cLeaRiNG.

such Waste iNcLudes, But is Not LiMited to:

the foRMs of such Wastes aRe eXeMPLified By But

Not LiMited to: LiQuids such as acids, aLkaLis,

caustics, Leachate, PetRoLeuM (aNd its deRiVatiVes),

aNd PRocesses oR tReatMeNt WasteWateRs; sLudGes

Which aRe seMi-soLid suBstaNces ResuLtiNG fRoM

PRocess oR tReatMeNt oPeRatioNs oR Residues fRoM

stoRaGe oR use of LiQuids; soLidified cheMicaLs,

PaiNts oR PiGMeNts; aNd dRedGe sPoiL GeNeRated By

MaNufactuRiNG oR iNdustRiaL PRocesses, fouNdRy

saNd, aNd the eNd oR By-PRoducts of iNciNeRatioN

oR otheR foRMs of coMBustioN.

85

gas reCovery MuniCipal solid waste

LaNdfiLL Gas RecoVeRy faciLity MeaNs a faciLity

iN Which Gases PRoduced fRoM the decoMPo-

sitioN of soLid Wastes aRe coLLected foR the

PuRPose of eNeRGy RecoVeRy.

MuNiciPaL soLid Waste MeaNs coMBiNed

househoLd, coMMeRciaL aNd iNstitutioNaL Waste

MateRiaLs GeNeRated iN a GiVeN aRea.

86

transforMationat 2,200 acRes, fReshkiLLs PaRk WiLL Be aLMost thRee tiMes the siZe of ceNtRaL

PaRk aNd the LaRGest PaRk deVeLoPed iN NeW yoRk city iN oVeR 100 yeaRs.

the tRaNsfoRMatioN of What Was foRMeRLy the WoRLds LaRGest LaNdfiLL iNto a PRoductiVe aNd BeautifuL cuLtuRaL destiNatioN

WiLL Make the PaRk a syMBoL of ReNeWaL aNd aN eXPRessioN of hoW ouR society caN RestoRe BaLaNce to its LaNdscaPe.

87

this MethaNe, eNouGh to heat aPPRoXiMateLy 22,000 hoMes, is soLd to NatioNaL GRid aNd the city GeNeRates aPPRoXiMateLy $12

MiLLioN iN aNNuaL ReVeNue fRoM the saLe of that Gas. Gas RecoVeRy aNd saLe WiLL coNtiNue uNtiL the aMouNt of Gas PRoduced By the

LaNdfiLL is sMaLL eNouGh as to No LoNGeR Be ecoNoMicaLLy ViaBLe, at Which PoiNt it WiLL Be BuRNed off at fLaRe statioNs oNsite.

0-30 year plan

existing habitats

phase three

phase one phase two

phase four Mature bioMatrix

With the heLP of adVaNced LaNdfiLL Gas coLLectioN iNfRastRuctuRe thRouGhout the

LaNdfiLL, theRe aRe actiVeLy haRVestiNG MethaNe fRoM the decoMPosiNG Waste.

88

how they work

WeLLs aNd PRoBes to detect Leachate

oR MethaNe Leaks outside LaNdfiLL

Lechate PuMPed uP to stoRaGe taNk foR

safe disPosaL

WheN LaNdfiLL is fuLL LayeRs of soiL aNd

cLay seaL iN tRash

PiPes coLLect eXPLosiVe MethaNe

Gas,Which is used as fueL to GeNeRate

eLectRicity

cLay aNd PLastic LiNiNG to PReVeNt Leaks

GaRBaGe

saNd

sythetic LiNeR

saNd

cLay

suBsoiL

PiPes coLLect Leachates fRoM BottoM of

LaNdfiLL

oNsite

BioLoGicaL Leachate PLaNt

89

airports

aNy LaNdfiLL WithiN 10,000 feet of a RuN Way

Must deMoNstRate the LaNdfiLL does Not Pose a BiRd

haZaRd, aiRPoRts Must Be Made aWaRe of LaNdfiLLs

WithiN a 5 MiLe Radius

floodplains

if LaNdfiLLs aRe Located WithiN a 100 yeaR fLood-

PLaiN it Must Not RestRict the fLoW of the 100 yeaR

fLood oR aLLoW Wash out of soLid Waste

wetlands

LaNdfiLLs aRe Not PeRMitted to BuiLd oR eXPaNd

iN to WetLaNds. uNLess No sittiNG aLteRNatiVe is

aVaiLaBLe.

fault areas seisMiC iMpaCt zones

NeW LaNdfiLLs aRe GeNeRaLLy PRohiBited WithiN 200

feet of fauLt aReas that haVe shifted siNce the Last

ice aGe.

if a LaNdfiLL it to Be BuiLt WithiN a seisMic iMPact

ZoNe its coNtaiNMeNt stRuctuRe, LiNeRs, Lea-

chate coLLectioN systeMs Must Be desiGN to Resist

GRouNd MotioN

unstable area

loCation requireMentsReGuLatioNs ReGaRdiNG LaNdfiLL desiGN, sites aNd oPeRatioN haVe BecoMe Much MoRe stRict as faiLuRe to coN-

tRoL oR MaNaGe the LaNdfiLL coRRectLy couLd Lead to aN eNViRoNMeNtaL disasteR.

LaNdfiLLs stRuctuRaL iNteGRity Must Not Be coM-

PRoMised By the destaBiLisiNG eVeNts, heaVy RaiN-

faLL, fast foRMiNG siNk hoLes, RockfaLLs, LiQuefac-

tioN of the soiL

90

epa perforManCe standards

ePa PeRfoRMaNce staNdaRds i.e, MaXiMuM coN-

taiNMeNt LeVeLs (McLs) WiLL Not Be eXceeded

hydrologiCalCharaCteristiCs

the hydRoLoGicaL coNditioNs of the faciLity caN

aLLoW eXcess oR stoP WateR PeNetRatiNG the LaNd-

fiLL. this Needs to Be desiGNed to aLLoW fuLL coN-

tRoL

surrounding land

the hydRoLoGicaL coNditioNs of the suRRouNdiNG

LaNd caN haVe huGe effect oN the Way WateR MoVe

aRouNd the site aNd as such aNy site choseN Must

Which take this iN to coNsideRatioN

loCal CliMate voluMe of leaChate

the LocaL cLiMate, teMPeRatuRe & huMidy haVe

huGe effects oN the LaNdfiLLs aBiLity to PRoduce Vi-

aBLe eNeRGy iN the foRM of Gas.

the VoLuMe of Leachate PRoduced By aNy LaNd-

fiLL is diRectLy ReLated aMouNt of WateR MoViNG

thRouGh the LaNdfiLL

type of leaChate

landfill design paraMeterssiNce GRouNdWateR aNd suRface WateR systeMs suPPLy 60 PeRceNt

of the dRiNkiNG WateR its cRiticaL this is Not coNtaMiNated

the tyPe of Leachate PRoduced By aNy LaNdfiLL

is diRectLy ReLated to the QuaNtity aNd QuaLity

of the MateRiaL aNd aMouNt of WateR MoViNG

thRouGh the LaNdfiLL

91

lining systeMs

leaChate ColleCtion

the coMPoseR LiNeR systeM coMBiNes aN uPPeR LiNeR of a syNthetic fLeXiBLe

MeMBRaNe aNd a LoWeR LayeR of soiL at Least 2 feet thick With a hydRauLic

coNductiVity of No GReateR thaN 1 X 10-7 cM/sec.

the Leachate coLLectioN systeM Must Be desiGNed to keeP the dePth of the

Leachate oVeR the LiNeR to Less thaN 30 ceNtiMetRes.

