Short AbstractsAfrica-EU Symposium on

Renewable Energy Research and Innovation

8 – 10 March 2016 – Tlemcen, Algeria

2

Contents

3Session 1: The Energy-Water-Food Nexus .................................................................6

– A review of the water-energy nexus; Amine Boudghene Stambouli,

University of Sciences and Technology of Oran, Algeria

– The Energy Nexus Group – An Interdisciplinary Research Agenda; Catherina Cader,

Reiner-Lemoine-Institut gGmbH, Germany

– Plant growth tests and the issue of the analysis of PAHs with biochar from gasifier plants;

Benjamin Hupfauf, MCI Management Center Innsbruck, Austria

– Effect of biochar type and rate of application on maize yield indices and water use

efficiency on a Ultisol in Ghana; Edward Yeboah, Council for Scientific and Industrial

Research-Soil Research Institute, Ghana

Session 2: Power Generation I ....................................................................................8– Sizing analysis of linear Fresnel solar thermal power plant in Algeria;

Hani Beltagy, Hydrogen Energy Applications Laboratory, Université de Blida, Algeria

– Thermodynamic Modelling of Thermal Energy Storage Systems; Sameer Hameer,

Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Tanzania

– State-of-the-art of heliostat field layout algorithms and their comparison;

Javier García-Barberena, Innovation and Technological Development Service,

National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER), Spain

– Electrical and Structural Properties of Aluminium Doped Tin Oxide Codoped with

Sulphur for Solar Energy; Valentine Wabwire Muramba, University of Nairobi, Kenya

Session 3: Energy Access and Poverty I ................................................................. 10– Interdisciplinary Approach to Accelerate Energy Access across Africa;

David-Le-Duc Tiaha, International Institute for Science and Sustainable Development (IISSD), France

– Sustainable Energization of Rural Areas of Developing Countries.

A Comprehensive Planning Approach; Jerome Ndam Mungwe, UNESCO Chair

in Energy for Sustainable Development, Italy

– Energy poverty and its spatial differences in Nigeria: reversing the trend;

Yekeen A. Sanusi, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria

– Characterisation Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Demand in Semi-Arid Rural Areas;

Yusto M. Yustas, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania

Session 4: Renewable Energy Scenarios and Potential Assessment I ............... 12– Integrated Infrastructure Development; the Universal Sustainable Habitat Development;

Khaiko Michael Makwela-Wali, Green Globe Architecture Ltd, United Kingdom

– Wind energy potential evaluation at mountain ridges and prospects

of wind turbines for electricity generation in Kousseri and Maroua,

Far North region of Cameroon; Dieudonné Kaoga Kidmo, University of Maroua, Cameroon

– Wind energy resource assessment in Ngaoundere locality; Kazet Ymele Myrin,

University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon

– Application of Geographic Information Systems in Identifying Potential Production Sites

for Jatropha curcas in Ethiopia; Habitamu Taddese, Hawassa University, Ethiopia

4Session 5: Power Generation II ................................................................................ 14

– Development of Microbial Fuel Cells as a Viable Bioenergy Alternative

for Off-Grid Communities in Developing Countries; Moses Mensah,

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana

– Tunisian European cooperation project: PEM fuel cells technology;

Mohamed Barbouche, Research and Technologies Centre of Energy, Tunisia

– Techno-economic Assessment of Solar Hydrogen Production using CPV-Electrolysis

Systems; Rafika Boudries, Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, Algeria

– Corrosion behaviour of some conventional stainless steels in electrolyzing process;

Eman Nasser, Higher Technological Institute, Egypt

Session 6: Energy Access and Poverty II ................................................................ 16– Best renewable energy system design for rural electrification in remote areas in Africa:

Case studies of solar and micro-hydropower systems; Joseph Kenfack,

University of Yaounde I, Cameroon

– Electrification modelling for Nigeria; Paul Bertheau, Reiner-Lemoine-Institut gGmbH, Germany

– Hybrid Energy Storage System Analysis for a Stand Alone Solar Photovoltaic System

in Uganda; Albert Rugumayo, Ndejje University, Uganda

– CSP4Africa: a micro-concentrating solar power plant for micro-grid electricity generation

in Sub-Saharan Africa; Kokouvi Edem N’Tsoukpoe, Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau

et de l'Environnement, Burkina Faso

Session 7: Renewable Energy Scenarios and Potential Assessment II / Economics and Finance I ........................................................................................... 18

– Exploring the Conditions for Renewable Energy transitions:

The Nigerian case; Olufolahan Osunmuyiwa, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands

– Financing Renewable Energy Projects for Sustainable Economic Development in Africa;

Chijioke Oji, Wits Business School, South Africa

– Smart Pricing Implementation/Simulator with ICT Infrastructure; Taha Selim Ustun,

Carnegie Mellon University, Rwanda

– A Comparative Analysis between Future Central Tower Receiver and Parabolic

Trough Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Plants; Sofiane Mihoub, Abou Bakr

Belkaid University, Algeria

Session 8: Power Generation III ............................................................................... 20– Floating-Fixed-Bed-Gasification: From Vision to Reality; Marcel Huber,

MCI Management Center Innsbruck, Austria

– Design of nonlinear synergetic controller for transient stabilization Enhancement of DFIG in

multimachine wind power systems; Jean de Dieu Nguimfack–Ndongmo,

Higher Technical Teacher Training College, Cameroon

– Comparison of the performance of a PWM and a binary weighted load induction

generator controller; Richard Sseruwagi, Makerere University, Uganda

– On the use of wind energy at Tlemcen, northwestern region of Algeria;

Sidi Mohammed Boudia, Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, Algeria

5Session 9: Energy Access and Poverty III ............................................................... 22

– Development of Iron Carbide-Based Fischer–Tropsch Catalyst for the Conversion of Biomass

to Renewable Fuels; Yali Yao, University of South Africa, South Africa

– Trigeneration based on biomass. Specific field case: agricultural residues from

smallholder farms in Ghana; Pol Arranz-Piera, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain

– Design and Manufacturing of a Solar Thermal Energy Based Injera Baking;

Abdulkadir A. Hassen, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Ethiopia

– Experimental investigation of a finned pentaerythritol-based heat storage unit for solar

cooking at 150-200 °C; Lameck NKhonjera, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and

Technology, South Africa

Session 10: Renewable Energy Economics and Finance II .................................. 24– The PSS Quality Framework for Solar Home Systems; Noara Zohra Kebir,

Technical University of Berlin, Germany

– Renewable Energy based Microgrids for Electrifying Sub-Saharan Africa, Economics, Planning

and Comparison with Grid Extension; Taha Selim Ustun, Carnegie Mellon University, Rwanda

– Financial assessment of mini-grids based on renewable energies in the context of

the Ugandan energy market; Veit Raisch, Berlin School of Economics and Law, Germany

– Risk Clustering as a Finance Concept for Rural Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa to attract

international private investors; Esther Prudence Jouégo, Neu-Ulm University

of Applied Sciences, Germany

Session 11: Power Generation IV............................................................................. 26– Thermodynamic stability of ABX heavy elements of TaIrGe, TiIrSb,TaIrSn and ZrIrSb TCOs

using the half-Heusler technique; Miller Elly Shatsala, Masinde Muliro University of Science

and Technology, Kenya

– Modeling Creep Behaviour of Superheater Materials; Getachew Shunki Tibba,

Jimma University, Ethiopia

– Analysis Techniques of Polymeric Encapsulant Materials for Photovoltaic Modules:

Situation and Perspectives; Kamel Agroui, Semiconductors Technology for Energetic Research

Center, Algeria

– Dual Voltage Micro Electrical Grids; Chris Moller, The Open University, United Kingdom

Session 12: Behavioral and Social Issues ............................................................... 28– The Role of Academia in Capacity Building for Sustainable Energy Development: The Case of

Namibia; Al-Mas Sendegeya, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia

– Renewable Energy Systems in Developing Countries - Synergies of interdisciplinary teaching

and cooperation; Johannes Winklmaier, Institute for Renewable and Sustainable Energy

Systems, TU Munich, Germany

– Employment from renewable energy and energy efficiency in Tunisia – new insights, new

results; Ulrike Lehr, Gesellschaft für Wirtschaftliche Strukturforschung mbH, Germany

– Prospects for the uptake of renewable energy technologies in rural Tanzania; Robert Katikiro,

University of Bremen, Germany

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A Review of the Water-Energy NexusAmine Boudghene Stambouli 1, Ait Mimoune Hamiche, Samir Flazi University of Sciences and Technology of Oran; USTO-MB, AlgeriaBP 1505, EL M’Naouer, Oran (31000), AlgeriaTel & Fax: 00 213 41 6271631 stambouli@ssb-foundation.com | aboudghenes@gmail.com

Short AbstractWater and electricity are fundamentally linked. At a basic level electricity generation requires water, and water treatment and transportation uses electricity. Historically, there has been little reason to understand the nature of these links, due largely to the presumption that water was not a threat to energy security, or electricity a threat to water security. This presumption is now being challenged. Industry reforms, increasing demand, and more recently climate change – are bringing into sharp focus the links between water and electricity in unprecedented ways. General awareness of the links between water and electricity is increasing daily, as the ramifications of the links are being felt the world over: Society’s ability to deal with the challenges and uncertainties arising from the links between water and electricity is being hindered by limited understanding of the nature of the links, and seeming lack of policy tools to effectively analyze them. The purpose of this paper therefore is to comprehensively review the links between water and electricity. To present a classification system for identifying links. Using the classifica-tion system, this study further discusses these links by drawing upon examples from literature and follows with a synopsis of the nature of these links. With this background, the study reviews and compares existing water-energy studies in terms of scope, objectives, metho dologies and key findings, discusses major limitations of these studies and identifies important areas that would benefit from more in-depth research.

