Book of Abstracts ECAART10

Athens, Greece September 13-17, 2010

Book of Abstracts

Edited by M. Kokkoris and P. Misaelides

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2 Book of Abstracts Committees International Scientific Advisory Board H.H. Andersen, Denmark K. Bethge, Germany F. Ditroi, Hungary J.-C. Dran, France L.J. van Ijzendoorn, The Netherlands J. Keinonen, Finland H. Klein, Germany W. Kutschera, Austria P.A. Mandò, Italy P. Misaelides, Greece M.A. Respaldiza, Spain B. Sealy, U.K. D. Strivay, Belgium M. Suter, Switzerland Local Committees Organizing Team P. Misaelides (Aristotle Univ., Thessaloniki) – Chairman M. Kokkoris (Nat. Technical Univ., Athens) - Deputy chairman A. Godelitsas (Nat. & Kapodistrian Univ., Athens) A. Karydas (NCSR Demokritos, Athens) A. Lagoyannis (NCSR Demokritos, Athens) F. Noli (Aristotle Univ. Thessaloniki)

Scientific Advisory Committee X. Aslanoglou (Univ. of Ioannina, Ioannina) A. Clouvas (Aristotle Univ., Thessaloniki) S. Harissopulos (NCSR Demokritos, Athens) N. Kallithrakas (Techn. Univ. of Crete, Chania) A. Karabarbounis (Nat. & Kapodistrian Univ., Athens) E. Paloura (Aristotle Univ. Thessaloniki) R. Vlastou (Nat. Technical Univ., Athens) T. Zouros (Univ. of Crete, Herakleion)

10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 3

Exhibitors

High Voltage Engineering Europa B.V.

National Electrostatics Corporation

Support of Public and Industrial Research using Ion beam Technology

Sponsors The Organizers would like thankfully acknowledge the support of

- the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki - the Municipality of Glyfada - High Voltage Engineering Europa B.V. - the International Atomic Energy Agency - the Mesytec G.m.b.H. - the N.C.S.R. Demokritos - the National Electrostatics Corporation - the National Technical University of Athens - the Oxford Microbeams Ltd

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Social Program

Monday, September 13 (7 – ca. 9 pm)

Welcome Reception

A welcome reception with drinks and light snacks will be organized in the garden of the conference venue after the end of the poster session. Tuesday, September 14 (5:30 – ca. 10 pm)

Athens City Tour

Afternoon guided sightseeing tour, through some of the famous sites of ancient and modern Athens. The tour will end with a pleasant walk around the well-known areas of Acropolis and Plaka. Wednesday, September 15 (0:30 – 10 pm)

Half day Tour Mycenae and Nafplio

We will visit MYCENAE, home to the kingdom of legendary Agamemnon, leading figure in the Trojan war. In the second millennium BC Mycenae was one of the major centers of Greek civilization, a military stronghold which dominated much of southern Greece. NAFPLIO, with its venetian fortress of PALAMIDI, is a seaport town in Peloponnese that has expanded up the hillsides near the north end of the Argolic Gulf. The town was the first capital of modern Greece, from 1829 to 1834. PALAMIDI is a military fortress nestled on the crest of a high hill. The fortress was built by the Venetians during their second occupation of the area (1686-1715). Finally, we will observe the fortified islet of BOURTZI . The castle of Bourtzi is located in the middle of the harbour of Nafplio. The Venetians completed its fortification in 1473 to protect the city from pirates and invaders from the sea. The Greeks regained it from the Turks on June 18, 1822, from where they assisted in the siege of Nafplio. Until 1865 it served as a fortress. Now, it is mainly a tourist attraction hosting occasionally parts of the Summer Music Festival. Light lunch (boxes) will be offered during the trip and a traditional small feast with ouzo and 'mezedes' (light snacks) will be held in Nafplio. Thursday, September 16

Conference dinner (optional)

The conference dinner will be held at 8 pm at the 'Blue Water' resort, not far from the conference venue. Details about the social program will be provided during the conference.


Companions' Program

The companions can participate in all activities of the ECAART10 Social Program and additionally to:

1. Morning guided tour in the brand new ‘Acropolis Museum’ (ride to Athens centre by tram). The participants will also have the chance to see the National Garden, the Parliament, the National Academy and the main University building. Shopping and free time for a coffee in Ermou st., near Syntagma Square (Tuesday, September 14).

2. Morning guided tour in ‘Benakis Museum’ (ride to Athens centre by tram), followed by a funicular railway ride to the top of Lycabettus hill for coffee and a breathtaking view of the whole city. Shopping in Kolonaki area, near Syntagma square (Thursday, September 16).

6 Book of Abstracts


Scientific Program

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CONFERENCE PROGRAM

12.09.10 13.09.10 14.09.10 15.09.10 16.09.10 17.09.10 8:00 – 9:00

REGISTRATION

9:00 – 9:20 WELCOME REMARKS

9:00 – 9:45 M. Altarelli

9:00 – 9:30 Ph. Moretto

9:00 – 9:45 M. Lindroos

9:00 – 9:30 M. Suter

9:20 – 9:40 S. Harissopulos

9:45 – 10:15 B. Beckhoff

9:30 – 9:50 K. Yamamoto

9:45 – 10:15 O. Meusel

9:30 – 9:50 P. Steier

9:40 -10:10 S. Leray

10:15 – 10:35 A. Karydas

9:50 – 10:10 U. Weinrich

10:15 – 10:45 N. Colonna

9:50 – 10:10 K. von Reden

10:10 – 10:40 D. Abriola

10:35 – 10:55 T. Dupuis

10:10 – 10:30 S. Hanna

10:45 – 11:15 COFFEE BREAK

10:10 – 10:30 M. Fedi


10:55 – 11:00 Announcements


11:15 – 11:45 I. Bogdanovic-Radovic

10:30 – 10:50 E. Chanizo

11:10 – 11:40 A. Gurbich


11:00 – 11:30 U. Wahl

11:45 – 12:05 C. Jeynes


11:40 – 12:00 A. Lagoyannis

11:30 – 12:00 L. Beck

11:30 – 11:50 J. Matsuo

12:05 – 12:25 J. Vacik

11:20 – 11:40 F. Marzaioli

12:00 -12:30 M. Mayer

12:00 – 12:20 G. Chêne

11:50 – 12:10 A.-C. Wera

12:25 – 12:45 A. Climent-Font

11:40 – 12:00 V. Palonen

12:30 – 13:00 V. Vlachoudis

12:20 – 12:40 F. P. Romano

12:30 – ca. 22:00 EXCURSION TO MYCENAE AND NAFPLION

12:45 – 13:05 D. Ila

12:00 – 12:20 M. Quarta

17:00 –21:00 Registration

13:00 – 14:30 LUNCH BREAK

12:40 – 13:00 M. Rodrigues


12:20 – 12:40 M. Klein

14:30 – 15:00 R. Webb


14:30 – 15:00 W. Assmann

12:40 – 13:00 K. Bethge Final remarks - Summary – End of ECAART10

15:00 – 15:20 R. Hippler

14:30 – 15:00 M. Chiari

15:00 – 15:20 S. Pellegrino

15:20 – 15:40 T. Kobayashi

15:00 – 15:20 M. A. Rizzuto

15:20 – 15:50 W. Kleeven

15:40 - 16:10 COFFEE BREAK

15:20 – 15:40 B. Nsouli

15:50 – 16:10 R. von Hahn

16:10 – 16:30 P. Grande

15 :40 – 17:10 COFFEE BREAK AND Poster Session II (PII-x)


16:30 – 16:50 M. Laitinen

17:15 – 22:00 EVENING DRIVE TO ATHENS CITY CENTRE

16:40 – 17:10 T. Zhang

16:50 – 17:10 C. Solis

17:10 – 17:30 Sh. Akhmadaliev

17:30 – 19:00 Poster Session I (PI-x)

17:30 – 17:50 A. M. Müller

19:00 – 21:00 WELCOME RECEPTION

20:00 CONFERENCE DINNER (optional)

10 Book of Abstracts


Invited and Contributed Oral Presentations


10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 13 Monday, 13.9.2010 (IBA, fundamentals, computing)

SESSION 1 – Chair: P. Misaelides

9:00 – 9:20 WELCOME REMARKS

9:20 – 9:40 S. Harissopulos

The LIBRA project

9:40 – 10:10

INVITED

S. Leray

Key issues and perspectives in nuclear physics applications

10:10 – 10:40

INVITED

D. Abriola

Development of a reference database for ion beam analysis at the IAEA and future perspectives

SESSION 2 – Chair: M. Kokkoris

11:10 – 11:40

INVITED

A.F. Gurbich

Evaluation of the cross-sections for nuclear reaction analysis

11:40 – 12:00 A. Lagoyannis

Recent EBS and NRA measurements at the tandem accelerator facility of NCSR “Demokritos”

12:00 - 12:30

INVITED

M. Mayer

Computer simulation of ion beam analysis: Possibilities and limitations

12:30 – 13:00

INVITED

V. Vlachoudis

Applications of FLUKA Monte Carlo code for nuclear and accelerator physics


SESSION 4 – Chair: F. Ditroi

16:10 – 16:30 P. Grande

Characterization of Pb nanoislands in SiO2/Si interface through MEIS

16:30 – 16:50 M. Laitinen

Depth profiling of Al2O3/TiO2 nanolaminates by means of time-of-flight–energy spectrometer

16:50 – 17:10 C. Solis

Air pollutants accumulation in Tillandsia usneoides L. from an industrial corridor in Central Mexico, determined by PIXE and NAA.

17:30 – 19:00 Poster Session I (Posters PI-x)

19:00 – 21:00 Welcome reception in the garden of the Conference Hall

SESSION 3 – Chair: H. H. Andersen

14:30 – 15:00

INVITED

R. Webb

Molecular mapping of surfaces and multi-layers with MeV ion beams

15:00 – 15:20 R. Hippler

Energy dependence of silver cluster ions sputtered by 150 keV Ar+ ions

15:20 – 15:40 T. Kobayashi

Ion beam stimulated desorption using a compact system of three-dimensional medium-energy ion scattering


LIBRA: A status report

S. Harissopulos1, A. Lagoyannis1, T. J. Mertzimekis1, M. Axiotis1, A. G. Karydas1, P. Demetriou2, Th. Geralis2, G. Fanourakis2, M. Andrianis1, S. F. Ashley1, R. Huszank1,

Th. Konstantinopoulos1, V. Foteinou1, G. Provatas1, D. Sokaras1, V. Kantarelou1, V. Paneta1, G. J. Van Klinken1, Th. J. M. Zouros1,3, L. Aloupi-Siotis1,4

1 Tandem Accelerator Laboratory, Inst. of Nuclear Physics, NCSR “Demokritos”, Athens 2 Inst. of Nuclear Physics, NCSR “Demokritos”, Athens 3 Department of Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion

4Thetis Authentics Ltd., Athens

The Center of Excellence in Low-Energy Ion-Beam Research and Applications (LIBRA) runs since January 1, 2009. The LIBRA project was funded by the European Commission within the "Research Potential" (REGPOT) scheme of the FP7/Capacities program. The objectives of LIBRA is to unlock and develop further the research potential of the Tandem Accelerator Laboratory of NCSR “Demokritos” and to strengthen the capacity of the INP’s research group by: a) Increasing the personnel of the INP group, b) Facilitating the transfer of know-how and expertise in forefront research areas and technological developments from certain European institutions (Partner Institutions) with leading roles in ion-beam based scientific research to INP, c) Enabling an active participation of the INP group in R&D activities at EU level enhancing this way the level of excellence of the group, d) Improving the existing infrastructure of the Tandem Accelerator Laboratory of INP improving this way its response to the socio-economic needs of the country as well as of the whole Southeast European and Mediterranean region, e) Promoting the existing research and training capacity of INP and enhancing its international reputation and visibility. LIBRA targets three different research directions: Nuclear Astrophysics, Nuclear Structure, and Ion-Beam Applications. The aim of the presentation is to provide with a status report on LIBRA and its planned successor CALIBRA.


Key issues and perspectives in nuclear physics applications

S. Leray CEA/Saclay, Irfu/SPhN, [email protected]

The Nuclear Physics European Collaboration Committee, NuPECC, is preparing a long range plan, LRP2010, [1] for nuclear physics in Europe, which aims at reviewing the status of the field and formulating recommendations for the next decade. In this framework, a working group devoted to Nuclear Physics Tools and Applications has been established, which is reviewing the different domains of applications of nuclear physics, i.e. energy, life science, environmental and space applications, security, material science and cultural heritage. I will present its main conclusions on the current state of the art in the different domains of applications, the future perspectives, the identified strengths and weaknesses of the different communities involved in these domains and the possible recommendations.

References [1] http://www.nupecc.org/index.php?display=lrp2010/main


Development of a reference database for ion beam analysis at the IAEA and future perspectives

D. Abriola1, A.F. Gurbich2, N.P. Barradas3, I. Bogdanovic-Radovic4, M. Chiari5, C. Jeynes6,

M. Kokkoris7, A.R. Ramos3, M. Mayer8, L. Shi9, I. Vickridge10

1 International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (E-mail: [email protected]) 2 Institute of Physics and Power Engineering, Obninsk, Russia

3 Nuclear and Technological Institute, Sacavem, Portugal

4 Ruder Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia 5 Insituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare, Firenze, Italy

6 University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre, Guildford, UK 7 National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece 8 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching, Germany

9 Fudan University, Institute of Modern Physics, Shanghai, China 10 Insitut des NanoSciences de Paris, Paris, France

Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) is a set of material characterization techniques using energetic ion beams. IBA obtains information about composition and structure of the near-surface layers of a sample from the energy spectra of backscattered primary particles, recoils, or nuclear reaction products. All IBA methods presuppose a knowledge of the measured differential cross-section data (except for strict Rutherford Backscattering Analysis which can be calculated exactly). To address the data needs of the IBA community, the Coordinated Research Project (CRP) “Development of a Reference Database for Ion Beam Analysis” was initiated by the IAEA in 2005 and will be concluded in 2010. Ten IBA experts participated in the CRP coordinated by IAEA staff. Information about the CRP can be found in Refs [1, 2] and at http://www-nds.iaea.org/iba/. The Project focused mainly on the measurement, assessment, evaluation and benchmarking of cross sections. Data measured by the participants have been incorporated in the IBANDL database (http://www-nds.iaea.org/ibandl/), whereas the evaluated cross-sections are made available to the community through the on-line calculator SigmaCalc (http://www-nds.iaea.org/sigmacalc/). A summary of the results of the CRP activity is presented, problems still existing in the field are discussed, and ways to further develop nuclear data for IBA are indicated. In particular, a new proposed CRP about Particle Induced Gamma Ray Emission is described. References [1] A. Gurbich et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266 (2008) 1198 . [2] D. Abriola, I. Vickridge, Report INDC(NDS)-0555, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 2009.


Evaluation of the cross-sections for nuclear reaction analysis

A.F. Gurbich

Institute of Physics and Power Engineering, Obninsk, Russia, [email protected] Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) is based on detection of nuclear reaction products and measurements of their energy spectra. In many cases NRA has analytical characteristics surpassing those of other Ion Beam Analysis methods. It is especially favourable in order to analyze light elements in heavy matrices. However, the problem which is often encountered in application of NRA is lack of reliable cross-sections. A procedure of the cross-section evaluation which proved to be a powerful tool for elaboration of reliable data for elastic scattering analysis [1,2] was extended in the present work to the cross-sections used in NRA. Briefly the procedure consists in parameterization of the available experimental data using theoretical model which involves relevant physics. Once the optimal in a statistical sense set of model parameters is obtained, the required excitation functions for analytical purposes may be calculated for any scattering angle. A self consistent model which takes into account both direct and resonance reaction mechanisms has been employed for the calculation of the reaction cross-sections at low energy. Details of the procedure and the obtained results are discussed. The evaluated cross-sections can be retrieved from the web site SigmaCalc (http://www-nds.iaea.org/sigmacalc/). They are also presented at the web site IBANDL (http://www-nds.iaea.org/ibandl) where a comparison of the available experimental data with results of the evaluation can be easily made.

References [1] A.F. Gurbich, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 261 (2007) 401. [2] A.F. Gurbich, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B, doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.011.


Recent EBS and NRA measurements at the tandem accelerator facility of

NCSR “Demokritos”

A. Lagoyannis1, M. Kokkoris2, P. Misaelides3, M. Axiotis1, V. Foteinou1, S. Harissopulos1, Th. Konstantinopoulos1, T. J. Mertzimekis1, G. Provatas1

1Tandem Accelerator Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear Physics, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece ([email protected])

2Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus 157 80, Athens, Greece

3Department of Chemistry, University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece Among Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) methods, Elastic Backscattering Spectroscopy (EBS) and Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) are well known and widely spread nuclear techniques used for stoichiometric and depth profiling analysis. However, the lack of experimental data in a wide range of angles and energies hinders the use of these methods. Over the past few years, an important effort has begun in order to provide the scientific community with reliable datasets for various charge particle reactions with light elements. The result of this ongoing effort can be summarized at the creation of the IBANDL [1] database. In this context, three reactions were investigated by our group, namely 4He(p,p)4He, 6Li(d,α) 6Li and 45Sc(p,p) 45Sc, which either provide new differential cross section datasets or extend previous existing ones. The increasing interest of 4He implanted solid state targets for the study of astrophysical relevant reactions in inverse kinematics requires a fast and accurate method for the determination of the amount of implanted 4He. For this purpose, the 4He(p,p)4He reaction appears as an ideal tool. The use of this reaction is further enhanced due to the presence of a wide resonance at 2.2 MeV as has been reported in previous works [2-4]. In the present work, 8 backward angles were measured for the energy range between 1.5 and 3.5 MeV with an energy step of 100 keV. Moreover, differential cross section data for the depth profiling of a heavier element such as 45Sc, which is common in aluminum alloys, is for the first time measured for three angles. Lithium is a widely used element in modern electronic materials and there are numerous cases where its concentration in complex matrices must be accurately determined. Nuclear reaction analysis through the (d,α) reaction provide means for its detection. New data for four angles of 6Li are presented for a deuteron energy range of 900 to 2000 keV in steps of 25 keV and are compared with previous data [5]. References [1] http://www-nds.iaea.org/reports/indc-nds-0481-summary.pdf [2] Y.F. Lu, L.Q. Shi, Z.J. He, L. Zhang, B. Zhang and R. Hutton, NIMB 267 (2009), 760. [3] P. Pusa, E. Rauhala, A. Gurbich, A. Nurmela, NIMB 222 (2004), 686. [4] A.Nurmela, E.Rauhala, J.Raisanen, J.Appl.Phys. 82 (1997), 1983. [5] B. Maurel, G. Amsel and D. Dieumegard, NIM 191 (1981), 349.


Computer simulation of ion beam analysis: Possibilities and limitations

M. Mayer1*, W. Eckstein1, F. Schiettekatte2, U. von Toussaint1

1Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany,

2Groupe de Recherche en Physique et Technologie des Couches Minces, Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7

*[email protected] Ion beam analysis methods are powerful tools for depth profiling of elements in the near-surface layer of solids. The quantitative evaluation of energy spectra obtained by IBA methods requires the use of sophisticated computer codes. Three different types of codes were developed during the last two decades for this purpose [1]: Analytical codes (SIMNRA, RUMP, NDF, and other), Monte-Carlo (MC) codes with weight function (MCERD, CORTEO), and full Monte-Carlo codes (TRIM.SP, SRIM). Analytical codes are fast, versatile and can simulate quantitatively most IBA methods. A recent intercomparison of the available codes yielded very good agreement between them [2], thus giving some confidence in their correctness. Nevertheless, some phenomena, such as multiple small-angle scattering, plural large-angle scattering, nuclear energy loss, and surface roughness can be taken into account only approximately by this type of codes. Recent code developments include the use of non-Gaussian energy spread distributions and the use of correlations for rough surfaces, thus allowing an increased level of accuracy at least in some of the above areas. MC codes provide an improved accuracy, but at the cost of increased computing time. MC codes with weight function were initially developed for ERD applications and show some weaknesses when used for backscattering simulations. Additional problems arise for both types of codes if low energies have to be considered, as is the case in MEIS applications or ion microscopy. Full MC codes are the most accurate alternative, but are suffering from much too long computing times, rendering their use impractical even with modern computer hardware. While all codes give satisfying results for laterally homogeneous layered samples, the analysis of complex materials with lateral inhomogeneous distributions of elements, rough surfaces, and porosity or inclusions in the bulk of the material, is still a challenge. The analysis of these types of materials has to be done very carefully, as the results are often ambiguous and may require additional information from non-IBA techniques. IBA methods often do not exploit their full potential due to non-optimized experimental setups: The optimal depth resolution for a given sample and depth is usually achieved at one specific incident energy – incident angle combination, and is often not achieved in existing measurements. These optimized parameters are element- and depth dependent and can be calculated with the programs DEPTH or RESOLNRA, thus allowing to perform optimized individual experiments. If multiple energies and/or multiple detectors are used, then Bayesian probability theory allows to optimize the experimental procedure, for example by determining a set of optimal energies. This set depends on the prior information available about the samples. References [1] E. Rauhala et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 244 (2006) 436 [2] N.P. Barradas et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 262 (2007) 281


Applications of FLUKA Monte Carlo code for nuclear and accelerator

physics

V. Vlachoudis & the FLUKA Collaboration CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

FLUKA is a general purpose Monte Carlo code, capable of handling all radiation components from thermal energies (for neutrons), or 1 keV (for all other particles) till cosmic ray energies. It is a multi-purpose, multi-particle code that can be applied in many different fields. Presently the code is maintained for various platforms with Unix Interface: Linux, Compaq-Unix, HP-Ux and Sun-Solaris. The validity of the physical models implemented in FLUKA has been benchmarked against a variety of experimental data over a wide energy range, from accelerator data to cosmic ray showers in the Earth atmosphere. FLUKA is widely used for studies related both to basic research and to applications in radiation protection and dosimetry, including the specific matter of radiation damage in space missions, radiobiology (including radiotherapy) and cosmic ray calculations. After a short description of the main features that make FLUKA valuable for this physics, the present paper summarizes some of the recent applications of the FLUKA Monte Carlo code in the Nuclear as well High Energy physics. In particular it addresses topics such as accelerator related applications.


Molecular mapping of surfaces and multi-layers with MeV ion beams

B. Jones, V. Palitsin, M. J. Bailey, A. A. Karim, J. Mody and R. Webb Surrey Ion Beam Centre,

University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom The use of high energy (MeV) heavy primary ions to sputter large molecules from molecular solids has been a topic of interest for more than 30 years. Initially developed as a technique called Plasma Desorption Mass Spectrometry (PDMS) it utilizes the high energy density deposited into the electronic system by a fast heavy ion to create high sputtering yields of secondary ions. These secondary ions can be extracted from the target and analyzed in a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (ToF-SIMS) to gain molecular information of the surface material. We report here on how this technique has been developed with our microprobe system to allow molecular maps of surfaces to be produced. Typically beams of 10MeV O4+ have been used, which also allow simultaneous PIXE and RBS elemental maps to be taken. It is also possible to allow the beam to exit the vacuum system and to perform these experiments at (or near) atmospheric pressure. This novel experimental setup will be described. The process for molecular ejection from a molecular solid via this process is not well understood, but the MeV ion is expected to break the bonds of the molecules along the ion track as it penetrates the material. Thus it is expected that this technique will only be good for molecular imaging below the static limit – where the ion does not re-sample an area that has been affected by a previous ion. However, recent results, using the system for forensics applications, have demonstrated an unexpected apparent ability to obtain depth profile information from the sputtered molecular solid. Further experiments and simulations on multilayer molecular solids have been made to determine how this might be possible and these will be reported here.


Energy dependence of silver cluster ions sputtered by 150 keV Ar+ ions

R. Krupinski and R. Hippler

Institut für Physik, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany [email protected]

The energy distribution of small silver cluster ions Agn

+ (n=1-4) sputtered by 150 keV Ar+ ions was investigated. The experiment was performed at the 400 kV ion accelerator at the University of Greifswald. 150 keV Ar+ were directed onto a polycrystalline silver foil (thickness 0.1 mm) mounted inside a high vacuum chamber (base pressure 10-8 mbar). Ions sputtered from the silver foil were detected by a HIDEN EQS electrostatic quadrupole SIMS mass spectrometer with an energy range of 100 eV per charge unit and mass range up to 510 amu. A typical energy spectrum of positively charged Ag+ and Ag3

+ ions is shown in Fig. 1. Both distribution peak around 3.5 eV. Towards larger energies Ag3

+ falls off more quickly while Ag+ ions display a pronounced high-energy tail presumably produced by direct recoil ions.

Figure 1: Normalized energy distribution of Ag+ and Ag3+ ions

sputtered by 150 keV Ar+ ion impact.


Ion beam stimulated desorption using a compact system

of three-dimensional medium-energy ion scattering

T. Kobayashi1, S. Toda1,2, Y. Kuwahara2, R. Andrzejewski1 1RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), [email protected]

2Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan

A compact system of three-dimensional medium-energy ion scattering (3D-MEIS) has been developed for structural and chemical compositional analysis of nanomaterials. In 3D-MEIS a pulsed He+ ion beam with a pulsed width of 2 ns at a medium energy of 100 keV is used for an incident beam, and scattered (and/or recoiled) particles are detected using a two- dimensional position-sensitive and time-resolving microchannel plate (three-dimensional) detector [1]. Figure 1 shows the compact system of 3D-MEIS. The system is consisted a Penning ionization gauge ion source combined with a 100 keV accelerator, a beam chopping system, a sample on a goniometer and 3D detectors. A length of the system is less than 4 meters. Recently we have found for the first time that it is feasible to have a high sensitive for detecting surface hydrogen using the system of 3D-MEIS. Desorption stimulated by highly charged ion (HCI) has been known as potential sputtering[2], although there is a large difference between HCI beam and He+ ion beam from an application viewpoint. We consider that the mechanism of hydrogen analysis using He+ ion beam at a medium energy is not due to the phenomenon of elastic recoil, but due to that similar to electron stimulated desorption. Surface hydrogen contents on Si(001) and Si(111) were analyzed as a function of time after flushing at a temperature of 1200 by 100 keV He+ ion beam stimulated hydrogen ion desorption. It was found that the hydrogen content on Si(001) increased 10 times more quickly as compared with the case of Si(111). Furthermore it has been found that light elements other than hydrogen are measurable by this method.

Figure 1: A compact system of three-dimensional medium-energy ion scattering

References [1] S. Shimoda, T. Kobayashi, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 219-220 (2004) 573. [2] K. Kuroki, N. Okabayashi, H. Torri, K. Komaki, Y. Yamazaki, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(2002)3561.


Characterization of Pb nanoislands in SiO2/Si interface through MEIS

D. F. Sanchez, F. P. Luce, Z. E. Fabrim, M. A. Sortica, P.F.P. Fichtner and P. L. Grande

Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Recently, the MEIS technique has been used as an additional tool for characterization of Pt-Rh [1] and Au nanoparticles [2] and of InAs-GaAs quantum dots [3]. Basically the nanoparticles shape, composition, size distribution and stoichiometry have been successfully obtained. Other promising MEIS application, namely the determination of depth distributions of different elements in a single nanoparticle has been recently appeared in the literature [4]. This possible MEIS application is unique and is hardly achieved by any other analytical technique. Recently we have developed a Monte Carlo simulation and fitting software [5] that considers any geometry, size distribution, density of the nanostructures and also the asymmetry of the energy loss-distribution. Here we investigate Pb nanoislands (NIs) synthesized by ion implantation with low temperature and long aging time treatments followed by a high temperature thermal annealing. This process leads the formation of a dense 2D NIs array located at the SiO2/Si interface. From MEIS spectra (energy and angle), and also from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements, we have determined the nanostructure geometry, areal density and size distribution of such system.

(a) (b)

Figure 1: (a) TEM micrograph, size distribution obtained by MEIS analysis and shape modeled of Pb NIs (b) 2D MEIS Pb nanoislands, analyzed with a beam of He+ with energy of 100 keV (simulation and experimental data).

References [1] I. Konomi, S. Hyodo, and T. Motohiro, Journal of Catalysis 192, 11 (2000). [2] T. Okazawa, M. Kohyama, and Y. Kido, Surface Science 600,4430 (2006). [3] P.D. Quinn et al., Applied Physics Letters 87, 153110 (2005) [4] H. Matsumoto, K. Mitsuhara, A. Visikovskiy, T. Akita, N. Toshima, and Y. Kido, NIMB (2010) [5] M. A. Sortica, P. L. Grande, G. Machado, L. Miotti, Journal of Applied Physics 106, 11432 (2009) 0.


Depth profiling of Al2O3/TiO2 nanolaminates by means of time-of-flight–

energy spectrometer

M. Laitinen1, T. Sajavaara1, M. Rossi1, R. Puurunen2, T. Suni2,3, T. Ishida3, H. Fujita3, K. Arstila4, B. Brijs4, H. J. Whitlow1

1Dept. of Physics, P.O.Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland, [email protected] 2VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 3, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland

3Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo ew304, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan

4IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, Leuven 3001, Belgium The silicon dioxide insulating layer in the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers can nowadays be replaced by atomic layer deposited (ALD) oxides. By using ALD nanolaminates, it is possible to fine tune the roughness of the surface layer for different bonding applications in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). In this study the elemental depth profiles and surface roughnesses were determined for Al2O3+TiO2 nanolaminates with layer thicknessses of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 nm. Depth profiles were measured with a time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis (ToF-ERDA) telescope built in Jyväskylä during 2009–2010. With our telescope all the sample elements, including hydrogen, can be identified and depth profiles can be determined with a resolution better than 2 nm (FWHM) at the surface (Fig. 1). The telescope timing resolution for 4.8 MeV He2+ beam scattered from a thin Au layer is better than 160 ps. Nanolaminates were measured in Jyväskylä both with heavy (35Cl and 63Cu) and light (4He, 12C) incident ions in order to get maximal information of the elemental distributions and Monte Carlo simulations were performed to analyze the ERDA measurements. Some of the nanolaminates were measured at IMEC with high resolution magnetic spectrometer for comparison. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies were done for some of the samples (Fig 1.). Surface roughness was measured with an atomic force microcope (AFM).

Figure 1: Left: TEM image of a Al2O3+TiO2 nanolaminate on Si. Center: Raw TOF-E histogram and (right) depth profiles that were obtained from the elemental energy spectra. The sample was atomic layer deposited 10×(22×Al2O3 + 44×TiO2 ) nanolaminate and a density of 3.5 g cm-3 was used in converting areal densities to nanometers.


Air pollutants accumulation in Tillandsia usneoides L. from an industrial

corridor in Central Mexico, determined by PIXE and NAA.