MaxiMuM ContaMinant levels

92

regulating hazardwaste

a PRoGRaM Must Be set uP to detect aNd PReVeNt

disPosaL of haZaRdous Wastes aNd PoLychLoRiNat-

ed BiPheNyL (PcB) Wastes

Cover Material

LaNdfiLLs Must Be coVeRed With a Least 6 iNches

of eaRtheN MateRiaL at the eNd of each oPeRatiNG

day to coNtRoL VectoR, fiRes, odouRs, LittLe aNd

scaVeNGiNG, otheR coVeRs May Be used if desiGN

coRRectLy

veCtors

VectoRs aRe RodeNts, iNsects, BiRds oR aNy aNiMaL

that is caPaBLe of tRaNsMittiNG disease to huMaNs,

aPPLicatioN of coVeR MateRiaL stoPs VectoRs

explosive gases air quality

a PRoGRaM to check MethaNe Gas eMissioNs at Least

eVeRy thRee MoNths, if LeVeLs aRe hiGh a Re-Media-

tioN PLaN Must Be Made WithiN 60 days

oPeN BuRNiNG of Waste is Not PeRMitted, hoWeVeR,

diseased tRees, eMeRGeNcy cLeaN uPs Must coMPLy

With state LaWs

aCCess

landfill daily operationsthe oPeRatioN of LaNdfiLLs coVeR a RaNGe of PRoceduRes

LaNdfiLLs Must Be coNtaiNed fRoM iLLeGaL duMPiNG

aNd uNauthoRised VehicuLaR access to PReVeNt

PuBLic eXPosuRe

93

storM waterrun-on/run-off

the LaNdfiLL Must haVe a MaiNtaiN coNtRoL systeM

desiGN to PReVeNt stoRM WateRs fRoM RuNNiNG oN

to the actiVe PaRt of the LaNdfiLL. the systeM Must

Be aBLe to coPe With the WoRst case sceNaRios

surfaCe waterproteCtion

LaNdfiLLs Must Not ReLease PoLLutaNts iN to WateR

Bodys aNd WetLaNds Which WouLd VioLate the

cLeaN WateR act.

liquids

LaNdfiLLs WiLL Not accePt LaRGe BuLk NoNe coN-

taiNeRiZed LiQuids. uNLess they aRe siMiLaR iN siZe to

those fouNd iN househoLd Waste such as cLeaNiNG

autoMotiVe use etc..

reCord keeping

LaNdfiLLs tyPoLoGy RecoRds Must Be keeP aNd acces-

siBLe at aLL tiMe foR the safety of those WoRkiNG

aNd LiViNG NeaR the sites.

speCifiC reCords LocatioN RestRictioN, deMoNstRatioNs. PRoceduRes foR eXcLudiNG, haZaRdous Waste. Gas MoNitoRiNG ResuLts. Leachate oR Gas coNdeNsate systeM desiGN docuMeNtatioN GRouNd WateR MoNitoRiN aNd coRRectiVe data aNd deMoNstRa-

tioNs

cLosuRe aNd Post cLosuRe PLaNs cost estiMates aNd fiNaNciaL assuRaNce docuMeNtatioN

94

groundwater Monitoringground Monitoring

GRouNd WateR MoNitoRiNG is caRRied out usiNG a

seRies of WeLLs PositioNed thRouGhout the LaNdfiLL

saMpling prograM

saMPLes aRe takiNG at Least tWice a yeaR to access

the QuaLity of the uP-Most aQuifeR BeNeath the

LaNdfiLL BouNdaRy

zero toleranCe

the saMPLes Must deMoNstRate that No MiGRatioN

of coNstitueNts fRoM the uNit WiLL occuR duRiNG

the uNits Life iNcLudiNG the cLosuRe aNd Post-cLo-

suRe caRe PeRiod.

deteCtion assessMent Monitoring

GRouNd WateR Must Be saMPLed aNd aNaLysed foR

sPecific coNstitueNts. if siGNificaNt GRouNdWateR

coNtaMiNatioN is detected theN states Must Be No-

tified aNd BeGiN assessMeNt MoNitoRiNG

the PuRPose of assessMeNt MoNitoRiNG is to de-

teRMiNed the NatuRe aNd eXteNt of the coNtaM-

iNatioN

sourCe of ContaMination

deteRMiNiNG the souRce of the coNtaMiNatioN is

key as the LaNdfiLL MiGht Not Be the souRce.

95

CorreCtive aCtion

coRRectiVe actioN iNVoLVes eVaLuatiNG PoteNtiaL

ReMedies, hoLdiNG PuBLic MeetiNGs to discuss the

PoteNtiaL. oNce the ReMedy has BeeN seLected the

oWNeR of the LaNdfiLL is ResPoNsiBLe foR caRRyiNG

Monitoring prograM

duRiNG this PeRiod the a GRouNd WateR MoNitoR-

iNG PRoGRaM Must Be estaBLished to MeasuRe the

effectiVeNess of the ReMidy.

tiMesCale

the LaNdfiLL oWNeR Must coNtiNue the coRRectiVe

actioN uNtiL coMPLiaNce With the cLeaN-uP staNd-

aRd has BeeN Meet foR thRee coNsecutiVe yeaRs

96

Closure & post-Closure CarespeCifiC standards

oWNeRs/oPeRatoRs Must foLLoW ceRtaiN PRoce-

duRes WheN cLosiNG a MuNiciPaL LaNdfiLL.

state notified

the state WheRe the LaNdfiLL Resides Must Be Noti-

fied PRioR to the cLosuRe

Closure plan

a cLosuRe PLaN Must Be PRePaRed iN accoRdaNce

With state LaW.

final Covers independent engineer

the fiNaL coVeR Must coNsist of at Least 18 iNchs of

eaRtheN MateRiaL of a sPecified PeRMeaBiLity, With aN

eRosioN LayeR at Least 6 iNches thick

aN iNdePeNdeNt eNGiNeeR Must ceRtify that the

cLosuRe Was coNducted iN accoRdaNce With the

PLaN.

the deeds

the deed to the PRoPeRty Must Note that the PRoP-

eRty Was used as a LaNdfiLL aNd that futuRe use is

RestRicted

97

30 year......

the oWNeR of the LaNdfiLL is ResPoNsiBLe foR the

iNteGRity of the LaNdfiLL foR 30 yeaRs afteR the cLo-

suRe of the LaNdfiLL.

MaintenanCe

aLL MaiNteNaNce WiLL Be Paid foR By the oWNeR of

the LaNdfiLL. foR this ReasoN oWNeRs Must deMoN-

stRate fiNaNciaL ResPoNsiBiLity foR the LaNdfiLL.

integrity of Cover

the fiNaL coVeR Must Be desiGNed aNd coNstRuct-

ed to haVe a PeRMeaBiLity Less thaN oR eQuaL to the

BottoM LiNeR systeM

Monitoring ground Monitoring Methane

GRouNd WateR Must Be MoNitoRed oVeR a 30 yeaR

PeRiod afteR the cLosuRe of the LaNdfiLL

MethaNe LeVeLs Must Be MoNitoRed oVeR a 30 yeaR

PeRiod afteR the cLosuRe of the LaNdfiLL

leaChate ManageMent

Leachate MaNaGeMeNt systeM Must Be MoNitoRed

oVeR a 30 yeaR PeRiod afteR the cLosuRe of the

LaNdfiLL

98

osMosis is the MoVeMeNt of WateR fRoM aN aRea of LoW soLute coNceNtRatioN to aN aRe

of hiGh soLute coNceNtRatioN

treatMents - osMosis

seMi - perMeable MeMbrane

coNceNtRated suGaR

soLutioN

diLute suGaR

soLutioN

WateR MoLecuLes suGaR MoLecuLes

osMosis

MoRe WateR is dRaWN iN to the

coNceNtRated soLutioN

WateR is diRectLy iNVoLVed iN MaNy key BiocheMicaL ReactioNs, these

PRoPeRties MeaN that WateR MoLecuLes caN Pass thRouGh ceLLuLaR

MeMBRaNes But aLso foRM soLutioNs With ioNs aNd PoLaR MoLecuLes.

otheRWise kNoWN as osMosis. PReVeNtiNG the Loss oR GaiN of

too Much WateR thRouGh osMosis is ofteN aN iMPoRtaNt chaL-

LeNGe.