KeywordsWater-energy nexus, critical review, system dynamics, Algeria

The Energy Nexus Group – An Interdisciplinary Research AgendaCatherina Cader 1, Mariana Daykova 2, Raluca Dumitrescu 2, Setu Pelz 2, Mathias Koepke 21 Reiner-Lemoine-Institut gGmbH, Germany

catherina.cader@rl-institut.de | mes-energynexusgroup@googlegroups.com2 Microenergy International GmbH; Berlin, Germany | mes-energynexusgroup@googlegroups.com

Short Abstract This paper introduces a new, transformative energy research agenda. A group of researchers has developed a novel approach to tackle the particularities of energy access development in the Global South from a nexus perspective. An interdisciplinary team will use a set of common and specific action-oriented methodologies in order to find sustainable, cross-sector solutions to the pressing issues in energy access with a strong focus on Africa and Asia. Investigating a range of themes including technology, finance, agriculture, water, food and policy at decentralized scales, the group draws holistic conclusions from systemic analysis of inherent co-dependencies and causalities. It is argued that next-generation energy access solutions will need to incorporate the relations to other spheres of influence linked to the energy field in order to create an understanding of challenges, working mechanisms and best practices to systematically address the complex issue of energy access for long-term, scalable impact. The research will thus create a unique platform for knowledge exchange between experts with diverse backgrounds and origins. Solutions will be adapted to local and regional circumstances by incorporating information exchange between institutions from different countries and regions (South-South learning) as well as the sensitive inclusion of feedback from researched communities.

Keywords Energy nexus, interdisciplinary research, systems thinking, energy access thinking, energy systems

Session 1: The Energy-Water-Food Nexus

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Session 1: The Energy-Water-Food Nexus

Plant Growth Tests and the Issue of the Analysis of PAHs with Biochar from Gasifier PlantsBenjamin Hupfauf 1, Thomas Hämmerle, Marcel LepuschitzDepartment for Environmental, Process & Energy Engineering; MCI Management Center Innsbruck, Austria 1 benjamin.hupfauf@mci.edu

Short Abstract The biochar from floating fixed-bed gasification processes is not a residue or waste. Because of the characteristics and the degree of purity, the biochar should be classified as a resource. The indicated particularities of this biochar represent the base for the study. The goal is the representation of recovery and application possibility, of the bio-char from floating fixed-bed gasification’s, in the agriculture area. To determine the influence of the biochar, differ-ent plant growth measurements were performed in the laboratory. The measurements were carried out with standard soils and humus rich soils, and thereby vary the percentage of biochar in soils. In addition, the biochar were loaded with nutrients to show a possible storage capacity. Further, potential pollutants (PAHs) in the biochar were discussed, with normalized and in the literature cited methods. First results show that the plant growth increased, by addition of nutrient loaded biochar, by about 60 %. For the PAH analysis, it became apparent that the current methods do not provide comparable results. In summary, it should be noted that the application of biochar on agriculture areas represents a huge potential. However, the analysis of the biochar should be discussed inten-sively, for the use on agriculture areas.

Keywords Biochar, plant growth, analysis, PAHs

Effect of Biochar Type and Rate of Application on Maize Yield Indices and Water Use Efficiency on a Ultisol in GhanaEdward Yeboah 1, Gideon Asamoah 2, Boafo Kofi 3, Akwasi Adutwum Abunyewa 41 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Soil Research Institute;

Academy Post Office, Kwadaso, Kumasi, Ghana | eyeboah5@hotmail.com2 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Soil Research Institute;

Academy Post Office, Kwadaso, Kumasi, Ghana | gasamoah97@yahoo.com3 SNV Ghana | kboafo@snvworld.org4 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology; Kumasi, Ghana | akwasi_abunyewa@yahoo.com

Short AbstractIn an integrated approach to cut down on inorganic fertilizer use by smallholder farmers for agricultural produc-tion through the use of biochar, a split-split plot experiment with three replications was carried to determine the effect of biochar from three different feedstock (corn cob, rice straw and cocoa pod husk) applied at two different rate (2.5 t/ha and 5 t/ha) with three levels of inorganic fertilizer (90-60-60, 45-30-30 and 0-0-0 NPK) on maize growth and yield as well as soil chemical properties. The whole plots were allocated to the biochar types while the sub plot was allocated to the biochar rates. The sub-sub plot went for the fertility levels. The maize seeds were sown at spacing of 80 cm between rows and 40 cm between plants. Three seeds were sown per each stand which was later thinned to two plants two weeks after planting. Urea, Triple superphosphate and Muriate of Potash were used as the sources of NPK respectively. The P and K were applied once two weeks after planting while the N was split applied; one third two weeks after planting and the remaining two thirds six weeks after planting. Soil sam-ples were collected from 0-20 cm depth before planting (one composite sample from the experimental site) and at harvest (from each treatment plot) to evaluate the effect of the different amendments on different soil chemi-cal properties notable N, P, K, CEC, and pH. The quantity of biochar application had pronounced effect on maize grain yields where higher application rates (5 t/ha) showed superior performance to 2.5 t ha-l.

Keywords Biochar, maize grain yield, pyrolysis, ultisol, soil fertility

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Sizing Analysis of Linear Fresnel Solar Thermal Power Plant in AlgeriaHani Beltagy 1, Djaffar Semmar 1, Mihoub Sofiane 2, Noureddine Said 31 Hydrogen Energy Applications Laboratory (LApEH), Mechanical Engineering Department,

Blida University, Algeria2 University of Tlemcen-Algeria-(URMER)3 Renewable Energy Development Center (EPST/CDER), Bouzareah, Algiers, Algeria.

Corresponding author: hani.beltagy@gmail.com

Short AbstractThe aim of this work is to describe the characteristics of a 5MWe Fresnel solar power plant at different areas of Algeria Sahara. These areas have been chosen for comparison by shifting the plant in different locations; namely Hassi R'mel, Tamanrasset, Beni-Abbes, and El Oued. Theoretical modeling allowed us to specify mirror optimum number. Mirror optimum number was estimated at 40 mirrors. Furthermore, a sizing calculation was made while drafting a specification in order to define the different characteristics of the plant, namely insolation, “Field” sys-tem and “Receiver” system. The calculation results have been depicted for each site. Indeed, the calculation of performances varies from a site to another with DNImoy values respectively: 788.4W/m2, 698.7W/m2, 671.7W/m2, 636W/m2, for Tamanrasset, Beni-Abbes, El Oued and Hassi R’mel sites. The surface of solar field, block number, absorber surface and power loss have been also evaluated for the same sites.

KeywordsSolar energy, solar concentrator mirrors, Fresnel solar thermal power plants, performance, thermoelectric plants.

Thermodynamic Modelling of Thermal Energy Storage SystemsSameer Hameer 1, Johannes L Van Niekerk 21 Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Tanzania | sameer.hameer@nm-aist.ac.tz2 Stellenbosch University, South Africa | wikus@sun.ac.za

Short Abstract This paper presents a novel methodology for comparing thermal energy storage to electrochemical, chemical, and mechanical energy storage technologies. The underlying physics of this model is hinged on the development of a round trip efficiency formulation for these systems. The charging and discharging processes of compressed air energy storage, flywheel energy storage, fuel cells, and batteries are well understood and defined from a physics standpoint in the context of comparing these systems. However, the challenge lays in comparing the charging process of these systems with the charging process of thermal energy storage systems for concentrating solar power plants (CSP). The round trip efficiency and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) are the metrics used for com-parison purposes. The thermal energy storage system is specifically compared to vanadium redox, sodium sulphur, and compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems from a large scale storage perspective of 100’s of MWh. The rationale behind this analysis was to develop an electrical storage efficiency for molten salt thermal energy stor-age systems, such that it can be compared to battery energy storage technologies in the context of comparing CSP with thermal energy storage to solar photovoltaic with battery storage from a utility scale perspective. The results from the modelling using Andasol 3 CSP plant as a case study yield a storage efficiency of 86% and LCOE of $216/MWh. It is anticipated that the results of this modelling will facilitate the future generation of a thermal energy storage roadmap.

Keywords Efficiency; thermal; energy; storage; exergy

Session 2: Power Generation I

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Session 2: Power Generation I

State-of-the-Art of Heliostat Field Layout Algorithms and their ComparisonJavier García-Barberena 1, Amaia Mutuberria Larrayoz 2, Marcelino Sánchez 3, Ana Bernardos 4 1-4 Innovation and Technological Development Service, Department of Solar Thermal Energy,

National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER), Spain 1 jgbarberena@cener.com2 amutuberria@cener.com3 msanchez@cener.com 4 abernardos@cener.com

Short AbstractIn this paper a complete review of the most relevant algorithms for the generation of heliostat field layouts is presented. For each of the reviewed algorithms, a description of the layout generation approach, all the input parameters required and the main formulation is provided. The algorithms have been compared for different scenarios covering a range of tower heights, heliostat sizes and acceptance angles (defining to what extent the resulting field is North configuration or surrounding). A robust methodology has been developed, which ensures a fair comparison of the algorithms by analyzing the performance of optimized solar fields according to each layout generation method. For this, all the input parameters of each layout generation algorithm are optimized for each scenario prior to compare the solar field performances. The main conclusion of the present study is that all the analyzed layout generation algorithms lead to similar solar field efficiencies when compared for the considered scenarios once they are optimized. Further work is required to check if the algorithms also show similar efficiencies, or to what extent they are similar, when wider scenarios are considered (larger solar field powers, locations, etc.).