C. Solis, M. A Martínez-Carrillo, E. Andrade, K. Isaac, C. Lopez, L. C. Longoria, C. A. Lucho-Constantino, R. I. Beltrán-Hernández

1Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México D. F., [email protected]

2Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan s/n, esq. Jesús Carranza, Toluca, 50120 Estado de México

3Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), Salazar, 50045, Edo. de México. 4Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Cd. Sahagún Km. 20. Hidalgo, México

5Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km. 4.5. 42067. Pachuca, Hidalgo, México

The Tula industrial corridor in central Mexico is considered one of the critical zones of the country because of the atmospheric contaminants high concentration, produced mainly by a refinery, one power plant and several cement and limestone industries. In spite of the high emission of pollutants, the monitoring network stations are limited. Because of the easy sampling, the excellent accumulation capacity and (the fact) that T. usneoides adapts to different climates, it has been selected to study the atmospheric pollution of the Tula industrial corridor. An active monitoring was performed by transplanting plants from an unpolluted site to four locations in the corridor. By its high sensitivity and multielemental characteristics, PIXE and NAA nuclear techniques are very adequate to study biological monitor’s complex structure. These techniques were applied to have an elemental profile as complete as possible. Transplanted plants showed enrichment of most analyzed elements. High concentrations of elements such as Ca, S, V, were observed in biomonitors reflecting the environmental conditions of the region. Also, the high sensitivity of both nuclear techniques allowed detecting and quantifying the enrichment of elements such as Hg, as well as several lanthanoides. Results show that monitoring with T. usneoides allowed a first approximation of air sources to provide insights of the atmospheric pollution in the Tula industrial corridor.


10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 29 Tuesday, 14.9.2010 (X-ray facilities, synchrotron, PIXE, art)

SESSION 1 – Chair: D. Strivay

9:00 – 9:45

INVITED

M. Altarelli

The European X-ray free-electron laser facility in Hamburg

9:45 – 10:15

INVITED

B. Beckhoff

Advanced materials characterization by X-ray spectrometry using synchrotron radiation

10:15 – 10:35 A. G. Karydas

Photon-in/photon-out X-ray studies in low energy particle accelerators

10:35 – 10:55 T. Dupuis

X-ray production cross-sections with 6-12 MeV alpha particles.

SESSION 2 – Chair: A. G. Karydas

11:30 – 12:00

INVITED

L. Beck

IBA techniques: Useful combinations for the characterization of cultural heritage materials

12:00 – 12:20 G. Chêne

First applications of external beam mode RBS detection set up at the IPNAS cyclotron of Liege – Study of Roman gilding craftwork techniques

12:20 – 12:40 F. P. Romano

Non-destructive determination of the silver content in Roman coins by the combined use of the PIXE-alpha, and DPAA techniques

12:40 – 13:00 M. Rodrigues

Analysis of the Hoard of Beçin using X-ray based techniques


SESSION 3 – Chair: B. Beckhoff

14:30 – 15:00

INVITED

M. Chiari

The role of PIGE technique for the analysis of atmospheric aerosols: Just the sidekick of PIXE?

15:00 – 15:20 M. A. Rizzuto

Prehispanic ceramics analyzed with PIXE and radiography techniques

15:20 – 15:40 B. Nsouli

On the quantification of organic active ingredients in commercial solid drugs using PIXE and PIGE techniques

15:40 – 17:10 Poster Session II (Posters PII-x)

17:15 – 22:00 Evening drive and walking tour to Athens city centre


The European X-ray free-electron laser facility in Hamburg

M. Altarelli 1European XFEL GmbH, 22607 Hamburg, Germany, [email protected]

Synchrotron light sources have contributed in the last decades to a revolution in photon science. The constant improvement in brilliance of storage ring sources is however attaining its basic physical limits. There is at present a worldwide flurry of activity towards the realization of free electron laser (FEL) UV and X-ray sources to produce spatially coherent, ultra-short (~ 100 fs or less) pulses with very high peak brilliance (in excess of 1028-1032 photons /s/ mm2/mrad2/0.1% bandwidth). These sources overcome the intrinsic limits to the brilliance imposed by the storage ring geometry, where the same electrons radiate millions of time per second, with a single-pass geometry, based on linear accelerators (linacs). The scientific case includes time-resolved studies of dynamics on sub-ps scales, structural studies by imaging of non-periodic systems, and investigation of high-energy density phenomena such as the phase diagram of warm dense matter and non-linear x-ray optics. The European XFEL project in Hamburg is an international effort, aiming to attain the hard X-ray region, with wavelengths of order 0.1 nm or less, and with the high repetition rate allowed by the superconducting linac technology. The project is presented and discussed, with reference to the presently operational facilities, FLASH at DESY and LCLS in Stanford.


Advanced materials characterization by X-ray spectrometry using

synchrotron radiation

B. Beckhoff Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany

[email protected] Information on the elemental composition and binding states of advanced materials can be effectively revealed by X-Ray Spectrometry (XRS) which is a wide spread non-destructive analytical technique. Reference-free quantification in X-ray spectrometry is based on the knowledge of both the instrumental and fundamental atomic parameters [1,2]. In different configurations, both matrix and trace constituents of a sample or layer thicknesses can be determined, providing lateral or even depth-profiling elemental information. With respect to very flat samples, such as semiconductor wafers, the photon energy and the angle of incidence of the exciting radiation determines the probing depth of XRS analysis. In total-reflection geometry, i.e. having an angle of incidence smaller than the critical angle of total external reflection, only surface contamination and the surface-near layer of a few nm contributes to the fluorescence spectra. Allowing the angle of incidence to be varied, the probing depth ranges from a few up to several hundreds of nm. The development of XRS at PTB is dedicated to high-end investigations in the R&D of semiconductor samples requiring reference-free methods, in particular for advanced materials where not enough appropriate reference materials are available. Grazing incidence investigations demonstrated the capability for elemental depth profiling in nanolayers. Reference-free XRS has the potential to contribute to the thickness and composition analysis of novel materials such as high k nanolayers (fig. 1) and nearly vertical sidewalls of semiconductor test structures [3]. This technique is also able to contribute to the elemental depth-profiling of ultra-shallow junctions (USJ) [4], i.e. near-surface implantation profiles in different semiconductor wafers (fig. 2), or of matrix element gradients in CIGS based photovoltaics [5]. XRS can be combined with X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) spectroscopy [6], revealing information on the depth profile of the chemical structure (fig. 3) in deeply buried nanolayers with varying chemical state [7].

Figure 1: Deconvolved Figure 2: Low energy boron Figure 3: Absorption fine structure fluorescence spectrum implantation depth profiles in of differently oxidized, buried Ti of a HfO2 nanolayer Si by grazing incidence XRS nanolayers in grazing incidence References [1] B.Beckhoff et al., Anal. Chem. 79 (2007) 7873. [2] B.Beckhoff, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 23, 845 (2008) [3] P.Hönicke et al., Spectrochim. Acta B 63, 1359 (2008) [4] P.Hönicke et al., Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 396, 2825 (2010) [5] C.Streeck et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 268, 277 (2010) [6] F.Reinhardt et al., Anal. Chem. 81, 1770 (2009) [7] B.Pollakowski et al., Phys. Rev. B 77, 235408 (2008)


Photon-in/photon-out X-ray studies in low energy particle accelerators D. Sokaras1, Ch. Zarkadas1,2, A. Lagoyannis1, M. Andrianis1, M. Muller3, M. Kolbe3, B. Beckhoff3, A.

G. Kochur4 and A. G. Karydas1,5 1Institute of Nuclear Physics, N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi, 15310, Athens, Greece,

[email protected] 2PANalytical B.V., 7600 AA Almelo, The Netherlands

3Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, D-10587, Berlin, Germany 4Rostov State University of Transport Communication, 344038, Rostov-na-Donu, Russia

5Nuclear Spectrometry and Applications Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Seibersdorf Laboratories, A-2444, Seibersdorf, Austria

Low energy (1-2 MeV) and high current (~µΑ) proton beams can be utilized to form unpolarized x-ray beams of high intensity and monochromaticity after irradiating pure materials-“anodes”. The idea is motivated by the respective high proton inner-shell ionization cross sections, the about three order of magnitude less bremsstrahlung intensity that accompanies their interaction with matter, and the minimum emission of nuclear radiation, when the incident proton beam energy lies far below the Coulomb barrier of the “anode” isotopes. A novel scattering chamber was designed, installed and operated at the Tandem accelerator laboratory of the Institute of Nuclear Physics at N.C.S.R. “Demokritos” in order to produce x-ray beams of tunable energy in the range 1.2 keV -10 keV, whereas an UTW Si(Li) spectrometer enabled the detection of the soft x-ray energy window [1]. The main purpose of this development was through photon-in photon-out experiments to study fundamental phenomena related with the inelastic scattering of x-rays with atoms (X-ray Resonant Raman Scattering-RRS) and the cascade emission of soft L-x-rays. Further on, applied studies were also considered, as for instance the exploration of the benefits of unpolarized tunable excitation for advanced materials characterization, in comparison with synchrotron radiation. The X-ray resonant Raman scattering (RRS) effect was studied in the vicinity of the 1s absorption threshold of low Z elements like magnesium, aluminum and silicon while the total cross sections were deduced and compared with respective polarized synchrotron radiation results and theoretical predictions. The cascade soft L-shell x-ray emission was studied experimentally for the case of iron, as the monochromatic radiation overpass its 1s ionization threshold. A full theoretical investigation resulted to a detailed straightforward construction of the cascade decay trees within the Pauli-Fock approximation, whereas the comparison of theory and experiment provided new insights for the current precision of x-ray fundamental parameters and the influence of solid state phenomena in atomic processes. The advantages and the limitations of the particle induced x-ray sources for basic and applied studies are discussed and assessed in comparison with parallel studies accomplished in state-of-the-art synchrotron radiation facility. References [1] D. Sokaras, M. Müller, M. Kolbe, B. Beckhoff, Ch. Zarkadas, and A.G. Karydas, Phys. Rev. A, 81,

012703 (2010).


X-ray production cross-sections with 6-12 MeV alpha particles.

T. Dupuis1, 2, G. Chêne1, 2, F. Mathis1, 2, M. Philippe1, A. Marchal1, H. P. Garnir1, D. Strivay1, 2

1Institut de Physique Nucléaire, Atomique et Spectroscopie, Université de Liège, Sart Tilman B15, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

2Centre Européen d’Archéométrie The « IPNAS » laboratory, in collaboration with the « Centre Européen d’Archéométrie » is partly focused on material analysis by means of IBA techniques: PIXE, PIGE and RBS. A new transport beam line has been constructed at our CGR-520 MeV cyclotron to analyse Cultural Heritage objects with these techniques. This facility allows us to produce higher energy beams up to 20 MeV for both proton and alpha particles [1]. Our team has recently developed a vacuum chamber dedicated to X-ray production and Non-Rutherford cross-section measurements. In the first place, we have characterised the chamber’s geometry for X-ray detection using thin foils of several elements (11 ≤ Z ≤ 82) with 3 MeV proton beam. Then, we have begun measuring the X-ray production cross-sections in the 6-12 MeV energy range with alpha particle beams on light element targets. These experiments contribute to fill in the serious lack of experimental values in the databases for this particular energy range with alpha particles. We have decided to focus, for now, on alpha particle interaction with light elements because of the high interest that the analysis of low Z elements generates in the field of archaeometry [2]. This work will show the first results obtained and the comparison of these new X-ray production cross-sections to fitted empirical reference and theoretical one. References [1] G. Chêne, H.-P. Garnir, A. Marchal, F. Mathis, D. Strivay, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266, 10, May 2008, pp.

2110-2112 [2] T. Dupuis, G. Chêne, F. Mathis, A. Marchal, M. Philippe, H.-P. Garnir, D. Strivay, Nucl. Instr. and Meth.

B, Accepted Manuscript 2010.


IBA techniques: Useful combinations for the characterization of cultural heritage materials

L. Beck1,2, L. Pichon1, B. Moignard1, T. Guillou1, P. Walter1

1C2RMF, Palais du Louvre, 14 quai Francois Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France 2INSTN, CEA Saclay, 91120 Gif sur Yvette, France

For many years, ion beam analysis techniques have been used to successfully study cultural heritage objects. The chemical composition of work art is usually determined by PIXE, but in some cases, RBS and/or PIGE can provide useful complementary information. RBS can provide depth information and concentration in light elements, such as carbon and oxygen. So, the association of both techniques is very attractive for certain cultural heritage objects, in particular for those materials containing both mineral and organic compounds or in case of multilayered structure. In the past years, the experimental setup of the AGLAE accelerator has been progressively developed in order to simultaneously perform PIXE, PIGE and RBS under the best conditions with an external beam [1]. This combination is now routinely used and several examples on painting, ceramics, bone and metal will be presented. In addition, the data processing has been recently upgraded with the implementation of a mapping system generating elemental concentration maps from the PIXE and RBS spectra [2]. Another approach using PIXE as production of monochromatic X-rays for radiography purposes will be also discussed. The advantages of the monochromatic source with regard to conventional generators is the possibility of bringing to light chemical contrasts. References [1] J. Salomon, J.-C. Dran, T. Guillou, B. Moignard, L. Pichon, P. Walter, F. Mathis, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B

266 (2008) 2273 - This presentation is the direct continuation of the talk given by our regretted colleague Joseph Salomon at the last ECAART conference in Florence.

[2] L. Pichon, L. Beck, Ph. Walter, B. Moignard, T. Guillou, Nucl. Instrum. Meth, in press


First applications of external beam mode RBS detection set up at the

IPNAS cyclotron of Liege – Study of Roman gilding craftwork techniques

G. Chêne1,2, S. Bols2, F. Mathis1,2, T. Dupuis1,2, A. Marchal1,2, H.-P. Garnir1,2, D. Strivay1,2 1 Institut de Physique Nucléaire, Atomique et de Spectroscopie,

2Centre Européen d’Archéométrie, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium Cyclotrons can offer a wide variety of analytical solutions suited for archaeometric purposes. As the improvements on the AVF (Azimutal Varying Field) cyclotron in Liège (Belgium) have provided an energy resolution comparable to that of classic electrostatic accelerators [1] and given the wide range of incident beam energies (3-20 MeV) at our disposal, a whole new perspective opens in terms of access to rarely practiced nuclear reactions and deeper probing of materials. In this paper we will present here the latest improvements on the new High-Energy High-Resolution beam line (HE-HR) which has been upgraded namely with a new extraction nozzle allowing non invasive in-air measurements on precious artefacts and with a new detection set-up allowing particle-detection developed to take full advantage of the increased probed thickness. The benefits of the extended energy and particle range will be discussed and new applications and combinations of techniques both in the conventional and high energy will be commented. For instance, the possibility and advantages of analysing thick layers such as corrosion or gildings often observed and studied on Cultural Heritage artefacts with this set-up will be illustrated here [2-3]. First results of a study led on Roman gilding craftwork techniques by means of “high-energy” alpha backscattering spectrometry performed in-air and combined with PIXE will be also presented to stress the interest of higher energies and their implementation with depth-sensitive and particle-detection based techniques.

References [1] G. Chêne, H.-P. Garnir, A. Marchal, F. Mathis, D. Strivay,Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266 Issue 10 (May

2008) p.2110-2112. [2] S. Röhrs, T. Calligaro, F. Mathis, I. Ortega-Feliu, J. Salomon, P. Walter Nucl. Instr. and Meth B 249,

Issues 1-2, August 2006, Pages 604-607 [3] Šmit, Ž., Pelicon, P., Simcic, J., Istenic, J., Nucl. Instr. and Meth B 239, Issues 1-2, September 2005, pp.

27-34

10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 37 Non-destructive determination of the silver content in Roman coins by the

combined use of the PIXE-alpha, and DPAA techniques

F. P. Romano1,2,*, S. Garraffo4, G. Pappalardo1,2, L. Pappalardo1,2, F. Rizzo1,3

1IBAM-CNR, Via della Biblioteca 4 , 95124 Catania 2LANDIS, INFN – LNS, Via S. Sofia 62, 95123, Catania, Italy

3Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123, Catania 4ITABC-CNR, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016 Monterotondo, Roma

*[email protected] In the last years a non-destructive protocol of analysis, based on the combined use of the portable PIXE-alpha [1] and of the new DPAA (Deep Protons Activation Analysis) method [2], was developed at the INFN-CNR LANDIS laboratory for studying the Roman nummi dated to 294–333 A.D. belonging to the Misurata treasure (Lybia), one of the most important finding of coins in the Mediterranean Area. The main aim of the investigation was the determination of the silver content of the coins produced in different times and the study of the technique used to manufacture the nummi. It is well known that this typology of coins was produced with a few microns silvered patina and a bronze core containing a lower quantity of silver. Therefore the association of non-destructive surface and in-depth techniques is necessary in order to investigated in a non-destructive way the different layers of the samples under investigation. The PIXE-alpha system [1], due to the definite range of alpha particles in the matter, limits the analysis to the patina of the coins while the DPAA method (Deep Protons Activation Analysis), that make uses of 20 MeV energy proton beam produced by the TANDEM accelerator of the LNS laboratories in Catania, was used to determine the silver content in their core [2]. The present paper discuss the results obtained from the analysis of 15 nummi dated back to 308-311 A.D. produced by the mint of Carthago. The analytical data obtained by the application of the above protocol of measurement allowed to make some historical considerations about the production of the nummi in the Carthago area in this limited period of time.

References [1] L. Pappalardo, F.P. Romano, S. Garraffo, J. de Sanoit, C. Marchetta, G. Pappalardo. Archaeometry, 45: 333

(2003)

[2] G. Pappalardo G., A. Esposito, G.A. Cirrone, G. Cuttone, S. Garraffo, L. Pappalardo, F. Rizzo, F.P. Romano, S. Russo. NIM B 6: 2286 (2008)


Analysis of the Hoard of Beçin using X-ray based techniques

M. Rodrigues1,2, M. Schreiner1,2, M. Melcher1,2, M. Guerra3, J. Salomon3, M. Radtke4, M. Alram5,6, N. Schindel6

1Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts, Schillerplatz 3, A-1010 Vienna/Austria, [email protected]

2Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna/Austria

3 Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF) – UMR 171, Palais du Louvre – Porte des Lions, 14 quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris/France

4Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin/Germany

5 Coincabinet, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Burgring 5, A-1010 Vienna/Austria 6Numismatic Commission, Academy of Sciences, Ignaz-Seipl-Platz 1, A-1010 Vienna/Austria

During excavations carried out at the medieval site of Beçin Kalesi in summer 2000, a team of archaeologists from Izmir University found one of the most important Turkish monetary treasures. Consisting of about 60,000 coins stemming from the Ottoman Empire and for their most part produced during the 16th and 17th centuries under the sultans Murad III, Mehmed III and Ahmed I, this treasure has specimens issued in 18 different mints, covering the whole Ottoman Empire and its available sources of metal. 416 coins, representative for the periods as well as the mints studied, were analyzed in order to confirm the fineness of the coinage as well as to study if any groups (mints) showed homogeneous traits concerning metal composition which could suggest a common ore. Due to the large size of the treasure and the corrosion processes which changed the composition of the surfaces of the coins, small samples were taken to investigate the core composition. A broad combination of methods was applied in order to determine the main constituents, Ag and Cu, as well as the minor and trace elements characteristic for the provenance of the alloy used for the coins. Therefore, µ-XRF, performed with the self-built instrument COPRA [1], µ-PIXE and µ-SRXRF could be employed. µ-PIXE measurements could be carried out at the accelerator AGLAE in the C2RMF and allowed us to detect not only the major components (Ag and Cu) but also some of the minor and trace elements (Pb, Au, Bi, Fe, Ni, Zn, As, Hg, Sn, and Sb). Finally, SEM/EDX was applied in order to study the homogeneity/heterogeneity of the coins and the presence of surface enrichments, and to explain differences between the µ-SRXRF and µ-PIXE measurements concerning the main components. In general, the silver content of the analyzed specimen varies between 90 and 95 wt%. These results have not supported the historical interpretations, which predict that during the period studied a debasement of approximately 44% of the silver content of the coins should have occurred [2]. Our investigations have shown as well that although the coins are made of a similar Ag-Cu alloy, they can be divided in groups with regard to their trace contents. References [1] EU-Project COPRA, Project No. SMT4-CT98-2237 [2] S. Pamuk, A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press (2000)


The role of PIGE technique for the analysis of atmospheric aerosols: Just the sidekick of PIXE?

M. Chiari, G. Calzolai, F. Lucarelli, S. Nava

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, [email protected]

Particle Induced Gamma-ray Emission (PIGE) technique is an invaluable tool, complementary to Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), to quantify low-Z elements (F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, ...) in atmospheric aerosols samples. At the LABEC laboratory of INFN in Florence, PIGE is routinely performed simultaneously to PIXE, using a proton beam extracted in atmosphere from the accelerator beam line, thus reducing the risk of selective loss of some more volatile aerosol components. In the study of airborne particulate matter, PIGE measurements can be used to correct the underestimation of PIXE in quantifying the concentration of the lighter elements, like Na, Mg, Al and Si, due to X-ray self-absorption inside each individual aerosol particle (dimensions up to several micrometers). An accurate measurement of the concentration of crustal elements, namely Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, and Fe, is mandatory for the study of airborne mineral dust. Quantitative analysis of dust aerosols is needed since, on a global scale, mineral dust is one of the major components of atmospheric aerosols and has an important effects on the radiative budget of the atmosphere and thus on climate forcing. Examples considering the use of PIGE to analyse Al – the lightest major element in the composition of mineral dust - in dust aerosols collected in-flight over the Sahel desert (for climate change study) and in mineral dust particles archived in Antarctic ice cores (for paleoclimate research studies) will be described. As concerns even lighter elements, not detectable by PIXE, the analysis of F as a tracer of specific industrial emissions and the feasibility of PIGE measurements of N (a major component of aerosols, in the form of ammonium, nitrate and n-containing organic compounds) using proton beams will be discussed.

40

Pre

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On the quantification of organic active ingredients in commercial solid drugs using PIXE and PIGE techniques

B. Nsouli1*, A. Bejjani1, K. Zahraman1, G. Younes2, R. Mahmoud3, I. Saad2,

E. Fadel4, M. Roumié1, F. Yazbi5 and J. P. Thomas6

1IBA laboratory, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission – CNRS, P.O.Box: 11-8281 Beirut – Lebanon, [email protected],

2Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry Department – Beirut Arab University, Beirut – Lebanon, 3Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry - Beirut Arab University, Beirut-

Lebanon, 4Mediphar Laboratories, P.O.Box: 60-202, Dbayeh – Lebanon,

5Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria – Egypt, 6Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne - France

The quantification of active ingredients (AI) in drugs is a crucial and important step in the drug quality control process. This is usually performed by using wet chemical techniques like LC-MS, UV spectrophotometry and other appropriate organic analytical methods. However, if the active ingredient contains specific heteroatoms (F, S, Cl…), elemental IBA like PIXE and PIGE techniques, using small tandem accelerator of 1-2 MV, can be explored for molecular quantification. IBA techniques permit the analysis of the sample under solid form, without any laborious sample preparations. This is an advantage when the number of sample is relatively large. In this work, we demonstrate the ability of the Thick Target PIXE and PIGE technique for rapid and accurate quantification of low concentration of different fluorinated, sulfured, bromide and chlorinated active ingredients in eight commercial drugs. The experimental aspects related to the quantification validity (Use of external standards, absolute quantification, matrix effect, accuracy, LOD, sensitivity and acquisition time) will be presented and discussed.


10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 43 Wednesday, 15.9.2010 (Medical applications)

SESSION 1 – Chair: W. Assmann

9:00 – 9:30

INVITED

P. Moretto

Biomedical applications of microbeam lines at AIFIRA facility

9:30 – 9:50 K. Yamamoto

Experimental verification of an APF linac for a proton therapy facility

9:50 – 10:10 U. Weinrich

Recent advances for ion beam therapy accelerators using synchrotrons

10:10 – 10:30 S. Hanna

Image-guided radiation therapy and its new requirements on medical accelerators

SESSION 2 – Chair: T. Zhang

11:00 – 11:30

INVITED

U. Wahl

Materials science and biophysics applications at the ISOLDE radioactive ion beam facility

11:30 – 11:50 J. Matsuo

Characterization of cells and tissues by "wet-SIMS" using swift heavy ion beams

11:50 - 12:10 A.-C. Wera

In vitro irradiation station for broad beam radiobiological experiments

12:30- ca. 22:00 Excursion to Mycenae and Nafplion


Biomedical applications of microbeam lines at AIFIRA facility

Ph. Moretto Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, CENBG,

Chemin du Solarium, BP120, 33175 Gradignan, France, [email protected]

Nuclear microscopy is a generic term referring to a large panel of ion beam analysis techniques carried out using light ion microbeams in the MeV energy range (typically H+, D+ and He+). After twenty five years' experience by world-wide research groups in the use of those microbeams, nuclear microscopy is now recognised as a powerful technique for routine chemical microanalysis and elemental mapping in the frame of biomedical applications. The lateral resolution achieved by advanced facilities is about 50 nm in low current mode for pure imaging and 300 nm in high current mode for trace elements analysis and mapping. Since MeV ions may induce both nuclear reactions and ionisation of atomic shells, a non-exhaustive list of available methods includes PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission), NRA (Nuclear Reaction Analysis), RBS (Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry) and STIM (Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy). PIXE is the basic method employed for routine elemental mapping. Numerous applications in biomedicine take advantage of its versatility and easy operation, either at the tissue or individual cell scale. In addition, micro-PIXE and other microbeam techniques complement each other to offer unique information. This is particularly true for RBS and STIM for sample mass monitoring and ultra-structure elucidation. Those microbeam applications have been completed during the last decade by single event techniques for the targeted irradiation of individual living cells in the frame of radiation biology studies. The current development of time lapse on line microscopy of signalling and repair proteins along the ion track will open new exciting fields. In this review, different examples of investigation carried out using the two microbeam lines available at AIFIRA facility will be presented with emphasis placed on dermatology, toxicology of metals and nanoparticles and radiation biology. Microanalysis of individual cells and prospective studies of STIM-PIXE Tomography will be also discussed.

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Recent advances for ion beam therapy accelerators using synchrotrons

U. Weinrich GSI – Helmholtz centre for ion research

Ion beam therapy (IBT) has evolved a lot during the last years. The first fully clinical based facility able to perform carbon and proton treatment came into operation in November 2009 in Heidelberg. Other similar facilities are in the commissioning phase. All the machines providing carbon beam treatment use a synchrotron as main accelerator. The presentation will focus on highlights of the recently achieved performances as well as the currently ongoing studies to further improve these types of accelerators.


Image-guided radiation therapy and its new requirements on medical accelerators

S. M. Hanna

Microwave Innovative Accelerators (MINA) Danville, California, USA [email protected]

One of the recent trends in treating cancer by radiation therapy (RT) is to combine imaging with treatment in the same session. This approach of image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) places new requirements on the design and performance of the linear accelerator (linac) used in the radiation therapy machine. In this paper, we will review new approaches for incorporating imaging in the RT machine. One of the IGRT techniques is to use the same linac to provide x-rays for both imaging and treatment phases. This linac should be able to operate at two different energies. In the imaging mode, the linac should produce x-rays at energies significantly lower than energies needed for the treatment mode. Different techniques are implemented to make the same accelerator operate at different energies efficiently [1]. We will present some of these techniques. References [1] S.M. Hanna “Review of Energy Variation Approaches in Medical Accelerators”, Proceeding of the 11th

European Particle Accelerator Conference, Genoa, Italy, June 2008


Materials science and biophysics applications at the ISOLDE radioactive ion beam facility

U. Wahl

Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear, Sacavém, Portugal, and Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal

The ISOLDE isotope separator facility at CERN [1,2] provides a variety of radioactive ion beams, currently more than 800 different isotopes from ~70 chemical elements. The radioisotopes are produced on-line by nuclear reactions of a 1.4 GeV proton beam with various types of targets (fission, fragmentation and spallation), outdiffusion and, if possible, chemically selective ionisation, followed by acceleration and mass separation. While ISOLDE is mainly used for nuclear and atomic physics studies, applications in materials science and biophysics account for a significant part (currently ~13%) of the delivered beam time, requested by 18 different experiments [3]. The ISOLDE materials science and biophysics community currently consists of ~80 scientists from more than 40 participating institutes and 21 countries. In the field of materials science, investigations focus on the study of semiconductors and oxides, with the recent additions of nanoparticles and metals, while the biophysics studies address the toxicity of metal ions in biological systems. A project is under way to refurbish a setup for surface and interface physics studies, which also have a long tradition at ISOLDE. The characterisation methods used are typical radioactive probe techniques such as Moessbauer spectroscopy (MS), perturbed angular correlation (PAC), emission channeling, and tracer diffusion studies. Beta nuclear magnetic resonance (β-NMR) is also currently being re-established at ISOLDE. In addition to these “classic” methods of nuclear solid state physics, various standard semiconductor analysis techniques such as photoluminescence (PL), deep level transient spectrocopy (DLTS), Hall effect and conductivity measurements profit from the application of radioactive isotopes, which helps them to overcome their chemical “blindness” since the nuclear half life of radioisotopes provides a signal that changes in time with characteristic exponential decay or saturation curves. For the future, as part of the HIE (High Energy and Intensity)-ISOLDE upgrade [4], it is planned to increase the proton driver beam power from 3 kW to 10 kW, optionally to 30 kW. The resulting increase in radioactive beam intensity will further improve the conditions for applications, making a wider range of radioactive isotopes available as high-intensity beams. In this presentation an overview will be given on the recent research activities in materials science and biophysics at ISOLDE, together with a short outlook on the new developments under way. References [1] http://isolde.web.cern.ch/ISOLDE/ [2] M. Lindroos, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 204 (2003) 730. [3] https://espace.cern.ch/ISOLDE-SSP/default.aspx [4] M. Lindroos, P.A. Butler, M. Huyse, and K. Riisager, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 266 (2008) 468

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In vitro irradiation station for broad beam radiobiological experiments

A.-C. Wéra1, H. Riquier2, A.-C. Heuskin1, C. Michiels2, S. Lucas1

1 NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), research center in Physics of Matter and Radiation (PMR), University of Namur-FUNDP,

Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), Unité de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire

(URBC), University of Namur-FUNDP Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium

The study of the interaction of charged particles with living matter is of prime importance for radiotherapy, radioprotection and space radiobiology. Particle accelerators and the associated equipments are proved to be helpful tools to perform basic science in all these fields. Indeed, one can accelerate virtually any ions to given energy and flux and let them interact either in vivo or in vitro with living material. In this context, the University of Namur has developed a broad beam in vitro irradiation station to be used for Radiobiology. Cells are handled in GLP conditions and may be irradiated at various flux with ions from hydrogen to carbon. The station is mounted on our 2 MV Tandem accelerator, and the energy range can be setup in the useful LET ranges for radiobiological experiments. This paper describes the current status of the developed hardware and presents some physical results related to its performance in term of dose, energy range and beam uniformity for proton, helium and carbon ions. Results of clonogenic assays of lung carcinoma cells irradiated with protons, helium and carbon ions will also be presented and compared with literature.