99

osMosis

WateR MoLecuLes fLoWs fRoM aReas of hiGh coN-

ceNtRatioN to aReas of LoW coNceNtRatioN

equilibriuM

osMotic PRessuRe is the PRessuRe ReQuiRed to stoP

WateR fLoW aNd Reach eQuiLiBRiuM

reverse osMosis

By aPPLyiNG PRessuRe GReateR that the osMotic PRes-

suRe, fLoW of the WateR is ReVeRsed. WateR BeGiNs

to fLoW fRoM hiGheR coNceNtRatioN to LoWeR.

100

laCk of irrigation

WateR is the PRiMaRy cLeaNsiNG PuRifyiNG aNd

LaNdfiLL RotatioN Method, hoWeVeR MaNy oLdeR

LaNdfiLLs, faiL at PRoVidiNG WateR WheN its Needed

Most.

laCk of oxygen

oXyGeN is the PRiMaRy Life souRce used By the Mi-

cRooRGaNisMs as they feed off out Waste RecycLe

Waste iN to Gass.

laCk of MiCrobes

as a diRect ResuLt of Lack of WateR aNd Lack of

oXyGeN theRe is a Reduced VoLuMe of MicRoBes aNd

thus MateRiaLs aRe Not BReakiNG doWN.

ineffeCtive degeneration Materials not sorted

the Lack of desiGN WithiN these key systeM is cRe-

atiNG a fuNdaMeNtaL fLaW With the WhoLe coNcePt

of LaNd-fiLLiNG.

as MateRiaLs aRe Not soRted BefoRe BeiNG LaNd-

fiLLed uP to 65% is BioMass aNd a fuRtheR 25% is

PLastic. RecycLe iNceNtiVes Need to Be iNPLaMeNted

eaRLieR iN the systeM

65% is bioMass

BioMass caN Be used to GeNeRate NeW iNcoMe

stReaMs iN the foRM of soLid fueL.

landfill issues

101

Cost to design

RetRofittiNG aNd Re-MediatiNG PooRLy iMPLeMeNted

systeMs cReate does MoRe haRM theN Good.

MaintenanCe Cost

siNce oLdeR systeM aNd MaNy NeWeR systeM stiLL

haVe fuNdaMeNtaLLy PooR PLaNNiNG they aLWays

ResuLt iN hiGh PRoLoNGed MaiNteNaNce costs

environMent Cost

the eNViRoNMeNtaL cost oNLy BecoMes cLeaR WheN

its too Late aNd thus We Need to act NoW aNd de-

siGN NeW systeMs aWay fRoM ResouRces

reduCe reuse

aLL thouGh the cuRReNt tReNd is to Reduce, this

Needs to haPPeN at a MicRo scaLe With iNdiViduaLs

deaLiNG With theiR Waste PRaGMaticaLLy

ReusiNG Needs to BecoMe PRofitaBLe With iNceNtiVe

scheMes desiGN to coLLect PRoducts BefoRe they

aRe LaNdfiLLed.

reCyCle

RecycLiNG Needs to BecoMe MoRe they a GiMic. a

at MicRo scaLe aLL thiNGs aRe Made fRoM eLeMeNts

aNd RiGht NoW thRouGh adVaNces iN techNoLoGy

We caN RecycLe aLL MaNoR of thiNGs, hoWeVeR it

cuRReNtLy soMeoNe eLses PRoBLeM

103

Materalsall Materials have their own individual properties

this seCtion looks at the deCoMposition of Materials through MiCro-organisMs

104

fun Material faCts if you Put these iteM iN a LaNdfiLL NoW, they WouLd decoMPose By:

next Month next year

2060 ad 2560 ad

PaPeR BaGs deGRade VeRy QuickLy due to the NatuRe of the PRoduct its easiLy BRokeN doWN By NatuRaL coNditioNs. 1 MoNth

WooL socks deGRade at a ReasoNaBLe Rates aNd uNdeR NatuRaL coNditioNs WiLL Be coMPLeteLy BRokeN doWN By the MicRo oRGaNisMs. 1 yeaR

aLuMiNiuM caNs deGRade due to the coNdi-tioNs WithiN a LaNdfiLL aNd a hiGh BuiLd uP of toXiNs aNd acids. 50 yeaRs

NaPPys By theRe VeRy NatuRe aRe desiGNed foR a siNGLe use hoWeVeR the fuLL deGRadatioN is a dif-feReNt stoRey takiNG uP to 500 yeaRs

105

3010 ad 1,002,010 ad

1,500,000 ad 7,500,000,000 ad

PLastic BaGs By theRe VeRy NatuRe aRe PooRLy de-siGN aRe fLiMsy aNd BRake NoRMaLLy afteR a siNGLe use hoWeVeR the fuLL deGRadatioN is a diffeReNt stoRey. 1000 yeaRs

PLastic BeakeRs aRe NoRMaLLy Made foR duRaBLe tyPes of PLastic With coMPLeX cheMicaL stRuc-tuRes aNd as such aRe VeRy haRd foR MicRoBes to BReak doWN. 1 MiLLioN yeaRs

PoLystyReNe is a coMPLeX MiX of cheMicaL stRuc-tuRes aNd as such aRe iMPossiBLe foR MicRoBes to BReak doWN. 7.5 BiLLioNs yeaRs

GLass BottLes aRe Made usiNG siMPLe MateRiaLs But Because the BoNds aRe PRoduced uNdeR eXtReMe heat its NeaR iMPossiBLe to foR oRGaNisMs to BReak the BoNds doWN. 1.5 MiLLioNs yeaR

106

none deCoMposable

107

the figures show the reasoning why landfills reaCh CapaCity sinCe alMost half the iteMs plaCed in a landfill do not degrade

in a tiMe-sCale we Can ConCeive.

none deCoMposable

109

waste ManageMentkey features have been extraCted froM how we deal with waste

and the design CoMplexities of landfills

110

nyCs Major probleMsthe sCale of the situation seeMs inCoMprehensible

the solution requires the designer to have a vast overview of all systeMs

unfortunately all systeMs in plaCe are equally out of date

poorly designed systeMs have been build upon and as suCh replaCing theM would be Costly

teChnologiCal advanCes that Can deal with the waste types, loads are not in plaCe

open sourCe up-CyCling Methodologies are just not in plaCe.