KeywordsConcentrating Solar Power, Heliostat field, Layout algorithms, Solar Field Optimization

Electrical and Structural Properties of Aluminium Doped Tin Oxide Codoped With Sulphur for Solar EnergyValentine Wabwire Muramba 1, Maxwell Mageto 21 University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya | valentinewabwire@gmail.com2 Masinde Muliro University, P.O. Box, 190-50100, Kakamega | jmmageto@gmail.com

Short AbstractThin films of Tin Oxide co-doped with 28 atomic percentage of Aluminium (i.e. 28at%Al) and varied concentration of Sulphur were prepared on 1mm thick, 1cm by 1cm glass substrates at 470°C by Spray Pyrolysis technique. Films were produced from 2.0 M solution of hydrous Tin Chloride dissolved in Ethanol with 38% Hydrochloric acid con-centration, 1.5 M aqueous Aluminium chloride and 2.0M aqueous solution of Ammonium Sulphide. Effects of Sulphur concentration on structural and electrical properties of transparent Tin Oxide thin films were investigated in the atomic percentage of Sulphur content range zero to fifty (i.e 0at%S -50at%S) with a fixed 28at%Al content. Polycrystalline structures without any second phases were observed with preferential orientations along the (110), (101), (200) and (211) planes. Average grain size as determined from the (110) peaks lay in the range 19.2nm-47.7 nm. The minimum resistivity was found to be 1.15x10-3Ωcm for the Tin Oxide films doped with 32at%Al content and 9.59x10-3Ωcm for Tin Oxide films co-doped with 28at%Al and 20at%S content. It was observed that Aluminium doping lowered the grain size significantly but doping to optimum level of 32at%Al content increases electrical conductivity of tin oxide. When Sulphur was intentionally introduced in the crystal structure of 28at%Al doped Tin Oxide, the electrical conductivity decreased appreciably and the grain size increased.

KeywordsSpray Pyrolysis, Transparent conductors, Co-doping

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Interdisciplinary Approach to Accelerate Energy Access across AfricaDavid-Le-Duc Tiaha 1,2, Bertrand Tchanche 11 International Institute for Science and Sustainable Development (IISSD), Amiens, France bf.tchanche@gmail.com2 Centre d'Etudes des Mouvements Sociaux, EHESS, Château-Thierry, France | davidleduc.tiaha.dom@gmail.com

Short AbstractEnergy resources are not equally distributed across Africa. Disparities at national and regional levels are observed. The energy situation in Africa is characterized by three observations concerning energy issues: 1) energy mismatch between the supply deficit and the surplus of untapped potential of renewable energies (wind, hydro, biomass, solar, geothermal); 2) the polluting effects of fossil fuels (oil, coal and gas) on the environ-ment and the impact on global warming; 3) energy was not taken into account as a fundamental and essential factor for sustainable development in political economy. The paper suggests an interdisciplinary methodology to put in conjunction engineering and social sciences in order to overcome barriers to energy access and con-tribute to sustainable development of communities through appropriate methods that facilitate the accelera-tion the adoption of renewable energy technologies. This methodology is also organizational as it is about how to foster collaboration between different actors and institutions (governments, organizations, communities) in order to implement a regulatory, legal and administrative framework that encourage investors and make relia-ble and affordable the renewable energy technologies.

KeywordsInterdisciplinary methodology, renewable energy, institutions, capability, communities

Sustainable Energization of Rural Areas of Developing Countries. A Comprehensive Planning ApproachJerome Ndam Mungwe 1,2, Leonardo Bandiera1, Dario Accorona 1 , Emanuela Colombo 11 UNESCO Chair in Energy for Sustainable Development, Department of Energy Politecnico di Milano

Via Lambruschini 4 Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy | Mungwe.jerome@polimi.it | leonardo.bandiera@mail.polimi.it | dario.accorona@mail.polimi.it | e.colombo@polimi.it

2 School of Engineering, Catholic University of Cameroon, Bamenda, P.O. Box 782, Cameroon jerome.mungwe@catuc.org

Short Abstract Access to modern energy services in developing countries is a double-faced challenge - 1.3billion people do not have access to electricity; 2.6 billion rely on traditional biomass for cooking. Solutions to the challenge can neither be through isolated promotion of individual technologies nor fuel switching alone, rather through a system approach to a more comprehensive energy access strategy, with the supply of alternative energy carriers and plan-ning of complete energy solutions via a more comprehensive and sustainable Rural Energy Planning (REP) i.e. Sustainable Energization (SE). Current approaches to SE do not account for the current energy balance and have not been applied in the context of rural areas. The study aimed to propose and consolidate a more comprehensive REP methodology for the SE of rural areas of developing countries. A seven step approach is proposed and consoli-dated through a field case study. The approach takes into account the current energy balance and integrate energy drivers in the energy services supply network. Application of the approach in a rural context shows a great improve-ment in the quantity, quality, and variety of accessible and affordable energy services for a more sustainable devel-opment of rural areas.

Keywords Biomass, modern energy access, energy planning, sustainability, sustainable energization

Session 3: Energy Access & Poverty I

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Session 3: Energy Access & Poverty I

Energy Poverty and its Spatial Differences in Nigeria: Reversing the TrendProf Yekeen A. Sanusi, Dr Gideon S. OwoyeleDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Federal University of Technology, Minna. Nigeria. Corresponding author: grandspace@yahoo.com

Short Abstract The high level of poverty in the developing countries also manifest in energy. Nigeria is faced with extreme lack in energy access in the midst of abundant natural resources. While attention is on hydro sources for electricity, energy supply is grossly inadequate and other sources of renewable energy attract very little attention. This study is focus-ing on energy poverty at the level of the households. The objectives of the work are to examine households’ access to energy, to measure energy poverty, to demonstrate spatial disparity in energy poverty and to establish relation-ship between energy poverty and factors of energy access. The study used published data by National Bureau of Statistics (2012 and 2013) on access to energy and variables that may influence consumption of energy. Data relate to electricity connection by households and the use of clean energy for cooking by the households. Energy poverty is determined by the application of Energy Development Index (EDI) and regression analysis to establish statistical relationship between energy poverty and the possible determining factors. The results show high energy poverty for the country and disparity in energy wellbeing between the northern and southern states; the former are energy poorer.

KeywordsEnergy, poverty, development, index, renewable

Characterisation Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Demand in Semi-Arid Rural AreasYusto M. Yustas 1, Valerian C.K. Silayo 2, Siza D. Tumbo 31-3 Sokoine University of Agriculture, Dept. of Agric. Engineering and Land Planning, Tanzania 1 omukama.mugisha@gmail.com2 vcksilayo@yahoo.com3 siza.tumbo@gmail.com

Short Abstract Most rural communities in Tanzania lack clean, reliable, sustainable, and affordable energy for cooking, lighting and electrifying their homes; also have scarce fertile soil. These challenges are predominant in the semi-arid rural areas. Semi-arid rural area faces the environmental degradation which includes rapid deforestation due to agricultural land expansions, charcoal making and firewood collection. Biogas plants of continuous low solid (<15% of organic dry matter) anaerobic digestion design were introduced in the area to address the unsustain-able energy supply issue. Most of the plants installed were not sustainable and reliable. One of specific objec-tives toward establishing the strategy address the above challenges is explained in this paper. The objective is question is characterisation of the renewable energy sources (solar, wind, biomass i.e. cowdung and forage) and energy demand in the household in the case study site. The outputs of this part of the research are relationship of nutrients in the forage and the cowdung in a given weather condition as well as energy demand in the households wind and solar profiles.

KeywordsCharacterisation, renewable, energy, anaerobic-digestion, semi-arid

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Integrated Infrastructure Development; the Universal Sustainable Habitat Development (USHD)Khaiko Michael Makwela-WaliGreen Globe Architecture Ltd, United Kingdom | khaiko@ggaltd.co.uk

Short AbstractThe Universal Sustainable Habitat Development (USHD) is an integrated infrastructure development platform. The propositions of the USHD are to integrate services and sustainable Renewable Energy technologies into energy-efficient and sufficient infrastructures such as domestic dwellings, schools, health centres, municipal and commer-cial centres for resource poor communities in Sub-Saharan Africa. The anticipated outcomes, outputs and impact of the USHD align with the African Union’s Science Technology and Innovation Strategy for Africa 2024 (STISA - 2024). The abstract of the Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Africa document published by the HARVARD Kennedy School reflect topics and themes that the USHD looks to address. The USHD conceptualisation assists with the implementation of many key priorities of STISA - 2024 as well as those contained in the Sustainable Develop-ment Goals (SDGs). The USHD expands the environmental connotation of the term “Sustainability” to include both an economic and a social response. This is through providing the communities with financial benefits from innova-tive research and the outcomes through the implementation of Renewable Energy technologies thereof. Wide-spread stakeholder consultation has transformed the USHD from a ‘verbal model’ into a series of implementable collaborations that emphasise the need to incorporate not just the equipment into resilient buildings but also long-term monitoring, evaluation, research, training and education programmes. Emergent properties of the stake-holder consultation process have included an emphasis on demonstrating the whole life-cycle benefits of an inte-grated approach. Succinctly stated; A Visible Value Chain for sustainable economic development.