Thursday, 16.9.2010 (Neutrons, IBMM, facilities, detectors)

SESSION 1 – Chair: R. Vlastou

9:00 – 9:45

INVITED

M. Lindroos

The European Spallation Source (ESS): Current status and the way ahead

9:45 – 10:15

INVITED

O. Meusel

The Frankfurt Neutron Source - FRANZ

10:15 – 10:45

INVITED

N. Colonna

Neutron measurements for advanced reactor systems: Results from the n_TOF facility at CERN

SESSION 2 – Chair: M. Respaldiza

11:15 – 11:45

INVITED

I. Bogdanovic-Radovic

Light element analysis using elastic scattering coincidence technique at the Zagreb microprobe

11:45 – 12:05 C. Jeynes

Fluence control in several European ion implanters

12:05 - 12:25 J. Vacik

Free volume distribution analysis of the stressed hybrid films by profiling of the Hg and Li diffusion markers

12:25 – 12:45 A. Climent-Font

Modification of the electrochemical properties of crystalline silicon by MeV Si implantation

12:45 – 13:05 D. Ila

Materials science and engineering research and training at the Center for Irradiation of Materials of Alabama A&M University


SESSION 3 – Chair: H. Klein

14:30 – 15:00

INVITED

W. Assmann

Electronic sputtering of ionic crystals

15:00 – 15:20 S. Pellegrino

The JANNUS Saclay multi-ion irradiation platform: Capabilities, performances and first application examples

15:20 – 15:50

INVITED

W. Kleeven

Recent developments and progress of IBA accelerators

15:50 – 16:10 R. von Hahn

The Electrostatic Cryogenic Storage Ring CSR - a new instrument for the exploration of ions to massive clusters

SESSION 4 – Chair: M. Suter

16:40 – 17:10

INVITED

T. Zhang

The cyclotron development activities at CIAE

17:10 – 17:30 Sh. Akhmadaliev

A new universal 6 MV Tandetron for ion beam analysis, ion implantation and accelerator mass spectrometry in Dresden

17:30 – 17:50 A. M. Müller

Mini gas ionization chambers for IBA applications

20:00 Conference dinner


The European Spallation Source (ESS): Current status and the way ahead

M. Lindroos, Ch. Vettier, C. J. Carlile, P. Carlsson

European Spallation Source, Lund, Sweden

The European Spallation Source (ESS) will be the most powerful neutron source in the world. To achieve such a goal, it must provide facilities that will fulfil the imaginative wishes of the many researchers in Europe that exploit neutron beams for their own research. These facilities comprise the experimental installations (neutron instruments, interface laboratories), the neutron source itself (proton target and neutron moderators) and the proton linear accelerator. The ESS project is now in a Design Update phase during which the whole Linac/target/moderators assembly is iteratively optimised. Starting from the ESFRI Roadmap specification, the performance parameters for ESS are the peak neutron flux which should be at least 30 times higher than the today’s most powerful neutron source in the world, the Institut Laue Langevin (ILL), and the time-averaged flux which should be equal to ILL’s. The accelerator key parameters include the proton energy, the pulse width and frequency, but also the proton beam reliability and beam losses. Several options (mercury or lead alloys, with a solid rotating target as fall-back option) are still open for the target materials. The ESS design should be completed by 2012. The construction will immediately start in order to produce the first neutron beams in 2019; it is expected that ESS will reach full specifications in 2025. The ESS neutron instruments will focus on the use of cold and cold/thermal neutrons that are perfectly suited to today’s priorities in materials science: chemistry, bio-materials, soft condensed matter, solid state physics. The gain in cold neutron flux achieved at ESS will allow the wide ranges in time and space domains that neutron methods can cover to be even further extended. ESS will convene a first ESS User Meeting in early 2011 to review the top priorities in neutron methods to be developed at ESS in order to fulfil its scientific goals.


The Frankfurt Neutron Source - FRANZ

O. Meusel1, L.P. Chau1, M. Heilmann1, H. Podlech1, U. Ratzinger1, A. Schempp1, C. Wiesner1, S. Schmidt1, K. Volk1, M. Heil2, R. Plag2, R. Reifarth2, K. Stiebing3, J. Stroth3, F. Käppeler4,

D. Petrich4 1IAP, Goethe University Frankfurt

2GSI, Darmstadt 3IKF, Goethe University Frankfurt

4IKF, KIT Karlsruhe The Frankfurt Neutron Source will use the 7Li(p,n) reaction to produce an intense neutron beam. The planned experiments require variable neutron energy between 10 and 400 keV. Hence the energy of primary proton beam should be adjustable between 1.8 and 2.2 MeV. The FRANZ beam line consists of two branches to allow different methods of neutron capture measurements. The compressor mode offer time of flight measurements in combination with a 4p BaF2 detector array. The proton beam of about 150 mA will be compressed to a 1ns pulse with a peak current of about 9A at the repetition rate of 250 kHz. The activation mode uses a continuous neutron flux. The primary cw proton beam with a low current up to 30 mA will be focussed on the production target. FRANZ is not only a neutron source but also a test bench for the research on new accelerator and diagnostic concepts for intense ion beams. The planned proton beam properties on the target poses a challenging task of accelerator design and target development. This presentation emphasises on the ongoing construction of the neutron source and planned experiments.


Neutron measurements for advanced reactor systems: Results from the n_TOF facility at CERN

N. Colonna, for the n_TOF Collaboration

Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy

Climatic problems associated to the greenhouse effect have recently stimulated a renewed interest in nuclear energy production. One of the problems associated with current nuclear reactors is the production of nuclear waste. At present, the only safe and stable solution is the disposal of the high-level radioactive waste in geological repositories. However, a more appealing and efficient solution would consist in the transmutation of the long-lived radionuclides in dedicated systems, such as Accelerator Driven Systems. Another possibility being investigated is the recycling of actinides in the fuel cycle of the so-called Generation IV fast nuclear reactors. Together with the nuclear waste incineration, a closed fuel cycle would allow a more efficient use of U resources and minimize safety concerns and proliferation issues. The design and operation of new nuclear systems require accurate neutron cross section data on a large number of isotopes, in particular plutonium, minor actinides, long-lived fission fragments and structural materials. An important contribution in this respect is being provided since a few years by the CERN neutron time-of-flight facility n_TOF, based on the spallation of a pulsed 20 GeV/c proton beam on a lead target. The wide energy range, high instantaneous neutron flux and excellent energy resolution are the main features that make n_TOF well suited for measurements in fundamental and applied Nuclear Physics. Several results relevant for nuclear waste transmutation, for the development of new generation reactors, as well as for Nuclear Astrophysics, have been obtained in the first measurement campaign. In particular, capture and fission cross sections have been accurately determined for various actinides related to the development of new fuel cycles, and to the design of ADS and Gen IV systems. Recently, a new spallation target and cooling systems have been installed at n_TOF and the measuring station has been upgraded in order to allow handling of high-activity samples. Following the refurbishing of the facility, a new measurement campaign has started in 2009. In this talk, a review of the main results obtained at n_TOF will be presented, together with the status of the facility, its instrumentation and the upcoming experimental program.

56 Book of Abstracts Light element analysis using elastic scattering coincidence technique at the

Zagreb microprobe

I. Bogdanović Radović, Z. Siketić, N. Skukan, Ž. Pastuović and M. Jakšić Department for experimental physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia,

[email protected] Elastic scattering coincidence is an ion beam technique where incident ions are detected in coincidence with ions they recoil form the target. Both ions are detected by two solid state detectors that can be positioned in different experimental configurations. Combined with a focused ion beam, method can be used for 3-dimensional profiling of small concentrations of light elements in heavier matrices, especially in cases where other IBA techniques can not be successfully applied. If both particles are detected in forward direction only samples with thickness in the range of micrometers can be used, depending on the ion type, energy and sample matrix. We have developed and tested two different setups for coincident elastic scattering using focused ion beams. First setup, with two particle detectors placed symmetrically around the beam direction at 45° was used when scattered and recoiled heavier ions are of the same kind [1]. Similar setups are already well established at several microbeam facilities but only for the p-p elastic scattering with incident proton energies varying from 2.5 MeV up to 20 MeV [2,3,4]. More general configuration with two annular particle detectors that are placed one after another was developed for cases where scattered and recoiled particles are not identical. This setup is characterized with large solid angle opening where first detector is covering smaller and second larger scattering angles. Capabilities of the technique concerning depth resolution and sensitivity have been tested for both experimental setups on several thin samples of known composition. A method is also compared with other IBA techniques that are suitable for microbeam irradiation. References [1] I.B. Radović, Z. Siketić, N. Skukan, M. Jakšić, J. Appl. Phys. 105 (2009) 074901 [2] P. Reichart, G. Datzman, A. Hauptner, R. Hertenberger, C. Wild, G. Dollinger, Science 306 (2004) 1537 [3] K. A. Sjöland, P. Kristiansson, M. Elfman, K. G. Malmqvist, J. Pallon, R. J. Utui, C. Yang, Nucl. Instr.

and Meth. B124 (1997) 639 [4] P. Berger, J.-P. Gallien, H. Khodja, L. Daudin, M.-H. Berger, A. Sayir, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B249

(2006) 527


Fluence control in several European ion implanters

C. Jeynes1, A.J. Smith1, N. Peng1, M. Zier2, A. Morel3, Z. Qiang3, K. Temst3, W. Vandervorst3,4, A. Vantomme3, A. Cassimi4, E. Balanzat5, R. Elliman6

1University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre, Guildford, England*, [email protected] 2Forschungszentrum Dresden, Rossendorf, Saxony, Germany*

3Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium* 4IMEC Kapeldreef 75, Leuven, Belgium*

5Commissariat à L’Energie Atomique, Caen, France * 6Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

This work reports the results of an initial cycle of implantations carried out under a strict quality control protocol for four SPIRIT [1] partners who offer specific implantation services to the European community. Surrey has two controlled accelerators with a nominal specification of 2% fluence accuracy and 2% fluence uniformity over a 100 mm wafer. FZD Dresden has four controlled accelerators with nominal specifications from 2% to 10% fluence accuracy and uniformity over a 100 mm wafer. KUL Leuven has two controlled implanters designed for small samples (1 cm2), with a nominal specification of 5 % fluence accuracy. CEA Caen (IRRSUD facility) will test 1014Xe/cm2 implants at 40 MeV. Most test implants will be measured at Surrey by RBS (Rutherford backscattering) under a published protocol [2] capable of determining implanted fluence with an absolute accuracy better than 1%. The high energy low fluence implants from Caen will be measured by quantitative PIXE (particle induced X-ray emission) at about 5%. The implantation protocols will be described in detail, and the ion beam analysis measurements reported. References and Acknowledgements * Partner providing Trans-National Access for SPIRIT (“Support of Public and Industrial Research Using

Ion Beam Technology”)1

[1] SPIRIT is supported by the European Community as an Integrating Activity under EC contract 227012. SPIRIT integrates 11 leading ion beam facilities from 6 European Member States and 2 Associated States. 7 partners provide Trans-National Access to their facilities, offering highly complementary equipment and areas of specialization to European scientists. Ions are supplied in an energy range from below 10 keV to more than 100 MeV for modification and analysis of solid surfaces, interfaces, thin films, and soft matter. SPIRIT will increase the quality of research by sharing best practice, harmonizing procedures and establishing rigorous quality control measures.

[2] C. Jeynes, N. Peng, N.P. Barradas, R.M. Gwilliam, Quality assurance in an implantation laboratory by high accuracy RBS, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 2006; 249, 482–485


Free volume distribution analysis of the stressed hybrid films by profiling of the Hg and Li diffusion markers

J. Vacik1, V. Lavrentiev1, V. Hnatowicz1, K. Narumi2 1Nuclear Physics Institute of AS CR, 25068 Rez, Czech Republic; [email protected].

2Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki,370-1292, Japan

In the present paper, thin hybrid films of the organic fullerenes (C60) and transition metals (Ni, Ti, Co, etc.) have been synthesized by co-evaporation or alternating deposition of the fullerenes and metal components at different deposition kinetics (deposition rates, temperatures of the substrates, etc.). As a result, thin film mixtures and multilayers with various nano-structures were prepared. The structural forms, stability and thermal response of the composites were inspected using the ion and neutron beam analytical techniques (e.g., Rutherford Backscattering/Channeling, Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis and Thermal Neutron Depth Profiling), and other complementary methods (e.g., micro-Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy). It has been found that the synthesis of the immiscible organic-metallic phases leads to the (nano)structures exhibiting a variety of forms that strongly depend on the deposition kinetics. As-deposited, the composite films are usually internally stressed with free volume defects. The evolution of the stress relaxation, induced by thermal annealing (or energetic ion or laser beams) can, advantageously, be studied by the free volume distribution analysis. If the free volume is marked by a suitable (well-analyzable) diffusion marker, then the depth profiles of the marker copy the depth distributions of the free volume. In the paper, highly mobile free volume markers, Hg vaporized atoms and Li+ ions (from the 5 M/l LiCl water bath) have been utilized. The markers indiffused into the thin films of the hybrids and occupied in the first place the free volume defects. The controlled thermal annealing of the composites triggered a process of the gradual phase separation and structural stress relaxation. This also caused an alteration of the structure and, consequently, the free volume distribution that the Hg and Li diffusion markers could occupy. It has been found that the marker distributions of the as-deposited films follow mainly the character of the C60 component distribution. After annealing of the hybrid systems at elevated temperatures, however, the marker profiles decrease dramatically - suggesting a significant drop-off of the free volume concentration, perhaps due to the formation of the spatially compact a-C clusters. References [1] J. Vacik, H. Naramoto, S. Yamamoto, K. Narumi, K. Miyashita, J. Chem. Phys. 114 (2001) 9115. [2] S. Sakai, H. Naramoto, P.V. Avramov, T. Yaita, V. Lavrentiev, K. Narumi, Y. Baba, Y. Maeda, Thin

Solid Films, Volume 515 (2007) 7758. [3] J. Vacik, V. Lavrentiev, V. Hnatowicz, V. Vorlicek, S. Yamamoto, H. Stadler, Journal of Alloys and

Compounds 483 (2009) 374.

10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 59 Modification of the electrochemical properties of crystalline silicon by MeV

Si implantation

V. Torres-Costa1, M. Manso-Silván1, E. Punzón-Quijorna1, R. J. Martín-Palma1, D. Martín-Marero1,2, A. Climent-Font1,2

1Dept. Applied Physics, University Autónoma Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid (Spain) 2CMAM, University Autónoma Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid (Spain), [email protected]

It is known that irradiation of silicon with H and He ion beams in the MeV energy range modifies the electrochemical properties of the material, as is evidenced by the inhibition of porous silicon growth in the irradiated areas [1]. MeV ion beams of heavier elements with higher stopping force will be more effective in the modification of the physical and chemical properties of the material under irradiation. In this work we study this alteration effect of the electrochemical properties of crystalline silicon substrates using MeV Si ion beams with the electrostatic accelerator of CMAM facility. Thus, besides irradiating the material with an ion heavier than H or He, the ion is of the same elementary nature as the irradiated material, ruling out the possibility of ascribing any contribution of the observed effects to the implanted species. A drastic resistivity increase of the irradiated silicon substrate is observed for growing implantation fluence, which can be pointed out as the mechanism responsible for the inhibition of pore formation. Patterns of localized porous silicon have been obtained using TEM copper grids as a mask. Porous silicon growth is precisely confined to non-implanted areas (Figure 1), producing abrupt porous silicon/silicon lateral interfaces.

Figure 1: The mask pattern, 40 µm spacing copper grid, is transferred to the substrate as porous silicon

References [1] M. B. H. Breese, F. J. T. Champeaux, E. J. Teo, A. A. Bettiol, and D. Blackwood, Phys. Rev. B 73 035428

(2006) 1


Materials science and engineering research and training at the Center for Irradiation of Materials of Alabama A&M University

D. Ila ([email protected]), R. L. Zimmerman ([email protected]), C. Muntele

([email protected]), L. R. Holland ([email protected]), B. Chhay ([email protected]), S. Budak ([email protected]), and Z. Xiao ([email protected])

Center for Irradiation of Materials, Alabama A&M University Normal, AL 35762-1447 USA

The Center for Irradiation of Materials @ AAMU (http://cim.aamu.edu) established in 1990 to serve the University in its research, education and services the need of the local community and Industry. CIM irradiation capabilities oriented around two tandem type ion accelerators with seven beam lines providing high resolution Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), MeV focus ion beam, high energy ion implantation and irradiation damage studies, particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE), particle induced gamma emission (PIGE), and ion induced nuclear reaction analysis in addition to fully automated ion channeling. One of the two tandem ion accelerators designed to produce high flux ion beam for high fluence MeV ion implantation and high fluence ion irradiation damage study. The CIM facility is well equipped with variety of surface analysis systems, such as SEM, ESCA, as well as scanning micro-Raman analysis, UV-VIS Spectrometry, luminescence spectroscopy, nanoscale thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, IV/CV systems, mechanical test systems, AFM, FTIR, Voltmetry analysis as well as low energy implanters, Ion Beam Assisted Deposition and MBE systems. In this presentation we will demonstrate how the facility provides education and training services to schools, industries and how highlight few of the recent inventions at CIM. Example of research, services and training by CIM are: A) pure & fundamental research, B)applied research in materials modification (ion Implantation, Radiation effects, …), forensics, materials characterization (RBS, NRA, PIXE, PIGE, micro-beam, ion channeling, device prototyping (such as sensors, detectors, thermoelectric, filters, HT carbon-composites, bio-materials, and nano-pores devices), C) education through special topics courses (3-6 Credit hours), summer training, REU, IGART, exchange students, and visiting scientists/scholar programs, D) services such as small business innovative research, small business tech transfer, ion beam analysis, ion beam modification and innovative forensics projects. As a result of this program at CIM, as of 2009 we have had 17 Ph. D. dissertations, 13 Masters degree theses, over 75 Undergraduate funded research, 4 high school research scholars and over 100 Summer/Visiting Scholars. Sponsors: Supported in part by AAMU Research Institute, NSF (MRSEC, EPSCoR, GRSP, REU, MSP), DOE, DOD, NASA (Propulsion, EPSCoR), and NRC


Electronic sputtering of ionic crystals

W. Assmann1, A. Bergmaier2, A. Mücklich3, A. Tripathi4, C. Trautmann5, M. Toulemonde6 1Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Garching, Germany, [email protected]

2Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany 3FZ Dresden, Rossendorf, Germany

4Inter-University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi, India 5GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany

6CIMAP laboratoire, CEA, CNRS, ENSICAEN, Univ. Caen, Caen, France Ion-matter interaction processes in the electronic energy loss regime have shown a number of new phenomena. For many materials, the electronic sputtering yields are larger than expected from purely collisional processes. Ionic crystals, such as LiF or CaF2, exhibit sputtering yields orders of magnitude above nuclear sputtering. In addition, a sharp jet-like component is observed which is symmetric around the surface normal and superimposed on the usual cosine angular distribution [1]. Whereas electronic sputtering of metals and insulating oxides can almost quantitatively be explained by an inelastic thermal spike model, assuming thermal evaporation of particles around the ion track [2], similar calculations with reasonable material parameters cannot reproduce the measured yield of ionic crystals [3]. Their angular distribution points at an additional sputtering mechanism. New experiments have been performed to get deeper insight into the physical processes governing electronic sputtering of ionic crystals. By varying the projectile charge state, the energy loss along the ion trajectory can be modified in particular in the sputtering sensitive surface region. This approach provides information on the depth of origin of the ejected particles. In a recent study, we evaporated very thin carbon layers on the surface of a LiF target in order to test the influence of the layer thickness. In these experiments, the sputtering yields and angular distributions are deduced from arc-shaped catcher foils analyzed by elastic recoil detection. Specific information on the size, composition, and structure of the ejected particles was obtained from transmission electron microscopy analysis of Cu grids covered by a thin carbon foil used as catcher. References [1] M. Toulemonde, W. Assmann, C. Trautmann, F. Grüner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 057602. [2] H.D. Mieskes, W. Assmann, F. Grüner, H. Kucal, Z.G. Wang, M. Toulemonde, Phys. Rev. B 67 (2003)

155404. [3] W. Assmann, M. Toulemonde, C. Trautmann, in R. Behrisch, W. Eckstein (Eds.)‘Sputtering by Particle

Bombardment’, Topics in Appl. Physics 110 (2007) 401, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007.


The JANNUS Saclay multi-ion irradiation platform: Capabilities, performances and first application examples

S. Pellegrino1, S. Vaubaillon1, N. Châabane1

P. Trocellier2,Y. Serruys2, S. Miro2, E. Bordas2, H. Martin2

1CEA-INSTN/UEPTN, Centre d'études de Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, [email protected] 2CEA-DEN/DANS/DMN/SRMP, Centre d'études de Saclay, Gif sur Yvette

In the first part of this paper, a description of the JANNUS (Joint accelerators for Nanosciences and Nuclear Simulation) project is given. Because of the growing interest in Europe for nuclear material sciences and nanotechnology this project was born in France in 2002 between CEA and CNRS. The multi-ion irradiation platform JANNUS is devoted to simulate the effects of neutron bombardment in nuclear materials based on single-, dual- or triple-beam experiments. Using the ion beams delivered by the accelerators of JANNUS, it is possible to study the combined effects of target damaging, ion implantation effects, helium and hydrogen production, and the occurrence of nuclear reactions. Three electrostatic accelerators have been coupled in the JANNUS facility: - a 3 MV Pelletron™ from NEC, installed in December 2006. It is equipped with an ECR multi-charged ion source Nanogan™ from PANTECHNIK, able to produce almost any ion beam from hydrogen to bismuth. - a 2.5 MV single ended HVEE Van de Graaff used for research and teaching purposes able to supply proton, deuteron, helium-3 and helium-4 ion beams. - a 2 MV Pelletron tandem from NEC installed in November 2009. It is implemented with a cesium sputtering charge exchange ion source (SNIICS), able to produce almost any ion beam except rare gazes. Damage dose up to 100 dpa can be reached in 10 hours irradiation with heavy ion beams. Three beam lines (one from each accelerator) converge in a dedicated vacuum chamber implemented with a multi-Faraday cup device for dose monitoring and energy degraders. The sample holder allows irradiation to be carried on from –150 °C to 800 C. The first triple beam irradiation has been performed in the middle of March 2010. In the second part, we will develop the different research topics conducted around JANNUS such as irradiation behaviour of structural materials for actual fission reactors, future reactors, fusion machines, nuclear fuel developments, nuclear waste management and ion beam analysis such as RBS, ERDA, PIXE and NRA.

Figure 1: General layout of the Saclay triple beam facility.

Room 65

Room 64

Room 63

Room 62

Room 66

Room 61

Épiméthée 3 MV

Yvette 2.5 MV

Japet 2 MV


Recent developments and progress of IBA accelerators

W. Kleeven, Y. Jongen, M. Abs, J.-M. Geets, T. Servais, J.-L. Bol, L. Medeiros-Romao, S. Zaremba, E. Forton, V. Nuttens, F. Stichelbaut

Ion beam Applications, Chemin du cyclotron 3, B-1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium www.iba-worldwide.com, [email protected]

During the last few years several new accelerator developments were realized at IBA. These concern three main directions: i) accelerators for the production of medical radio-isotopes, ii) medical accelerators for patient treatment and iii) accelerators for industrial applications. Within the first category four important projects are discussed:

a) Upgrade of our existing Cyclone 18/9 cyclotron (18 MeV p and 9 MeV d) towards higher beam current and increased reliability (Twin source). This machine is mainly used for production of PET isotopes and replies to the strong demand of the 18-F radiotracer.

b) Upgrade of our existing Cyclone 30 cyclotron towards higher intensity. The machine is mainly used for the production of SPECT isotopes on solid targets. This solution replies to the higher needs of 201-Thalium since the shortage of 99Mo/Tc generators from nuclear reactors.

c) Development of a new versatile multiple-particle isotope-production cyclotron (Cyclone 30XP) that will be able to accelerate 15-30 MeV H- as well as 7.5-15 MeV D- (both beams extraction by stripping) and also 30 MeV α-particles (extracted with electrostatic deflector). The α-beam allows for the production of the 211 At α-emitter for therapeutic use.

d) Commissioning results of our Cyclone C70 cyclotron installed for Arronax in France. This machine is similar to the Cyclone C30XP but provides higher energy (K-value=70).

Within the second category two major projects are addressed: a) The major design work of the superconducting cyclotron C400 is completed and the

construction will start as soon as the contract negotiations with the potential customer Archade are succeeded. The C400 will accelerate 12-C up to 400 MeV/A for carbon therapy, but can also accelerate H2

+ that will be extracted by stripping and allow for conventional proton-therapy.

b) Several improvements are made to our existing C235 cyclotron for proton-therapy. Within the third category two more major projects will be mentioned:

a) IBA is converting its Dynamitron electron machine into a high intensity proton machine that will provide a continuous multi-mA 4 MeV proton beam for industrial applications. This machine together with a dedicated beam transport and scanning system is currently under commissioning as part of an industrial silicon wafer cutting facility.

b) IBA is currently commissioning the eXelis system which comprises the high performance TT1000 Rhodotron accelerating a 700 kWatt electron beam onto a Tantalum X-ray target. Worldwide this is the first industrial X-ray facility to be used for sterilization of medical devices.


The Electrostatic Cryogenic Storage Ring CSR - a new instrument for the exploration of ions to massive clusters

R. von Hahn, K. Blaum, F. Fellenberger, M. Froese, M. Grieser, C. Krantz, M. Lange,

S. Menk, F. Laux, D. A. Orlov, R. Repnow, A. Shornikov, T. Sieber, A. Wolf Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany,

[email protected] A new and technologically challenging project, the Electrostatic Cryogenic Storage Ring CSR, is presently under construction at the Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg (see Fig. 1). Employing liquid helium cooling the CSR with 35 m circumference will provide a low temperature environment of only a few K and an extremely high vacuum. This produces conditions comparable with those in the interstellar space and opens up new research opportunities for our understanding in fields as diverse as fundamental quantum chemistry, star formation and the properties of interstellar molecular clouds. As particle storage is accomplished using electrostatic forces and therefore does not depend on the particle mass, in addition to clusters also properties of very large (bio-)molecules (e.g. DNA constituents) will be investigated. In order to test the cryogenic concept of the CSR a 4 m long electrostatic ion trap at around 10 K was successfully developed and commisioned as a prototype and achieved a residual pressure in the 10-14 mbar range [1]. The status of the project will be reported.

Figure 1: Schematic of the CSR with the connection to the cryocooler and with in-ring experiments. The inner cryogenic chambers and outer cryostat chambers are visible.

References [1] M. Lange et. al., Rev. Sci. Instr., Accepted for publication (2010).


The cyclotron development activities at CIAE

T. Zhang, Zh. Li, F. Yang China Institute of Atomic Energy, [email protected]

The Cyclotron Laboratory at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) has been devoting to cyclotron development and related applications since it was founded in 1956. The first cyclotron in China, Y-120, was successfully provide beam for user here in 1958, marking a remarkable event in the cyclotron development history in China. At the moment two cyclotrons are being built at CIAE, i.e. a 100 MeV cyclotron CYCIAE-100 and a 14 MeV cyclotron CYCIAE-14. In the meanwhile, we are designing and proposing to build a number of cyclotrons at different energies, e.g. an 800 MeV proton cyclotron. The paper will present an overview of the construction progress of the ongoing project CYCIAE-100, including the accomplished fabrication of a 2-meter long, 38° sector resonant cavity, 2 sets of 100kW amplifiers, and the test results that go with them, as well as other major parts about to be finished, from the 435-ton main magnet, main coil, high stability DC power supply, to the main vacuum chamber, extraction system, etc. Also included in this paper is a multi-cusp, 15mA H- ion source specially developed for CYCIAE-100 and the test results on the experimental test stand. A part of this paper will cover the construction of a 10MeV Central Region Model Cyclotron, CYCIAE-CRM, whose development has come to an end with success in the December of 2009. The beam intensity, after many improvements made during the commissioning, has been up to 430 µA. The basic structure and design parameters will be introduced, as well as the results of isochronous field mapping and shimming, and beam tests, etc. The other highlight of this paper will go to a 14 MeV cyclotron, known as the CYCIAE-14 project. An overall introduction of the machine will be given, including the primary technical specifications, calculation results of the beam dynamics, physics design results of the major parts and their fabrication progress, etc. The construction of this machine is to be accomplished within 2 years. The last part of the paper deals with some future developing plans being conceived and to be conducted at the Cyclotron Laboratory of CIAE, including the concept design of a 800 MeV high power proton cyclotron, the physics design of a 70 MeV compact high intensity H- cyclotron, as well as the beam intensity upgrading plan based on CYCIAE-CRM and possible applied research related to BNCT.

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Mini gas ionization chambers for IBA applications

A.M. Müller, M. Döbeli, M. Mallepell, M. Suter, H.-A. Synal Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, [email protected]

In AMS, gas ionization chambers are applied since decades for rare isotope detection. Also for IBA applications (ERDA, HIBS) gas detectors are increasingly being used. The benefits of these detectors are the high radiation hardness and the better energy resolution compared to Si detectors for ions heavier than Li. In order to facilitate their construction and use we have designed very small and simple tubular gas ionization detectors of only a few centimeters in length (Fig. 1). If used with small entrance windows they can withstand pressure differences up to 1 bar and thus can be operated both under vacuum or atmospheric pressure. They are especially suited for high fluence applications like e.g. STIM. Tests with the direct beam from an ion microprobe have shown that no change in detector response can be observed even after a fluence of 10 million protons per square micron of entrance window area. An overview of the present status and potential of the technique will be given.

Figure 1: Photograph of the tubular gas ionization detector


10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 69 Friday, 17.9.2010 (AMS)

SESSION 1 – Chair: S. Merchel

9:00 – 9:30

INVITED

M. Suter

How can we optimize AMS facilities?

9:30 – 9:50 P. Steier

AMS of heavy ions at VERA: Measurement procedures and applications

9:50 – 10:10 K. von Reden

Design and reality: Continuous-flow accelerator mass spectrometry

10:10 – 10:30 M. Fedi

New perspectives for AMS at LABEC, Florence

10:30 – 10:50 E. Chamizo

Presence of plutonium isotopes, 239Pu and 240Pu, in soils from Chile

SESSION 2 – Chair: P. Misaelides

11:20 – 11:40 F. Marzaioli

Forensic applications of 14C at CIRCE

11:40 - 12:00 V. Palonen

Improved AMS data analysis with the CAR model

12:00 - 12:20 M. Quarta

Radiocarbon AMS determination of the biogenic component in CO2 emitted from waste incineration

12:20 - 12:40 M. Klein

A new HVE 6 MV AMS system at the University of Cologne

12:40 - 13:00

INVITED K. Bethge

Final remarks – Summary – End of ECAART-10


How can we optimize AMS facilities?