111

solution to the probleMnyC needs a systeM reboot

they need to address the way they deal with waste

innovative ideas need to be gathered and tested for eligibility

Materials need to be sorted, resourCes should not be buried due to poor ManageMent

attitudes MuCh Change for all parties involved.

waste prevention is diffiCult beCause it requires Control of all the systeMs

the solution lies with Control & waste ManageMent is key

112

whats neededBRiNGiNG iN to PLay NeW hiGh tech systeMs Which

feed the MicRoBes Like a coLoNy of NaNo MachiNes

diGestiNG the Waste aNd PRoduciNG MethaNoGeNtic

Gasses iN the PRocess.

iMproved systeMsusiNG What We kNoW aBout MaNy systeMs aNd uti-

LiZiNG this to cReate iMPRoVed systeMs

open-sourCe datafiNdiNG NeW ideas is easy WheN suRfiNG the iNteR-

Net But BRidGiNG MuLtiPLe disciPLiNes is coMPLeX to

say the Least. oPeN-souRce R&d hoLds to key to

this PRoBLeM

proCessing Materials Creating linksMateRiaLs Need to Be assessed BefoRe they eNd uP iN

a LaNdfiLL as sPace is a LiMitiNG factoR With a GRoW-

iNG PoPuLatioN

as MateRiaLs aRe Not soRted BefoRe BeiNG LaNd-

fiLLed uP to 65% is BioMass aNd a fuRtheR 25% is

PLastic. RecycLe iNceNtiVes Need to Be iMPLeMeNted

eaRLieR iN the systeM, oPeN-souRce PRoVides a Way

of fiNdiNG out What is iN the systeM.

produCts froM wasteBioMass caN Be used to GeNeRate NeW iNcoMe

stReaMs iN the foRM of soLid fueL. Gasses aRe Re-

Leased fRoM the MicRoBes that feed off the Waste,

What eLse caN We use

design brief

113

positioningLaNdfiLLs of the futuRe WiLL No LoNG Be ReGaRded as

a cheaP aLteRNatiVe to deaLiNG With out Waste they

couLd BecoMe LaNdMaRks theMseLVes

integrationhoW it coNNects to the city is cRuciaL foR seRVic-

iNG aNd safety foR the city shouLd coMe fiRst.

forMthe foR WiLL take adVaNtaGe of the eNViRoNMeNtaL

coNditioNs, heatiNG aNd cooLiNG WheRe its Needed

Via PassiVe systeMs.

Materials adaptationMateRiaLs aRe the key to a sustaiNaBLe futuRe, the

MateRiaLs used foR cLaddiNG shouLd Be RecycLaBLe

hoW it chaNGes to deaL With NeW Waste tyPoLo-

Gies aNd NeW techNoLoGies/ couLd this Be a PLuG

iN city.

reusable energythe BioLoGicaL WoRLd Which eNcoMPasses ouR

eVeRy MoVe is LitteRed With eXaMPLes of syMBiotic

ReLatioNshiPs With coMPLeX fRaMeWoRks that Re-

use each otheR Waste aNd eNeRGy.

115

if we Can give waste a value then attitudes would not be so quiCk to disCard of the resourCe.

116

waste ManageMent systeMs

preventwaste

reuse/salvageMaterials

reCyCle

newproduCts

landfill

theRe WeRe 26 actiVe MuNiciPaL soLid Waste LaNdfiLLs, 16 actiVe iNdustRiaL/coMMeRciaL Waste LaNdfiLLs,

12 coNstRuctioN aNd deMoLitioN (c&d) LaNdfiLLs, aNd 5 actiVe LoNG isLaNd LaNdfiLLs.

PReVeNtioN of PRoductioN seeMs the

oBVious choice, hoWeVeR this WouLd

ReQuiRed a huGe Push fRoM GoVeRNMeNts

to eNfoRce a BaN oN NoNe RecycLaBLes

Current foCus

the cuRReNt focus is toWaRds RecycLiNG

Waste PRoducts hoWeVeR this is Not fuLLy

ResoLVed aNd as such the aRe stiLL MaNy

foRMs of Waste eNdiNG uP iN LaNdfiLLs

the coNcePt of uP-cycLiNG uses the idea of

RecycLiNG But Without the iNdustRiaL PRo-

cess of RefoRMiNG, RecycLiNG caN Be tuRNiNG

a used WateR BottLe iN to a taBLe.

iN 2012, 10.7 MiLLioN toNs of soLid

Waste WeRe disPosed of iN NeW yoRk

state LaNdfiLLs,

117

option 1inCentive sCheMe

PeoPLe, iNdiViduaLs, coMPaNys WiLL ReceiVe a PRice PeR kG foR MateRiaLs RecycLed

issues

- systeM Need coMPLeX RuLes, utiLiZiNG seVeRaL BiN tyPoLoGies- it Needs to Be MoNitoRed cLoseLy- hoW do you coNtRoL What eNteRs the systeM - WheRe WouLd the Waste Go- hoW WouLd it Be PRocessed

ReQuiRiNG:-

- stoRaGe foR iNdiViduaL Waste oN stReet coRNeRs With seVeRaL BiN tyPes- site ReQuiRed foR stoRaGe aNd PRocessiNG of Waste- the systeM WouLd ReQuiRe MaNuaL iNteRVeNtioN at MuLtiPLe staGes- coNtRoLLiNG huMaN iNteRactioN With haRMfuL toXiNs- fuRtheR RefiNeMeNt systeMs to cReate/PuRify ResouRces

118

option 2Current systeM

GoVeRNMeNt PRessuRe to BaN the use of NoNe RecycLaBLes, issues With this BeiNG is (NoNe RecycLaBLes) actuaLLy MeaNs too eXPeNsiVe to cuRReNtLy RecycLe (ie its cheaPeR to use ViRGiN MateRiaL)

issues

- We coNtiNue to MiNe ViRGiN ResouRces aNd BuRy theM afteR a siNGLe use- Loss of haBitatioN foR aNiMaLs aNd ouRseLVes- PooR aiR QuaLity- MaJoR food coNceRNs- dePLeted food stocks aNd coNtaMiNated oceaNs due to Leachates

ReQuiRiNG -

- BioReMediatioN- MiNiNG ouR LaNdfiLLs foR ResouRces- cReate coMPLeX systeMs of siViNG thRouGh ouR PuRified Waste - aLL of this, iN seaRch of ResouRces We MaNaGed PooRLy- fuRtheR RefiNeMeNt systeMs to cReate/PuRify ResouRces

119

option 3autoMated resourCe Mining

autoMated soRtiNG is aLReady BeiNG utiLised oN a NuMBeR of PRocesses Which uNtiL VeRy ReceNtLy WeRe hiGhLy iNteNsiVe LaBouReRs PRoceduRes.

issues

- Need to ideNtify 2.4 MiLLioN toNs of Waste eVeRy yeaR- MachiNe Need a PoWeR souRce- MachiNe Needs a Way of distRiButiNG MateRiaLs- hoW BiG is this MachiNe? - WheRe shouLd it Be PositioNed

ReQuiRiNG

- NetWoRk of sMaLLeR MachiNes seRViNG the MasteR MachiNe- autoMated soRtiNG - sePaRatiNG techNoLoGies- seRies of autoMated coNVeyoR BeLts to MoVe MateRiaLs- stoRaGe uNits caPaBLe of deaLiNG With VoLuMes BeiNG PRoduced- fuRtheR RefiNeMeNt systeMs to cReate/PuRify ResouRces

121

preCedents

122

reCyCling plastiC90 % of Metals are reCovered

less than 5 % of plastiC is aCtually reCyCled if it Makes it to a reCyCling Centre,

Most plastiC is inCinerated or landfilled

Most people think plastiC is a throw away Material with very little value, but aCtually plastiCs are several tiMes More valuable than steel and there is More plastiC produCed and

ConsuMed around the world on a voluMe basis every year then steel

so why is it not reCyCled? well beCause Metals are predoMinantly easy to reCyCle froM one another and other Material, plasiCs are MuCh More diffiCult to sort.

Metals have different densitys, different eleCtriCal and MagnetiC properties,

and different Colours Making theM very easy for MaChines to separate.

plastiCs have overlapping densitys over a very narrow rangeidentiCal or very siMilar eleCtriCal or MagnetiC properties

any plastiC Can be any Colour

123

the tRaditioNaL Way to Make PLastic is With oiL

oR PetRocheMicaLs

you BReak doWN the MoLecuLes aNd RecoMBiNed

theM iN VeRy sPecific Ways to Make aLL the WoN-

deRfuL tyPes of PLastic that We each eNJoy

PeLets aRe PRoduced aNd soLd foR the ReMoLdiNG

of PRoducts.