KeywordsAfrica, sustainability, renewable energy, integration

Wind Energy Potential Evaluation at Mountain Ridges and Prospects of Wind Turbines for Electricity Generation in Kousseri and Maroua, Far North Region of CameroonDieudonné Kaoga Kidmo 1, Kodji Deli 2, Danwe Raidandi 3 1-3 Higher Institute of the Sahel, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 46 Maroua, Cameroon1 kidmokaoga@gmail.com2 kdeli2006@yahoo.fr 3 rdanwe@gmail.com

Short Abstract In Cameroon, wind resource has been inadequately investigated and the only few scientific studies achieved until now, classify wind energy potential as marginal and unsuitable for generating electricity. Wind power potential of highlands and mountain ridges are simply overlooked. This paper explores mountain ridges in Kousseri and Maroua, Far North region of Cameroon for assessing the performance of wind turbines for electric-ity generation. A 28-year (1985-2013) wind speed data at 10m height was statistically analysed using Weibull Distribution, a widely accepted means to probabilistically describe wind speed. Weibull k and C parameters were determined using the moment method. The power law relationship was considered to approximate Weibull parameters and wind profiles at mountain ridges in the range of 100-300 meters above ground level. The results showed that the selected mountain ridges fall under Class 3 or greater of the international system of wind classification and are deemed suitable for most wind turbine applications. A performance assessment of six commercial wind turbines (50 to 2000 kW) for electricity generation was also achieved through the com-putation of their respective capacity factors, power and energy outputs. Among all turbines examined, YDF-1500-87 wind turbine proved to be the most attractive option for installation.

Session 4: Renewable Energy Scenarios and Potential Assessment I

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Session 4: Renewable Energy Scenarios and Potential Assessment I

Keywords Wind energy, wind turbine, electricity, energy output, capacity factor

Wind Energy Resource Assessment in Ngaoundere localityKazet Ymele Myrin 1,2, Mouangue Ruben 21 Department of GEEA, PAI, ENSAI, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon | myrin_kz@yahoo.fr2 Department of Energetic Engineering, UIT, UN, PO Box 455 Ngaoundere, Cameroon

r_mouangue@yahoo.fr / ruben.mouangue@univ-ndere.cm

Short AbstractIn order to secure future energy and protect the environment, it is important to consider the possibilities of wind as a resource for electrical energy supply. To carry out this study in Cameroon, we chose the locality of Ngaoundere, in which an assessment of the wind energy resource was made. Different kinds of data have been collected about climate, topography, and roughness. The Observed Wind Climate of the meteorological station has been made. The Wind Atlas and the resource grid have been calculated, especially in the high wind resource areas. Annual Energy Production of one hypothetical wind farm consisting of four 1.65 MW turbines was estimated using the Weibull-representative wind data for a total of 12 months. The computed Annual Energy Production is 5,985 MWh and according to the International Energy Agency statistics, this production could enable the non-rejection of 1200 tons of CO2 per year. It was found that there is a good correlation between our calculation results and those of WAsP. As part of the collaboration we have with DynFluid (ParisTech) and IAT (CNAM), it is planned to continue this work on aspects related to the turbulence modelling and the evaluation of wind turbine performances.

KeywordsWeibull distribution, resource assessment, wind energy, wind potential, Ngaoundere

Application of Geographic Information Systems in Identifying Potential Production Sites for Jatropha Curcas in EthiopiaHabitamu Taddese Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University; Ethiopia | habtu1976@gmail.com

Short AbstractJatropha curcas L. is an oil bearing plant growing in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This plant is considered to be a potential solution to the prevailing shortage of fossil fuel and the resulting environmental impacts. Cognizant of this, governments have given considerable attention to develop biodiesel technologies including that of jatropha. Development of biodiesel technologies has also attracted interest of national and international investors in Ethiopia. However, there is gap of information with regard to how much potential land can be allocated for biodiesel development. In this study, Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to identify those potential areas. Data of relevant environment factors influencing growth and productivity of jatropha such as climate, soils and topography were used for this purpose. Generally, results of overlay analysis for biophysical suitability evaluation using GIS identified 15.07%, 76.57% and 8.36% of the land as highly suit-able, moderately suitable and not suitable for jatropha production, respectively. The main limiting factors iden-tified in this study are elevation, climate and water logging condition of soils. In general, adequate land is avail-able for jatropha investment in the country. However, allocation of land for jatropha production should be done based on the identified suitable sites.

KeywordsGIS, land suitability, Jatropha curcas L., spatial modelling, Ethiopia.

14

Development of Microbial Fuel Cells as a Viable Bioenergy Alternative for Off-Grid Communities in Developing CountriesMoses Mensah 1, Felix Offei 2, Kwame Tabicca 3, Anders Thygesen 41-3 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University

of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana1 mymens14@gmx.com4 Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) DK 2800,

Kgs, Lynbgy, Denmark

Short Abstract The unsustainable nature of fossil fuels as a limited resource and its negative impact on global climate through pollution has created the need for research into renewable alternatives to our current energy sources. In parts of Africa, Asia and Latin America there is an enormous need for renewable, sustainable and affordable energy resources. Recent research and development in energy generation has pointed to a new alternative to decentral-ized electricity production using microbial fuel cells (MFC), which can provide continuous supply of electricity in the range of up to 100 watts, while at the same time purifying wastewater from the rural households and schools. The use of MFCs will minimize greatly the dependence on fossil fuels and would enhance wastewater treatment in rural communities. The construction of an MFC will require materials which are available locally. This will enhance its economic feasibility, sustainability and maintenance. The performance of the MFC is dependent on several factors which includes electrode performance. This research will look at the available electrode materials in developing communities. Focus will be placed on their characteristics, fabrication, possible modification, per-formance evaluation upon final application in microbial fuel cells.

KeywordsMicrobial fuel cell, power output, electrodes, biofilm, membrane

Tunisian European Cooperation Project: PEM fuel Cells TechnologyM. Barbouche 1, G. Hafedh 2, K. Charradi 3, Z. Ahmed 4, R. Chtourou 5, J.C Olivier 6, G. Squadrito 71-5 Photovoltaic Laboratory, Research and Technologies Centre of Energy CRTEn, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia1 barbouchemed@gmail.com4 zakarya_ahmed78@yahoo.f 5 radhouane.chtourou@inrst.rnrt.tn6 Polytechnic Nantes, University of Nantes Rue C. Pauc, 44 000 -Nantes, France jean-christophe.olivier@univ-nantes.fr7 Advanced Technologies for Energy Institute CNR-ITAE, Via Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse, 5, 98126 Messina, Italy gaetano.squadrito@itae.cnr.it

Short AbstractThis paper presents the research aspect of Tunisian Renewable Energy Research Activity (ETRERA). ETRERA is a cooperation project between research and technologies centre of energy (CRTEn) from Tunisia and European part-ners. European partners are CNR-ITAE and Innovabic from Italy and polytechnic Nantes from France. This paper focuses on design and realization of a fuel cell test station. The test station is used to advance CRTEn's activities in new and emerging renewable energy technologies. Fuel cell test station was developed and built in order to eval-

Session 5: Power Generation II

15

Session 5: Power Generation II

uate and qualify fuel cells. A circuit of gas was developed and a rack was designed and built. Security measures were taking into account when designing the test station to ensure maximum safety. Development of an interface in the LABVIEW environment was performed to enable mass flow controller and the solenoid valves control. It also allows the PC-based data acquisition (fuel cell power, temperature, pressure…). After design and realization of the test station, preliminary measurements were made with a PEMFC (25 cm2) to identify the effect of relative humid-ity, temperature back pressure and in the end the effect of cell number and structure on the fuel cells power.

KeywordsTest station, Fuel cell, Instrumentation, EU - Tunisian cooperation

Techno-economic Assessment of Solar Hydrogen Production using CPV-Electrolysis SystemsRafika BoudriesCentre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, Route de l’Observatoire, Bouzareah, 16340, Algiers, Algeria | R_zaka@yahoo.fr

Short AbstractInterest in developing hydrogen production technologies stems from the need to develop another source of energy that is sustainable and environmentally friendly. This interest results also from the growth in energy needs for hydrogen as a feedstock. Water electrolysis is the sustainable and clean hydrogen production process that has reached the industrial maturity. In the present work, a techno-economic assessment of hydrogen production using an electrolyzer-CPV system in Algeria is carried out. The effect of solar concentration and of the PV technologies on the cost and on the potential of hydrogen production is investigated. By comparison to common PV-electrolysis method, the CPV-electrolysis technique offers a much higher production rate at much more competitive cost.

KeywordsHydrogen production potential, hydrogen production cost, CPV, Solar concentration, water Electrolysis

Corrosion Behaviour of some Conventional Stainless Steels in Electrolyzing ProcessEman Nasser 1, Amal Nasser 21-2 Mechanical Engineering Department, Higher Technological Institute, Egypt1 Eman.nasser@hti.edu.eg2 Amal.nasser@hti.edu.eg

Short AbstractIn this study, attempts were made to increase the amount of hydrogen generated from the water electrolysis pro-cess. Some conventional stainless steels (316; 409; 410 and 430) were used as anode and cathode in electrolysis process. Further study was carried out on the weight loss in all the investigated metals. It is observed that the electrode material can effect on the amount of hydrogen generate by electrolyzing process and metal composition of the stainless steels effects on the rate of corrosion.

KeywordsCorrosion, behaviour, stainless steels, electrolyzing

16

Best Renewable Energy System Design for Rural Electrification in Remote Areas in Africa: Case Studies of Solar and Micro-Hydropower Systems

Joseph Kenfack 1, Olivier Videme Bossou 21 University of Yaounde I, Polytechnic, Cameroon | joskenfack@yahoo.fr2 University of Maroua, Cameroon | obossou@gmail.com

Short AbstractAfrica has a great renewable energy potential. Rural areas are suffering from poor energy access. Appropriate energy plant development will help remote areas to address the issue of electricity access. The current develop-ment of some micro-renewable energy plants is of poor quality and maintenance, sometimes resulting in failures. Identifying issues from lessons learned will contribute to determining the appropriate sizing, technology and tools to correctly develop micro renewable energy plants.