M. Suter1, H.- A. Synal2 1Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, [email protected]

2Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich

There is increasing demand on AMS, both for higher accuracy and for measuring samples with lower nuclide concentrations or smaller size. Meeting these demands requires that we find ways for improving the performance of existing AMS facilities or for building new, better instruments. The terminal voltage (VTerm) of tandem accelerators and the associated maximum beam energy are certainly important parameters for characterizing performance, since higher energies make nuclide detection and identification significantly simpler. On the other hand, initial investment and operating costs are significantly higher for facilities with higher VTerm. In addition to VTerm, performance depends very strongly on the layout of the instrument and on the design of individual components. Progress is best served by approaching the optimization of AMS instrumentation in a systematic, scientific way. This approach requires that we have a sufficient understanding of the measurement scheme to enable the process to be modeled and reliable predictions to be made for the behavior of different configurations. For low energy AMS ((VTerm)< 1 MV), this optimization was an essential step in the design of competitive, compact instruments. Similar know-how can be applied for improving the performance of larger AMS facilities. Because the same physical effects are not necessarily relevant in all energy ranges, different concepts, arrangements and methods may be appropriate at lower than at higher energies. This will be illustrated using the example of isobar separation techniques based on differences in stopping power. We first demonstrate that the models and computer codes presently available for stopping power and energy straggling are not sufficient to make reliable predictions of isobar suppression. It is therefore important that more reliable experimental data become available to allow improvement and evaluation of the models. Gas detectors must be optimized individually for the various energy ranges: electronic noise is a key limitation at low energies, whereas at higher energies energy straggling is a dominant effect. Other particle identification techniques such as absorber cells, degrader foils and gas filled magnets show different energy dependant limitations.


AMS of heavy ions at VERA: Measurement procedures and applications

P. Steier1, F. Dellinger1, O. Forstner1, R. Golser1, W. Kutschera1, M. Martschini1, A. Priller1, M. Srncik2, A. Wallner1, G. Wallner2

1Universität Wien, Fakultät für Physik - Isotopenforschung, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria, [email protected]

2Universität Wien, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Währingerstr. 42, A-1090 Wien, Austria Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) has proven to be the most sensitive method for the detection of actinides [1]. Based on realistic assumptions, actinides AMS can provide a higher detection efficiency than α-spectrometry if the half-life is longer than ca. 103 years. Depending on the nuclide, the detection limit for heavy, long-lived radioisotopes can be several orders of magnitude below that of the conventional mass spectrometric methods such as TIMS (Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry) and ICP-MS. This advantage is especially large for 236U (t1/2 = 23 Myr) where the high natural abundance of 234U, 235U and 238U make the abundance sensitivity of AMS a prerequisite for its detection [2]. Only a few facilities worldwide exist so far which can reach the natural abundance levels of 236U (< 10-10), among them the Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator (VERA). Also for other actinides, where no abundant natural isotopes exist, the overall detection limit seems to be better with AMS than with competing methods [1], probably due to the complete suppression of molecular ion species and of "tails" from uranium. This seems to hold also for machines with lower terminal voltage (≤ 1 MV), and a growing number of AMS laboratories are now pursuing such applications [3,4]. The high sensitivity extends the domain of applicability to almost every compartment of the environment, where many such radio-nuclides occur at detectable levels, both of anthropogenic and natural origin. At VERA, we have carried out measurements for radiation protection and environmental monitoring (236U, 239,240,241,242,244Pu), astrophysics (182Hf, 236U, 244Pu, trace amounts of Pt), oceanography (236U), nuclear physics (210mBi, 202Pb, 236U, 239Pu), and a search for long-lived super-heavy elements (Z > 100). We will present the detection methods used for heavy isotopes at VERA. 236U and 210mBi, where stable isotopes exist which are one mass lighter are presently limited by the abundance sensitivity of several 10-12. For 236U/U ratios in the 10-11 range and mg-sized samples, an accuracy of about 1% can be reached. Smaller uranium samples are limited by counting statistics (or, in many cases, laboratory background). For small samples, beam-current measurements of 233U, 234U, and 235U are no longer possible, but require a measurement in a particle detector. The precision of plutonium and other elements where no stable isotope for beam current measurements by fast sequencing exists, is limited by counting statistics or by the switching time between the various isotopes. We will discuss these limitations, and present recent and planned improvements at VERA. References [1] L.K. Fifield, Quaternary Geochronology 3 (2008) 276–290. [2] P. Steier, F. Dellinger, O. Forstner, R. Golser, K. Knie, W. Kutschera, A. Priller, F. Quinto, M. Srncik, F.

Terrasi, C. Vockenhuber, A. Wallner, G. Wallner, E.M. Wild. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 268 (2010) 1045–1049.

[3] E. Chamizo, S.M. Enamorado, M. García-León, M. Suter, L. Wacker. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 266 (2008) 4948–4954.

[4] J. Lachner, M. Christl, T. Bisinger, R. Michel, H.-A. Synal, Applied Radiation and Isotopes 68 (2010) 979–983.


Design and reality: Continuous-flow accelerator mass spectrometry

K. F. von Reden1, M. L. Roberts1, C. P. McIntyre1, J. R. Burton1 1Wood Hole Oceanographic Institution,

[email protected] In 2007 we published [1] the design of a novel accelerator mass spectrometry system capable of analyzing gaseous samples injected continuously into a microwave plasma gas ion source. Obvious advantages of such a system are drastically reduced processing times and avoidance of potentially contaminating chemical preparation steps. Another paper in these proceedings will present the progress of the development of this system that has since been built and tested at the National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility in Woods Hole [2]. In this paper we will review the original design and present updates, reflecting our recent encouraging experience with the system. A simple summary: large acceptance ion beam optics design is beneficial to accelerator mass spectrometry in general, but essential to AMS with plasma gas ion sources. References [1] B. Han, K. von Reden, M. Roberts, R. Schneider, J. Hayes, “Electromagnet Field Modeling and Ion

Optics Calculations for a Continuous-Flow AMS System”, Nucl. Inst. & Meth. in Physics Research B 259, 2007, p.111.

[2] M. Roberts, K. von Reden, C. McIntyre, J. Burton, “Progress with a gas-accepting ion source for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry”, these proceedings.


New perspectives for AMS at LABEC, Florence

M.E. Fedi1*, L. Carraresi1,2, L. Caforio2,3, M. Manetti1, F. Taccetti1, P.A: Mandò1,2 1INFN Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy

2Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy 3Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

*[email protected] The LABEC laboratory in Florence has now gained some years of experience in Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. During these first years of operation, our activity has been focused both on applications (mainly dedicated to radiocarbon dating) and on the investigation of the Tandetron accelerator capability and performance (i.e. reproducibility and background). To better understand the behaviour of the machine, new detectors and solutions for the dedicated AMS beam line were studied; in particular, the high-energy side (HE) has been recently upgraded by installing a new line that allows us to have a better beam diagnostics and detection resolution. The original beam line was equipped only with Faraday cups and commercial Beam Profile Monitor that can however provide beam transport monitoring along the HE line only through the use of stable isotope ion beams (e.g. 13C). In order to have the possibility to directly monitor the position and the spatial distribution of the rare isotope ion beam (e.g. 14C), after the energy-mass-charge analysis (magnet + ESA) and after the final quadrupole doublet, just in front of the detector, we have added a multiwire proportional chamber to be used as a BPM optimized for ultra-low intensity beams (of the order of a few particles per seconds). The device has been mounted on a retractable arm, to give us the possibility to use it only during the tuning phase and extract it during measurements. Signals read-out electronics and acquisition system have been realized custom as well: charge pre-amplifiers are based on high-frequency discrete components; DAQ is based on a VME bus. As to rare isotopes detection, a silicon detector has been added to the original ionisation chamber, which is however still installed. The better energy resolution of this detector can help us to identify the particles that have reached the final detector after scattering events. Finally, the new beam line has been already equipped with the necessary mechanics to house a new Time of Flight (TOF) system for measurements of rare isotopes heavier than 14C, namely 129I. The first tests of the TOF are planned within short. In the talk, details about mechanics and electronics of the new beam line will be given, and tests of the BPM performance with a real 14C-beam will be shown, in standard AMS measurement conditions.

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Forensic applications of 14C at CIRCE

F. Marzaioli1, M. Capano1, I. Passariello1, F. Terrasi1 1CIRCE, INNOVA, and Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli , Caserta,

Italy, [email protected] The CIRCE AMS system, in operation since 2005, has rapidly attained very good precision and accuracy in 14C measurements, as demonstrated also by the results of the VIRI intercomparison program [1]. Typical statistical errors affecting the measured 14C/12C isotopic ratios are ≤ 0.3% for samples not older than few thousands years. We have then accepted requests from private citizens or public institutions to certify the authenticity of different findings in several forensic activities. In particular, we have radiocarbon dated the wooden support of a painting whose attribution to Leonardo da Vinci is heavily disputed among experts. Moreover, we have used the bomb spike method to determine the date of death of several individuals and the date of production of the paper support of relevant documents. In the present contribution details are given about both the methodology employed and the role of AMS measurements in the framework of more general analytical approaches to the investigated problems References [1] F. Terrasi, N. De Cesare, A. D'Onofrio, C. Lubritto, F. Marzaioli, I. Passariello, D. Rogalla, C. Sabbarese,

G. Borriello, G. Casa, A. Palmieri,. High precision 14C AMS at CIRCE. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B266 (2008) 2221

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Radiocarbon AMS determination of the biogenic component in CO2 emitted from waste incineration

L. Calcagnile1, G. Quarta1, M. D’Elia1, G. Ciceri2, V. Martinotti2

1CEDAD-Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy, Corresponding author: Lucio Calcagnile ([email protected])

2ERSE (ENEA-Ricerca sul Sistema Elettrico) S.p.A, Via R. Rubattino, 54, 20134, Milano

The thermal utilization of wastes for energy production is gaining importance in European countries. Nevertheless, the combustion of wastes leads to significant CO2 emissions in the atmosphere which, depending on the fraction of biogenic and fossil materials, have to be only partially accounted for the national greenhouse gas inventory. Thus the development of a proper, standardized experimental methodology for the determination of the biomass component of combusted wastes, plays a crucial role. Recently, a novel approach has been suggested as based on the determination of the radiocarbon content in the CO2 stack emissions. The method is based on the large difference in the 14C content between fossil-derived (not containing 14C) and biogenic waste, whose radiocarbon content reflects the modern atmospheric concentration. Nevertheless, beside the significant advantages of this approach, with respect to more traditional ones such as the manual sorting and the energy-mass balance methods, some issues have still to be properly addressed. A crucial point if, for instance, the evaluation of the radiocarbon concentration for the pure biogenic waste which strongly depends on the waste composition and the radiocarbon concentration in the single fraction of the biomass. In this paper we present the results of the AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) measurements carried out on CO2 sampled at the stack of a plant burning SRF (Solid Recovered Fuel), obtained by processing MSW (Municipal Solid Waste), in Northern Italy. A dedicated system for CO2 stack emission sampling was developed allowing the gas purification by mean of cold traps and the following dissolution of carbon dioxide in 4 M KOH solution. A proper protocol for the chemical processing of the solutions was then developed at CEDAD for the release of the dissolved CO2 by mean of acidification with H3PO4, its purification by mean of cryogenic traps and its catalytic reduction to graphite for the AMS radiocarbon measurements. We determined that 200 µl of solution (corresponding to less than 1 h of sampling time) produce enough graphite to allow the estimation of the radiocarbon concentration by AMS. Blank values were obtained by measuring samples taken from plants burning exclusively fossil fuels while the reference value for the 14C content in pure biomass was established by measuring CO2 emission form plants burning biomass only. This references values were then used to determine the biogenic component in the CO2 emitted from waste incineration plants. Our results indicate the potentialities of 14C AMS as monitoring tool also considering the high temporal resolution achievable by this method. Finally, the obtained values were compared with those obtained by using conventional methods (UNI prEN 15440) for the quantification of the biomass content of SRF.


A new HVE 6 MV AMS system at the University of Cologne

M. Klein1, A. Dewald2, A. Gottdang1, S. Heinze2, D.J.W. Mous1 1High Voltage engineering Europa B.V., The Netherlands, www.highvolteng.com

2CologneAMS/ Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne, Germany, www.cologne-ams.de

Cologne AMS is the new Centre for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) at the University of Cologne. It will operate a dedicated AMS system designed to measure all standard cosmogenic nuclides (10Be,14C,26Al,36Cl, 41Ca,129I) and which uses a 6 MV TANDETRON accelerator equipped with an all solid-state power supply, foil and gas stripper. The system also enables a sensitive detection of heavy ions up to 239U and 244Pu. The high-energy mass-spectrometer consists of a 90° magnet with a radius of 2 m and a mass-energy product of 351 amu MeV to allow the detection of 244Pu5+ up to the maximum terminal voltage of 6 MV. This magnet is followed by an electrostatic energy analyzer and a switching magnet that can transport the rare isotope beam into various beam lines. The switching magnet forms a third analyzing element which is needed especially for the sensitive detection of heavy elements. So far two beam lines are equipped with their own detection system. One of these lines is used for suppression of isobaric background in the case of the analysis of e.g. 36Cl. This is accomplished by an absorber foil which generates a Z-dependent energy loss in combination with a momentum/charge-state selection via a 120 degree magnet that features up to 30 mrad acceptance for efficient beam transport. In this contribution we will introduce the new Centre, the layout and specific characteristics of the AMS system as well as the main topics of the future scientific work to be performed at Cologne AMS.


POSTER SESSION I, MONDAY, 13/9/2010



POSTER SESSION I

PI-1 L. Bonanni, A. Caciolli, G. Calzolai, M. Chiari, A. Climent-Font, F. Lucarelli, S. Nava Measurement of proton inelastic scattering cross sections on fluorine

PI-2 V. Foteinou, A. Lagoyiannis, M. Kokkoris, G. Provatas, T. Konstantinopoulos, P. Misaelides, S. Harissopulos

Cross section measurements of the 6Li(d,α0)4He reaction PI-3 M. Kokkoris, A. Kafkarkou, V. Paneta, P. Misaelides, R. Vlastou, A. Lagoyannis

Differential cross-sections for the 11B(p,αo)8Be and 11B(p,p)11B reactions suitable for analytical purposes

PI-4 G. Provatas, M. Kokkoris, A. Lagoyannis, T. Konstantinopoulos, V. Foteinou, S. Harissopulos Proton elastic scattering differential cross section measurements in 45Sc

PI-5 F. G. A. Sampaio, L. S. del Lama, P. C. D. Petchevist and A. de Almeida Gap theoretical analysis from adjacent electron beams measured with the Fricke xylenol gel

PI-6 Z. Siketić, I. Bogdanović-Radović, M. Jakšić Testing of heavy ion SRIM stopping power data

PI-7 S. Takács, F. Tárkányi, A. Hermanne, R. Adam Rebeles, A. Ignatyuk Activation cross sections of proton-induced nuclear reactions on hafnium

PI-8 F. Tárkányi, A. Hermanne, B. Király, S. Takács, F. Ditrói, M. Baba, A.V. IgnatyukInvestigation of activation cross sections of deuteron-induced reactions on indium up to 40 MeV for production of a 113Sn(113mIn) generator

PI-9 F. Tárkányi, A. Hermanne, S. Takács, F. Ditrói, B. Király, H. Yamazaki, M. Baba, A. Mohammadi, A.V. Ignatyuk Investigation of activation cross sections of deuteron induced reactions on vanadium, molybdenum, tin and gold for accelerator technology

PI-10 J. A. R. Pacheco de Carvalho, C. F. F. P. Ribeiro Pacheco, A. D. Reis Applications of spectral computer simulation to surface analysis of materials

PI-11 B. J. Patil, S. T. Chavan, S. N. Pethe, R. Krishnan, S. D. Dhole Estimation of neutron production from accelerator head assembly of 15 MV medical LINAC using FLUKA simulations

PI-12 D. Ila, R. L. Zimmerman, C. I. Muntele and S. Budak Formation of pseudo-crystals using MeV ion beam tracks

PI-13 F. Noli, P. Misaelides, A. Hatzidimitriou, A. Lagoyannis, J.-P. Riviére Characterization and corrosion resistance investigation of TiN-Ni nanocomposite coatings using RBS and NRA

PI-14 H.Tsuji , P. Sommani , T. Yamada , H. Kojima, H. Sato, Y. Gotoh, J. Ishikawa, J. Ishikawa Ion beam modification of polymers for self-aligned adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells and control of nuclei orientation

PI-15 J. Vacik, V. Lavrentiev, V. Hnatowicz, K. Narumi Effect of high energy electron bombardment on iodine and lithium penetration into PEEK, HDPE and PI

PI-16 N.P. Barradas , C.Jeynes, M.J.Bailey, M.Zier, E.Alves, A.Bergmaier, I. Bogdanović Radović, Z. Siketić, I.Vickridge, E.Briand, D. Benzeggouta, P.Pelicon, Z.Qiang, B.Brijs, K.Temst, W.Vandervorst, A.Vantomme, G.Terwagne, A.Simon, E.Szilágyi, A.Winn

Round-robin for the measurement of the Ti/N ratio in TiNx thin films in several European laboratories

82 Book of Abstracts PI-17 C. Jeynes , M.J. Bailey, M. Zier, N.P. Barradas, E. Alves, Z. Qiang, B. Brijs,

K.Temst , W. Vandervorst, A. Vantomme, G. Terwagne, A. Simon, E. Szilágyi, R. Elliman

Round-robin for the RBS measurement of implantation fluence in several European laboratories

PI-18 L. Carraresi, L. Bardelli, P. Bonanni, N. Grassi, A. Migliori, P. A. Mandò Scanning and acquisition system for PIXE-PIGE mapping of large areas with sub-millimeter beams

PI-19 J. Chacha, S. Budak, C. Smith, M. Pugh, K. Ogbara, R. Tilley, K. Heidary, R. B. Johnson, C. Muntele, D.Ila Effects of MeV Si ions bombardment on the thermoelectric generator from SiO2/SiO2+Cu nanolayered multilayer films

PI-20 L. Bonanni, G. Calzolai, M. Chiari, F. Lucarelli, S. Nava, S. Becagli, R. Udisti Determination of organic and elemental carbon in aerosol samples collected on Teflon filters by proton elastic scattering techniques

PI-21 I.C. Cho, H. Niu, C.H. Hsu DNA double-strand breaks induced along the particle trajectory

PI-22 F. Ditrói, S. Takács, F. Tárkányi, E. Corniani, R.W.Smith, M. Jech, T. Wopelka Thin layer activation for wear measurement under the micrometer range

PI-23 M. Fonseca, H. Luís, J. Cruz, D. Galaviz, J.P. Ribeiro, A.P. Jesus

Golden glazes analysis by PIGE and PIXE techniques PI-24 M. Fonseca, K. Loren, R. Melo, M.L. Botelho, H. Luís, N. P Barradas, A.P. Jesus

Calibration of a TOC setup with elastic backscattering spectrometry PI-25 Y. Furuyama, A. Taniike, A. Kitamura

Accelerator analyses of particulate matter in the exhaust Gas of a ship diesel engine

PI-26 A. Godelitsas, N. Stamatelos, M. Kokkoris and E. Chatzitheodoridis Lead patination in the atmosphere of Athens, Greece

PI-27 P. C. Gutiérrez-Neira, A. Climent-Font, I. Montero, A. Zucchiatti Application of PIXE and PIGE techniques to the study of Roman glasses: The case of the archaeological site of Duratón (Spain)

PI-28 C. Gutiérrez, A. Zucchiatti, A. Climent Font, C. Escudero, M. Barrera Ion beam analysis of a laser cleaned archaeological metal object: The San Estebam de Gormaz cross (Soria-Spain)

PI-29 R. T. Huang, J.Y. Hsu, J. W. Huang, Y.C. Yu Microstructural study of silicon-on-insulator structures by using nitrogen-implantation

PI-30 E. Markina, M. Mayer, H.T. Lee Measurement of He and H depth profiles in tungsten using ERDA with medium heavy ion beams

PI-31 J.A. Mars, D. Gihwala Ion beam analysis of human finger nails

PI-32 F. Mathis, J. Dewalque, O. Dubreuil, C. Toussaint, R. Delhalle, G. Spronck, P. Colson, R. Cloots, D. Strivay, C. Henrist Analysis of thin layers for photovoltaic application: comparison between RBS and ellipsometry on the determination of roughness and porosity

PI-33 A. I. Moreno-Suárez, B. Gómez-Tubío, M. A. Respaldiza, F. Chaves, I. Ortega-Feliu, M. Á. Ontalba-Salamanca and F. J. Ager. Combining non-destructive nuclear techniques to study Roman leaded copper coins from Ilipa (II-I b.C.)

PI-34 A.M. Müller, M. Döbeli, M. Mallepell, M. Suter, H.-A. Synal Surface erosion during heavy ion backscattering analysis

PI-35 M. Nakamura, K. Imai, M. Hirose, H. Matsumoto, M. Tosaki, D. Ohsawa, S. Makino, O. Niwa, K. Komatsu, H. Utsumi Heavy-ion microbeam system for cell irradiation at Kyoto University

10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 83 PI-36 S. Petrović, V. Berec, D. Borka, and N. Nešković

Superfocusing of protons in silicon crystals: Rainbow subatomic microscopy PI-37 G. Quarta, L. Maruccio, M. D’Elia, L. Calcagnile

Provenance studies of obsidians from Neolithic contexts in southern Italy by IBA (Ion Beam Analysis) methods

PI-38 M. Tosaki, M. Nakamura, M. Hirose, and H. Matsumoto Application of heavy-ion microbeam system at Kyoto University: Energy deposit in imaging plate by single carbon-ion irradiation

PI-39 S. Neve, H-E. Zschau, K. E. Stiebing, L. Ph. H. Schmidt, M. Schütze An ion beam analysis chamber for non-destructive depth-profiling of TiAl turbine blades

PI-40 E. Andrade, A. Romero Núñez, A. Ibarra Palos, J.Cruz, M.F. Rocha, C. Solis, O. G. de Lucio, E.P. Zavala Ion beam analysis of partial lithium extraction of LiMn2O4 by chemical delithiation

PI-41 J.H. Liang , Y.Z. Chen, C.M. Lin Characterization of radiation damage induced by low-temperature B4 cluster-ion implantation into silicon

PI-42 M. A. Sortica, P. L. Grande, C. Radtke Nanostructures characterization using the MEIS technique

PI-43 R. Vlastou, M. Kokkoris, M. Diakaki, A. Tsinganis, V. Paneta, Ch. Constantinou, A. Kotrotsou, E. Mara, M. Lambrou, V. Loizou, A. Lagoyannis, G. Provatas Characterization of the neutron flux distribution at the Athens tandem accelerator NCSR “Demokritos”

PI-44 M. Chekirine, R. K. Choudhury, D. C. Biswas, H. Ammi and S. Tobbeche Stopping powers of mylar for 16O, 19F, 28Si from 1.6 to 5.5 MeV/u

PI-45 A. Majid Structural modifications of AlInN thin films by neon ion implantation

PI-46 D. Abriola Development of a genetic algorithm for the search of optical potentials

PI-47 M. Ueda, A. R. Silva Jr., C. B. Mello, G. Silva, V. S. OliveiraInfluence of residual oxygen in plasma immersion ion implantation processing of materials

PI-48 M. Ueda, A.R. Silva Jr., V.S. Oliveira, C. B. Mello, G. Silva, R. M. Oliveira Sub-atmospheric and low pressure air plasma immersion ion implantation applied to SS304, AL7075, TI6AL4V and Si

PI-49 M. V. Siciliano, V. Nassisi, L. VelardiSurface modifications of AISI 420 stainless steel by yttrium ions

PI-50 V. Nassisi, M.V. Siciliano and L. VelardiCharacterization of an ion beam delivered by two accelerating gaps

PI-51 A. Paulenova, S. Sadi, W. D. Loveland, P. R. Watson, J. Greene, G. Zinkann Microstructure damage of thin metal films by irradiation with fission fragments

PI-52 M. Pugh, S. Budak, C. Smith, J. Chacha, B. Lowery, K. Ogbara, K. Heidary, R. B. Johnson, C. Muntele, D. Ila MeV Si ions modification effects on the thermoelectric generator from Si/Si+Ge superlattice nanolayered films

PI-53 D. Jezeršek, P. Pelicon, N. Grlj, P. Vavpetič, M. Žitnik, Ž. Šmit, I. Čadež, Z. Rupnik, S. Markelj, P. Pongrac, M. Kavčič Upgrade of ion beam analysis at Jožef Stefan Institute and transnational access

PI-54 R. Huzsank, S.Z.Szilasi, D.Szirka H+ ion beam irradiation of poly(dimethilsiloxane) and characterisation of the chemical changes at the surface and in the function of proton penetration depth

PI-55 A.Amokrane, N.Boudra, A.Nourreddine and J.P. Stocquert


Analysis of Polluting Elements in sea water and marine sediments in Algiers port

PI-56 N.Saxena, P.Kumar, A.Agarwal, D.Knajilal Ion beam induced formation of nanocrytalline silicon in pulsed laser deposited SiOX thin films



Measurement of proton inelastic scattering cross sections on fluorine

L. Bonanni1, A. Caciolli2, G. Calzolai1, M. Chiari1, A. Climent-Font3, F. Lucarelli1, S. Nava1 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN Florence, Sesto Fiorentino,

Italy, [email protected] 2CGT, University of Sienna, Siena, Italy and INFN Padua, Padova, Italy

3CMAM, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Differential cross-sections for proton inelastic scattering on fluorine, in particular from the first two excited levels of 19F at 110 and 197 keV, 19F(p,p1)19F and 19F(p,p2)19F, were measured for beam energies from 3 to 7 MeV at a scattering angle of 150° using a LiF thin target (50 µg/cm2) evaporated on a self-supporting C thin film (30 µg/cm2). Absolute cross-sections were calculated with a method not dependent on the absolute values of collected beam charge, detector solid angle and target thickness. The validity of the measured inelastic scattering cross sections has been checked by benchmark experiments at several proton energies on thick Teflon (CF2) samples. The knowledge of the 19F(p,p1)19F and 19F(p,p2)19F inelastic scattering cross sections is indeed crucial when performing Elastic Backscattering Spectrometry (EBS) with MeV protons to analyse samples containing nitrogen and oxygen other than fluorine, since the energy of protons elastically backscattered by N and O is very close to the energy of p1 and p2 protons and mistakes might happen. As a practical application, using the present new measurements of 19F(p,p1)19F and 19F(p,p2)19F differential cross sections and the measured and evaluated non-Rutherford elastic scattering cross section of protons on C, N, O and F [1], it will be discussed the possibility of obtaining quantitative information on the concentration of light elements, such as C, N and O, in atmospheric aerosol samples collected on Teflon filters [2] by EBS and direct simulation of the backscattering spectra. References [1] IBANDL, Ion Beam Analysis Nuclear Data Library, http://www-nds.iaea.org/ibandl/ [2] M. Chiari, P. Del Carmine, F. Lucarelli, G. Marcazzan, S. Nava, L. Paperetti, P. Prati, G. Valli, R. Vecchi,

A. Zucchiatti, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 219-220 (2004) 166


Cross section measurements of the 6Li(d,α0)4He reaction

V. Foteinou1, A. Lagoyannis1, M. Kokkoris2, G. Provatas1, T. Konstantinopoulos1, P. Misaelides3, S. Harissopulos1

1Tandem Accelerator Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear Physics, NCSR ``Demokritos'' 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece, [email protected]

2National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece. 3Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.

The quantitative determination of lithium is important for the characterization of various materials, including aluminum and magnesium alloys, ceramics, glass, lubricants, greases, and rechargeable batteries. The main problem in lithium's case, coming from the fact that it is highly reactive, is that it is usually present in relatively complex matrices along with several medium or high-Z elements. Among Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) methods, with the exception of Resonant Photon Induced Gamma-ray Emission (R-PIGE) technique, which is time consuming and strictly isotope specific, only Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) can quantify the abundance of individual light isotopes in material samples, and can depth profile with nanometer resolution. Therefore it is a highly suitable ion beam technique for determining the concentration and the depth profile of light elements in complex matrices. In the present study, differential cross sections measurements of the 6Li(d,α0)4He reaction have been performed for a deuteron energy of 900 keV to 2,000 keV in steps of 25keV. The experiments were performed using the 5.5 MV Tandem Accelerator of N.C.S.R. ``Demokritos'', Athens, Greece. A thin self-supported (~50 µg/cm2), isotopically enriched (94% 6Li) LiF target, was evaporated onto a carbon foil of 10 µg/cm2. On top of the target, a thin Au layer (~10 µg/cm2) was evaporated in order to ensure the thermal stability of the target. The reaction α-particles were detected at four backward angles from 140o to 170o in steps of 10o, by four silicon surface barrier detectors, placed in a large goniometer. A typical experimental spectrum is shown in Figure 1. The results are also compared to data from literature, when present [1,2], and are validated through benchmarking experiments using high purity thick, mirror polished natural LiF and LiAlO2 targets.

.

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 35000

1x104

2x104

3x104

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5x104 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

0

200

400

600

19F(d,d)19F

197Au(d,d)197Au

12C(d,p0)13C

Cou

nts

Energy (keV)

19F(

d,a 4)17

O19

F(d,

p 0)20F

19F(

d,a 3)17

O19

F(d,

a 2)17O

19F(

d,a 1)17

O

19F(

d,a 0)17

O6 Li(d

,p1)

7 Li

6Li(d,p0)7Li

6Li(d,a0)4He

Figure 1: Experimental spectrum taken at 160o and Ed=1600 keV.

References [1] B.Maurel,G.Amsel and D.Dieumegard, NIM, 191(1981), 349. [2] J.M.Delbrouck-Habaru, P.D.Dumont, M.Huez, G.Robaye, L.Winand, Bull.Soc.Roy.Sci. Liege

38, 240 (1969)


Differential cross-sections for the 11B(p,αo)8Be and 11B(p,p)11B reactions, suitable for analytical purposes

M. Kokkoris1, A. Kafkarkou1, V. Paneta1, P. Misaelides2, R. Vlastou1, A. Lagoyannis3

1Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou campus, 15780 Athens, Greece, [email protected]

2Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece 3Institute of Nuclear Physics, N.C.S.R. 'Demokritos', Aghia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece

Boron is a highly regarded technological material and has numerous applications in various fields. It is widely used in the semiconductor industry as a dopant for Si and Ge substrates, and it is also an essential ingredient of hard coatings on the walls of thermonuclear plants [1]. Thus, the accurate quantitative determination of boron depth profiles in heavy and light matrices or substrates is of great importance. For Ion Beam Analysis (IBA), both the 11B(p,αo)8Be and the 11B(p,p)11B reactions seem to be quite suitable for analytical purposes. However, the elastic boron peak in typical low energy p-EBS/RBS spectra often interferes with peaks from other light elements, such as 12C, or lies on a significant background caused by other, heavier elements co-existing in the matrix. For such complex cases the 11B(p,αo)8Be reaction seems to be more appropriate for boron depth profiling, since it provides a well isolated peak in higher energies, due to its high Q-value. Nonetheless, there seems to be a certain lack of available data in literature, concerning both reactions, suitable for material analysis in the backscattering geometry. Moreover, the existing datasets are quite discrepant. In an attempt to clarify the situation, both reactions were studied in the present work between 135o and 170o, in steps of 5o, for the proton beam energy range between 2.2 and 4.2 MeV, in steps of 50 keV. The proton beam was provided by the 5.5 MV TN11 VdG Tandem accelerator of N.C.S.R ‘Democritos’. The target consisted of a thin boron film (~99% isotopically enriched 11B), with a thickness of ~323 µg/cm2, evaporated on a thick, polished tantalum backing. An attempt to explain the occurring results in the framework of the resonance mechanism is also presented, along with a comparison with previously published data.