Waste is PLeNtifuL aNd GRoWiNG iN suPPLy

LoWeR cost aNd Not tied to oiL

LoWeR caPitaL costs

80 - 90 PeRceNt LoWeR eNeRGy

MoRe fLeXiBLe PLaNt

saVes 1-3 toNs of co2 toN PLastic

cLoses the LooP oN RecycLed PLastics

sustaiNaBLe PRoduct

future of Making plastiC

traditional way of Making plastiC

124

autoMated separation teChnologiesWaste disPosaL coMPaNies deaLiNG With the soRtiNG of MateRiaLs WiLL coMMoNLy use oNe oR MoRe of these fiVe Methods:

these sePaRate MateRiaLs accoRdiNG to theiR PaRticLe siZe. Waste is fed iNto a LaRGe RotatiNG dRuM Which is PeRfoRated With hoLes of a ceR-taiN siZe. MateRiaLs sMaLLeR thaN the diaMeteR of the hoLes WiLL Be aBLe to dRoP thRouGh, But LaRGeR PaRticLes WiLL ReMaiN iN the dRuM.

this Method is sPecificaLLy foR the sePaRatioN of MetaLs. aN eddy cuRReNt occuRs WheN a coN-ductoR is eXPosed to a chaNGiNG MaGNetic fieLd. Put siMPLy, it is aN eLectRoMaGNetic Way of di-VidiNG feRRous aNd NoN-feRRous MetaLs.

MateRiaL is seNt aLoNG a coNVeyoR BeLt With a seRies of seNsoRs uNdeRNeath. these seNsoRs Locate diffeReNt tyPes of MetaL Which aRe theN sePaRated By a systeM of fast aiR Jets Which aRe LiNked to the seNsoRs.

troMMel separators eddy Current separator

induCtion sorting

125

autoMated separation teChnologies

(NiR) WheN MateRiaLs aRe iLLuMiNated they MostLy RefLect LiGht iN the NeaR iNfRaRed WaVe-LeNGth sPectRuM. the NiR seNsoR caN distiN-Guish BetWeeN diffeReNt MateRiaLs Based oN the Way they RefLect LiGht.

X-Rays caN Be used to distiNGuish BetWeeN dif-feReNt tyPes of Waste Based oN theiR deNsity.

near infrared sensors x-ray teChnology

126

dirk van der kooijdesiGNeR diRk VaN deR kooiJ used his faMous 3d PRiNtiNG RoBot NaMed faNuc to cReate

sustaiNaBLe desiGN iNNoVatioN, the RoBot Makes fuRNituRe fRoM RecycLed fRidGes aNd e-Waste

e-Waste is used as a souRce of MateRiaL iNcoMe the PLastic is shRedded, cLeaNed aNd sePaRated usiNG a NuMBeR of autoMated

systeMs aNd stoRed Ready foR use

the stoRed PLastic is the BaGGed aNd takeN to the RoBot the RoBot uses a seRies of cad softWaRe PackaGes to tRaNsLate a GiVeN desiGN

iN to sLices kNoWN as G-code Which is the seNt as coMMaNds to the RoBot

127

the G-code sLices aRe a Path Which the RoBotic aRM foLLoWs WhiLst

eXtRudiNG the MeLted PLastic

the sLices PRoduce a 3 diMeNsioNaL oBJect Which is BuiLt uP oVeR a NuMBeR

of LayeRs

WheN the oBJect has BeeN PRiNted the fiNaL PoiNt caN Be Pushed doWN

to cReate a sMooth fiNish.

the fiNaL oBJect, chaiR is a fuLLy fuNctuNaL chaiR Which is PRiNtiNG usiNG

Waste MateRiaLs.

128

d- shape

CoMputer Model - Meshed

large sCale 3d printer

the NeW 3d cad softWaRe aLLoWs aRchitects to coNceiVe aNd desiGN coNstRuctioNs easiLy, But eXistiNG BuiLdiNG Meth-ods do Not aLLoW the fuLL PoteNtiaL of the NeW desiGN softWaRe to Be achieVed. d-shaPe is a NeW RoBotic BuiLdiNG systeM usiNG NeW MateRiaLs to cReate suPeRioR stoNe-Like stRuctuRes. this is siMiLaR to What aN iNk-Jet PRiNteR does oN a sheet of PaPeR.

129

this NeW MachiNeRy eNaBLes fuLL-siZe saNdstoNe BuiLd-iNGs to Be Made Without huMaN iNteRVeNtioN, usiNG a steReo-LithoGRaPhy 3-d PRiNtiNG PRocess that ReQuiRes oNLy saNd aNd aN iNoRGaNic BiNdeR to oPeRate. aLLoW-iNG a LeVeL of PRecisioN aNd fReedoM of desiGN uNheaRd of iN the Past.

eXistiNG MateRiaLs such as ReiNfoRced coNcRete aNd MasoNRy is eXPeNsiVe aNd iNfLeXiBLe. to BuiLd a coMPLeX coNcaVe-coNVeX suRfaces WouLd ReQuiRe the PRe-faBRi-catioN of eXPeNsiVe foRM-WoRks aNd caGes, the MouNt-iNG of coMPLicate scaffoLdiNG aNd theN the MaNuaL castiNG. this is VeRy eXPeNsiVe.

the PRocess BeGiNs With a 3d coMPuteR ModeL iN a stL fiLe foRMat. this is iMPoRted iNto the coMPut-eR PRoGRaM that coNtRoLs d-shaPes PRiNteR head. duRiNG the PRiNtiNG of each sectioN a stRuctuRaL iNk is dePosited By the PRiNteRs NoZZLes oN the saNd. the soLidificatioN PRocess takes 24 houRs

the BiNdeR tRaNsfoRMs aNy kiNd of saNd iNto a MaR-BLe-Like MateRiaL aNd With a ResistaNce aNd tRactioN Much suPeRioR to PoRtLaNd ceMeNt, so Much so that theRe is No Need to use iRoN to ReiNfoRce the stRuctuRe. this aRtificiaL MaRBLe is iNdistiNGuishaBLe fRoM ReaL MaR-BLe aNd cheMicaLLy it is oNe huNdRed PeRceNt eNViRoN-MeNtaLLy fRieNdLy.

aLLoWs MoRe adVaNced desiGN aNd coNstRuctioN.

fouR tiMes fasteR thaN tRaditioNaL BuiLdiNG Meth-ods.

30%-50% LoWeR thaN MaNuaL Methods.

No huMaN iNteRVeNtioN MeaNs suBstaNtiaLLy Reduced Risk of accideNts.

the systeM Current systeMs

the proCess new Materials

advantages

130

POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITEScoMPosite aRe MateRiaLs coMPosed of tWo oR MoRe distiNct Phases.(MatRiX Phase aNd disPeRsed Phase) aNd haViNG BuLk PRoPeRties siGNificaNtLy diffeReNt fRoM those of aNy of the coNstitueNts. MatRiX Phase is the PRi-MaRy Phase haViNG a coNtiNuous chaRacteR. MatRiX is usuaLLy MoRe ductiLe aNd Less haRd Phase. it hoLds the disPeRsed Phase aNd shaRes a Load With it Which May Be cheMicaLLy diffeReNt fRoM each otheR.

the diffeReNt systeMs aRe coMBiNed to achieVe a systeM With GReateR stRuc-tuRaL oR fuNctioNaL PRoPeRties of the coNstitueNt aLoNe. esseNtiaLLy the suM WhoLe is GReateR theN the suM of the PaRts

laMinar reinforCeMent partiCle reinforCeMent flake reinforCeMent

Continuous woven fibre disContinuous fibre reinforCeMent skeletal reinforCeMent

coMPosites iN stRuctuRaL aPPLicatioNs haVe the foLLoWiNG chaRacteRistics:

. they GeNeRaLLy coNsist of tWo oR MoRe PhysicaLLy distiNct aNd MechaNi-caLLy sePaRaBLe MateRiaLs.