KeywordsRenewable energy development, solar power, hydropower, Africa, remote areas

Electrification Modelling for NigeriaPaul Bertheau, Catherina Cader, Philipp BlechingerOff-grid research group, Reiner Lemoine Institute, Berlin, Germany | paul.bertheau@rl-institut.de

Short Abstract Reliable access to electricity still remains a challenge in many regions of Nigeria. For achieving a rapid electricity access for large geographic regions alternative electrification pathways apart from grid connection need to be taken into account. Therefore, sophisticated planning tools to determine techno-economic optimized electrifica-tion pathways are necessary. Here an approach for such a tool is presented and combines GIS and energy system simulation tools. The approach is based on the identification of consumer clusters, determination of status of electrification and assignment of a suitable electricity supply option. Three options are taken into account: Grid extension, PV-hybrid mini-grids and solar-home systems (SHS). Within this study we have identified 47,489 con-sumer clusters for entire Nigeria and found that 46% of the people living in these clusters are currently not sup-plied with electricity. A connection of all customers within a 20 km zone around the existing grid would have the largest impact with delivering electricity to 57.1 million people. Outside this grid zone a population of 12.8 million is most suitably supplied by PV-hybrid mini-grids and 2.8 million by SHS. Therefore, a PV capacity in a range of 671 to 1,790 MW for mini-grids and 84 MW for SHS would be required.

KeywordsNigeria, electrification planning, spatial analysis, PV-hybrid mini-grid, solar-home systems

Session 6: Energy Access and Poverty II

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Session 6: Energy Access and Poverty II

Hybrid Energy Storage System Analysis for a Stand Alone Solar Photovoltaic System in UgandaAlbert Rugumayo 1, Geoffrey Moses Acut 2, Richard Okou 3 1 Dean, Faculty of Engineering, Ndejje University, P.O. Box 7088 Kampala, Uganda | airugumayo@gmail.com 2 Assistant Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering, Uganda Martyrs University, Kabale,

P.O Box 884, Kabale, Uganda | geoffacut@yahoo.com3 Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, Makerere University,

P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda | richoko@gmail.com

Short Abstract Uganda’s rural Households (HH) are poorly electrified. Over 95% of rural population do not have access to grid electricity with the rest relying on car batteries, kerosene and biomass for heating and lighting. This exposes them to fire, indoor pollution and other hazards. One other alternative used in rural areas is Solar Home System (SHS), Due to high initial cost and skills constraints in handling solar systems in the village; the uptake of SHS has been relatively low. For the case study, 20HH energy requirements were established and the survey result shows that, a typical HH has an average energy consumption of 168.45 Wh per day. The result shows that a hybrid storage SHS increases the battery output power, leading to 13% average increase in battery time of operation experimentally and the simulation resulted in a 10% increase in battery output power during peak hours. Thus, a battery can last for 9 years with a state of charge between 60% to 100%, and the ultra-capacitor 18 years for peak hours only. The life cycle cost was found to be USD1.12/kWh and USD1.01/kWh for battery alone and hybrid system respectively.

KeywordsBattery, Photovoltaic, Ultra-capacitor, Hybrid, Life –cycle

CSP4Africa: a Micro-Concentrating Solar Power Plant for Micro-Grid Electricity Generation in Sub-Saharan AfricaKokouvi Edem N’TsoukpoeLaboratoire Energie Solaire et Economie d'Energie (LESEE), Département Génie Electrique, Energétique et Industriel, Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (2iE), 01 BP 594 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso | edem.ntsoukpoe@2ie-edu.org

Short AbstractConcentrating solar power technology is one of the emerging sustainable technologies for electricity generation. The currently installed plants worldwide have capacities in the order of hundreds of megawatts and are not suit-able to small communities’ electrification, where the required capacities are in the range of a few hundred or even a few tens of kilowatts. This paper presents the design of a micro solar concentrated power plant of 10 kWe. The project is specifically designed to address energy access challenges in rural areas in the Sub-Saharan region. A solar tower technology has been retained in order to use locally available mirrors for the heliostats and gain experience with small scale solar tower technology. The solar field is made of 20 small scale multifaceted heliostats. The power block is an ORC generating 8.6 kWe, coupled with a dry cooler. Jatropha curcas vegetable oil, a locally pro-duced oil, is seen to be promising as heat transfer fluid and storage medium. The solar receiver is a coil heat exchanger, made of galvanised steel. These design simplifications have made possible the manufacturing of most of the components by local mankind using locally available materials and, therefore, have increased local contents.

KeywordsCSP4Africa; solar concentrating power; micro-grids; rural electrification; multifaceted heliostat

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Exploring the Conditions for Renewable Energy transitions: the Nigerian case Olufolahan Osunmuyiwa 1, Agni Kalfagianni 2 1 Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands

olufolahan.osunmuyiwa@vu.nl2 Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Netherlands | a.kalfagianni.uu.nl

Short AbstractSeveral attempts have been made to understand transformative processes at the national level as a response towards calls for global environmental sustainability. This paper studies such processes in the form of energy tran-sitions in Nigeria. Despite Nigeria’s large dependence on accrued revenues from fossil production, this study iden-tifies a small but steady increase in the adoption of renewable energy. However, such adoption is unequally distrib-uted among the thirty six Nigerian states, with some qualifying as pioneers and others as laggards. This paper analyses the reasons behind this variation. Using the multi-level socio-technical perspective (MLP), we examine variation along three hypotheses: the niche hypothesis, the regime hypothesis and the landscape hypothesis. We argue that while all three hypotheses are able to explain variation in the adoption of renewable energy technolo-gies in Nigeria to some extent, the regime hypothesis plays a more prominent role. The regime hypothesis exposes the structural dependence of states on oil and its influence on the adoption of renewable energy technologies. Using a fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis, the paper tests the conditions that drive or impede renewable energy transition in Nigeria. Accordingly, we discuss pathways crucial in the development of renewable energy in Nigeria and beyond.

Keywordsfuzzy set, transitions, renewable energy, multi-level socio-technical theory, Nigeria

Financing Renewable Energy Projects for Sustainable Economic Development in AfricaChijioke Oji 1, Diran Soumonni 2, Kalu Ojah 3Wits Business School, Johannesburg, South Africa1 0703970M@students.wits.ac.za2 diran.soumonni@wits.ac.za3 kalu.ojah@wits.ac.za

Short AbstractAccess to clean and stable energy is a major challenge for many developing African countries. This research aims to investigate ways financing renewable energy projects (REPs) can help to address this problem. We find that a mix of traditional and innovative methods is used by financiers as they see fit in specific financing situations. In addition, we find that with firms, the perception of risk associated the loss of capital in financing REPs located in semi-urban and rural areas is higher than projects located in urban areas. Furthermore, we find that in investing capital, safety of the environment or impacting local economic development is not a priority for larger firms financing REPs. We also find that with smaller localised firms, in financing REPs, the capacity of renewable energy technologies (RETs) to contribute to sustainable economic development is an important consideration. We pro-pose the promotion of the two-hand renewable energy service company (ESCO) model as efficient financial vehi-cles to increase sustainable economic development through the production of reliable and stable electricity in semi-urban and rural communities.

KeywordsEconomic growth, development, renewable energy, finance, Africa

Smart Pricing Implementation/

Session 7: Renewable Energy Scenarios and Potential Assessment II / Economics and Finance I

19

Session 7: Renewable Energy Scenarios and Potential Assessment II / Economics and Finance I

Simulator with ICT InfrastructureTaha Selim Ustun 1, Jesse Thornburg 2, Bruce Krogh 31-3 School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Rwanda 1 ustun@cmu.edu

Short AbstractDue to a lack of established designs, technologies and business models in developing countries, a generic platform for planning and evaluating alternative microgrid technologies and operating strategies is needed for the develop-ing world context. While microgrid testbeds have proved effective in many developed countries – notably within the European Union (EU) and North America – such a tool has not been developed specifically to address the variety of system architectures and technologies that arise in developing world settings. A testbed for developing world microgrids, now being planned in Rwanda, is discussed. Both AC and DC microgrids, as well as Solar Home Systems (SHS), will be represented in the testbed scenarios. The testbed will also calculate the economic effects of tiered pricing, where consumers agree to different electricity prices in the same microgrid based on the level of service they choose. The pricing simulator models smart meters that provide precision monitoring and control to estimate economic returns from microgrids with different pricing schemes and different power clipping levels that correspond to the levels of service offered to consumers.

KeywordsMicrogrids, Power Demand, Power system simulation, Smart grids

A Comparative Analysis between Future Central Tower Receiver and Parabolic Trough Concentrating Solar Thermal Power PlantsS. Mihoub 1, A. Chermitti 2, H. Beltagy 31 BLIDA university-ALGERIA- and PhD student at Research Unit of Materials and Renewable Energies (URMER),

AbouBakr Belkaid University, Algeria | mihoubsofiane@yahoo.fr2 Research Unit of Materials and Renewable Energies (URMER), AbouBakr Belkaid University, Algeria3 Hydrogen Energy Applications Laboratory (LApEH), Mechanical Engineering Department, Blida University,

Algeria

Short AbstractThis paper gives a methodology and procedure to determine the optimum design and configuration of future Central Tower Receiver Solar Thermal Power Plant (CTRSTPP) and Parabolic Trough Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Plant (PTCSTPP) with minimum levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and maximum annual electricity output using different models, technologies and scenarios in Hassi R’mel City, in the south of Algeria for given capacity (50MW). In this methodology, the size of the solar field, the Fossil Fill Fraction (FFF) of hybridization and Full Load Hours (FLH) of storage are optimized for the minimum LCOE using the concept of solar multiple (ratio of actual aperture area to the reference aperture area needed to get rated power output at maximum solar input). Moreo-ver, different models and scenarios have been developed and presented. LCOE presents a basis of comparison for weighted average costs of different power generation technologies. This concept allows the accurate comparison of different technologies, but sometimes it became insufficient, so it’s necessary to use other factors like efficiency of plant, economic analysis (total installed cost). With all this background, and making use of SAM (System Advisor Model) tool, the Central Tower Receiver Solar Thermal Power Plant with 48% of hybridization and 8 hours of stor-age is the best attractive and optimum plant design. It was also found that due to financial analysis, LCOE of optimum plant can decreases by 13%, which confirms the interest of tax deductions.