References [1] M. Mayer, A. Annen, W. Jacob, S. Grigull, Nucl. Instr. & Methods in Phys. Res. B 143 (1998) 244-252.


Proton elastic scattering differential cross section measurements in 45Sc

G. Provatas1, M. Kokkoris2, A. Lagoyannis1, T. Konstantinopoulos1, V. Foteinou1, S. Harissopulos1 1Tandem Accelerator Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear Physics, National Centre for Scientific Research

“Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece ([email protected]) 2Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens,

Greece

The implementation of ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques, such as elastic backscattering spectroscopy (EBS), in element depth profiling in the case of 45Sc is limited by the lack of differential cross section data in the literature, over a wide range of energies and backscattering angles. The present work aims at contributing in this field through the measurement of the differential cross sections for the elastic scattering of protons in 45Sc, providing for the first time data in the literature available for element depth profiling of 45Sc using IBA techniques. For the cross section measurements, a thin self-supporting target was prepared by evaporating ScBr3 powder onto a carbon foil. The proton beam was delivered by the 5.5 MV Tandem TN11 accelerator of NCSR “Demokritos” Athens, Greece. The laboratory energies of the protons ranged from 2.3 to 5.5 MeV in steps of 25 and 50 keV. For the detection of the scattered protons three Si surface barrier detectors were used and they were placed at 140o, 160o and 170o with respect to the beam axis. The detectors were connected to a multichannel analyzer using standard NIM electronics. The error of the measured differential cross sections was not greater than 10%. The result of this work indicates small random like fluctuations of the order of 10mb/sr for proton energies above 3.1 MeV for all three angles. The measured cross sections were evaluated by carrying out measurements irradiating a thick Sc2O3 target. The collected spectra of backscattered protons were fitted using the measured differential cross section values and the agreement between the simulated and experimental spectra was of the order of 5%.


Gap theoretical analysis from adjacent electron beams measured with the Fricke xylenol gel

F. G. A. Sampaio1, L. S. del Lama1, P. C. D. Petchevist1,2

and A. de Almeida1

1FFCLRP, Universidade de SãoPaulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, [email protected]

2Instituto de Radioterapia e Megavoltagem, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil Fricke Xylenol Gel (FXG) is a very effective chemical dosimeter used also for radiation doses spatial distribution measurements for a wide range for absorbed doses, specially in radiotherapy. Dosimetry accomplished with the FXG is based on the oxidation of ions (Fe+2) into ions (Fe+3), due to the radiation energy absorbed. The latter ions form colored complexes with the xylenol orange indicator ions, [XO-Fe+3], which characterize the absorbance spectrum of the dosimeter, centered at 585 nm. Once the optical absorbance is linearly related with absorbed dose, it is possible to determine the spatial absorbed doses values in the system. The FXG allied with the CCD system are able to provide a bidimensional matrix data, with a depth dose distribution when adjacent fields are applied [3]. Since FXG is suitable to evaluate the absorbed dose distribution at the interface of two or more adjacent fields, the main objective of this work was to determine the gap equation from adjacent electron beams incident on FXG samples. The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, ICRU [4], presents a gap study between adjacent electron beams fields of 5, 10 and 15 mm to avoid sub or overdose at the interface of two fields. In this work, we investigated the depth absorbed dose distribution, without gap (0 mm), for two electron adjacent beams of 10x10, 15x15 and 20x20 cm2, for 5, 8 and 10 MeV and source skin distance (SSD) of 100 cm. The results obtained without gap shown hot regions with an increase around 40% on prescribed dose, at the target volume. As the FXG has an effective atomic number and density near to those of the soft tissue (7.75 and 1.05 g/cm3, respectively), it was shown that the FXG is an alternative dosimeter to evaluate the absorbed dose distribution in the interface between adjacent electron beams. References [1] M.A. Bero, W.B. Gilboy, P.M. Glover, D. El-Masri, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 166-167 (2000) 820. [2] G. Gambarini, G. Gomarasca, R. Marchesini, A. Pecci, L. Pirolo, S. Tomatis, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 422 (1-

3) (1999) 643. [3] R. Sato, A. de Almeida and M.V. Moreira, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B, 267 (5) (2009) 842. [4] The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements - ICRU 71 – Prescribing,

Recording and Reporting Electron Beam Therapy, 4 (2004).


Testing of heavy ion SRIM stopping power data

Z. Siketić*, I. Bogdanović-Radović, M. Jakšić Institute Ruđer Bošković, P. O. Box 180, 1000 Zagreb, Croatia

*[email protected] Accurate knowledge of the stopping power data is essential in Heavy Ion Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (HI-ERDA). Simulation code SRIM [1] relays on the stopping power data from stopping formulations where the accuracy of the predicted stopping values is around 7% for those several ion-target pairs that have been actually measured. Even worse is in experiments where the data analysis relies on the interpolated values for ion-target pairs for which stopping power were not measured yet. It can be concluded that accuracy of such HI-ERDA experiments is certainly worse than 7%. In this work we have measured Time-of-flight Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (TOF-ERDA) spectra of the NIST 2136 standard reference material that consists of seven thin chromium layers (30 nm) separated by thin chromium oxide layers (2 to 3 monolayers thick) used as markers. Standard sample, with well known thickness, was chosen to test how good experimental spectra can be simulated using heavy ion SRIM2010 stopping power data. TOF-ERDA measurements were performed with different incident ions (Cl, Cu, Au and I) impinging under several incident angles toward the sample surface. References [1] J. F. Ziegler, M. D. Ziegler, J. P. Biersack Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section

B (2010), doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.091


Activation cross sections of proton-induced nuclear reactions on hafnium

S. Takács1, F. Tárkányi1, A. Hermanne2, R. Adam Rebeles2, A. Ignatyuk3 1Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), 4026 Debrecen,

Hungary, [email protected] 2Cyclotron Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium

3Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE), Obninsk 249020, Russia Experimental excitation functions for proton induced reactions on high purity natural hafnium were measured up to 36 MeV with the activation method using a stacked foil irradiation technique. Metallic hafnium foils with natural isotopic composition and thickness of 10 microns were stacked together with 50 microns thick aluminium and 12 micron thick titanium foils. The aluminium foils served as energy absorber while the titanium foils were used to monitor the energy and intensity of the bombarding proton beam. Measuring the complete excitation function of the natTi(p,x)48V monitor reaction simultaneously it was possible to adopt the proper incident energy and beam intensity by comparing the result with the recommended values. High resolution off-line gamma-ray spectrometry was applied to assess the activity of each foil. From the measured activity independent elemental cross-section data for production of 173,174,175,176,177,178mTa in (p,xn) reactions were determined. Only cumulative cross sections could be determined for the 173,175,179m2,180mHf and 173,177Lu radionuclides because beside the direct production of these radionuclides they are also produced in decay of mother radioisotopes. No experimental cross section data were published earlier for these reactions in the investigated energy region. Only one paper presents data at 108 and 194 MeV proton energies. The presented experimental data and results predicted by theoretical codes are compared. Thick target yields for 173,174,175,176,177,178mTa, 173,175,179m2,180mHf and 173,177Lu were calculated from a fit to our experimental excitation curves. The deduced yield values were compared with the directly measured thick target yield (TTY) data for those radionuclides where literature data are available. We found significant differences between our thick target yield data and those of measured at 22 MeV proton energy by Dmitriev et al. Their data are systematically higher than our result. One reason can be the improper separation of the interfering gamma lines.


Investigation of activation cross sections of deuteron-induced reactions on indium up to 40 MeV for production of a 113Sn(113mIn) generator

F. Tárkányi1, A. Hermanne2, B. Király1, S. Takács1, F. Ditrói1, M. Baba3, A.V. Ignatyuk4

1Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), Debrecen, Hungary, [email protected]

2Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium 3Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

4 Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE), Obninsk, Russia Objectives 113Sn (T1/2= 115.09 d) is the parent nuclide of the important (113Sn)113mIn generator system. 113mIn (T1/2 = 1.658 h) was popular as a diagnostic nuclear medicine agent and is used as a model radionuclide in research studies and as tracer in various technical experimental studies. The Auger-electron emitter 113mIn is also a candidate for internal radiotherapy. The aim of the present work, in the frame of a systematic study of charged particle production routes of therapeutic radionuclides, is to investigate the production capabilities through the natIn(d,xn)113Sn reaction. As no earlier experimental cross sections were found in the literature, the obtained results are important for other nuclear technologies. Methods This study involves cross section measurements of deuteron induced reactions on natIn using the activation method and stacked foil irradiation technique. Irradiations of metal foil targets were performed at the external beam of the AVF 930 cyclotron at CYRIC and CGR 560 cyclotron at VUB. The activity of the irradiated samples was measured nondestructively with high resolution HPGe γ-ray spectrometry. Results Excitation functions were measured for production of the 113Sn, 116mIn, 115mIn, 114mIn, 113mIn, 111In,115gCd, 111mCd radioisotopes up to 40 MeV for the first time. Theoretical calculations were made by means of the ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE-II and TALYS nuclear reaction model codes and results were compared with the experimental data. Thick target yields, impurity levels and specific activities were deduced for the optimal energy range and compared to the same parameters of other charged particle production routes of 113Sn. Conclusions Today, large scale of 113Sn is produced via the (n,γ) reaction (σth = 850 mb) on enriched 112Sn at nuclear reactors. This route results in a product of low specific activity. Alternative production routes utilizing charged particle beams to reach high specific activities are used relying on the 111Cd(α,2n), natCd(α,xn), natCd(3He,xn), 113In(p,n), natIn(p,xn) and 113In(d,2n) nuclear reactions. By inter-comparing these production routes and the presently investigated 113In(d,2n), natIn(d,xn) reactions, at medium energies (up to k = 40) the 113In(d,2n) and natIn(p,xn) reactions are the most productive. At higher energies (k = 100) the natIn(d,xn) reaction is also advantageous.


Investigation of activation cross sections of deuteron-induced reactions on vanadium, molybdenum, tin and gold for accelerator technology

F. Tárkányi1, A. Hermanne2, S. Takács1, F. Ditrói1, B. Király1,

H. Yamazaki3, M. Baba3, A. Mohammadi3, A.V. Ignatyuk4

1 Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), Debrecen, Hungary, [email protected]

2 Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium 3 Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

4 Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE), Obninsk, Russia Objectives There are few high intensity neutron source facilities producing intensive neutron fields (IFMIF, SPRIRAL2). In the design, neutrons are produced by medium energy, high intensity deuteron beams. It is essentially important to predict the activation of the structural materials due to the irradiating deuterons and the produced neutrons. Selection of low activation materials requires reliable deuteron activation database. Recently, the available experimental data and the predictivity of the theoretical nuclear models are very poor. In the frame of a systematic study of deuteron induced reactions on structural materials, activation cross sections of radioisotopes produced on V, Mo, Sn and Au targets were measured and compared to the results of model calculations and to the data of the activation data libraries. Methods This study involves cross section measurements of deuteron-induced reactions on vanadium, molybdenum, tin and gold targets of natural isotopic composition. The irradiations of metal foil stacks were performed at the external beam lines of the AVF 930 cyclotron at CYRIC and CGR 560 cyclotron at VUB. The activity of the irradiated samples was measured nondestructively with high resolution HPGe γ-ray spectrometry. Results Excitation functions of

• natV(d,x)47,48Sc,48V,48,51Cr, • natMo(d,x)93,94m,94g,95m,95g,96,99mTc,90,93m,99Mo,88,89Zr, • natSn(d,x)115,116m,117,118m,120m,122,124,125Sb,113g,117m,125mSn,111,116m,117mIn and • 197Au(d,x)195m,195g,197m,197gHg,194,195,196m,196g,198gAu

were measured up to 40 MeV. The experimental results were compared to the curves calculated by means of the ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE-II and TALYS theoretical model codes and to the data of EAF-2007 and JENDL-HE activation data files. Conclusions The measured new experimental data can be used effectively to produce new evaluated data files. Significant disagreements between the measured data and the theoretical calculations can be observed, so revision of the used optical potentials and better handling of the direct processes are required. The data in the activation cross section libraries need new evaluations. Our measured data can be used in various applications including accelerator and target technology, thin layer activation technique, medical isotope production and radiation safety.


Applications of spectral computer simulation to surface analysis of materials

J. A. R. Pacheco de Carvalho1,2, C. F. F. P. Ribeiro Pacheco 1, A. D. Reis 1,2

1Unidade de Det. Remota, 2Dept.de Física, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal, [email protected]

There is a wide range of surface analysis techniques, involving e.g. ion, electron and photon beams interacting with a solid target. The techniques are, generally, complementary and provide target information for depths near the surface. A broad range of nuclear and non-nuclear techniques has been available. Nuclear techniques, which are non-destructive, provide for analysis over a few microns close to the surface giving absolute values of concentrations of isotopes and elements. They have been applied in areas such as scientific, technologic, industry, arts and medicine, using MeV ion beams [1-6]. Nuclear reactions permit tracing of isotopes with high sensitivities. We use ion-ion reactions and the energy analysis method where, at a suitable energy of the incident ion beam, an energy spectrum is recorded of ions from the reaction, coming from several depths in the target. Such spectra are computationally predicted, giving target composition and concentration profile information [4-7]. Elastic scattering is a particular and important case. A computer program has been developed in this context, mainly for flat targets [4-6]. The non-flat target situation arises as an extension. Applications of the method are made to depth profiling of light nuclei e.g. 12C and 18O, mainly for the thick target case, using the 12C(d,p0)13C and 18O(p,α0)15N reactions, respectively. The usefulness of elastic scattering is also shown. Electron microscopy is used, too. The main results which were obtained in the present work would be difficult to reach by other techniques. References [1] J. R. Tesmer, M. Nastasi (Eds.), Handbook of Modern Ion Beam Materials Analysis, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, 1995. [2] G. Amsel, G. Battistig, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 240 (2005) 1. [3] J. M. Calvert, D. J. Derry, D. G. Lees, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 7 (1974) 940. [4] J. A. R. Pacheco de Carvalho, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Manchester, England, 1984. [5] J. A. R. Pacheco de Carvalho, A. D. Reis, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266, 10 (2008) 2263. [6] J. A. R. Pacheco de Carvalho, A. D. Reis, Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. V. 47, 4 (2008) 252. [7] N.P. Barradas, K. Arstila, G. Battistig, M. Bianconi, N. Dytlewski, C. Jeynes, E. Kótai, G. Lulli, M. Mayer,

E. Rauhala, E. Szilágyi, M. Thompson, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 262 (2007) 282. Project funded by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) / POCI2010 (Programa Operacional Ciência e Inovação).


Estimation of neutron production from accelerator head assembly of 15 MV medical LINAC using FLUKA simulations

B. J. Patil1, S. T. Chavan2, S. N. Pethe2, R. Krishnan2, S. D. Dhole1

1Department of Physics, University of Pune, Pune - 411 007, India [email protected] 2SAMEER, IIT Powai Campus, Mumbai – 400 076, India

Electron accelerators used for medical radiation therapy generates continuous energy gamma rays called Bremsstrahlung radiations (BR) by impinging electrons on high Z material (e-γ target). A parasitic effect occurring in medical accelerators operating above 10 MeV is the production of neutrons, mainly due to photonuclear reactions (γ,n) induced by high energy photons in the accelerator head materials[1]. These neutrons contaminate the therapeutic beam and give a non negligible contribution to patient dose. This work estimated the neutron dose equivalent in water phantom (equivalent to patient body) along with BR dose for different field sizes of 15 MV medical LINAC using FLUKA simulations. For the production of clinical photon beam, the accelerator head assembly consisting of e-γ target, primary collimator and secondary collimators is required. The target and collimators are usually made up of high Z materials (W) for getting maximum bremsstrahlung yield and gamma attenuation. The neutron production will take place in these materials because the photo neutron production threshold energy of these materials lies between 6 to 8 MeV. A Monte Carlo based FLUKA code was used to model 15 MV medical LINAC. The entire geometry including the accelerator head and water phantom (at 100 cm SSD) was simulated to calculate the neutron dose-equivalent profile and gamma depth dose curve at field sizes of 0X0, 10X10, 20X20, 30X30, 40X40 cm2. FLUKA is general purpose tool for calculations of particle transport and interactions with matter. The figure 1 (a) shows schematic design of 15 MeV medical LINAC modeled in FLUKA. The maximum neutron dose equivalent observed near the central axis of 30X30 cm2 field and had a value 36.6 mSv/min. This is 0.61% of the central axis photon dose rate of 60 Gy/min. The ratio of neutron dose equivalent to central axis photon absorbed dose along the longitudinal axis is plotted in figure 1 (b) for different field sizes. The values of neutron dose equivalent estimated are consistent with the results of other measurements reported in literature [2] and below the allowed limit [3].

Figure 1 (a): Schematic design of accelerator head assembly of 15 MV medical LINAC at field size of 0 X 0 cm2 (not to scale), (b)The neutron dose equivalent to central axis photon absorbed dose estimated at patient plane at various field sizes. References [1] K.W. Price, et al., Med. Phys. 5(4) (1978) 285-289. [2] N. Golnik, et al., Rad. Prot. Dosim. 126(1-4) (2007) 619-622. [3] International Electrotechnical Commission. International Standard IEC 60601-2-1 (1998).


Formation of pseudo-crystals using MeV ion beam tracks

D. Ila ([email protected]), R. L. Zimmerman ([email protected]), C. I. Muntele ([email protected]) and S. Budak ([email protected])

Center for Irradiation of Materials, Alabama A&M University, PO Box 1447, Normal, AL 35762-1447 USA

For the past fifteen years, we have formed nanostructure in the MeV ion beam tracks in order to fabricate pseudo-crystals consisting of nanostructures. The focus of our work is based on the energy deposited due to ionization in order to produce quantum dots or nano-structures resulting to production of pseudo-crystal consisting of nano-crystals with applications in optical devices as well as with applications in highly efficient thermoelectric Materials. The interacting nanocrystals enhance the electrical conductivity, reduce thermal conductivity and increase the Seebeck coefficient, in order to produce highly efficient thermoelectric materials. Theoretically, the regimented quantum dot superlattice/ pseudo-crystals consisting of nanostructures of any materials produces new physical properties such as new electrical band structure, phonon mini-bands, as well as improved mechanical. A proper choice of nanocrystals, host and buffer layer result in production of highly efficient thermoelectric generator (TEG, Fifure 1: Example)* with efficiencies as high as 30% which correspond to figure of merit above 4.0. In addition to above such systems are in a unique position to be used both as electrical generation from heat and/or other forms of radiation as well as cooling the structures, thus enhance the applicability of hybrid systems. The interaction of nanostructures results in phonon mini-bands formation reducing the thermal conductivity, while increasing the electrical conductivity resulted in synthesis of TEG with much higher efficiency than reported to this date. We will review a series of materials selected for investigation some operating at temperatures around 300K and some at about 1000K.

Schematic of Si1‐xGex/Si Superlattice TE device

Q

Si1-xGex/Si (nm)100 period

Substrate ‐ SiSiO2

Metal contact

Metal contact

Figu

re 1: Example (Design of NL/NC

(QW/Q

D) D

evice using Ion Be

am)

Sponsors: Supported in part by the Center for Irradiation of Materials, Alabama A&M University and by the AAMURI Center for Advanced Propulsion Materials under the contract number NAG8-1933 from NASA, and by National Science Foundation under Grant No. EPS-0814103. * Patent by AAMURI


Characterization and corrosion resistance investigation of TiN-Ni nanocomposite coatings using RBS and NRA

F. Noli1*, A. Hadjidimitriou1, P. Misaelides1, A Lagoyannis2, J.-P. Rivière3

1Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece, [email protected]

2Tandem Accelerator Laboratory, Nuclear Physics Institute, NCSR Demokritos, GR-15310 Aghia Paraskevi- Attiki,Greece

3Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Métallurgie Physique UMR6630-CNRS, 86960 Chasseneuil, Futuroscope Cedex, France

TiN-Ni nanocomposite coatings were produced by a duplex treatment on a Ti-6Al-4V substrate. The production procedure included the plasma nitridation of the substrate followed by deposition of a TiN-Ni layer obtained by sputtering a composite Ti-Ni target with 1.2 keV Ar+ ions. During the deposition the growing film was bombarded by a mixture of 50 eV Ar+-N2+-N+ ions. The temperature as well as the Ni and N content varied in order to get optimum structural and mechanical properties. The microstructure and surface morphology of the coatings was examined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that Ni appears as an amorphous phase around the TiN crystallites. The thickness and the composition of the coatings were investigated by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) using deuterons as projectiles. The nitrogen depth distribution was determined by Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) using the 14N(d,α) and 14N(d,p) nuclear reactions. The investigation of the corrosion resistance of the initial and nitrided coatings under aggressive conditions (NaCl 3% at R.T) was performed using electrochemical techniques (potentiodynamic polarization and cyclic voltammetry). The results showed that the nanocomposite coatings were stable and had no influence on the already very high corrosion resistance of the Ti-substrate. The wear and corrosion resistance of the nitride coatings was found to be increased and directly related with their Ni content.

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Effect of high energy electron bombardment on iodine and lithium penetration into PEEK, HDPE and PI

J. Vacik1, V. Hnatowicz1, S. Dahiwale2, S. D. Dhole2, V. N. Bhoraskar2

1 Nuclear Physics Institute of AS CR, 25068 Rez, Czech Republic; [email protected]. 2 Department of Physics, University of Pune, Pune 411 007, India

Here, the effect of the electron beam irradiation on penetration of iodine and lithium into several selected polymers (i.e., poly-ether-ether-ketone - PEEK, high density polyethylene - HDPE and polyimide - PI) was studied. For this purpose, water solution of (i) iodine and (ii) lithium chlorine was used. The polymeric foils were immersed into 5 Mol/l solutions (of I and LiCl) and exposed insitu to a 6.5 MeV electron beam. The fluence of the electrons was 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 x 1011 cm-2. Penetration of iodine (atoms) and lithium (ions) was studied by the Rutherford Backscatterings (RBS) and Neutron Depth Profiling (NDP) techniques. The doping of various atoms/ions into polymers under a massive electron bombardment is a complex, dynamic process that may affect important mechanical, electrical and optical properties of the polymers. Understanding of this process is however insufficient and it demands further investigation. In this study, the penetration of the (iodine and lithium) dopants was strongly dependent on the electron fluence and it differed for both iodine atoms and lithium ions. Both dopands indiffused deeply into the inspected polymers, their depth profiles, the amount of the indiffused species and their depth distributions, however strongly varied. The paper discusses various aspects of the electron irradiation impact on the penetration (depth profiles) of iodine and lithium into the PEEK, HDPE and PI polymers.


Round-robin for the measurement of the Ti/N ratio in TiNx thin films in several European laboratories

N.P. Barradas 1, C. Jeynes 2, M.J. Bailey 2, M. Zier 3, E. Alves 1, A. Bergmaier 4, I. Bogdanović-

Radović5, Z. Siketić 5, I. Vickridge 6, E. Briand 6, D. Benzeggouta 6, P. Pelicon 7, Z. Qiang 8, B. Brijs 9, K. Temst 9, W. Vandervorst 8,9, A. Vantomme 8, G. Terwagne 10, A. Simon 11, E. Szilágyi 12, A. Winn 13

1Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear, Sacavém, Portugal*, [email protected] 2University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre, Guildford, England**

3Forschungszentrum Dresden, Rossendorf, Saxony, Germany**

4Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Germany** 5Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia*

6Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, SAFIR, UPMC, Campus Jussieu, Paris, France*

7Institute “Jožef Stefan”, Ljubljana, Slovenia**

8University of Namur (FUNDP, LARN), Namur, Belgium 9Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium*

10IMEC Kapeldreef 75, Leuven, Belgium*

11ATOMKI-HAS , Debrecen, Hungary*** 12KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest, Hungary

13International Rectifiers Ltd., Newport, Wales Titanium nitride is an important material in a wide variety of modern technologies. It is a (gold coloured) hard coating valuable for many tool and medical applications, although chemically a ceramic it has relatively high conductivity and is classed as a “barrier” metal in semiconductor applications (especially to inhibit copper diffusion), and it may become important in novel gate dielectric designs for low dimensional transistor devices. The control of the TiNx stoichiometry is very important in many applications, and ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques to measure the Ti/N ratios should be valuable. However, it has become clear that the Ti/N ratio measured by RBS (Rutherford backscattering) is much more uncertain than expected, largely because of the large uncertainty introduced by the high background on the N signal. In this Intercomparison we will measure the Ti/N ratio with high absolute accuracy using a variety of IBA techniques, and establish a reliable protocol for the measurement of this ratio using RBS (the most convenient of the techniques). As an application of industrial relevance, and to promote valuable applications of ion beam analysis techniques, this project has been organised in the context of the EU-funded SPIRIT**** project. Acknowledgements * SPIRIT (“Support of Public and Industrial Research Using Ion Beam Technology”) partner ** SPIRIT Partner providing Trans-National Access *** ATOMKI (Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) provides an IBA Trans-

National Access service in the field of Cultural Heritage within the FP7 CHARISMA project www.charismaproject.eu (project No. 228330)

**** SPIRIT is supported by the European Community as an Integrating Activity under EC contract no. 227012. SPIRIT integrates 11 leading ion beam facilities from 6 European Member States and 2 Associated States. 7 partners provide TransNational Access to their facilities, offering highly complementary equipment and areas of specialization to European scientists. Ions are supplied in an energy range from below 10 keV to more than 100 MeV for modification and analysis of solid surfaces, interfaces, thin films, and soft matter. SPIRIT will increase the quality of research by sharing best practice, harmonizing procedures and establishing rigorous quality control measures.


Round-robin for the RBS measurement of implantation fluence in several European laboratories

C. Jeynes 1, M.J. Bailey 1, M. Zier 2, N.P. Barradas 3, E. Alves 3, Z. Qiang 4, B. Brijs 5, K. Temst 4, W.

Vandervorst 4,5, A. Vantomme 4, G. Terwagne 6, A. Simon 7, E. Szilágyi 8, R. Elliman 9

1University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre, Guildford, England*, [email protected] 2Forschungszentrum Dresden, Rossendorf, Saxony, Germany*

3Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear, Sacavém, Portugal** 4Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium*

5IMEC Kapeldreef 75, Leuven, Belgium*

6University of Namur (FUNDP, LARN), Namur, Belgium

7ATOMKI-HAS , Debrecen, Hungary*** 8KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest, Hungary

9Australian National University, Canberra, Australia To verify the implanted fluence for implantation services offered by SPIRIT**** partners we have used RBS at a nominal absolute accuracy <1% [1,2]. The present work will demonstrate the reproducibility of analysis at this accuracy. All participating labs will measure the fluence of a 100 keV (nominally) 5.1015As/cm2 implant into Si, using a 1.5 MeV 4He+ beam and determining the charge.solid-angle product from the yield of the a-Si substrate signal (amorphised by the implantation). The electronic stopping power of a-Si given by SRIM 2003 for this beam has been demonstrated to be accurate [3] by comparison with the Sb implanted CRM (IRMM-302/BAM-L001, certified at 0.6% [4]). The accuracy with which the electronic gain is known dominates the measurement, and the gain is determined to better than 0.2% using single-sample multi-elemental standards with careful data handling which includes use of pulse-height-defect-corrected spectra [5]. For internal self-validation of results from each laboratory, double detector data acquisition is employed. The uncertainty budget [6] will be explicitly evaluated.

References and Acknowledgements * Partner providing Trans-National Access for SPIRIT****

** SPIRIT (“Support of Public and Industrial Research Using Ion Beam Technology”) partner *** ATOMKI-HAS (Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) provides Ion

Beam Analysis Trans-National Access service in the field of Cultural Heritage within the FP7 CHARISMA project www.charismaproject.eu (project No. 228330)

**** SPIRIT (www.spirit-ion.eu) is supported by the European Community as an Integrating Activity under EC contract 227012. SPIRIT integrates 11 leading ion beam facilities from 6 European Member States and 2 Associated States. 7 partners provide Trans-National Access to their facilities, offering highly complementary equipment and areas of specialization to European scientists. Ions are supplied in an energy range from below 10 keV to more than 100 MeV for modification and analysis of solid surfaces, interfaces, thin films, and soft matter. SPIRIT will increase the quality of research by sharing best practice, harmonizing procedures and establishing rigorous quality control measures.

[1] C. Jeynes, N. Peng, N.P. Barradas, R.M. Gwilliam, Quality assurance in an implantation laboratory by high accuracy RBS, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 2006; 249, 482–485

[2] C.Jeynes et al., Fluence Control in several European Ion Implanters, to be presented at this Conference [3] Barradas NP, Arstila K, Battistig G, Bianconi M, Dytlewski N, Jeynes C, Kótai E, Lulli G, Mayer M,

Rauhala E, Szilágyi E, Thompson M, Summary of "International Atomic Energy Agency intercomp-arison of ion beam analysis software". Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 2008; 266: 1338-1342

[4] CRM = “certified reference material”. K.H. Ecker, U. Wätjen, A. Berger, L. Persson, W. Pritzcow, M.Radtke, H. Riesemeier, RBS, SY-XRF, INAA and ICP-IDMS of antimony implanted in silicon - A multi-method approach to characterize and certify a reference material, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 2002; 188, 120-125

[5] A.F. Gurbich, C. Jeynes, Evaluation of non-Rutherford proton elastic scattering cross-section for magnesium, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 2007; 265, 447–452

[6] K.A. Sjoland, F. Munnik, U. Wätjen, Uncertainty budget for ion beam analysis, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 2000; 161, 275-280


Scanning and acquisition system for PIXE-PIGE mapping of large areas with sub-millimeter beams

L. Carraresi*, L. Bardelli, P. Bonanni, N. Grassi, A. Migliori, P. A. Mandò

Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Firenze and INFN - Sezione di Firenze, Italy *[email protected]

A setup for scanning PIXE-PIGE analysis of relatively large areas using sub-millimiter beams (obtained by collimation) has been developed and tested at LABEC-INFN (Florence). The scan is obtained by continuously moving the target in the plane perpendicular to the fixed beam direction. A list-mode acquisition allows the record of energy and position (x-y coordinates of the translation stages) for every detected event (X-ray, gamma rays, etc). Every detector is handled by a standard shaper-ADC electronic chain and a dedicated microprocessor with an access to the motors controller to receive the x-y coordinates. For each detector the events data are packed and sent to the acquisition computer, using ethernet communication, where they are stored , analyzed and displayed on the screen. The display and analysis program is based on the ROOT package developed at CERN. Elemental maps obtained with PIXE-PIGE can be obtained from the scan of areas of several cm2 with proton beams ranging from 0.1 to 1 mm size. Such experimental conditions particularly fit most of archaeometric problems, where a high spatial resolution is rarely strictly required but where the possibility of “compositional imaging” is crucial for the characterization of materials. In this contribution the developed system is described and examples of elemental maps obtained from the analysis of different materials (paint miniatures, inks, circuit boards…) are presented.