. they aRe Made By MiXiNG the sePaRate MateRiaLs iN such a Way as to achieVe coNtRoLLed aNd uNifoRM disPeRsioN of the coNstitueNts.

. they haVe suPeRioR MechaNicaL PRoPeRties aNd iN soMe cases uNiQueLy diffeReNt fRoM the PRoPeRties of theiR coNstitueNts

types.

131

GLass-fiBRe ReiNfoRced PoLyMeRs (GRPs) aRe fouNd thRouGhout these iNdustRies.

iN coMMeRciaL aiRLiNes, sPace shuttLe aNd sateLLite systeMs, MaRiNe: Boat Bodies, caNoes, kayaks, aNd so oN as WeLL as autoMotiVe: Body PaNeLs, Leaf sPRiNGs, dRiVe shaft, BuMPeRs, dooRs aNd RaciNG caR Bodies.

sPoRts Goods: GoLf cLuBs, skis, fishiNG Rods, teNNis Rackets

BuLLetPRoof Vests aNd otheR aRMouR PaRts.

cheMicaL stoRaGe taNks, PRessuRe VesseLs, PiPiNG, PuMP Body, VaLVes,

BioMedicaL aPPLicatioNs: MedicaL iMPLaNts, oRthoPaedic deVices, X-Ray taBLes.

BRidGes Made of PoLyMeR coMPosite MateRiaLs aRe GaiNiNG Wide accePtaNcedue to theiR LoWeR WeiGht, coRRosioN ResistaNce, LoNGeR Life cycLe, aNd LiMited eaRthQuake daMaGe.

eLectRicaL: PaNeLs, housiNG, sWitchGeaR, iNsuLatoRs, aNd coNNectoRs.aNd MaNy MoRe.

NatuRaL fiBeR coMPosites GLass, caRBoN, keVLaR, aNd BoRoN fiBRes aRe BeiNG used as ReiNfoRciNG MateRiaLs iN fiBRe ReiNfoRced PLastics, Which haVe BeeN WideLy accePted as MateRiaLs foR stRuctuRaL aNd NoN-stRuctuRaL aPPLicatioNs

desiGNiNG With GRP

Like aLL tRaditioNaL MateRiaLs of coNstRuctioN, GRP aLso has aN iNheReNt LiMitatioN it has a LoW ModuLus of eLasticity (stiffNess). hoWeVeR, this dRaWBack has BeeN successfuLLy oVeRcoMe By stRuctuRaL desiGN eNGiNeeRs oVeR the yeaRs thRouGh effectiVe use of the PRiNciPLes of GeoMetRy.

if GRP is to Be successfuLLy used iN Load BeaRiNG coMPoNeNts iN coNstRuc-tioN, its stRuctuRaL foRM Must Be choseN as to oVeRcoMe the aPPaReNt Lack of stiffNess iN the oVeRaLL stRuctuRe.

the ReQuiRed RiGidity of the stRuctuRe is theN deRiVed fRoM its shaPe RatheR thaN fRoM the MateRiaL the stReNGth of the stRuctuRe is, of couRse, oNLy a fuNctioN of the stRuctuRe of the MateRiaL.

GRPs GRP aPPLicatioN iN the eNeRGy iNdustRy

With its coRRosioN-ResistaNt, sLiP-ResistaNt, fLaMe ReduNdaNcy, iMPact aBsoRBeNcy, NoN-coNductiVity, hiGh stReNGth-to-WeiGht PRoPeRties Which had Made theM uNiQue iN the ReNeWaBLe eNeRGy GeNeRatioN foR use as tuRBiNe BLades

133

Just to BuiLd the 4 kiLoMetRes LoNG isLaNd caLLed foR 21 MiLLioN cuBic MetRes of LaNdfiLL PLus the assistaNce of 80 shiPs, theN theRe Was the

sMaLL MatteR of coNNectiNG the aiRPoRt to the MaiNLaNd By Way of a 3 kiLoMetRes BRidGe. iN totaL the PRoJect has so faR cost aRouNd

$20 BiLLioN, But has aLReady saVed soMe eXPeNse By suRViViNG Both aN eaRthQuake aNd a tyPhooN iN the Last 15 yeaRs, iN additioN BeiNG

oPeN 24 houRs a day due to its LocatioN.

goMi - landfills

134

WheRe do you LaNd a PLaNe WheN youVe RuN out of sPace - JaPaNs aNsWeR, a fLoatiNG aiRPoRt

began 1987

1987 - coNstRuctioN of the WoRLds BiGGest MaN

Made isLaNd of its tiMe BRoke GRouNd oN WateR 18

MeteR deeP iN the MiddLe of osaka Bay

the proposal

5kM fRoM shoRe aNd coNtaiNs 530 hectoRs of

LaNdfiLL 4 kM LoNG aNd 1200 MeteRs Wide BiG

eNouGh to sWaLLoW uP the eNtiRe doWN toWN

aRea of osaka

issues

the BottoM of osaka Bay is Made of soft cLay

that is LikeLy to siNk uNdeR the WeiGht of the

PRoPosed aiRPoRt

teChnology retaining wall

to soLVe the PRoBLeM kaNsai eNGiNeeRs tuRNed to

a NeW saNd dRaiNiNG techNiQue to sPeed uP the

siNkiNG By suckiNG the WateR out of the saNd.

fiRst aN eLeVeN kM seaWaLL of coNcRete BLocks

outLiNed the shaPe of thiNGs to coMe, this Mas-

siVe eNcLosuRe keePs the WateR oN the outside

landfill

theN 80 BaRGes PLouGhed iN duMPiNG 180

MiLLioN cuBic MeteRs of LaNdfiLL iNside the sea

WaLL, eNouGh to BuiLd the GReat PyRaMid of GaZa

70 tiMes.

kansai - landfill airports

135

CoMputer Models

usiNG the tech of the tiMe eNGiNeeRs MoNitoRed

aNd MeasuRe the LayeRiNG of the LaNd MakiNG suRe

the fiLL Was coMPactiNG eQuaLLy Rate to PReVeNt

uNeQuaL siNkiNG

struCture

Just as the face of the isLaNd staRted to PoP out

fRoM the WateR coNstRuctioN BeGaN siMuLtaNe-

ousLy oN tWo MaJoR aiRPoRt LaNdMaRks

the building

the teRMiNaL had to Be LiGht eNouGh to keeP

settLiNG to a MiNiMuM, ReNZo PiaNos PRoPosaL, a

WiNG shaPed teRMiNaL Made fRoM steeL aNd GLass,

NeaRLy 1 MiLe LoNG,

aCCess bridge

the NeXt cRuciaL chaLLeNGe iN coMPLetiNG this

aiRPoRt Was the uLtiMate QuestioN of access - the

aNsWeR Was the skyGate BRidGe this Was doNe By

the use of fLoatiNG cRaNes.

today its the WoRLds LoNGest douBLe deckeR

tRuss BRidGe, at 3750M LoNG it caRRies 6 LaNes of

tRaffic oN toP aNd tWo tRaiNs BeLoW, Just heiGh

eNouGh foR Boats to Pass uNdeR yet LoW eNouGh

CoMpletion

fiNaLLy afteR 7 LoNG yeaRs of dRaiNiNG, duMPiNG

aNd desiGNiNG oN What - oPeN foR BusiNess oN

sePteMBeR 4th 1994. iN the fiRst MoNth aLoNe

10,000 PeoPLe PeR day caMe to the aiRPoRt.