KeywordsCentral Tower Receiver Solar Thermal Power Plant (CTRSTPP); Parabolic Trough Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Plant (PTCSTPP); levelized cost of electricity; feasibility, SAM software

20

Floating-Fixed-Bed-Gasification: From Vision to RealityHuber Marcel 1, Huemer Markus 2, Hofmann Angela 3, Dumfort Sabrina 41-4 MCI: Department of Environmental, Process & Energy Engineering, Austria1 marcel.huber@mci.edu

Short Abstract Over the last years numerous gasification concepts have been developed to a reliable and commercially available state leading to a strongly increasing numbers of built plants. One of these describes a novel way in the thermo-chemical gasification of biomass by using a unique reactor design and operational mode – the floating-fixed-bed reactor. Comparable gasification concepts show bottlenecks in downsizing possibilities and tar concentration in product gas from fluidized bed gasification as well as problems of channeling or compaction of the fuel bed in fixed bed systems. The idea of the floating-fixed-bed reactor is to build up a stable bulk bed which is floating on the inlet gas stream from pyrolysis and oxidation. Without uncontrolled particle movement in the reduction reac-tor and only relative movement of the fuel particles within bed, relatively long gas residence could be provided, resulting in low tar concentrations in the product gas. The technology has proven the potential to bypass issues of comparable gasification technologies and verified the advantages of the innovative reactor design in several long term test runs on pilot plants and also commercial plants. Beside continuous improvement of the gasification technology the current development aims for upscale possibilities and increased fuel flexibility.

Keywordsgasification, decentralized, energy, biomass, floating-fixed-bed

Design of Nonlinear Synergetic Controller for Transient Stabilization Enhancement of DFIG in Multimachine Wind Power SystemsJean de Dieu Nguimfack–Ndongmo 1, Godpromesse Kenne 21 Laboratoire d'Automatique et d'Informatique Appliquée (LAIA), Dpt de Génie Electrique, UDs.

Department of Electrical and Power Engineering, Higher Technical Teacher Training College (HTTTC) Bambili University of Bamenda PO Box. 39 Bamenda, Cameroon | nguimfackjdedieu@yahoo.fr

2 Laboratoire d'Automatique et d'Informatique Appliquée (LAIA), Département de Génie Electrique, Université de Dschang, B.P. 134 Bandjoun, Cameroun | gokenne@yahoo.com, godpromesse.kenne@univ-dschang.org

Short AbstractIn this communication, an adaptive nonlinear controller for transient stability and voltage regulation of wind power systems based Double Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) in multimachine configuration is presented using a standard third order dynamical model of the DFIG. Finite time estimators for the unmeasurable time derivative signals (quadrature component of the DFIG stator current, mechanical input, unknown direct axis transient open circuit time constant) and an online computing technique for the operating points (e.g. power angle and its refer-ence) are presented . The main feature of the proposed control scheme is its robustness with respect to large per-turbations, parameter variations and change of the operating point. In addition, this controller represents a decou-pled nonlinear control strategy for individual machines which depends on local variables. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed control scheme and its robustness properties.

KeywordsHigh order sliding mode differentiator, time varying parameter estimation, transient stabilization, voltage regula-tion, synergetic control

Session 8: Power Generation III

21

Session 8: Power Generation III

Comparison of the Performance of a PWM and a Binary Weighted Load Induction Generator ControllerRichard Sseruwagi 1, Richard Okou 2 , Ambrose Bukenya 3, George Sendifa 4, Joanita Kyomugabe 5, Peter Kyeyune 61 Renewable Energy Business Incubator, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

arise1000@gmail.com/richard@energyincubator.org2 Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda | richoko@gmail.com3-6 Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

Short Abstract In Uganda 15% of the population has access to electricity. Pico and micro hydro system could be used to imple-ment offgrid energy generating systems to increase energy access. One of the key challenges is the high cost of electromechanical systems. The renewable energy business incubator in partnership with the Dept. of Electrical and Computer engineering pioneering three projects to develop electrical load controllers and induction genera-tor controllers for pico and micro power schemes. The controllers developed would be used to reduce the costs of implementing offgrid power schemes. Load controllers are used to control power quality without the need of a costly mechanical governor. Furthermore the use of induction generators which are cheap and readily available on the Ugandan market also would reduce the cost of developing micro and pico hydro power scheme. The control-lers developed were able to control the voltage and frequency of the alternators and motor generators.

KeywordsPWM IGC, Binary IGC, induction generator load controller, Renewable Energy Business Incubator

On the Use of Wind Energy at Tlemcen, Northwestern Region of AlgeriaSidi Mohammed Boudia 1, Sidahmed Berrached 2, Sihem Bouri 21 Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, 16340, Algiers, Algeria | m.boudia@cder.dz2 Département de génie électrique et électronique, University of Tlemcen B. P. 230 Tlemcen, Algeria

Short AbstractIn this work, ten years of wind data from Tlemcen meteorological station have been used to evaluate the potential of wind power on the North occidental region of Algeria. The WAsP program was used to analyse the wind Atlas of the region to find the windiest areas. The study proposes to assess the wind energy produced and the cost per kWh of electricity produced by a wind farm of 18.4MW rated capacity installed at the south highlights of Tlemcen. Despite a relatively low potential assessed at the meteorological station, it was possible to delineate a favourable zone for the use of wind energy. Thus, the investigation at 10m above ground at the location of the airport shows a low wind potential, with an annual mean wind speed equal to 2.42m/s and an annual mean power density of 49W/m2 while, the temporal study gives the hottest months as the windiest. However, the layout optimization at the most windy area of 23 wind turbines of 800 kW rated capacity, gives and annual energy production equal to 25.3GWh. Concerning the economic analysis, it gives 0.0587$ per kWh produced for a wind farm expected to cost about 30 million $ for 20 years.

Keywordswind resources, Weibull parameters, economic study, Tlemcen, Algeria.

22

Development of Iron Carbide-Based Fischer–Tropsch Catalyst for the Conversion of Biomass to Renewable FuelsYali Yao 1, Xinying Liu 2, Diane Hildebrandt 3, David Glasser 4, Yongde Xia 51-4 Material and Process Synthesis (MaPS), University of South Africa, South Africa 1 Yaoy@unisa.ac.za2 Liux@unisa.ac.za 3 Hilded@unisa.ac.za4 Glassd@unisa.ac.za5 College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom

y.xia@exeter.ac.uk

Short Abstract The joint research, conducted by University of South Africa in SA and University of Exeter in UK, focuses on the design and development of an iron carbide-based catalyst for a new simplified process which converts biomass to renewable fuels via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). The new catalyst used for the simplified FT process, which is different from those for mega size Coal/Gas to Liquid processes, will be a high thermally stable catalyst with high specific surface area, reduced by syngas and regenerated in-situ, have a high activity under low pressure and good stability at a high CO2 content of the reacting gas, et al. The University of Exeter will focus on the designing, prepar-ing and characterization of the catalyst, while the University of South Africa will investigate the catalyst activity and selectivity, catalyst reduction procedures, stability performances and catalyst regeneration procedures. The experimental data will be analysed, simulated and compared with other typical catalysts. The optimal operating conditions will be obtained for biomass to liquid via FT (BTL-FT). The results could make a valuable contribution to the design of BTL-FT process and make it more economical and commercial applicable.

KeywordsRenewable fuel, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, Iron carbide, Biomass, Hydrocarbon

Trigeneration Based on Biomass. Specific Field Case: Agricultural Residues from Smallholder Farms in GhanaPol Arranz-Piera 1,2, Oriol Bellot 2, Oriol Gavaldà 2, Francis Kemausuor 31 Thermodynamics Department, UPC Technical University of Catalonia, Spain | pol.arranz.piera@upc.edu2 H3O Aigua i Energia, Catalonia, Spain3 Department of Agricultural Engineering, KNUST Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology,

Ghana

Short AbstractMany remote rural communities are ignored in rural electrification plans due to their remoteness or their relatively low demand potential. Many of those communities are rural agricultural villages that cultivate crops whose resi-due is a potential solid biomass fuel for power generation using appropriate technologies. This research proposes a feasibility study of trigeneration (heat, power and cold) from small farm typologies with enough clustered crop residue in selected communities in Ghana, as well as definition (prototype level) of the best generation technology. A sample of 11 districts in Ghana were surveyed in order to assess the levels of agricultural waste produced in small holder farms and their possible clustering for supplying these wastes to a hypothetical centralized trigen-eration plant. The results obtained in terms of plant capacity, biomass waste yields, energy output flows and eco-nomic analysis indicate good prospects for the deployment of trigeneration as a solution in rural agricultural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa.

KeywordsPower generation, Trigeneration, biomass, agricultural waste

Session 9: Energy Access and Poverty III

23

Session 9: Energy Access and Poverty III

Design and Manufacturing of a Solar Thermal Energy Based Injera BakingAbdulkadir A. Hassen 1, Sisay Bekele 2, Nigussie Mulugeta 31 Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia,

abdiaman2004@yahoo.com2 Mechanical Engineering Department, Arbaminch Institute of Technology, Arbaminch, Ethiopia,

sisbekele@gmail.com3 Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia,

nigussie850@yahoo.com

Short AbstractThe current practice of injera (Spongy flat bread) baking is based on energy sources from fire wood and fossil fuels which are both the main causes for environmental pollution and depletion of forest resources. The aim of this research is to propose a new type of baking system where solar thermal energy is used as a power source. The possibility of baking on a glass stove is investigated using solar thermal energy transferred to the kitchen by means of a circulating heat transfer fluid heated by a parabolic trough. The existing three stone biomass based clay baking pan results in a loss of a major portion of the supplied energy and the baking process also results in significant amount of indoor pollution. The proposed system is solely based on a renewable energy source such as solar energy. For experimental simplicity and investigation of the possibility of baking on glass stove, the heat transfer fluid is heated by simulating the solar energy with electricity and the heated fluid is allowed to circulate through the closed loop of the baking pan assembly. Surface temperatures of 191oC were achieved on top of the glass baking pan and injera baking experiments were performed successfully.