104 Book of Abstracts Effects of MeV Si ions bombardment on the thermoelectric generator from

SiO2/SiO2+Cu nanolayered multilayer films

J. Chacha1, S. Budak1*, C. Smith2, M. Pugh1, K. Ogbara3, R. Tilley1,

K. Heidary1, R. B. Johnson 3, C. Muntele2, D. Ila2

1Department of Electrical Engineering, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL USA *S. Budak; [email protected]

2Center for Irradiation of Materials, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL USA 3Department of Physics, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL USA

This efficiency of the thermoelectric devices is limited by the properties of n- and p-type semiconductors. Effective thermoelectric materials have a low thermal conductivity and a high electrical conductivity. The performance of the thermoelectric materials and devices is shown by a dimensionless figure of merit, ZT = S2σT/K, where S is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, T is the absolute temperature and K is the thermal conductivity. ZT can be increased by increasing S, increasing σ, or decreasing K [1, 2]. The defects and disorder in the film caused by MeV ions bombardment and the grain boundaries of these nanoscale clusters increase phonon scattering and increase the chance of an inelastic interaction and phonon annihilation. We have prepared the thermoelectric generator device from 100 alternating layers of SiO2/SiO2+Cu multi-nano layered superlattice films at the total thickness of 382 nm using the ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD). Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and RUMP simulation software package have been used to determine the stoichiometry of the elements of SiO2, Cu in the multilayer films and the thickness of the grown multi-layer films. The 5 MeV Si ions bombardments have been performed using the AAMU Pelletron ion beam accelerator to make quantum clusters in the multi-layer superlattice thin films to decrease the cross plane thermal conductivity, increase the cross plane Seebeck coefficient and cross plane electrical conductivity. To characterize the thermoelectric generator devices before and after Si ion bombardments we have measured the cross-plane Seebeck coefficient, the cross-plane electrical conductivity, and the cross-plane thermal conductivity for different fluences. Acknowledgement Research sponsored by the Center for Irradiation of Materials (CIM), National Science Foundation under NSF-EPSCOR R-II-3 Grant No. EPS-0814103, DOD under Nanotechnology Infrastructure Development for Education and Research through the Army Research Office # W911 NF-08-1-0425 References [1] S. Budak, S. Guner, R. A. Minamisawa, and D. ILA, Surface and Coating Technology 203 (2009) 2479. [2] S. Guner, S. Budak, C. I. Muntele, D. ILA, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B, 267 (2009)1353.

10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 105 Determination of organic and elemental carbon in aerosol samples collected

on Teflon filters by proton elastic scattering techniques

L. Bonanni1, G. Calzolai1, M. Chiari1, F. Lucarelli1, S. Nava1, S. Becagli2, R. Udisti2 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN Florence, Sesto Fiorentino,

Italy, [email protected] 2Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy

For the study of atmospheric aerosols, the application of complementary techniques allows a quite complete mass closure and chemical characterization, assuming the aerosol is simultaneously collected on Teflon and Quartz fibre filters: Teflon filters can be analysed by PIXE, or XRF, and ion chromatography (IC) to measure the elemental and ionic composition, while Quartz fibre filters can be used to determine elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) by thermo-optical transmittance (TOT) analyses. However, it is not always possible to collect the aerosol by two samplers simultaneously for long periods. When only Teflon filters are used, EC and OC can not be obtained by TOT analysis. However, the concentrations of low-Z atoms like C, N, O and H can be measured by elastic scattering techniques using MeV energy protons, such as Elastic Backscattering Spectrometry (EBS) and Particle Elastic Scattering Analysis (PESA), based on the detection of a proton beam elastically scattered by the target nuclei in the backward and in the forward directions, respectively [1]. In the hypothesis that H in aerosol samples is mainly present only in the Particulate Organic Matter (POM) component and in Ammonium (NH4

+), the measurements of total H (by PESA) and NH4+ (by

IC) allow us to calculate by difference the H content in the organic compounds (HPOM). If the OC/H ratio in organic matter, which is characteristic of the sampling region and sampling season, is “known”, the OC concentration can be thus estimated. The EC concentration can be then obtained subtracting the OC contribution to the total Carbon content, measured by EBS, thus obtaining a characterization of the carbonaceous fractions in the particulate matter samples using proton elastic scattering techniques. The reliability of this procedure will be demonstrated, using samples collected in parallel on both Teflon and Quartz fibre filters, in different typologies of sampling sites (urban background, urban traffic and regional background) and during different seasons. These samples have been analysed by PESA, EBS, IC and TOT to determine the H, C, NH4

+, EC and OC concentrations in order to investigate the OC/HPOM ratio for the different sampling sites/periods and to verify the agreement between the estimated and the measured EC. The improvements in PESA analysis accomplished with the 3MV accelerator of INFN-LABEC laboratory will be also illustrated: in particular we will show how H can be easily measured also in an enclosed external beam set-up, simultaneously with external beam PIXE. References [1] M. Chiari, F. Lucarelli, F. Mazzei, S. Nava, L. Paperetti, P.Prati, G. Valli, R. Vecchi, X-Ray Spectrometry

34 (2005) 323


DNA double-strand breaks induced along the particle trajectory

I.C. Cho1, H. Niu 2*, C.H. Hsu1 1Department of Biological Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua

University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China, 2Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University,

Hsinchu 30013,Taiwan, Republic of China, [email protected] It is known that the type of DNA damage caused by charged particle is different to which caused by photon radiation. The DNA lesion was more complex and cluster formatted in the case of charged particle irradiation. Such clustered damage was presumed to hardly repair, and might be lethally[1]. In this study, cells were hit by 2 MeV alpha particles and investigated theγ-H2AX accumulation along the particle trajectory. H2AX is a member of the histone H2A family. It can be extensively phosphorylated of DNA damage and forms foci at break sites [2]. However, the poor image resolution of traditional Immunofluorescence microscope was limited the observation ofγ-H2AX in 3D. In our work, the Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) was used to instead of traditional microscope in image acquisition. The preliminary result was shown on figure 1. In the wild field image, fig. 1a, the closelyγ-H2AX foci which indicated by arrow was difficult to distinguish. In SIM image the image resolution was improved, so the four separateγ-H2AX foci can be observed individually, as shown on fig. 1b. Furthermore, the γ-H2AX formation along the particle track can be observed in Z-projection of SIM image.

Figure 1: The Immunofluorescence images of γ-H2AX. Fig. 1a and 1b were the X-Y projection of wild field and SIM image respectively, in which the white arrow indicates the four separate γ-H2AX foci. Fig. 1c and 1d were the Z projection of wild field and SIM image.

References [1] P.V. Bennett, O. Sidorkina, J. Laval, Biochemistry 39 (2000) 8026. [2] T.T. Paull, E.P. Rogakou, V. Yamazaki, C.U. Kirchgessner, M. Gellert, W.M. Bonner, Current

Biology 10 (2000) 886.

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Golden glazes analysis by PIGE and PIXE techniques

M. Fonseca1,2, H. Luís1,2, J. Cruz1,2, D. Galaviz2, J.P. Ribeiro2,3, A.P. Jesus1,2

1Dep. Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; [email protected]

2Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal 3Dep. Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

For Portuguese ceramists it is very important to obtain a golden glaze at 997 ºC. Unfortunately, the most common golden glaze at 997 ºC ceased to be for sale, and the two new golden glazes available in the market, have at that temperature a metallic black color. A ceramic glaze contains three necessary components: Flux, Body, Flint. The Body in Portugal is Kaolin (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O), the Flint is Silica and the Flux will change for each glaze. Besides these components, the glaze may have different oxides, which produce different colours and prevent the running, the bubbles, the crackling and the crawling of the glaze. Normally, in Portugal the ceramists use two types of glazes: the low temperature ones at 997ºC and medium temperature glazes at 1200ºC. For economical reasons, they only use the medium temperatures glazes if it is absolutely necessary. Therefore, achieving a golden glaze at 997 ºC is very important. For a glaze at low temperature (997ºC) the fluxes are frits. Portuguese sellers do not supply the composition of frits. There are different types of frits, where the main chemical compound differs. The most common are: borax (where Boron is the main element), barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, lead bisilicate, lithium oxide, magnesium carbonate, sodium oxide, potassium oxide and finally zinc oxide. Normally, a glaze can have a mixture of different frits. In order to determine their composition, the three glazes (the previous golden glaze and the two new golden glazes available in the market) were analyzed by PIGE and PIXE [1,2] at ITN ion beam lab, using a Tandem Accelerator for PIGE at 3.960 MeV energy and for PIXE a Van de Graaff accelerator at 1.050MeV energy with average currents of 10 nA. To analyse the light elements, we used a standard free method for PIGE in thick samples. ERYA – Emitted Radiation Yield Analysis – code, which integrates the nuclear reaction excitation function along the depth of the sample [3]. All analyzed golden glazes were characterized by consistently high amounts of Pb and Na. Elements Mg, B, Ba and Zn didn´t appear in the spectra. The elements Li and K were only detected as trace elements. The old golden glaze had a lower amount of Pb and the highest amount of Na. Mo and Co appeared only in this glaze. The results showed that all the glazes had lead bisilicate plus sodium oxide frits, however the new ones did not have the same percentage as the old one. The elements Mo and Co were the specific elements to the old one and most probably related to do gold color at 997ºC. The IBA techniques proved to be suitable to help the Portuguese ceramists to understand the glazes compositions. References [1] M.A. Reis, L. C. Alves, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 68 (1992) 300. [2] M.A. Reis, L. C. Alves, A. P. Jesus, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 109/110 (1996) 134 [3] R. Mateus, A.P. Jesus, J.P. Ribeiro, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 229 (2005) 302.


Calibration of a TOC setup with elastic backscattering spectrometry

M. Fonseca1,2, K. Lorenz2,3, R. Melo3, M.L. Botelho3, H. Luís1,2, N. P. Barradas2,3, A.P. Jesus1,2

1Dep. Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; [email protected]

2Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal 3Instituto Tecnológico Nuclear, Sacavém, Portugal

The Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyzer measures the content of total organic and inorganic carbon present in liquids or in solid samples. TOC analyzers are normally used to assess the water quality, for industry control and pharmaceutical purposes. In order to validate the calibration of the TOC setup, several inorganic compounds were analyzed by elastic backscattering spectrometry (EBS) at ITN ion beam lab, using a Tandem Accelerator. The EBS measurements were carried out using 1.7 MeV proton beams with average currents of 5 nA to make use of the well known 12C(p,p)12C reaction resonance. Backscattered ions were detected by a PIPS detector, placed at an angle of 130º to the beam axis, with a resolution of 15 keV for 5 MeV alpha particles. The TOC measurements were performed by catalytic oxidation/NDIR spectrometry using a TOC IL500 Shimadzu apparatus. The carbon atomic concentration in the inorganic compounds was simulated by NDF with SigmaCalc [1,2]. The same inorganic compounds were analyzed by TOC. The inorganic compounds that were analysed were calcium carbonate, potassium carbonate, zinc carbide and lead carbonate. The potassium carbonate spectrum with the simulation is presented in figure 1. The carbon atomic concentration calculated by EBS and TOC setup were in agreement within the experimental uncertainties and the EBS technique proved to be suitable to calibrate a TOC setup.

Figure 1: Potassium carbonate spectrum using a 1.7 MeV proton beam.

References [1] N.P. Barradas, C. Jeynes, R.P. Webb, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 (1997) 291. [2] A. F. Gurbich, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 136-138 (1998) 60.


Accelerator analyses of particulate matter in the exhaust gas of a ship diesel engine

Y. Furuyama, A. Taniike, A. Kitamura

Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Fukae-Minami-Machi, Higashinada-Ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan

[email protected] There is an urgent need to reduce emission of particulate matter (PM) in the exhaust gas from ship diesel engines, which causes serious environmental pollution. Usually the heavy fuel oil for ships is of low quality, and contains various kinds of impurities. Therefore, emission of the PM together with exhaust gas from ship diesel engines is one of the most serious environmental issues. However, fundamental properties of the PM are not well known. Therefore, it is important to make elemental analysis of the PM. The crude oil contains S with a concentration of a few percent. It is therefore of particular, importance to make quantitative measurements of S in the PM, because this element is poisonous for the human body. Gas chromatography has mainly been used as the conventional PM analysis method. This analysis method requires some chemical pretreatment of samples. On the other hand, accelerator analysis methods can make sample measurements directly without chemical pretreatments. Accelerator analyses are very useful methods for non-destructive analysis of trace amount of various elements. In the present work, PM samples were collected from exhaust gas of a four-stroke diesel engine, and RBS and PIXE analyses were applied to the PM samples. The RBS analysis revealed existence of S and C in the collected PM, while V, Fe, Ni, and Zn were observed by the PIXE analysis. The S absorbed in/on the PM are emitted together with the most abundant element, C, in ship’s fuel oil. It has been found that the concentration ratio of S to C was between 0.005 and 0.016, and did not depend so much on the output power of the engine. The S/C ratio is approximately equal to the original composition of the fuel oil, 0.01, estimated assuming a rough composition of CnH2n. In conclusion, it has been confirmed that accelerator analysis methods are easily applied and very useful for PM analysis.


Lead patination in the atmosphere of Athens, Greece

A. Godelitsas1, N. Stamatelos1, M. Kokkoris2 and E. Chatzitheodoridis3 1Faculty of Geology & Geoenvironment, University of Athens, 15784 Zographou, Athens, Greece

[email protected] 2School of Applied Mathematics & Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece 3School of Mining & Metall. Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

The present study concerns the accelerator- and laser-based investigation of lead patination [e.g. 1-4] in the atmosphere of Athens (Greece). Pure metallic Pb foils were exposed to the atmosphere of Athens for different periods of time (up to 150 days) during the summer of 2005 with no rain. The interacted Pb surfaces were probed using the Van de Graaff Tandem accelerator of NCSR “Demokritos” (d beams, 1100 keV) and the the 12C(d,p)13C reaction [5], whereas laser-µRaman and SEM-EDS were complementary applied (Fig. 1).

Figure 1: Schematic presentation of the experiment Using the above methodology we recorded carbon surface profiles as a function of exposure time, corresponding to the evolution of the carbonate layer formed onto Pb foils, due to the interaction with atmospheric H2O and CO2. The carbon-containing surface layer was found to be stabilized in the summer atmosphere of Athens after ~120 days. Further investigation by means of laser-µRaman and SEM-EDS indicated that the so-called “patina” consists initially of Pb-hydroxycarbonate phases (hydrocerussite) overgrowing Pb-oxides, whereas Pb-sulphates (anglesite) and possibly basic Pb-sulphates are formed at the end of the patination process. The crystal growth of Pb-sulphates, or most likely the transformation of hydroxycarbonates to sulphates, is attributed to the pollution of Athens city by SO2. References [1] T.E. Graedel, J. Electrochem.Soc. 141/4 (1994) 922. [2] L. Black, G.C. Allen, P.C. Frost, Appl. Spectr. 49/9 (1995) 1299. [3] L. Black, G.C. Allen, British Corr. J. 34/3 (1999) 192. [4] L. Black, G.C. Allen, British Corr. J. 35/1 (2000) 39. [5] E. Kashy, R.R. Perry, J.R. Risser, Phys. Rev. 117/5 (1960) 1289


Application of PIXE and PIGE techniques to the study of Roman glasses: The case of the archaeological site of Duratón (Spain)

P. C. Gutiérrez-Neira1,2, A. Climent-Font1,2, I. Montero3, A. Zucchiatti1

1Centro de Micro-Análisis de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049-Madrid, Spain, [email protected]

2Dpto. Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28049-Madrid, Spain 3Instituto de Historia, CCHS, CSIC. Albasanz 26-28. 28037-Madrid, Spain

A group of 56 glass fragments recovered from the archaeological site of the Roman city of Duratón (1st to 3rd century A.D.), near Segovia, Spain have been analyzed by combined PIXE-PIGE techniques. The analyses allowed to identify three groups of objects. The majority of glass samples correspond to a sodium-rich glass made with natron, a widespread type of glass in Roman times. Three samples have high potassium and magnesium concentrations as in glasses made using plant ashes. A last group corresponds to a soda-lime glass characterised by trace levels of the elements determined and a relatively high contents of arsenic, possibly corresponding to a more recent production. Natron Duratón glasses have been found to belong to the Palestine production like the glasses of the nearby Patones, what could suggest a specific trend in the glass raw material trade pattern to the Western Mediterranean, which excluded in particular the import of Egyptian glass. This trend would need to be confirmed with systematic analytical studies of provenance and classification so far quite limited for the Spanish glasses.


Ion beam analysis of a laser cleaned archaeological metal object: The San Estebam de Gormaz cross (Soria-Spain)

C. Gutiérrez1, A. Zucchiatti2, A. Climent-Font3, C. Escudero4, M. Barrera5

1Centro de Micro-Análisis de Materiales (CMAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, corresponding author C/ Faraday, 3 Campus of Cantoblanco E-28049 – Madrid Spain, (+34)914973621

[email protected] 2Centro de Micro-Análisis de Materiales (CMAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

3Centro de Micro-Análisis de Materiales (CMAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 4Centro de Conservación y Restauración de Bienes Culturales (CCRBC) de la Junta de Castilla y

León 5Centro de Conservación y Restauración de Bienes Culturales (CCRBC) de la Junta de Castilla y

León The object, a gild copper cross with a wooden core, now almost disappeared, shows the typical features produced by a long burial time: the entire surface of the copper alloys is covered by a carbonate, and other degradation products layer, which hinders the “legibility” of the cross in terms of the materials used and the techniques employed to manufature it. The cleaning of this XI century object has been performed by laser ablation and, at first, addressed at comparing the various working modes that on such a kind of objects are available: wavelenght selection, Q-Switched versus Long Q-Switched timing, ablation versus ultrasound regime. In the intermediate cleaning phase the cross has been extensively analysed with the external proton micro-beam of the Centro de Micro-Análisis de Materiales (CMAM) of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, where PIXE and RBS techniques have been used in parallel to asses both the chemical composition and the layered structure of cleaned and original parts. The aim of the analysis is to verify that none of the structural features of the objects are being modified by the cleaning process leaving intact the possibility of artistic interpretation of the object (e.g. small series production of the cross elements). Amongst other results, the RBS analysis confirms the application of a double gold layer (with the technique of the mercury amalgam clearly indicated by PIXE) in the front side of the cross; a fact which is quite surprising and might be related to the craftsman will of enriching his object or perhaps to a repair that could be confirmed only when the cleaning process is completed. The recovery of this exceptional ornamental object is made possible by the coordinated work of several professionals coming from various disciplines aimed at establishing the importance of this cross in terms of its physical appearance and in terms of the manufacturing techniques.

114 Book of Abstracts Microstructural study of silicon-on-insulator structures by using nitrogen-

implantation

R. T. Huang1, J.Y. Hsu2, J. W. Huang1, Y.C. Yu2 1Institute of Materials Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan

2Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, [email protected] In some applications of ion implantation, producing silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures to fabricate new device in IC industries has been recognized [1-3]. The implantation parameters (energy, ion dose, substrate temperature, and ex-situ annealed temperature) play a vital role in the resultant structure of the silicon and underlying insulating layer. The implantation requires a minimum ion dose to produce a continuous insulating layer. In order to obtain a single-crystal surface layer, suitable for epitaxial growth, it can be accomplished with the above threshold of requiring dose (5×1017 ions/cm2) and subsequently annealed temperatures greater than 1200 after implantation. At the required dose and temperature, exit-situ annealing takes place and consequently, amorphous layer transforms to single crystal but contains low defect density. In this work, the effect of implanted doses, and annealing temperatures were studied and characterized by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The underlying silicon nitride layers was formed in a Si (111) wafer by using the nitrogen-ion implantation with 50 keV nitrogen ions at fluences from 1×1017

to 5×1017 ions/cm2, respectively. A continuous and amorphous layer was formed at the depth of about 200 nm in these as-implanted specimens. Moreover, these samples were annealed from 800 to 1200 for 120 min. The results showed that a continuous single-crystal layer of silicon nitride was formed at the condition, required dose of 5×1017 ions/cm2 and subsequently 1200 annealing. The resultant single-crystal layer was identified as α-phase of Si3N4 by using TEM diffraction. It suggests that the amorphous layer of the as-implanted specimen with 5×1017 ions/cm2 dose would be transformed into three successive layers after 1200 annealing, which are amorphous SiO2, single-crystal α-Si3N4 and retained defects from surface to inner substrate, respectively. The further results and study on the microstructure variation to different annealing time at 1200 for the specimen of 5×1017ions/cm2 dose are presented and discussed. References [1] O.W. Holland, C.W. White, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 59/60 (1991) 353. [2] W.X. Lu, Y.H. Qian, R.H. Tian, Z.L. Wang, R.J. Schreutelkamp, J.R. Liefting, F.W. Saris, Appl. Phys.

Lett. 55 (1989) 1838. [3] H. Wong, N.W. Cheung, P.K. Chu, J. Liu, J.W. Mayer Appl. Phys. Lett. 52 (1988) 1023.


Measurement of He and H depth profiles in tungsten using ERDA with

medium heavy ion beams

E. Markina1, M. Mayer1, H.T. Lee2 1Max-Plank-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, Boltzmannstr. 2, D-85748 Garching

Germany 2Graduate School of Engeneering Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, AR G2-301, Suita Osaka 565-

0871 Japan Time-of-flight ERDA with incident heavy projectiles allows to measure simultaneously all light elements present in the sample. However, in the case of very heavy substrates the yield of backscattered primary ions gets extremely high, rendering this method impractical. In the case of very heavy substrates, the classical ERDA method with a stopper foil may be advantageous due to filtering of the backscattered primary ions, resulting in much lower count rates. For the simultaneous detection of hydrogen isotopes and helium primary beams of lithium, carbon, nitrogen or oxygen can be used. In this work, elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) using 15 MeV O5+ ions was used for the simultaneous measurement of hydrogen isotopes and helium depth distributions in tungsten. The measurements were performed for tungsten foil samples implanted with a D-He mixed ion beam. The use of incident oxygen ions for ERDA was already proposed by Qi Qiu in 1990 [1] and T. Mitamura in 1997 [2]. However, up to now a quantitative evaluation of the ERDA spectra was difficult because the 1H(16O,1H)16O; 2H(16O,2H)16O and 4He(16O,4He)16O cross-sections get non-Rutherford at energies above 7 MeV and should be calculated. Only recent development of SigmaCalc and IBANDL database made these calculations possible. The recoil cross sections can be achieved by kinematic transformation if the scattering cross section for each reaction is known [3]. In this work all cross sections for each reaction were calculated with IBANDL data. In the case of oxygen analyzing beam of 15 MeV energy the difference from Rutherford cross section is already about 30% for H.

10000 150000,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

Recoil angle 30°

Energy (keV)

Cro

ss-s

ectio

n (ra

tio to

Rut

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rd)

1H(16O,1H)16O 2H(16O,2H)16O 4He(16O,4He)16O

Figure 1: recoil cross section for 1,2H and 4He reactions in 8 – 17 MeV energy range. The use of lithium, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen beams for the simultaneous detection of hydrogen isotopes and helium is discussed in respect to available cross-section data, sensitivity, signal overlap, depth resolution and maximum depth of analysis. References [1] Qi Qiu and all, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 121 (1990) 186 – 189. [2] T. Mitamura and all, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 121 (1997) 271 – 274. [3] J. K. Kim and all, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 129 (1997) 323 – 326.


Ion beam analysis of human finger nails

J. A. Mars, D. Gihwala

Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa, [email protected]

After physiological tissue and hair, nails have become an important body part for verification of pathologies, especially those of environmental origin [1]. PIXE [2] has been used extensively in analysis of human tissue. The application to nails has been mainly to bulk samples. In this study we use PIXE, and RBS as complement [3,4], and SEM to determine the elemental concentration distribution of human nails of healthy individuals. We report on Na, Mg, K, Ca, P and P as major elements and on Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr, Rb and Se as trace elements. For PIXE and RBS the specimens were bombarded with both a 3 MeV proton and a 2 MeV alpha beam and for SEM with a 25 keV electron beam. To ascertain any correlation in the elemental concentration distribution, a linear traverse analysis was performed across the width of the nail (figure 1). Other elemental distribution correlations are indicated.

Figure 1: Schematic of a PIXE linear traverse analysis (LTA) across the width of the nail, indicating the elemental distribution in ppm concentration of the elements S, K, Ca and Zn to establish any correlation that might exist. The concentrations were summed at every 50µm. The width of the LTA was 20µm. The LTA is shown in the inset. References [1] R. Meehra and M. Juneja (2004). Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 41, pp.53-56. [2] S. Johansson et al. (1995) Particle Induced X-ray Emssion, Wiley and Sons. [3] J. Mars (2004). Application of the Nuclear Microprobe in Materials Science. Doctoral Thesis (Cape

Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa). [4] J. Mars et al. (2004) Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol. 71, pp. 799-800.


Analysis of thin layers for photovoltaic application: Comparison between RBS and ellipsometry on the determination of roughness and porosity

F. Mathis1,2, J. Dewalque3, O. Dubreuil3, C. Toussaint3, R. Delhalle2, G. Spronck3, P. Colson3,

R. Cloots3,4, D. Strivay1,2, C. Henrist3,4 1 Europeen Center of Archaeometry, [email protected]

2Institute of Atomic and Nuclear Physic and of Spectrometry 3 Department of Chemistry, GREENMAT-LCIS

4 Center for Applied Technology in Microscopy (CATµ) University of Liège, Sart Tilman B15, 4000 Liège, Belgium

Dye-sensitized solar cells are made of thin-layered materials where both structure and properties need to be accurately controlled in order to ensure their adequate performance. In this study we have focused on the analysis of two different films that should be assembled in the future solar cell: a thin platinum catalyst layer deposited over silicon or FTO glass and a mesoporous TiO2 film substrate acting as an electrode formed by dip-coating on a silicon substrate, which presents several advantages over other dye-sensitized solar cells [1]. State of the art techniques need to be used in order to control this material’s properties (thickness, roughness and porosity) during and after its manufacture process. Until now, the Environmental Porellipsometry technique has been commonly employed to characterise the micro-structural features of films in these types of materials. Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) seems to be a powerful alternative to this method thanks to its very good accuracy and rapidity, and the number of data given by one analysis: thickness, composition, roughness and, as we will here demonstrate, porosity. In this paper we will present a comparison of Porellipsometry and RBS thickness measurement plus covering rate determination of the Pt film as well as roughness observation with Atomic Force Spectrometry (AFM). Porellipsometry measurements and AFM observations have been made at the GEENMAT-LCIS lab of the University of Liege. RBS has been performed at the new Ion Beam Analysis Chamber recently mounted on the IPNAS 2,5MV Van de Graaf accelerator using 1 and 2 MeV He2+ beams. This experimental chamber has been fully designed and developed at the IPNAS laboratory for high performance particle analysis (forward scattering and backscattering) with a new fast sample exchange device that avoids vacuum loss. Good agreement between Porellipsometry and RBS results makes RBS a very interesting alternative method for the complete characterisation of the thin layers needed in the development of the DSSC. References [1] C. Henrist, J. Dewalque, F. Mathis, R. Cloots, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 117 (2009) 292.


Combining non-destructive nuclear techniques to study Roman leaded copper coins from Ilipa (II-I b.C.)

A. I. Moreno-Suárez1,4, B. Gómez-Tubío2,4, M. A. Respaldiza3,4, F. Chaves5, I. Ortega-Feliu4,

M. Á. Ontalba-Salamanca6 and F. J. Ager1,4. 1Departamento de Física Aplicada I. University of Seville. Spain

2Departamento de Física Aplicada III. University of Seville. Spain 3Departamento de Física Atómica, Nuclear y Molecular. University of Seville. Spain

4Centro Nacional de Aceleradores. Seville. Spain

5 Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología. University of Seville. Spain

6Departamento de Física. University of Extremadura. Spain The non destructive analysis given by Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) or X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) has shown to be very useful for the multielemental characterization of valuable objects. A set of 32 Roman leaded copper alloy coins from Ilipa (Alcalá del Río, Sevilla, Spain) and dated to 2nd-1st century BC, has been analyzed using both techniques to make a comparative study of their usefulness in the analysis of this kind of corroded alloys. Ilipa was an important city-mint of the South of the Iberian Peninsula and its numismatic relationships with other coetaneous city-mints of this area (Carmo (Carmona, Sevilla), Obulco (Porcuna, Jaén) or Castulo (Linares, Jaén)) are of a great historic interest. PIXE analyses were done in the external beam line [1] of the 3 MV tandem accelerator of the Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA) using 3 MeV protons. XRF was also done at CNA using a 241-Am annular radioactive source. The alteration in the surface concentrations due to the corroded patinas characteristic of this kind of coins was corrected by combining PIXE and XRF results with gamma-ray transmission measurements using a 241-Am point source. This method was successfully used by the authors in the analysis of corroded bronzes [2], but it had not been extensively applied to leaded copper alloys so far. In this work, we will discuss the capability of the method to accurately determine the matrix composition of this particular kind of alloys, where lead segregates introduce more difficulties in the analysis. Besides, the variation of the composition according to the chronology of the different coins will be discussed and the comparison with other coins from relevant contemporary mints of the same geographical area will be made. References [1] M.A. Ontalba et al., “External Microbeam setup at the CNA (Sevilla and its applications to the study of

Tartesic jewellery”, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. In Phys. Research B181 (2001) 664-669. [2] M.A. Respaldiza et al., “Combining PIXE and XRF with Gamma-Ray Transmission to Get Accurate

Anaysis of Archaeological Bronzes”, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B50 (1990) 226.


Surface erosion during heavy ion backscattering analysis

A.M. Müller1, M. Döbeli1, M. Mallepell1 1Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, [email protected]

Material removal induced by HIBS (Heavy Ion Backscattering Spectrometry) analysis has been investigated. For this purpose the thickness of thin metal films deposited on graphite was measured as a function of fluence of the Si and Ti projectile ion beam. Steady state erosion rates are in fair agreement with surface sputtering rates calculated by SRIM. For some layers however, the first few monolayers are removed at a much faster rate. A comparison with standard He RBS is made and consequences for the applicability of HIBS are discussed.


Heavy-ion microbeam system for cell irradiation at Kyoto University

M. Nakamura1, K. Imai2, M. Hirose2, H. Matsumoto2, M. Tosaki3, D. Ohsawa3, S. Makino1, O. Niwa4, K. Komatsu5, H. Utsumi6

1School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Mikazura, Wakayama, 641-0011, Japan [email protected]

2Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8052, Japan 3Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8051, Japan

4National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan 5Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8051, Japan

6Health Research Center, Tanaka, Kyoto 606-8225, Japan The charged-particle microbeam, which allows irradiation of cells individually with micron precision and with precise number of charge particles, provides a unique opportunity to address the effect of low levels of ionizing radiation. Heavy ions are particularly effective and different from low-LET radiation for charged particle therapy. The ion beam was accelerated by an 8 MV tandem Van de Graaff accelerator [1]. In order to put a cell sample horozontally, a vertical beam line was constructed. Because of the simplicity, collimation system was chosen following the system of the Columbia University [2]. The final collimator system consists of a pair of apertures laser-drilled in 20-µm-thick Mo foils and separated by a 300-µm spacer. The limiting aperture is a 5-µm-diameter hole in the first foil. Carbon ions of 42 MeV were extracted through the collimator to the atmosphere and detected with a Si detector. In order to shut off the beam after delivering a certain number of the ions, a 10 µm transmission scintillator and a photomultiplier tube are used. Using the signals from the scintillator, the beam is stopped by applying a high voltage to an electrostatic deflector in the injection beam line. Fluorine ions of 51 MeV extracted through the collimator were detected with the thin transmission scintillator and the Si detector. The pulse-height spectrum of the Si detector is shown in Fig. 1. In addition, other heavy ions were extracted through a single aperture of 100-µm-diameter hole. Extracted ions were lithium ions of 24 MeV, silicon ions of 66 MeV, chlorine ions of 72 MeV and iron ions of 78 MeV. A microscope system with video camera was installed in the vertical beam line. The beam position was observed with the fluorescence of the fluorescent substance on the film by the beam irradiation. For a test of the irradiation, the cell dish was chosen following the dish of the Columbia University. At first we are going to start the irradiation of the cell nuclei which are fluorescent stained.