136

today

1 MiLLioN WoRkeRs,

200 MiLLioN MetRic toNes of MateRiaL

10 MiLLioNs houRs of haRd LaBouR

RecLaiMed the sea aNd oPeNed uP the skys

probleMs

the isLaNd is siNkiNG iN to the WateR, aNd siNkiNG

a LittLe fasteR theN aNticiPated, duRiNG coNstRuc-

tioN the saNd dRaiNiNG aPPeaRed to take caRe of

stReNGtheNiNG the Bays fiRst LeVeL of soft soiL,

soil types

uNfoRtuNateLy it Was the deePeR stuff, the soiL

they couLd Not dRaiN that WouLd BecoMe a PRoB-

LeM (deLuViuM soiL)

guestiMating 8 Meters

eNGiNeeR had to estiMate the deGRee of settLiNG

that WouLd occuR, By 1999, oN the aiRPoRts 5th

BiRth day it BecaMe aPPaReNt that the GuestiMatiNG

Was Way off

the eNtiRe isLaNd had aLReady suNk oVeR 8 MeteRs

- aGiNG the aiRPoRt 40 yeaRs ahead of schedueL,

ConCern 1

WiLL the isLaNd siNk Be RecLaiMed By the sea

7 yeaRs LateR the WoRLd had its fiRst iNteRNatioNaL aiRPoRt fLoatiNG out iN the MiddLe of the sea, aLL By

itseLf. the aiRPoRt haNdLes MoRe thaN 300 PasseNGeRs a Week & is oPeN 24 houRs a day

137

ConCern 2

What does aLL the siNkiNG doWN BeLoW MeaN foR

the stRuctuRes uP aBoVe

sensors

eNGiNeeR GaVe a LittLe Lift to the 900 suPPoRt

coLuMNs that hoLd the teRMiNaL uP, each coLuMN

is eQuiPPed With a seNsoR thats coNNected to a

coMPuteRised systeM.

Manned response

WheN the isLaNd shifts, the systeM shifts WheRe

the PoWeR LiftiNG Must take PLace aNd techNiciaNs

Rush iN.

hydrauliC jaCks void

hydRauLic Jacks each caPaBLe of LiftiNG 300 toNes

aRe iNseRted BetWeeN the fLooR aNd the coLuMN iN

QuestioN, theN the huGe suPPoRt is Lifted aNd MetaL

PLates aRe added oNe at a tiMe to Raise the uPPeR

fLooRs Back to LeVeL oNce aGaiN,

WheN this JackiNG uP PRoceduRe is doNe the

BaseMeNt fLooR ReMaiNs at the saMe LeVeL WhiLst

the otheR LeVeLs aRe Raised uP. WaLL WeRe huNG

fRoM the ceiLiNG aNd ac ductiNG aRe BoLted to

the ceiLiNG, staiRcases Get aN eXtRa steP oR tWo

sinking slowing

siNkiNG has sLoWed the 5cM a yeaR coMPaRed to

the 5cM a MoNth duRiNG coNstRuctioN

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earthquakes

iN 1995 a 7.2 eaRth Quake hit JaPaN Just 12 kM

fRoM kaNsai aiRPoRt. the aiRPoRt Was Left iNtact

shoWiNG the adVaNces stRuctuRaL desiGN Which

stood stRoNG.

a City at sea

as the aiRPoRt staNds aLoNe iN the MiddLe of

the oceaN it Needs to Be seLf sufficieNt, the

iNfRastRuctuRe is MoRe Like a city thaN a aiRPoRt.

own power plant

it has its oWN PoWeR PLaNt Which uses

iNciNeRatioN of Waste stReaMs PRoVided By kaNsai

cLeaN ceNtRe, WhiLst RecycLiNG as Much as PossiBLe

CirCulation travel Methods

thousaNds of PassaNGeRscoMe thRouGh this

fLoatiNG MetRoPoLis aNd PLaNNeRs desiGNed a

MyRiad of Mass tRaNsPoRtatioN to BRiNG PeoPLe to

aNd fRoM the aiRPoRt fRoM aLL oVeR WesteRN JaPaN

JaPaNs RaiLWay coMMuteR tRaiNs Make seVeRaL

stoPs foR PeoPLe Who WoRk at the aiRPoRt,

hiGh sPeed feRRys BRiNG iN aiR tRaVeLLeRs fRoM

koBe acRoss the Bay.

traffiC Centres

state of the aRt tRaffic ceNtRe With oVeR 40

ReMote coNtRoL caMeRas Which eNaBLe officeRs to

keeP aN eye oN a MaNaGe eVeRythiNG fRoM tRaffic

JaMs to eMeRGeNce situatioNs

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serviCes

fueL deLiVeRy PiPes With fLeXiBLe JoiNts aLLoW safety

fRoM siNkiNG LaNd aNd eXtReMe WeatheR

baggage

the Most adVaNced BaGGaGe coNtRoL systeMs iN

the WoRLd, 10,000 Piece Pass thRouGh each day

With the MuLti-fLooR desiGN it MeaNs GettiNG

cReatiVe WheN it coMes to haNdLiNG eXcess

Conveyor belts

hiGh tech sPiRaL deLiVeRy systeM coNVeyoR BeLts

soRt cases accoRdiNG to destiNatioN BaGGaGe With

caRe.

organised typhoons

the BuiLdiNG is VeRy WeLL oRGaNised aNd as such

ciRcuLatioN thRouGh aNd aRouNd the aiRPoRt is

WeLL coNsideRed

tyPhooNs Which GeNeRates WiNds uP to 190MPh

BRiNGiNG aLoNG daMaGiNG hiGh tides, seNsatiVe

MoNitoRiNG systeMs Which uPdate eVeRy 30

MiNutes, PRoVide VaRyiNG WiNds iNfoRMatioN at

MuLtiPLe heiGhts foR Jets to fLy oVeR.

glass

WiNdoWs aRe aLL heLd iN PLace With fLeXiBLe

JoiNts

141

OIL RIG TECHNOLOGYoil rigs operate in a harsh environMent and its their ability to do so

whiCh Makes theM an ideal Candidate to investigate

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drill - ship drilling barge

dRiLLiNG BaRGes aRe MostLy used foR shaLLoW dRiLLiNG iN NoN-oceaN WateRs

such as Lakes.

coNsistiNG of a fLoatiNG BaRGe With dRiLLiNG eQuiPMeNt.

tuGBoats toW the PLatfoRM out to the site,

aNchoRs hoLd it iN PLace.

oNLy suitaBLe foR caLM WateRs.

aN oceaN-GoiNG VesseL With a dRiLLiNG PLatfoRM iN the MiddLe.

the dRiLL stRiNG eXteNds doWN to the oceaN fLooR thRouGh a MooN hoLe.

they use dyNaMic PositioNiNG eQuiPMeNt to keeP aLiGNed With the dRiLL site.

this eQuiPMeNt uses sateLLite iNfoRMatioN aNd seNsoRs oN the suB-sea dRiLL-

iNG teMPLate to keeP tRack of the dRiLLiNG LocatioN.

eLectRic MotoRs oN the uNdeRside of the huLL coNstaNtLy MoVe the shiP to

keeP it LiNed uP With the WeLL.

this aPPRoach aLLoWs oiL coMPaNies to Reach dePths of uP to 6,000 feet

(1,829 MeteRs).