KeywordsSolar energy, Injera baking, glass pan

Experimental Investigation of a Finned Pentaerythritol-Based Heat Storage Unit for Solar Cooking at 150-200 °CLameck NKhonjera 1, Geoffrey John 2, Cecil King’ondu 3, Matthias Kuboth 4, Andreas König-Haagen 5, Dieter Brüggemann 61-3 Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Tanzania1 nkhonjeral@nm-aist.ac.tz2 geofrey.john@nm-aist.ac.tz3 kithongo.king'ondu@nm-aist.ac.tz4-6 Universität Bayreuth, Zentrum für Energietechnik (ZET), Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik

und Transportprozesse (LTTT), Bayreuth, Germany | LTTT@uni-bayreuth.de

Short AbstractThis paper summarizes the study on the charging and discharging performance of a finned thermal energy stor-age unit (TESu) that utilizes pentaerythritol (PE) as phase change material (PCM). It is known that fins enhance the heat transfer within TESu, however, the optimum percentage volume ratio (% v/v) of PCM/fin for a particular application is usually unknown. Therefore, this work compares the charging and discharging performances of three rectangular TESu prototypes with 95,92, and 85 % v/v of PE/fin respectively. The comparison was in terms of (1) time taken, tc, to reach a full state of charge, (2) time taken, tr150, for PE temperature to drop to 150 oC, (3) charging and discharging energy efficiencies, and (4) the cooking power. It is found that up to 85 % v/v PE/fins ratio, charging energy efficiency and tc decreased with the PE/fins ratio. On the contrary, the tr150, discharge energy efficiency and cooking power show optimum values when the PE/fins ratio is within 85-95 % v/v. There-fore, the output of the current work is instrumental in the development of finned TESu for cooking applications. As such, this generated knowledge forms a baseline to our on-going research on the optimization of finned TESu.

Keywordspentaerythritol, solar cooking, thermal energy storage

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The PSS Quality Framework for Solar Home SystemsNoara Zohra Kebir, Daniel Philipp Microenergy Systems, Institute for Energy Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Germany Noara.Kebir@Berlin.de

Short AbstractIn September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly has adopted the Sustainable Development Goals; they include SDG 7 targeting universal access to electricity by 2030. Reaching this goal implies huge investments in generation capacity, grid extension and densification. However, according to the International Energy Agency, 70% of the world’s population currently excluded from electricity services can only be reached by decentralized solu-tions such as Mini Grids and Solar Home Systems. The use of SHS has shown mixed results in the last decades. In literature, ‘quality’ is often mentioned as an important success factor. However, the term ‘quality’ often stays unde-fined and actors have various understandings of it. The authors propose a framework for the definition of the quality of SHS with a focus on the economic benefit of the end-users and based on the concept of Product-Service Systems. In this approach, products and services are equal parameters. This enables a flexible design and dimen-sioning of SHS without implying a fixed set of international quality standards. Doing so, the PSS Quality Frame-work for SHS avoids creating preferences for products from industrialized nations and underlines the enormous potential of local manufacturing and services in developing countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa.

KeywordsSolar Home Systems, Quality standards, Product-Service Systems, Local Manufacturing, MRO

Renewable Energy based Microgrids for Electrifying Sub-Saharan Africa, Economics, Planning and Comparison with Grid ExtensionTaha Selim UstunAssistant Professor, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University in Rwanda Kigali, Rwanda | ustun@cmu.edu

Short Abstract Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has a rich mix of renewable energy sources (RES) most of which are massively underuti-lized in as far as electricity generation from them is concerned. This is largely attributed to the lack of adequate energy infrastructure and the high capital costs associated with the deployment of requisite infrastructure. In order to attract and justify investment in this area, there is need for sustainable demand with sufficient loads able to sink the generated power. However, this is not the case in the region as many communities are poor especially those in rural and remote areas. Since most of the RES in the region are wide spread and populations live in clus-ters, generation is expected to be distributed. This justifies the use of standalone autonomous systems, i.e.--Microgrids that are able to connect to the grid. Microgrids offer an affordable and reliable solution as com-pared to grid extension to areas that are located far from the grid. They also allow for renewable and fossil fuel incorporation thus serving as the most ideal solution to addressing SSA’s source, storage and load interconnection needs. In this research, the effects of lack of electricity in SSA are investigated, the challenges facing rural electrifi-cation in the region are analyzed and some feasible technical and financial solutions needed to avert these short-comings are proposed.

KeywordsRenewable Energy, Microgrids, Utility Grid, Rural Electrification, Sub-Saharan Africa

Session 10: Renewable Energy Economics and Finance II

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Session 10: Renewable Energy Economics and Finance II

Financial Assessment of Mini-Grids based on Renewable Energies in the Context of the Ugandan Energy MarketVeit Raisch The Berlin School of Economics and Law, German Cooperation (GIZ GmbH), Germany | veitraisch@web.de

Short AbstractThe Pro Mini-Grid programme of GIZ is planning to provide a tender mechanism to the private sector that addresses the biggest gap in Uganda’s electrification agenda, this being the very poor rate of progress in rural electrification, from an estimated 1% in 2001 to around 7% in 2013 (REA Rural Electrification Strategy and Plan 2013-2022, 2013). Within this context the objective of the thesis is to financially assess mini-grids based on renew-able energies in the Ugandan energy market. The thesis further elaborates an eligible subsidy mechanism and elaborates the level of subsidies required by an executed case study, in order to attract the private sector. The sci-entific instrument corresponds to a dynamic investment calculation by means of a simulation tool based on Excel and to be optimized for the financial modeling applied. The scientific research question considers in which amount the capital expenditures need to be lowered by subsidies to achieve project feasibility and competiveness to the national on-grid tariffs, while at the same time achieving an attractive internal rate of return for the bidding Ser-vice Provider the tender model.

KeywordsMini-grids, renewable energy, financial assessment, subsidy strategies, private sector

Risk Clustering as a Finance Concept for Rural Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa to Attract International Private InvestorsElmarSteurer 1, Davi Manetsgruber 2, Esther Prudence Jouégo 31 Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften Neu-Ulm, University of Applied Sciences,

Wileystraße 1, D-89231 Neu-Ulm, Germany | elmar.steurer@hs-neu-ulm.de2 Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften Neu-Ulm,University of Applied Sciences,

Wileystraße 1, D-89231 Neu-Ulm | david.manetsgruber@hs-neu-ulm.de3 Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften Neu-Ulm,University of Applied Sciences,

Wileystraße 1, D-89231 Neu-Ulm | esther-prudence.jouego@hs-neu-ulm.de

Short Abstract Projects in the energy sector in Africa especially in rural areas suffer from a number of barriers. Especially the com-bination of political instability and an unclear regulatory environment hampers the private sector to realize the investment possibilities in the field of decentralized rural electrification. For debt based projects these barriers result in prohibitive high interest rates – roughly 15% while the return on investment does not exceed the low 10% area. This situation leads to strong reluctance from other private investors to provide equity. A possibility to encour-age private investors to step in could be a separation of the different risks with the aim to allocate these risks to the different investor groups they are really looking for. A structured approach is proposed that private interna-tional investors are exposed only to the general political risk and international development banks cover mainly the regulatory risk. Finally the new invented financial instrument convertible grant by the electriFI initiative of the EU provides an equity substitute to take over the commercial risk. With this additional financial support decentral-ized electrification projects in Africa have the possibility to be implemented and the potential to be scaled up.

Keywordsrenewable energy projects, investment, risk clustering, senior debt, mezzanine debt, equity substitution

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Thermodynamic stability of ABX heavy elements of TaIrGe, TiIrSb,TaIrSn and ZrIrSb TCOs using the half-Heusler techniqueMiller Elly Shatsala 1, Maxwell Mageto 2, George Manyali 31-3 Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya1 millershatsala@gmail.com2 jmmageto@yahoo.com3 geargemanyali@gmail.com

Short AbstractElectronic structure theory has recently been used to propose hypothetical compounds in presumed crystal struc-tures, seeking new useful functional materials. The functional material include transparent conductors needed in solar cell, light emitting diode and flat panel displays, which represent the usually contraindicated functionalities of optical transparency (generally associated with electrical insulators) coexisting with electrical conductivity (generally associated with optically opaque metals). Usually, such hypothetical materials are meta-stable, albeit with technologically useful long lifetimes. Yet, in other cases, suggested hypothetical compounds may be signifi-cantly higher in energy than their lowest-energy crystal structures or competing phases, making their synthesis and eventual device-stability questionable. Shifting focus from the previous searches of doping wide-gap metal oxides turns our focus to the newly predicted never before synthesized ABX compounds of TiIrSb, TaIrSn and ZrIrSb called “filled tetrahedral structure” (sometimes called Half-Heusler). We give interest to these compounds because; there stability range is located around X-richest and A/B-poor growth. The ‘inverse design’ principles are applied to ABX compounds. Then the effect of atomic number in their materials to tolerance of sufficient level of off-stoichi-ometry in creation of free holes that avoid the ionic sites and thus lead to high hole mobility at room temperature.