Figure 1: Pulse-height spectrum of the Si detector for fluorine ions of 51 MeV extracted through the collimator. More than 96 % of the signals are concentrated at the peak in the spectrum.

References [1] M. Nakamura et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 268 (1988) 313. [2] G. Randers-Pehrson et al., Radiat. Res. 156 (2001) 210.


Superfocusing of protons in silicon crystals: Rainbow subatomic microscopy

S. Petrović, V. Berec, D. Borka, and N. Nešković

Laboratory of Physics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, P. O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia, [email protected]

In this work we present the superfocusing effect [1] of 2 MeV protons channeled in a <100> Si thin crystal [2, 3]. The crystal thickness is varied between 66.1 and 99.2 nm, corresponding to the range of reduced crystal thickness being between 0.20 and 0.30, respectively. The proton beam incident angle is increased gradually from zero up to 20 % of the critical angle for channeling. The spatial distributions of channeled protons, obtained by the numerical solution of the proton equations of motion in the transverse plane and a realistic Monte Carlo computer simulation code, are presented as functions of the proton beam incident angle and reduced crystal thickness. They are analyzed via the corresponding mappings of the impact parameter plane to the transverse position plane, which is dominated by the rainbow effect [4]. The performed analysis shows that it is possible to focus the proton beam within the region of the radius considerably below the Bohr radius for all the considered values of the proton beam incident angle. Particulary, we demostrate that it is possible to measure the cross-section for the process of ion induced X-ray emission as a function of the impact parameter within the foreign atom, giving the transverse projection of the electron density within the atom (Fig. 1). The obtained results provide the theoretical basis for the possible development of a measurement technique with the picometer resolution – the rainbow subatomic microscopy.

Figure 1: An illustration of the interaction of the proton beam with the inner-shell electrons of a sulfur

atom inserted in the channel resulting in the emission of characteristic X-rays.

References [1] Yu. N. Demkov and J. D. Meyer, Eur. Phys. J. B 42, 361 (2004). [2] N. Nešković, S. Petrović, and D. Borka, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 267, 2616 (2009). [3] V. Berec, S. Petrović, D. Borka, and N. Nešković, submitted for publication in Phys. Rev. A. [4] S. Petrović, L. Miletić, and N. Nešković, Phys. Rev. B 61, 184 (2000).

122 Book of Abstracts Provenance studies of obsidians from Neolithic contexts in southern Italy by

IBA (Ion Beam Analysis) methods

G. Quarta, L. Maruccio, M. D’Elia, L. Calcagnile CEDAD-Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, via per Monteroni, 73100,

Lecce, Italy, Corresponding author: Gianluca Quarta ([email protected])

The properties of obsidian have made this natural glass of volcanic origin a suitable material for ancient populations for the production, since the end of the Paleolithic, of tools for the everyday life as well as luxury objects. Obsidian can be thus surely considered a precious material which was transported for thousands of kilometers from its sources to the final users. For this reason the identification of the geological sources of the raw material has assumes a relevant role for archaeologists since it allows the reconstruction of long-range exchange routes and, thus, cultural relationships among the different human groups. In particular in the Mediterranean area, around the Italian peninsula different sources have been identified and compositionally characterized (Lipari, Pantelleria, Monte Arci and Palmarola) by using different experimental methods such as ICP-AES, ICP-MS, NAA and fission track dating. We present in this paper the potentialities in this field of research given by the use of IBA (Ion Beam Analysis) methods and in particular PIXE (Particle Induced X-Ray Emission) and PIGE (Particle Induced Gamma Ray Emission). In fact the bombardment of the samples by high energy (3-4 MeV) protons and the simultaneous detection of both characteristic X-Rays and Gamma rays results in the possibility to quantitatively estimate both the major and the trace elements, with detection limits in the range of few ppm for elements such as Y, Sr, Rb and Nb. Furthermore the possibility to carry out the analyses in air at atmospheric pressure allows to have completely non destructive analyses while the used proton energies assure that no delayed radioactivity is induced in the samples. Obsidian samples were selected from archaeological contexts, 14C-dated to the V millennium BC, in the Salento peninsula, Southern Italy, and compositionally characterized at the external-beam IBA beam line of CEDAD (Centre for Dating and Diagnostics) of the University of Salento, Lecce, Italy. A 3.7 MeV proton beam was used as a probe and X-Ray and Gamma-Rays were simultaneously detected by Si(Li) and Ge detectors. The results allowed to identify, by comparison with the chemical composition of the known obsidian sources, the provenance of the raw materials giving an important contribution to the reconstruction of the intense net of “commercial” and cultural relationships in the Mediterranean during the V Millennium BC.


Application of heavy-ion microbeam system at Kyoto University: Energy deposit in imaging plate by single carbon-ion irradiation

M. Tosaki1, M. Nakamura2, M. Hirose3, and H. Matsumoto3

1Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan, [email protected]

2Department of Physics, Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 580 Mikazura, Wakayama 641-0011, Japan

3Deparatment of Physics, Graduate school of Science, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Recently many microbeam systems, employing different types of radiation such as X-ray and charged particles, have been development for biological studies. A heavy-ion microbeam system for the irradiation of cells has been developed using a tandem Van de Graaff accelerator at Kyoto University. We have successfully developed carbon beams collimated through double apertures with 6-9 µm hole and controlled the irradiating number of ions which is measured by a delta energy counter with a very thin scintillator film, which are described in detail elsewhere[1]. Using the heavy-ion microbeam system, we have measured energy deposits of single ion in an Imaging Plate (IP) using fluorescent material of BaFBr:Eu2+, which is widely used for radiography such as in-situ detection and distribution measurements of low-level radioactivity in biological studies. When heavy ions are injected to the IP, the information of the deposited energy is recorded as the number of subexcited electrons such as F centers and then the deposited energy can be evaluated by measurements of photo-stimulated luminescence (PSL) using scanning the surface of the IP with a leaser. Using the IP, we have successfully measured the PSL with a precise location and with precise number of irradiated ions; the case of one carbon ion of 42 MeV is shown in Fig.1. The investigation of the IP response, especially for the single ion, could be important to understand some basic processes of microbeam irradiation to cells. In this work, we will present the application of our heavy-ion microbeam system.

Figure 1: Two dimensional profile of energy deposits in the Imaging Plate (IP) by one carbon ion of 42 MeV. The z-axis shows the intensity of photo-stimulated luminescence (PSL) of each pixel which is 25µmx25µm. The x-y plot area is 0.75x0.75mm2.

References [1] M. Nakamura et al., 10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Thecnology,

Athens, Greece, September13-17, 2010.

124 Book of Abstracts An ion beam analysis chamber for non-destructive depth-profiling of TiAl

turbine blades

S. Neve1, H.-E. Zschau2, K. E. Stiebing1, L. Ph. H. Schmidt1, M. Schütze2

1Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKF), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, [email protected]

2Karl-Winnacker-Institute, DECHEMA e.V., Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Aeronautics and automotive industries are interested in substituting Ni-based alloys in several high-temperature applications with TiAl-alloys. Their low density amounts only to the half and therefore fuel-saving is expected due to lower overall weight and reduced moment of inertia of rotating components. Untreated TiAl-alloys cannot be used at temperatures above 700°C because of the fast formation of a brittle mixed oxide scale of TiO2 and Al2O3 [1]. An innovative method to improve the oxidation behavior at high temperatures is the fluorine effect: A small amount of fluorine in the near sub-surface leads to selective oxidation of Al to Al2O3 [2]. The alumina scale was already proved to be protective for up to 4.000 hours at 1050°C, even under cyclic conditions [3]. Depth profiles of the introduced fluorine can be measured at different stages of oxidation using the non-destructive PIGE technique (Proton Induced Gamma-ray Emission) and it was shown in previous work that the fluorine content and its location beneath the surface are indicators of successful fluorine-effect [4]. At the step to industrial application there is the request to use real components instead of small laboratory samples. In the present work, the development of an ion beam analysis chamber for turbine blades is described. First PIGE-measurements of fluorine depth profiles on TiAl turbine blades are presented. The new chamber enables the repeated investigation of the fluorine distribution in turbine blades for non-destructive quality assurance of several fluorination methods as well as the inspection of the blades during service. References [1] A. Rahmel, W.J. Quadakkers, M. Schütze, Mater. Corros. 46 (1995) 271. [2] A. Donchev, B. Gleeson, M. Schütze, Intermetallics 11 (2003) 387. [3] H.-E. Zschau, M. Schütze, Mater. Corros. 59 (2008) 619. [4] S. Neve, K.E. Stiebing, L.Ph.H. Schmidt, H.-E. Zschau, P.J. Masset, M. Schütze, Materials Science

Forum 638-642 (2010) 1384.


Ion beam analysis of partial lithium extraction of LiMn2O4 by chemical delithiation

E. Andrade1, A. Romero-Núñez2, A. Ibarra-Palos2, J. Cruz1, M.F. Rocha3, C. Solis1, O. G. de Lucio1

and E.P. Zavala1

1Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 20-364, 01000 México, D.F., México

2Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-360, México D.F. 04510, México,

3ESIME-Z, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, U.P. ALM, G.A. Madero, México D.F. 07738, México. Lithium manganese oxide, LiMn2O4, has been extensively studied by many research groups around the world. It is a great candidate to be used as positive electrode in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries because of its low cost, abundant precursors and non-toxicity. LiMn2O4 has a spinel Fd-3m structure and shows a reversible extraction and insertion of lithium ions that is one of the most important characteristic of positive electrodes in rechargeable batteries. Lithium extraction can be performed either electrochemically or chemically. One of the well known chemical methods is to work in an acidic medium; in this case lithium extraction involves a redox reaction process which is called chemical delithiation. A series of partial chemical delithiated LiMn2O4 has been obtained by acid treatment. A rigorous study of lithium contents is critical to analyze the structure properties of this compounds and the mechanism of the process. Direct, nondestructive and absolute measurements of Li concentration in solids can be carried out by different ion beam analysis (IBA) methods. In this work, the energy spectra of elastic backscattered (EBS) proton from Mn and O nuclei and the α-particles energy from the 7Li (p,α) 4He nuclear reaction (NR) were used for the analysis of the samples. Due to the large Q-value (17.346 MeV) of this NR, the signal to noise ratio is high and thick samples can be analyzed. Samples with known composition (LiOH, Li4SiO4, etc.) were analyzed in the same experimental conditions as the samples in order to test the IBA method for the determination of Li concentrations.


Characterization of radiation damage induced by low-temperature B4 cluster-ion implantation into silicon

J.H. Liang1, 2, Y.Z. Chen1, C.M. Lin3

1Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, R.O.C.

2Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, R.O.C.

3Department of Applied Science, National Hsinchu University of Education, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, R.O.C.

In this study, −4B cluster and −

1B monomer ions of the same energy level per atom (20 keV/atom) and total atomic fluence (2×1015 atoms/cm2) were implanted into silicon wafers held at liquid nitrogen temperature (LT, -196 oC). Following implantation, the as-implanted specimens were annealed via a two-step FA+RTA annealing treatment in which FA denotes furnace annealing at 550 oC for 3 h and RTA represents rapid thermal annealing at 1050 oC for 25 s. The characteristics of radiation damage in both the as-implanted and as-annealed specimens were probed using Raman scattering spectroscopy (RSS) as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In particular, crystallization and amorphization behaviors in the specimens were quantitatively determined according to the longitudinal and transverse optical phonon peaks, respectively, appeared in the RSS spectra in terms of their peak intensity and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM). Both the RSS and TEM results revealed that heavily-damaged and amorphous structures are formed in the as-implanted 4B and 1B specimens, respectively, mainly due to the so-called non-linear damage effect existed in the former. Furthermore, there is less radiation damage remained in the as-annealed 4B specimen compared to the as-annealed 1B one, resulting from the occurrence of solid phase epitaxial growth (SPEG) in the amorphous layer of the former which thus causes significant removal of radiation damage.


Nanostructures characterization using the MEIS technique

M. A. Sortica1, P. L. Grande1, C. Radtke2 1Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

2Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Medium energy ion scattering (MEIS) is an ion beam characterization technique, which can quantitatively determine elemental composition and depth profile with subnanometric depth resolution capabilities. It makes MEIS a powerful tool for nanostructures characterization [1] with enough resolution for depth profile inside of nanostructures with diameters lower than 5 nm [2]. For this purpose, a Monte Carlo simulation and fitting software, that consider the geometry, size distribution and density of the nanostructures was developed [3]. The software also considers the asymmetry of the energy loss-distribution [4]. Using this procedure we studied the influence of the nanostructure geometry, areal density and size distribution and energy-loss line shape on the MEIS spectra [5]. Finally we investigate the core/shell structure of spherical nanoparticles of CdSe covered by ZnS shell.

Figure 1: Fitting of the 2D MEIS spectrum of gold spherical nanoparticles, analyzed with a beam of H+ with energy of 100 keV

References [1] J. P. Stoquert, T. Szörenyi, Phys. Rev B 67 (2002) 144108. [2] H. Matsumoto, K. Mitsuhara, A. Visikovskiy, T. Akita, N. Toshima, Y. Kido, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in

Phys. Res. B, (2010) DOI 10.1016/j.nimb.2010.03.032 . [3] I. Konomi, S. Hyodo, T. Motohiro, Journal of Catalysis 192 (2000) 11-17. [4] P. L. Grande, A. Hentz, R. P. Pezzi, I. J. R. Baumvol, G. Schiwietz, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. In Phys. Res. B

256 (2007) 92-96. [5] M. A. Sortica, P. L. Grande, G. Machado, L. Miotti, Journal of Applied Physics 106 (2009) 114320.


Characterization of the neutron flux distribution at the Athens tandem accelerator NCSR “Demokritos”

R. Vlastou1, M. Kokkoris1, M. Diakaki1, A. Tsinganis1, V. Paneta1, Ch. Constantinou1,

A. Kotrotsou1, E. Mara1, M. Lambrou1, V. Loizou1, A. Lagoyannis2, G. Provatas2 1National Technical University of Athens, Department of Physics, 15780 Athens, Greece

2NCSR “Demokritos”, Institute of Nuclear Physics, 15310 Athens, Greece

The investigation of neutron induced reactions is of considerable interest, not only for their importance to fundamental research in Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, but also for practical applications in nuclear technology, dosimetry, medicine and industry. These tasks require high quality nuclear data and high precision cross sections for neutron induced reactions, thus it is imperative that the performance of the neutron source is well understood and that the experimental conditions are well characterized. In the 5.5 MV HV tandem TN11/25 Accelerator Laboratory of NCSR "Demokritos", monoenergetic and quasi–monoenergetic neutron beams have been used for cross section measurements of threshold reactions in the energy range 7-11.5 MeV. The neutron beam is produced via the 2H(d,n) reaction, its flux variation is monitored using a BF3 detector, and its absolute flux is obtained with respect to reference reactions. An investigation of the energy dependence of the neutron fluence has been carried out implementing two different experimental methods: With a liquid scintillator BC501A detector and subsequent deconvolution of the measured recoil energy spectra with the code DIFBAS, as well as, via the multiple foil activation analysis technique, in combination with the SULSA unfolding code. The neutron facility has also been characterized by means of MCNP5 Monte Carlo simulations.


Stopping powers of mylar for 16O, 19F, 28Si from 1.6 to 5.5 MeV/u

M. Chekirine 1, R. K. Choudhury2, D. C. Biswas2, H. Ammi3 and S. Tobbeche4

1Universite de Blida, faculté des sciences, département de physique BP .270, route de Soumaa, Blida, Algérie.

2Nuclear Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India. 3Centre de Recherche Nucléaire d’Alger, Algérie.

4Université de Batna, Algérie. Stopping powers of mylar for 16O, 19F, 28Si from 1.6 to 5.5 MeV/amu have been measured by a transmission technique. No previous data have been published with these ions in such film. The obtained data are compared with values predicted by the SRIM-2008, MSTAR and ICRU-93 simulated codes calculations. The effective charge values of these ions have also been deduced from the experimental set of data. References [1] J. Raisanen, W. H. Trzaaska, T. Alanko, V. Lapin, J. Appl. Phys. 94 (2003) 2080. [2] H.Ammi, S. mammeri, M. Chekirine, B. Bouzid, M. Allab, Nucl. Instr. And Meth B 198 (2002)5. [3] T. Alanko, J. Hyvonen, V. kyllonen, J. Raisanen, A. Virtanen, . Nucl. Instr. And Meth B 161 (2000) 164. [4] F. Munnik, K. Vakevainen, J. Raisanen, U. Watjen, J. Appl. Phys. 86 (1999) 3934. [5] M. Chekirine, H. Ammi, Radiat. Meas. 30, 131 (1999).


Structural modifications of AlInN thin films by neon ion implantation

A. Majid

Department of Physics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan, [email protected] To study ion beam modifications into MOCVD grown wurtzite AlInN/GaN hetrostructures, neon ions were implanted with dose ranging from 1014 to 9x1015ions/cm2. Structural characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). XRD analysis revealed that GaN related peak for all samples lies at its usual Bragg position of 2θ=34.56o whereas a shift in AlInN peak taken place from its position of 2θ=35.51o for as-grown sample. RBS analysis provided interesting results with clear shift in position of indium related peak pointing to migration of indium atoms towards interface of hetrostructures. Moreover this peak has observed to be splitted into two peaks which is indication of depth wise re-distribution of indium atoms within the material.


Development of a genetic algorithm for the search of optical potentials

D. Abriola

International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, [email protected] The analysis of elastic scattering cross section in terms of the Optical Model is subject to a series of well known ambiguities. For projectile energies around the Coulomb barrier, it has been observed that the technique determines the potential only at a sensitivity radius ([1] and references therein) while for energies well above the Coulomb barrier pronounced refractive structures appear providing valuable information on the shape of the potentials even at small distances [2]. Different authors starting from different assumptions about the initial values or shape of the potentials frequently offer different physical interpretation of the observed data. It would be important to have a set of “user independent” Optical Potentials that adjust the data to allow the user to see a large array of possibilities before committing to a particular Optical Potential. Here, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) code that allows a “blind search” of the multiparametric 2 surface is presented. The genetic material’s genes are the parameters of the Optical Potential. In the present case nine parameters: three for the real potential (i.e. Wood Saxon (WS) shape with depth parameter V, radius parameter r0 and diffusivity a) three for the Volume imaginary potential (WS shape with depth parameter VI, radius parameter ri0 and diffusivity ai) and three Surface Imaginary (WS-derivative shape with depth parameter VSI, radius parameter rsi0 and diffusivity asi). One particular chromosome or individual is a specific instance of the nine parameters. First, an initial random population is generated (within user selected limits for each parameter) with a given number of individuals (around 200) for each of which the individual fitness is evaluated (for instance assigning the corresponding 2 value after running an Optical Model code with its parameters). The GA code then allows this initial generation to evolve using fitness-driven reproduction of the individuals and mutating the resulting population. The process is repeated until a stopping criteria is fulfilled. Special care has to be taken to avoid a too rapid convergence of the population to only a few genetically different individuals (loss of diversity). The method could be applied to other theoretical models like coupled channel calculations or the inclusion of resonances with R-matrix techniques. These applications will be presented elsewhere. Two particular examples are presented here: one for the 7Li+27Al system at low energies (6-18 MeV), and another for the 16O+16O system at 350 MeV. The optimum GA internal parameters are discussed as well as the population evolution as a function of fitness and diversity. References [1] J. M. Figueira, et al., Phys. Rev. C 73 (2006) 054605. [2] M. E. Brandan, G. R. Satchler, Phys. Lett. B. 256 (1991) 311.


Influence of residual oxygen in plasma immersion ion implantation

processing of materials

M. Ueda1, A. R. Silva Jr.1, C. B. Mello1, G. Silva1,2, V. S. Oliveira1 1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil,

[email protected] 2Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil

Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) of nitrogen in normal operation conditions: order of 10-5 mbar base pressures, 10-20 keV energies, without special cleaning of the vacuum vessel, etc, lead sometimes to ineffective ion implantation results, depending on the material being treated [1]. In particular, it is well known that nitrogen PIII of Al and its alloys results very often in poor nitrogen implanted doses, hence without any significant improvement of their surface. Oxygen interferes in some complex way in this process hindering nitrogen uptake into the surface oxydizing it strongly [2, 3]. Residual Gas Analyser (RGA 100) was used to monitor the presence of oxygen in the vaccum chamber (VC) of our PIII system while doing the pumping of VC, discharge cleaning of VC walls, improving the gas feeding system, and during the PIII processing itself. Excluding as much as possible the presence of the water by the above procedures allowed us to reduce the oxygen contamination from 30-40% to 3-4% levels but it is still quite high compared to less than 1% expected from high purity gas introduction. At least for amu of 100, water is the dominant impurity in the VC. PIII with very low energy nitrogen ions of 3-5 keV was performed with ~10 µs, 1-3 kHz pulses, in SS304 and Al7075 samples, under these very high (30-40%) and low oxygen (3-4%) presences. Implanted surfaces were analysed by EDX, SEM, AFM, potentiodynamic technique, pin-on-disc and XRD, showing that nitrided layers were formed in both metals for low oxygen case but very poor nitrogen implantation occurred for high oxygen case. These results confirm the difficulties of nitrogen PIII in low energies in the presence of high concentration of residual oxygen. On the other hand, it has been shown in our previous experiments that good nitrogen implantations are obtained in SS304 resulting in good γN phase, even with high residual oxygen pressures if energies above 10 keV are used. This is not true for the Al and its alloys. So, it has been clearly shown that, although oxygen contamination is not so critical (even at the 30-40%) for PIII in many materials, it is indeed of major importance for Al and its alloys. We also found in our case that the gas feeding system is the major contributor of the oxygen introduction through water contamination. References [1] André Anders, ‘Handbook of Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation and Deposition’, Wiley-Interscience,

United States of America, 2000. [2] S. Parascandola, O. Kruse, E. Richter and W. Möller. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 17 (1999), p. 855. [3] W. Möller, S. Parascandola, O. Kruse, R. Günzel and E. Richter. Surf. Coat. Technol. 116–119 (1999),

p. 1.


Sub-atmospheric and low pressure air plasma immersion ion implantation

applied to SS304, AL7075, TI6AL4V and Si

M. Ueda1, A. R. Silva Jr.1, V. S. Oliveira1, C. B. Mello1, G. Silva1,2, R. M. Oliveira1 1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil

[email protected] 2Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil

Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) is a well established surface engineering technique quite suitable for the treatment of industrial components in the final form before delivery to the market [1]. Therefore, commercial interest for its application is growing fast in many areas including biomedical, tools, aerospace and semiconductors. One of the challenges of PIII is to reduce its capital cost of the equipments needed for the treatment. Normal PIII requires a large vacuum chamber (VC); at least a high speed, large throughput diffusion/mechanical or roots pumping system; a high power plasma source; high voltage pulser and an adequate gas feeding system connected to a high purity presurized gas tank. In the present work, we tried to see the effects of replacing the injection of the high purity nitrogen gas with normal room temperature air. Also, it was our concern to see the effects of the pressure and the corresponding usable high voltages to achieve effective ion implantation of nitrogen in SS304, Al7075, Ti6Al4V and Si, using air. These materials are not only of interest to space applications but also in other fields as mentioned above. Nitrogen implantation can improve the surface properties of these materials significantly, depending on the retained doses achieved. Pulse voltages were varied from 1 to 15 kV, pulse lengths from 20 to 50 µs and pulse frequencies from 300 to 5000 Hz, during PIII treatments. For these sets of experiments we used four PIII devices, three of them with DC Glow Discharge (GD) plasmas, one operating in working pressures from 2x10-3 to 2x10-2 mbar, the second with 2x10-2 to 2x10-1 mbar and the other one with 2x10-1 to 1mbar, e.g., low pressure plasma regime. The fourth PIII system is based on microwave plasma and operates well in the 10-1 to a few mbar pressures, therefore, entering the subatmospheric region. In this last case, base presure is on the 10-2 mbar range while for the other cases it is in the 10-5 mbar range. A turbomolecular pump is used in the first PIII system while in the second diffusion pumping is employed. In the third PIII system, roots and diffusion pumps are available. These pumping systems dictate both the working pressures possible as well as the achievable base pressures. They add up in the capital cost of the PIII system and therefore, cheaper systems are preferable. In the first device, it was also possible to confirm the O/N (oxygen to nitrogen) ratio of about 30% with an already coupled RGA (Residual Gas Analyser), as expected from the normal stechiometry of the air. Materials samples exposed to ion implantation, with air as feeding gas, were analysed by EDX, SEM, AFM, XRD, potentiodynamic technique, pin-on-disc and AES (Auger Electron Spectroscopy). These subatmospheric and low pressure air PIII results will be discussed in detail during the conference. References [1] André Anders, ‘Handbook of Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation and Deposition’, Wiley-Interscience,

United States of America, 2000.


Surface modifications of AISI 420 stainless steel by yttrium ions

M. V. Siciliano1, V. Nassisi2, L. Velardi2

1Department of Material Science, University of Salento, INFN, Lecce-Italy. [email protected]

2Department of Physics, University of Salento, INFN, Lecce-Italy. In this work, surface modifications of AISI 420 stainless steel were studied in order to improve the oxidation resistance. Specimens of steel were implanted by yttrium ions using an excimer laser KrF operating at 248 nm wavelength and a pulse duration of 20 ns. The ions were accelerated by the application of a positive high voltage up to 100 kV to implant the steel surfaces. The steel surface modification was studied at different dose levels. The laser ion source produces high doses of ions [1] per laser pulse, up to 1011 ions/cm2 and it has the advantages to work at low temperature and avoiding stray diffusion of the implanted ions inside the substrate bulk. The investigated steel was characterized before and after ion implantation using several analytical techniques. Crystal phases were identified by X-ray diffractometer; surface morphology was monitored by scanning electron and atomic force microscopy; surface compound by the scanning electron microscopy and an energy dispersive analyzer and the roughness by a profilometry. References [1] B. Qi, Y.Y. Lau and R.M. Gilgenbach, Appl. Phys. Lett, 78, (2001) 706.


Characterization of an ion beam delivered by two accelerating gaps

V. Nassisi1, M. V. Siciliano2 and L. Velardi1 1Department of Physics, University of Salento, Laboratorio di Elettronica Applicata e Strumentazione,

LEAS I.N.F.N. sect. of Lecce, C.P. 193, 73100 Lecce, Italy [email protected] 2Department of Material Science, University of Salento, INFN, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy

Good quality ion beams of moderate energy are very important either for scientific applications or for industrial production. Ion beam applications can provide new biomedical material as well as new results in biodiversity field. In this work, we present the experimental results of a Laser Ion Source (LIS) performed for ions acceleration. A KrF excimer laser operating at 248 nm was focused on a solid target mounted in a vacuum chamber, in order to obtain plasma. The laser energy was fixed at 30 mJ/pulse. The ion component of the plasma can be extracted and accelerated up to 160 keV per charge state by a double gap system formed by two different stages. Using Cu disks, as laser target, we produced a beam containing 1.0x1011 ions per laser pulse. Applying accelerating voltages of 40 kV and 20 kV in the first and secondary stage, respectively, we obtained an increase of the ions number per laser pulse up to 1.2x1012 with a beam energy of 60 keV per charge state. We can suppose that the total extracted charge per pulse resulted of 200 nC. This last result is due to the high electric field that influences the plasma inside of the expansion chamber, mounted in the first stage of the accelerating gap. The characterization of the plasma was performed by a Faraday cup for the electromagnetic characteristics, whereas a pepper pot system for the geometric ones. In this work we will present the electromagnetic and geometric characteristics on accelerating voltage. At 60 kV accelerating voltage and 5.3 mA output current (ion flux 3.4x1011 ions/cm2) the normalized emittance of the beam measured by pepper pot method resulted of 0.22 π mm mrad[1]. References [1] A. Lorusso, M.V. Siciliano, L. Velardi, V. Nassisi, Instrum. Meth. A 614, (2010) 169


Microstructure damage of thin metal films by irradiation with fission fragments

A. Paulenova1, S. Sadi1, W. D. Loveland2, P. R. Watson2, J. Greene3, G. Zinkann3

1Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Health Physics, [email protected]

2Department of Chemistry, 100 Radiation Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5903 3ATLAS, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), IL

Radiation damage is one of the most important problems for structural materials of advanced nuclear energy systems. Aluminum and titanium can be regarded as a standard absorbing material, as backing material for irradiation targets or for nuclear fuel cladding. The evolution of defect microstructures during irradiation under cascade damage conditions is rather complicated and involves a variety of defect interaction(s) processes. Studying the effect of irradiating thin metal films with fission fragments is very important for the development of many segments of the nuclear industry and radiation physics applications. Uranium was deposited onto the thin titanium and aluminum foils by molecular plating in isobutanol at a potential of 300-800V and current density of 0.5-2.7 mA/cm2 for 90-180 minutes. Under these conditions, the deposition yield and uranium thickness for the titanium substrate were 85% and 0.50 mg/cm2, U respectively. Similarly, the deposition yield and uranium thickness for the aluminum substrate were 99.5% and 0.73 mg/cm2, U respectively. The films were of good quality, and had smooth surfaces and acceptable uniformity for further experiments. In these studies we have prepared more than the 100 uranium sample targets investigating surface quality problems such as instability of layers, crack formation, color, pitting and non-uniformity. To ensure the uniformity of films, autoradiography and high resolution digital microscope (Keyence VHX-6000) have been used to visualize the layers. These deposited films of uranium (thickness 0.50 mg/cm2) on thin aluminum (thickness 0.54 mg/cm2) and titanium foils (thickness 0.90 mg/cm2) were successfully irradiated with a 132 MeV 132Xe29+ beam at a current intensity of 2 pnA at ATLAS (Argonne Tandem-Linac Accelerator System). Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used as diagnostic techniques to investigate the structures of pre- and post-irradiated surfaces. The damage state was characterized by: root mean square roughness (i), depth profile of the disordered zones (ii), size and areal density of the voids (iii), and void swelling (iv) as a function of different fluences (1.2-9.0 x1013Xe.cm-2). Irregular complex microstructures, hillocks and blisters in a crown-shaped formation were observed on both irradiated Al and irradiated Ti film surfaces.