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seMi - subMerged jaCk - up

Jack-uPs ReseMBLes a dRiLLiNG BaRGe But coMBiNes stRuctuRaLLy suPPoRtiNG LeGs

oNce this PLatfoRM Reaches the dRiLLiNG site, it caN LoWeR thRee oR fouR MassiVe

LeGs iNto the WateR uNtiL they touch the BottoM.

they Lift the PLatfoRM out of the WateR Which PRoVides a Much MoRe staBLe

eNViRoNMeNt fRoM Which to dRiLL.

the LeGs staBiLiZe the PLatfoRM aGaiNst WiNds aNd Lift it aBoVe PitchiNG WaVes But

the desiGN has its LiMits as deePeR WateRs ReQuiRe iMPRacticaLLy LaRGe LeGs.

seMi suBMeRsiBLe RiG faciLities aRe eLeVated oN stiLts huNdReds of feet aBoVe

PoNtooN Like BaRGes.

afteR ReachiNG the dRiLL site, the cReW fLoods the BaRGes With WateR. the

BaRGes siNk WhiLe the PLatfoRM ReMaiNs eLeVated aBoVe the WateR oN stiLts

esseNtiaLLy siNkiNG the RiG iNto oRdeR to aNchoR it.

to ReLocate the RiG the cReW PuMPs the WateR out causiNG it to fLoat Back

uP to the suRface

it eXPeRieNces MoRe hoRiZoNtaL MotioN aNd a ceRtaiN deGRee of VeRticaL

MotioN, But it aLLoWs oiL coMPaNies to dRiLL at dePths of uP to 7,000 feet

(2,134 MeteRs), WeLL oVeR a MiLe (1.6 kiLoMeteRs) BeNeath the WaVes.

145

phase 1 - the MaChines

146

building prograMthe BuiLdiNGs is a ResPoNse to the cRiticaL issues GeNeRated By the Way Waste is cuRReNtLy BeiNG deaLt With aNd

seeks to ReVoLutioNiZe the Way We PRocess Waste.

WASTE

AUTOMATED SEPARATING MACHINE

PLASTICSBIOMASSMETALS

INSTANT PR0FIT SOLID LIQUID

SOLD SEPARATED

METHANE EXTRACTED

SEPARATED ADDITIVE

BUILDING MATERIALS

sectioN _1.0 shoWs a fLoW chaRt MaPPiNG the PRoceduRes iNVoLVed iN PRocessiNG Waste.

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faCtory biologiCal waste bio-digestion

waste in

sort proCess

sorted waste out

MethaneleaChatesCoMpost

Monitored

sectioN _2.0 shoWs a fLoW chaRt MaPPiNG the coNNectioNs diffeReNt systeMs Need

systeM flow Chart

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delivery spaCe storage spaCe sorting faCility

MoveMent faCilities bio-digestor

13,000 M2 PeR day91,000 M2 PeR Week

the Gates Need to Be aBLe to haNdLe 312,000 toNs PeR houR. these aRe the Loads deLiVeRed By BaRGe daiLy. the systeM Needs to Be Quick to PReVeNt heaVy tRaffic.

the systeM Needs to Be aBLe to haNdLe the Loads BeiNG deLiVeRed daiLy. scaLe of autoMated soRtiNG MachiNe is cRit-icaL. each Waste stReaM is a diffeReNt QuaNtity. the GRaPh RePReseNts a suR-Vey study Which detaiLed the Waste tyPoLoGy, the totaL ReMaiNs the saMe 91,000 M2 PeR Week

this sPecific PRoJect is focused to-WaRds Bio-diGestioN. foR this ReasoN a LaRGe stoRaGe toWeR WiLL Be coN-stRucted to PRocess the BioMass.

the Bio-diGestoR ReQuiRes hiGhLy coMPLicated systeMs to MoNitoR the coNditioNs iNside aNd PRoMote hiGh LeVeLs of MicRoBiaL Life Which iN tuRN BReak doWN the BioMass aNd PRoduce

Monitoring / plant rooMiN oRdeR foR the systeM to WoRk it WiLL Need to Be MoNitoRed By seRVice eNGiNeeR aNd this ReQuiRes haBitaBLe sPaces Which aRe sheLteRed fRoM the coNditioNs oN the factoRy fLooR.

faCtory Monitoring bio-digestionMaNNedsPeciaL suits to Be WoRNoXyGeN/aiReNeRGyheatGeNeRate heatcooLiNGVeNtiLatioNLiGhtiNGuNiNteRRuPted VieWsiNsuLatioNWateRPRoofiNG

spaCial requireMents

spaCial requireMents

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waste in sorted waste out

bio-digestion

faCtory

proCess

Control Monitoring

Methane

leaChatesCoMpost

unMa

nned

aCCe

ss

spaCial planning seCtion

MethaNe is coLLected fRoM the toP of the toWeR as RisiNG Gas. this is theN PuMPed Back to the factoRy fLooR foR soRted Waste out

the uNMaNNed access shaft acts as a deLiVeR Path foR BioLoGicaL Waste WheN eNteRs the toWeR at the toP

the coNtRoL ceNtRe is PositioNed BetWeeN the tWo systeMs to accuRateLy MoNitoR the eXchaNGe of MateRiaLs BetWeeN the tWo aNd haVe eQuaL VieWiNG of Both eNteRiNG aNd eXitiNG feRRys Loaded With caRGo.

the factoRy is Located oN the GRouNd fLooR Which aLLoWs easy access foR aLL BaRGes aNd Reduces the eNeRGy By PRocess-iNG it at oNe LeVeL

the PRocessiNG ceNtRe deaLs With the MateRiaLs ReQuiRed to GRoW the toWeR.its BeeN PositioNed GiVe it diRect access to MateRiaL thRouGh the factoRy fLooR aNd has a diRect Route thRouGh the seRVice shaft PassiNG thRouGh the coNtRoL ceN-tRe aLLoWiNG accuRate MoNitoRiNG of aLL MateRiaLs eXchaNGe

150

Proposition ARC ( AUTOMATED RECYCLING CENTRE) _01 - transporting waste _0.2 - linear systeM

_03 - ColleCt Methane _04 - ColleCt CoM-

Waste is tRaNsPoRted By BaRGe iN coNtaiNeRs to the site aNd is Lifted By a hydRauLic aRM Which aLLoWs BaRGes to dRoP off Loads Without the Need to dock.

the LiNeaR dRoP of aNd coLLectioN stRiP acts as a RuNWay Which sPecific distRicts WouLd Be sched-uLed to dRoP off Waste to a RidGed tiMetaBLe.

dRoP off PoiNt coLLectioN PoiNt

the stRuctuRe aLLoWs easy coLLect of MethaNe Gas thRouGh a seRies of cyLiNdeRs PositioNed oN the Roof of the toWeR.

coMPost accuMuLates at the Base of the stRuctuRe aNd coNtiNues its JouRNey as a RecycLed PRoduct.

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_05 - vertiCal MoveMent

_07 - aerate CoMpost _08 - hydrate CoMposted Material

_06 - separate solid/

the sePaRated Waste is MoVed VeRticaLLy usiNG a sPi-RaL coNVeyoR Which WouLd oN the saMe PRiNciPLes as aRchiMedes scReW.

the stRuctuRe of the toWeR BecoMes the MechaNisM Which Both suPPoRts the Loads eQuaLLy aNd fiLteRs LiQuid toXiNs Which BuiLd uP iN the coMPoseR. the systeM is seLf cLeaNiNG aNd seLf ReVitaLisiNG.

the coMPost is aeRated as tuRNiNG the MateRiaLs is the Best Way to suPPLy the NutRieNts to MicRo - oRGaNisMs thRouGhout the coMPoseR

RaiN WateR acts as a MediuM to Both MiX the oRGaN-ic MateRiaL aNd fiLteRs toXiNs fRoM the coMPosted MateRiaL. the systeM aLLoWs foR RaiNWateR to PeNe-tRate if MoistuRe LeVeLs faLL oR toXiN LeVeL Rise.

Documents

BOOKLET - Waste or Opportunity