KeywordsABX compounds, half-Heusler technique, Thermodynamic stability, Transparent hole conductors

Modeling Creep Behaviour of Superheater MaterialsGetachew Shunki Tibba 1, Holm Altenbach 21 Assistant Professor, Jimma University, Ethiopia | gshunki@gmail.com2 Professor, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Germany | Holm.altenbach@ovgu.de

Short AbstractThe energy demand of human being is ever increasing. The naturally available energy resources are in a crude form and need conversion to one which is readily available for end use. Power plants play the role of this conversion process. Majority of the conversion processes, which are transient and non-uniform in nature, take place at severe conditions of very high temperature and high pressure. Hence, the power plant components involved in the energy conversion process always exhibit inelastic behaviours like creep and fatigue. The design of such components should consider these inelastic behaviours. This work focuses on modelling the creep of superheater materials found in steam power plants. Specifically, creep constitutive model of T91 steel which is commonly used for con-structing superheater tubes is developed and a material user subroutine has been written to incorporate the model in commercial software ABAQUS. Validity of the modelhas been checked against results with experimental databefore implementing the model in to ABAQUS.

KeywordsCreep, Constitutive model, Material User Subroutine, T91 Steel, ABAQUS

Session 11: Power Generation IV

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Session 11: Power Generation IV

Analysis Techniques of Polymeric Encapsulant Materials for Photovoltaic Modules: Situation and PerspectivesKamel Agroui 1, Matthias Jaunich 2, Amar Hadj Arab 31 Semiconductors Technology for Energetic Research Center (CRTSE), BP 140 Alger - 7 Merveilles Algiers, Algeria

kagroui@yahoo.fr2 BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany | matthias.jaunich@bam.de3 Renewable Energy Development Centre (Algiers, Algeria) | hadjarab@cder.dz

Short AbstractThe properties of the encapsulant are critical to the long-term performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules under the influence of sunlight including UV, elevated temperature, humidity and diffusion of oxygen. Encapsulation process represents about 40% of the whole PV module cost. The introduction of new non-EVA encapsulant mate-rial type “Low-Cost, High-Performance” should provide a solution to outdoor yellowing degradation problems. The emerging encapsulant materials exhibit a good compatibility with emerging PV solar cells for long term durability. This new generation of encapsulant materials has the advantage to improve the PV module performances and long term durability for specific climate like desert regions. This scientific contribution presents an overview of the different encapsulant materials currently on the market, the general requirements of the emerging encapsulant materials and characterizations techniques for degradation, diagnostic and reliability lifetime estimation in the framework of Algerian renewable energy strategy.

KeywordsSolar cells, PV module; Polymer encapsulant; Encapsulation process; Analysis techniques

Dual Voltage Micro Electrical GridsC. Moller1, B. Tchanche2

1 The Open University, Cambridge, UK | chris.moller@open.ac.uk2 International Institute for Science and Sustainable Development, Amiens, France | bf.tchanche@gmail.com

Short Abstract Most developing countries are facing energy shortage and this impacts the social and economic development. Reliable electrical networks are absolutely necessary for energy supply. Unfortunately, the energy access has become a major problem in developing countries. And, when electricity is available, in large cities for instance, the grid is not reliable, and power cuts, power interruptions and electricity rationing are frequent, causing social ten-sions. The paper focuses on a solution for lighting during electricity rationing. Use of a dual-voltage LED lamp can be an alternative solution to expensive kerosene and candles. A dual-voltage LED lamp can give the same light output at 240 VAC, 20 VAC or 24VDC. Here is proposed a design of a small electrical grid encompassing dual voltage lamps and energy storage. This solution can be implemented in single family homes and in renewable energy mini-grids, and as well as in whole cities. Successful trials have been carried at the Open University in Cambridge, UK and results presented in this paper.

Keywordsenergy access, poor electrical network, energy efficiency, variable voltage, developing countries

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The Role of Academia in Capacity Building for Sustainable Energy Development: The Case of NamibiaAl-Mas Sendegeya 1, Zivayi Chiguvare 21-2 Namibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia1 asendegeya@gmail.com2 zchiguvare@nust.na

Short Abstract Education contributes to both short-term and long-term institutional building and supports human resource development. Both formal and informal education systems contribute to the development and dissemination of any technology. To ensure long term sustainability and continuity of any sectorial development, professional, technical training and research at tertiary level (technical institutions, colleges and universities) should be given high priority. This paper proposes Capacity Building through education as a strategy towards Sustainable Energy Development. This approach allows the building of abilities, relationships and values that enable institutions, groups and individuals to improve the development, utilisation and performance of energy systems in an effi-cient and environmentally benign manner. Results from a project implemented by the Polytechnic of Namibia in partnership with National University of Lesotho, Botswana University and Hochschule Darmstadt - University of Applied Sciences (Germany) are presented. The findings show that capacity building in the energy sector is still needed in the three partner countries. The proposed approaches to address the problem include: develop-ment of academic programmes and an energy repository. Though academic institutions are at the centre of capacity building in sustainable energy development, the success will depend on consorted and collaborative effort by all key stakeholders.

KeywordsCapacity building, challenges, education, priorities, sustainable energy

Renewable Energy Systems in Developing Countries – Synergies of Interdisciplinary Teaching and CooperationJohannes Winklmaier 1, Stephan Baur 21-2 Institute for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems, TU Munich, Germany1 Johannes.Winklmaier@tum.de2 Stephan.Baur@tum.de

Short Abstract One of the main research topics of the Institute for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems at TU Munich (TUM) is the design of sustainable energy solutions for developing countries. In this regard, the institute has real-ized several off-grid projects in developing countries, particularly in Zimbabwe, since 2010. Based on the gathered scientific expertise and on-site project experience, the research on renewable energy systems (RES) in developing countries entered a new phase in summer 2015. The process started by creating the teaching concept “Renewable Energy Systems in Developing Countries” at TUM. It consists of an interdisciplinary lecture series, a hands-on lab course, a case-study project, and the possibility of conducting on-site master theses for students who have suc-cessfully taken part in the first courses. The teaching concept can be easily transferred to other universities with-out special adjustments or additional expenses. Its interdisciplinary character enables the students to perform a holistic evaluation of RES. In addition to its academic value, it also stimulates cooperation with institutions from other fields and countries, which results in solutions that are well-fitted to their local context. The final goal is to push the breakthrough for RES in developing countries.

KeywordsInterdisciplinary, teaching concept, international cooperation

Session 12: Behavioral and Social Issues

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Employment from Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Tunisia – new Insights, new ResultsUlrike Lehr 1, Anke Mönnig 2, Rafik Missaoui 3, Sami Marrouki 4, Ghazi Ben Salem 51-2 Gesellschaft für Wirtschaftliche Strukturforschung mbH, Osnabrück, Germany | lehr@gws-os.com3-5 Alcor Consultant on Sustainable Development, Tunis, Tunisia3 r.missaoui@alcor.tn

Short AbstractThe MENA region is facing economic and social challenges such as creating job opportunities especially for the youth. It also exhibits vast potential for renewable energy and energy efficiency (RE&EE) and tapping this poten-tial can create economic benefits and jobs. This paper analyses the economic impacts of RE&EE support for Tunisia. In Tunisian, RE&EE legislation is in force since 2009 with the Tunisian Solar Plan (PST). For the economic impact analysis of the PST, a team of German and Tunisian researchers developed an economic model (Lehr et al. 2012), based on Tunisian statistical data and in sync with the methodology suggested by international agencies such as IRENA or IEA-RETD. The approach is based on Input-Output-Analysis, which allows for an analysis of impacts in different sectors e.g. machinery, metal industry etc. The paper will present the methodology and give an outlook on new results from an ongoing update.

KeywordsRenewable Energy, MENA, Employment

Prospects for the Uptake of Renewable Energy Technologies in Rural Tanzania Robert Katikiro 1,2

1 Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park (MBREMP)), Tanzania | rkatikiro@yahoo.co.nz2 Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany

katikiro@uni-bremen.de

Short Abstract Despite concerted efforts to encourage the use of renewable energy technologies (RET) such as solar home, their widespread adoption in many rural areas is yet to take place especially in Africa. There is already a considerable body of research on the factors influencing people to adopt and apply RET. However, such work has tended to focus on populations in developed world using rational models of decision-making based on information, regulations and economics in quantitative methods. This study employed a qualitative approach in exploring community per-ceptions, awareness and attitudes towards new technologies to examine how they have impacted adoption and diffusion of RET in six randomly selected villages in Mtwara district, southern Tanzania. Information was collected through focus group discussions and participant observations. A vast majority of study participants were unfamil-iar with the various types of RET and their associated impacts. Most participants in focus group discussions per-ceived RET similar to other development interventions set to raise their living standard but failed to yield expected outcome. Early understanding of perceptions and attitudes of communities towards new technologies is neces-sary to facilitate communities in rural areas accept and transit to the use of RET.

KeywordsRenewable energy technologies, diffusion, perceptions, attitude, qualitative approach

Session 12: Behavioral and Social Issues

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Published by:European Union Energy Initiative – Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF).

c/o Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5 65760 Eschborn Germany

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Place and date of publication:Eschborn, February 2016

Design: creative republic, Frankfurt/Main

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Photos: © creative republic, shutterstock

The Partnership Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF) is an instrument of the EU Energy Initiative (EUEI). It is currently funded by Austria, the European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. EUEI PDF is responsible for the implementation of the Africa-EU Renewable Energy Cooperation Programme (RECP).

The RECP is a programme of the Africa-EU Energy Partnership (AEEP)

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The RECP is a programme of the Africa-EU Energy Partnership (AEEP), a partnership between:

www.africa-eu-renewables.org recp@euei-pdf.org