MeV Si ions modification effects on the thermoelectric generator from Si/Si+Ge superlattice nanolayered films

M. Pugh1, S. Budak1*, C. Smith2, J. Chacha1, B. Lowery1,

K. Ogbara3, K. Heidary1, R. B. Johnson 3, C. Muntele2, D. Ila2

1Department of Electrical Engineering, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL USA *S. Budak; [email protected]

2Center for Irradiation of Materials, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL USA 3Department of Physics, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL USA

The performance of the thermoelectric devices is shown by a dimensionless figure of merit, ZT = S2σT/K, where S is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, T is the absolute temperature and K is the thermal conductivity. ZT can be increased by increasing S, increasing σ or decreasing K [1, 2]. We have prepared the thermoelectric generator device from 100 alternating layers of Si/Si+Ge nanolayered superlattice films at the thickness of 317 nm using the ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD). To determine the stoichiometry of the elements of Si, Ge in the grown multilayer films and the thickness of the grown multi-layer films Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and RUMP simulation software package have been used. The 5 MeV Si ions bombardments have been performed using the AAMU Pelletron ion beam accelerator to form quantum clusters in the nanolayered superlattice films to decrease the cross plane thermal conductivity, increase the cross plane Seebeck coefficient and cross plane electrical conductivity. We have characterized the thermoelectric generator devices before and after Si ion bombardments as we measured the cross-plane Seebeck coefficient, the cross-plane electrical conductivity, and the cross-plane thermal conductivity for different fluences.

Acknowledgement Research sponsored by the Center for Irradiation of Materials (CIM), National Science Foundation under NSF-EPSCOR R-II-3 Grant No. EPS-0814103, DOD under Nanotechnology Infrastructure Development for Education and Research through the Army Research Office # W911 NF-08-1-0425 References [1] S. Budak, S. Guner, C. Muntele, D. Ila, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B, 267 (2009)1592. [2] S. Budak, S.Guner, C. Smith, R.A. Minamisawa, B. Zheng, C. Muntele, D. Ila, Surface and Coating

Technology 203 (2009) 2418.


Upgrade of ion beam analysis at Jožef Stefan Institute and transnational access

D. Jezeršek1, P. Pelicon1, N. Grlj1, P. Vavpetič1, M. Žitnik1, Ž. Šmit1,2, I. Čadež1, Z. Rupnik1, S.

Markelj1, P. Pongrac1,3, M. Kavčič1 1Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, [email protected]

2 Faculty of Math. and Phys., Univ. of Ljubljana, Jadranska cesta 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 3 Depart. of Biology, Biotech. Faculty, Univ. of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

Tandem accelerator laboratory at Jožef Stefan Institute is operating for users in excess of 4000 beam hours per year and is continuously upgrading the instrumentation. The facility is accepting proposals for transnational access within the SPIRIT [1] project. In-air beamline has been upgraded with a wire-mesh charge-collecting device and a chopper device to measure accurately the ion-beam intensity. RBS detector with He flush has been added recently to collect RBS spectra from the targets [2]. Current setup enables simultaneous collection of PIXE, PIGE and RBS spectra with an accurate proton dose measuring. Analysis expertise includes archaeological glass and metal samples, aerosols, written documents and paintings. High-energy focused ion beam station is configured to host several types of nuclear spectroscopies. Besides the established micro-PIXE and proton beam writing (PBW), micro-ERDA with 7Li beam and micro-NRA with focused 3He beam are used to detect depth and lateral distribution of hydrogen isotopes in surface layers, which has been successfully applied to analysis of fusion relevant materials. The application most frequently asked for by the users is micro-PIXE for biomedical research [3]. Success of the method depends strongly on the tissue treatment in the sample preparation stage, consisting of shock-freezing and freeze-drying. Important step further in the elemental mapping on the cellular and sub-cellular level is a construction of the setup for measurements of frozen hydrated tissue, currently ongoing in the laboratory. X-ray optical devices, such as polycapillary lenses or polycapillary conic collimators (Poly-CCC), attached to the X-ray detector and aligned in the confocal set-up, enable 3D X-ray tomography [4]. The microprobe measuring chamber has been upgraded with the silicon-drift detector equipped with dedicated X-ray optics for the confocal PIXE measurements. A Johansson type crystal spectrometer is available enabling X-ray emission measurements in the 1-6 keV range with sub-eV resolution giving possibility to perform chemical speciation of low-Z elements [5]. Hydrogen interaction with metals and carbon based materials of relevance to fusion development are studied by ERDA, including time resolving studies of hydrogen adsorption and permeation [6]. References [1] www.spirit-ion.eu [2] D. Jezeršek et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B (2010), doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.118 [3] K. Vogel-Mikuš et al, Plant Cell Environ. 31, 1484 (2008). [4] M. Žitnik et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 094104-1 (2008). [5] M. Kavčič et al., X-Ray Spectrom.34, 310 (2005). [6] S. Markelj et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 259, 989-996 (2007).


H+ ion-beam irradiation of poly(dimethilsiloxane) and characterization of the chemical changes at the surface and in the function of proton

penetration depth

R. Huszank1,2, S. Z. Szilasi2, D. Szikra3,

1Tandem Accelerator Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear Physics, NCSR "Demokritos" POB 60228, GR-153.10 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece, [email protected]

2Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-4001 Debrecen, P.O. Box 51, Hungary

3 Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4010, Debrecen, P.O. Box 7, Hungary

Poly(dimethyl-siloxane) (PDMS) is a promising polymer base material for many application

nowadays. It has been widely used to fabricate Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), microfluidic devices, biosensors, biochips or creating micro-stamps. Because of its remarkable gas permeability and biocompatibility it can be particularly suitable for the integration of biological and biomedical applications. There are radiolysis studies on PDMS by gamma or e-beam irradiations and a very few studies about ion beam irradiation, but the effect of ion beam irradiation on PDMS is still an undiscovered topic yet, hence it would be important in the view of space or medical science as well.

In this work we investigated the chemical changes in poly(dimethylsiloxane) caused by proton irradiation on the surface and as a function of the proton penetration depth as well. Up to now none of these reports investigate the molecular structural changes due to energetic ions as a function of penetration depth of the protons. These measurements were carried out by varying the energy of the incident protons, so different energy losses are attainable on the surface of the samples. The energy of the protons reaching the samples ranged from 2.00 MeV – 170 keV.

To determine the chemical changes of the functional groups at the surface of the polymer, infrared spectroscopic measurements were carried out with a diamond head Perkin-Elmer Spectrum One type Universal Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (UATR-FTIR).


Analysis of Polluant Elements in sea water and marine sediments

in Algiers port

N. Boudra1, A. Nourreddine1, J. P. Stocquert1 and A. Amokrane1,2 1 Faculty of Physics, Houari Boumediene University for Sciences and Technology, PoBox 32, El Alia,

Bab Ezoouar, 16111, Algiers, ALGERIA 2 National Preparatory School for Engineer Study, RN n°5, Rouiba, Alger, ALGERIA

In the framework of the study of sea water pollution, we undertook the analysis of sea water and marine sediments samples removed in the port of Algiers. The target where prepared by two ways: freeze-drying and pelletizing and chemical preconcentration and filtering. The obtained solid targets where analysed by PIXE technique using a 2 MeV proton beam issued from the Van de Graff Accelerator of Hubert Curien Institute and Nuclear Centre of Research of Algiers. The following elements where observed: S, Cl, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Mo, Ag, Sn, Sb and Pb. The concentrations where determined by the use Ga as internal standard, and the Chlorine present in sea water, as a natural internal standard. The obtained results where compared to those performed by NAA technique, near the 1 MW reactor of the Nuclear Centre of Research of Draria (CRND) near Algiers for elements of middle half lives and near the 15 MW reactor of Birine at Ain Oussera (CRNB) for elements of long half lives. At the end, the results where compared to those found in literature for other countries and those performed by Marine Institute (ISMAL) at Algiers.


Ion beam induced formation of nanocrystalline silicon in pulsed laser deposited SiOX thin films

N. Saxena1, A. Agarwal1 and D. Kanjilal2

1Department of Physics, Bareilly College, Bareilly – 243005, (U.P.), India, [email protected] 2Inter University Accelerator Center, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi – 110067, India

Synthesis and structural studies of nanocrystalline silicon grown in pulsed laser deposited SiOX films is reported. Pulsed laser ablation is used to deposit good quality and uniforms films with nano sized particles [1]. Ion beam irradiation is an important tool to synthesize chemically pure nanoparticles and tune the particle size in the film [2]. Non-stoichiometric silicon oxide films (rich in silicon) are deposited in oxygen environment at a constant oxygen partial pressure. The effect of high energy heavy ion beam irradiation on these films is studied using 100 MeV Ag ions. The structural studies were carried out using micro Raman spectroscopy, glancing angle x-ray diffraction (GAXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The occurrence of phase separation in non-stoichiometric silicon oxide by means of ion beam irradiation leading to the formation of silicon nanocrystals in the films is confirmed by the results. HRTEM results reveal the structure of silicon phase formed after ion beam treatment and the particle size can be controlled upto 2 – 3 nm. A detailed analysis by micro Raman and HRTEM studies suggest the presence of crystallite size distribution. The results of GAXRD and SAED confirm the formation of cubic phase of silicon with two different lattice parameters. The studies conclude that the size of the nanocrystals can be controlled by varying deposition and ion irradiation parameters. References [1] D. Riabinina, C. Durand, M. Chaker and F. Rosei, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 (2006) 073105 [2] Y.K. Mishra, V.S.K. Chakravadhanula, U. Schu¨rmann, Hardeep Kumar, D. Kabiraj, S. Ghosh, V.

Zaporojtchenko, D.K. Avasthi, F. Faupel, Nucl. Inst. and Meth. B 266 (2008) 1804.



POSTER SESSION II, TUESDAY, 14/9/2010



POSTER SESSION II

PII-1 N.I. Ayzatskiy, N.P. Dikiy, A.N. Dovbnya, Yu.V. Lyashko, V.I. Nikiforov, A.Eh. Tenishev, V.L.Uvarov, V.A. Shevchenko Carrier-free production of 95Tc isotope at the electron accelerator

PII-2 V.I. Nikiforov, V.L. Uvarov A method for estimation of isotope yield in a thick target under photonuclear production

PII-3 G. Chêne, F. Mathis, T. Dupuis, A. Marchal, M.Clar, H.-P. Garnir, D. Strivay Towards a TOF-based solution for beam energy measurements at Liege cyclotron facility – Conception and preliminary results

PII-4 T. Fujimoto, M. Kanazawa, T. Shirai, Y. Iwata, M. Uchiyama, K. Noda Acceleration of the heavy ions with a new RF system at HIMAC synchrotron

PII-5 A.-C. Heuskin,A.-C. Wéra, H. Riquier, C. Michiels, M. Caccia, S. Lucas

On the use of two solid state detectors to assess beam uniformity for broad beam in vitro cell irradiation.

PII-6 K. Katagiri, K. Mizushima, T. Furukawa, E. Takeshita, Chr. Schoemers, Sh. Sato, Y. Iwata, T. Shirai, K. Noda

Beam stability improvement of HIMAC synchrotron using a current feed-forward system in the magnet power supply

PII-7 R. Kuroda, M. Koike, K. Yamada THz imaging system for material science on the basis of an S-band compact electron linac

PII-8 J. Lopes, E. Alves, Fr. Alegria, L. Redondo, J. Rocha Improvement of the mass spectrometry process on an ion implantation system

PII-9 S. Masubuchi, T. Nakanishi Panofsky magnet for the beam extraction using a fast Q-magnet

PII-10 K. Mizushima, S. Sato, T. Shirai, T. Furukawa, K. Katagiri, E. Takeshita, K. Noda Development of beam current control system in RF-knockout slow extraction

PII-11 K. Sakaue, H. Hayano, S. Kashiwagi, R. Kuroda, A. Masuda, T. Suzuki, T. Takatomi N. Terunuma, J. Urakawa, M. Washio Cs-Te photo-cathode RF electron gun for applied researches at Waseda University

PII-12 S. Shibuya, T. Hattori, N. Hayashizaki, Hirotsugu Kashiwagi2, T. Maruyama, T. Mochizuki, S. Momota, J. Nakagawa, T. Takeuchi Development of laser ion source for heavy ion applications

PII-13 R W Smith, M Karlušić, Ž Pastuović, N Skukan, M Jakšić Recent developments of the single ion hit detection set-up at RBI

PII-14 T. Zhang, J. Zhong, M. Li, Ch. Wang, Y. Lu, X. Jiang, J. Yang, J. Lin, F. Yang Development and application of a new method to shim first harmonic in compact cyclotron

PII-15 T. Zhang, M. Li, J. Zhong, S. An, S. Wei, J. Yang Beam Dynamics Study for a 14 MeV PET Cyclotron

PII-16 T. Zhang, S. An, C. Wang, Z. Yin, S. Wei, M. Li, J. Yang, B. Ji, X. Jia, J. Zhong, F. Yang Physics design of 70 MeV high intensity cyclotron

PII-17 T. Zhang, J. Yang, M. Li, L. Xia, S. An, J. Zhong, F. Yang, W. Joho, A. Adelmann, P. Sigg Conceptual design of an 800 MeV high power proton cyclotron

PII-18 T. Zhang, C. Wang, J. Zhong, H. Yao Investigation for the vertical focusing enhancement of compact cyclotron by asymmetrical shimming bar

146 Book of Abstracts PII-19 T. Zhang, Y. Lu, Z. Yin, J. Zhong, T. Cui, M. Li, S. Wei, G. Song, L. Wu, B. Ji, J.

Xing, J. Qin, X. Jia, W. Hu, J. Yang, S. An, F. Guan, X. Zhen, L. Wen, J. Lin, Z. Li, X. Zhang, Y Cai, F. Yang Overall design of CYCIAE-14, a 14 MeV PET cyclotron

PII-20 C. Wang, X. Zheng, J. Zou, T. Zhang, X. Jiang Design and preliminary operation of a compact pulsed power generator

PII-21 P. Álvarez-Iglesias, M. Fedi, E.M. Wild, L. Caforio, P. Steier, F. Tacceti, D. Rey, B. Rubio, K. Mohamed, R. Coimbra F. Vilas 14C-dating of marine carbonate samples: Sample pretreatment and measurements

PII-22 L. Caforio, M.E. Fedi, P. Alvarez-Iglesias, M. Manetti, F. Taccetti Upgrade of the radiocarbon sample preparation laboratory at LABEC

PII-23 L. Calcagnile, G. Quarta , M. D’Elia, L. Maruccio, A. Caramia AMS radiocarbon dating and IBA compositional analysis of ancient musical instruments: A study of ancient chordophones

PII-24 L. Calcagnile, G. Quarta , M. D’Elia, A. Caramia, V. Gaballo, M. Vidale Studying the casting cores of the Riace Bronzes: AMS 14C dating and PIXE-PIGE results

PII-25 A. Caramia, M. D’Elia, V. Gaballo, G. Quarta , L. Calcagnile Extraction of CO2 and AMS-seawater dating at CEDAD

PII-26 M. De Cesare, Y. Guan, N. De Cesare, A. D’Onofrio, L. Gialanella, A. Palmieri, A. Petraglia, F. Quinto, V. Roca5, C. Sabbarese and F. Terrasi

Progress in the actinides AMS at CIRCE PII-27 O. Forstner, H. Gnaser, R. Golser, D. Hanstorp, M. Martschini, A. Priller, J.

Rohlén, P. Steier, C. Vockenhuber, A. Wallner Assessment of 182Hf AMS measurements at VERA

PII-28 T. Jabbar, P. Steier, A.Priller, G. Wallner, N. Kandler, C. Katzlberger

AMS analysis of I-129 in aerosols from Austria PII-29 M. Martschini, O. Forstner, R. Golser, W. Kutschera, S. Pavetich, A. Priller, P.

Steier, M. Suter, A. Wallner

Recent advances in AMS of 36Cl with a 3 MV tandem PII-30 S. Merchel, M. Arnold, G. Aumaître, D. Bourlès, R. Braucher

How to get a new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) facility running: The chemistry part

PII-31 M.L. Roberts, K.F. von Reden, C.P. McIntyre, and J.R. Burton Progress with a gas-accepting ion source for accelerator mass spectrometry

PII-32 A.Steinhof Status report of the Jena 14C AMS facility

PII-33 C. Vockenhuber, M. Christl, J. Lachner, D. Meister, A. Milenko Müller, H.-A. Synal Accelerator mass spectrometry of 236U at low energies

PII-34 A. Scharf, A. Bräuning, W. Kretschmer , S. Gierl, K. Leichmann, B. Wegner, I. Burchardt, F. Darragon Wiggle matching of AMS radiocarbon dates from wood samples of historical buildings in high Asia

PII-35 K. von Reden, A. Steinhof, I. Hejja, B. LongworthModeling calculations for the Woods Hole and Jena Tandetron AMS injectors

PII-36 W. Assmann, M. Bader, C. Schäfer, R. Sroka, S. Uschold, P. Weidlich, J. Schirra Development of radioactive 32P-implants for brachytherapy

PII-37 D. Ila, S. Ismet Gurhan, R. L. Zimmerman, R. A. Minamisawa and M. G. RodriguezNext generation applications of ion beams for improving biocompatible materials

PII-38 Y. Iwata, K. Noda, E. Takada, T. Shirai, T. Furukawa, T. Kadowaki, H. Uchiyama, T. Fujimoto Development of synchrotron control for heavy-ion medical accelerators

PII-39 B. Király, F. Tárkányi1, A. Hermanne S. Takács, F. Ditrói, M. Baba, H. Yamazaki,


I. Spahn, A.V. Ignatyuk Investigation of production of the medical radioisotope 167Tm at accelerators

PII-40 E. Takeshita, T. Furukawa, T. Inaniwa, S. Sato, T. Himukai, T. Shirai and K. Noda A fluorescent screen monitor for quality assurance of therapeutic scanned ion beams

PII-41 J. Wu, T.-Y. Shih, B.-T. Hsieh, Y.-L. Liu, H.-H. Wu and T.-H. Wu Dose response evaluation of n-NIPAM gel dosimetry in linear accelerator radiotherapy: Effect of photon energy and dose rate

PII-42 T.-H. Wu, C.-Y. Hsiao, C.-H. Hsu, G. Zhang, C.-J. Tasi, J.-A. Liang, T.-C. Huang3D dose verification using Normoxic polymer gel dosimeters for tomotherapy

PII-43 M.A. Martínez, C. Solis, I. Hernandez-Pavón, E. Andrade, M. A. Mondragón, K. Isaac-Olivé, M.F. Rocha Ionic liquids as passive monitors of an atmosphere rich in Hg

PII-44 T.-C. Huang, G. Zhang2, J.A. Liang,T.H. Wu Validation of 4D dose calculations using optical flow method with 4D phantom measurements

PII-45 G. S. Chen, Y. D. Wang, Y. C. Cheng, H. Y. Lee, H. Niu Characterization of TiO2-based composite catalytic thin films using synchrotron X-ray

PII-46 A. Lorusso, L. Cultrera, V. Fasano, A. Perrone Detailed studies of photocathodes based on Y thin films grown by PLD technique

PII-47 M. Katsikini, J. Arvanitidis, E. C. Paloura, S. VesStudy of indium implanted GaN by means of NEXAFS and Raman spectroscopies

PII-48 M. Katsikini, F. Bosherini, E. C. PalouraIdentification of oxygen-related defects formed after implantation into GaN

PII-49 M. Katsikini, K. Simeonidis, D. Papageorgiou, S. Tresintsi, M. Mitrakas, F. Pinakidou, E. C. Paloura XAFS study of nanoporous Fe, Mn oxy-hydroxides used for removal of As from drinking water

PII-50 A. Godelitsas, P. Nastos, T.J. Mertzimekis, K. Toli, R. Simon and J. Göttlicher A synchrotron-based characterization of urban particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) from Athens atmosphere, Greece

PI-51 P. Gamaletsos, A. Godelitsas, T.J. Mertzimekis, J. Göttlicher, R. Steininger, S. Xanthos, S. Klemme and G. Bárdossy Spectroscopic investigation of thorium in Greek bauxite

PII-52 D. Suwannakachorn, P. Junphong, L.D. Yu, S. Singkarat Modification of a pulsed 14 MeV neutron generator to a medium-energy ion accelerator for TOF-RBS application

PII-53 E. Andrade, C. Solis, M. Rocha, E. Perez and O. de LucioExternal-beam PIXE analysis of the ink from the Mexican codex 1548

PII-54 V. Corregidor, L.C. Alves, N.P. Barradas, M.A. Reis, M.T. Marques, J. A. Ribeiro Characterization of mercury gilding art objects by external proton beam

PII-55 P.C. Gutiérrez Neira, A. Zucchiatti, I. Montero, R. Vilaça, C. Bottaini, and A. Climent-Font Late European bronze artefacts studied by PIXE

PII-56 E. Kajiya, M. A. Rizzutto, V. Pagliaro, S.I. Finazzo, P. R. Pascholati A painting studied with integrated PIXE and image analysis

PII-57 H. Calvo del Castillo, A. Cervera Xicotencatl, F.P. Hocquet, S. Fievet, F. Mathis,C. Oger, B. Gilbert, D. Strivay Non-destructive analysis of a Belgian Tratatum of the 17th Century

PII-58 J. Hasegawa, S. Jaiyen, and Y. Oguri Development of a µ-PIXE system using tapered glass capillary optics

PII-59 M.C. Jiménez-Ramos, J. García López , I. Ortega Feliu, R. García-Tenorio


Analyses of U and Pu K-lines induced in radioactive particles by PIXE PII-60 S. Wonglee, T. Tada, H. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa and Y. Oguri

Chemical speciation of chlorine in particulate matter by wavelength-dispersive PIXE technique

PII-61 M. Roumie, N. Saliba, B. Nsouli, M. Noun PIXE identification of fine and coarse particles of aerosol samples from Beirut

PII-62 K. Won-in, T. Kamwanna, P. Dararutana PIXE characterization of ancient blue colored glass beads: Surat Thani sites, southern Thailand

PII-63 J. Yang, K. Liu, B. Qin, K. Liu, D. Li, Y. Xiong, T. Yu Field measurement system for CYCHU-10 cyclotron magnet

PII-64 A. Taniike, Y. Furuyama, A. Kitamura Fabrication of polymer with the three-dimensional structure by ion beam graft polymerization method

PII-65 T. Shirai, T. Furukawa, Y. Iwata, K. Noda, K. Mizushima, C. Sekine, T. Fujimoto Beam intensity upgrade of a synchrotron for heavy ion therapy

PII-66 T. Himukai, T. Furukawa, E. Takeshita , T. Inaniwa, K. Mizushima, K. Katagiri and Y. Takada Spreading of heavy ion beam with dual-ring double scattering method

PII-67 K. Noda, T. Furukawa, T. Inaniwa, Y. Iwata, M. Kanazawa, S. Minohara, K. Mizushima, S. Mori, T. Murakami, N. Sakamoto, S. Sato, T. Shirai, E. Takada, Y. Takei Recent progress on new treatment research project at HIMAC

PII-68 N. Bălţăţeanu, A. Gheorghiu, M. Jurba, E. Popescu The characteristics of the beam injection system in an electron linac

PII-69 A. Wallner, K. Buczak, I. Dillman, F. Kaeppeler, K. Knie, T. Faestermann, O. Forstner, R. Golser, G. Korschinek, W. Kutschera, C. Lederer, A. Mengoni, M. Paul, G. Rugel, A. Ofan, U. Ott, A. Priller, F. Quinto, P. Steier, C. Vockenhuber Accelerator Mass Spectrometry & Nuclear Astrophysics: Supernova and Nucleosynthesis

PII-70 S. Tobbeche, A. Boukhari, R. Khalfaoui, A. Amokrane, C. Benazzouz, A. Guittoum Mixing of Cr and Si atoms induced by noble gas ions irradiation of Cr/Si bilayers


Carrier-free production of 95Tc isotope at the electron accelerator

N.I. Ayzatskiy, N.P. Dikiy, A.N. Dovbnya, Yu.V. Lyashko, V.I. Nikiforov, A.Eh. Tenishev, V.L. Uvarov, V.A. Shevchenko

NSC KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine, [email protected] Traditionally, 95Tc is produced at heavy-particle accelerators with the use of 93Nb(α,2n)95Tc, natMo(α,pхn)95Tc or natMo(p,хn)95Tc reactions. By the end of irradiation, the activity of the desired isotope in the target is mainly contributed by the 95gTc isomer (half-life period being 20 h) with an admixture of 95mTc (61 days). These processes provide a relatively low yield of 95Tc with a significant content of hot impurities (see, e.g., refs. [1,2]). In the present-day practice, it is mainly the 95mTc isomer that finds use as a tracer agent [3]. At the same time, the emission of low-energy Auger electrons with their high ionizing power in combination with an acceptable half-life period of 95gTc make its use in nuclear medicine, e.g., in bone metastasis treatment, rather promising. Besides, the presence of 204.12 keV γ-radiation in the spectrum of the 95mTc impurity isomer enables one to carry out simultaneously the diagnostics of pathology by SPECT technique. The paper reports the results from the studies on the conditions of 95Tc production at the relatively inexpensive electron accelerator with the use of a poorly investigated 96Ru(γ,n)95Tc reaction. A model has been developed for analytical description of photonuclear isotope generation under the high-energy bremsstrahlung action. With the model as the basis, it is demonstrated the possibility for estimating the effective cross section and the isotope yield in a thick technological target from the reaction under study without preliminary determination of its excitation function. For the purpose, comparison is made between the specific activities of two small samples of different materials that were activated under the same conditions in the known reaction channel and the channel under study. The well known reaction 68Zn(γ,p)67Cu was used as a reference one [4]. The experiment on joint photoactivation of natural ruthenium and zinc samples was performed (see Fig.1). Their isotopic composition was investigated and cross sections for 96Ru(γ,n)95g,mTc reactions were determined. The yield of desired isomers in the targets from natural ruthenium of different size was estimated. It is shown, in particular, that the operating conditions of the NSC KIPT accelerator KUT-30 (36 MeV, 265 µA) can provide the yield of 95gTc isomer up to 120 mCi/h.

Figure 1: γ-spectrum of Ru sample a day after the activation (24Na was generated in the Al envelope of the sample)

References [1] K.Roy, S.Basu, D.K.Palat et al. Nucl. Chem., 256 (2003) 311. [2] P.P.Dmitriev, G.A.Moplin, Z.P.Dmitrieva, M.V.Panarin, Atomic Energy 40 (1976) 75. [3] P.J.Kershaw, D.McCubin, K.S.Leonard, Sci. Total Environ. 237/238 (1999) 119. [4] N.I.Ayzatskiy, N.P.Dikiy, A.N.Dovbnya et al., Proc. 18-th Int. Conf. On Cyclotrons and their Appl.

Giardiny Naxos (Italy), Oct. 1-5, 2007, p.234

400 800 1200 1600 2000channels

10

100

1000

10000

100000

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Na24Tc95Ru97 Ru103

Tc95+95m

Tc99m

2754

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511


A method for the estimation of the isotope yield in a thick target under photonuclear production

V.I. Nikiforov, V.L. Uvarov

NSC KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine, [email protected] The production of isotopes for nuclear medicine with the use of bremsstrahlung of the electron accelerator is currently considered as the promising technology for a number of radionuclides - 99Mo, 195mPt, 67Cu, etc. (see ,e.g., refs. [1-3]). Analysis of competitive ability of that technique calls for a preliminary estimation of the photonuclear isotope yield with regard for the characteristics of the accelerator, the bremsstrahlung converter and the target. The report presents a model for analytical description of high-energy bremsstrahlung and its interaction with the thick technological target. Simple formulas including available radiation and exit devices characteristics as well as the excitation function in the Breit-Wigner form are derived for determining effective cross section of photonuclear reaction and isotope yield in the cylindrical target of different size. As an illustration, we consider the 48Ti(γ,p)47Sc, 68Zn(γ,p)67Cu, 100Mo(γ,n)99Mo, 112Sn(γ,p)111In, and 193Ir(γ,n)192Ir reactions that can be used for production of some medical isotopes. It has been shown, in particular, that the values of the proportionality factor between maximum and effective cross sections for the reactions under study (the range of target atomic number Z~20-80) are neighbor for a specified endpoint energy of bremsstrahlung spectrum in the range of interest 40-100 MeV. The obtained data on isotope yield are compared with experiment and simulation results (see Table 1). The simulation was carried out using especially developed and validated Monte Carlo code on basis of PENELOPE package supplemented with the photonuclear cross section database. The characteristics for description of bremsstrahlung utilization under technological target activation are discussed.

Table 1: Photonuclear isotope yield (cylindrical target of 2x2, cm)

Reaction Target mass, g

Electron energy Е0, МeV

Isotope yield, mCi/100µА⋅h MC

simulation Analytical

model Experiment

(E0=36 MeV) natTi(γ,p)47Sc

28.2 40 6.5 11.4 - natZn(γ,p)67Cu 44.6 35 1,4 2,1 1.8 40 2,1 3,0

natMo(γ,n)99Mo 64.1 35 15,9 17,5 16.8 40 20,3 21,2 natMoO3(γ,n)99Mo 12.9 35 1,9 2,2 2.1 40 2,4 2,7

natSn(γ,p)111In 53.8 40 0,30 0,41 - natIr(γ,n)192Ir 140.7 40 17,5 19,4 -

References [1] Making Medical Isotopes. Report of the Task Force on Alternatives for Medical-Isotope Production,

2008, available from http://www.triumf.ca/report-medical-isotope-production. [2] M.P.Dikiy, A.N.Dovbnya, Yu.V.Lyashko et al., J.Label. Comp. Radiopharm. 50 (2007) 480. [3] A.N.Dovbnya, V.I.Nikiforov, V.L.Uvarov, V.F.Zhyglo, Proc. 11-th Europ. Part. Accel. Conf. EPAC’08.

Genova (Italy), June 23-27, 2008, p.1308.


Towards a TOF-based solution for beam energy measurements at Liege cyclotron facility – Conception and preliminary results

G. Chêne1,2, F. Mathis1,2, T. Dupuis1,2, A. Marchal1,2, M. Clar1,2, H.-P. Garnir1,2, D. Strivay1,2

1Institut de Physique Nucléaire, Atomique et de Spectroscopie, 2Centre Européen d’Archéométrie, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

The AVF (Azimutal Varying Field) cyclotron of Liege can produce pulsed beams of positively charged particles (1H+ and 4He ++ essentially but also 2H+, 3He++) in a wide range of energies (from 3 to 24 MeV for protons or 5 to 24 MeV for alphas) which allows deeper probing of materials and access to rarely practiced nuclear reactions. Among the first achievements on our way towards the development of depth sensitive techniques at higher energies, optimization of the beam optics and building of a new magnetically analysed beam line has led to a satisfactory reduction by a factor of 20 of our cyclotron’s "naturally poor" energy resolution [1]. In order to fully profit of the high-energy beams for analysis purposes, we now need to extend the Nuclear databases, and we now intend to measure Non-Rutherford differential cross-sections for energies greater than 8 MeV, to allow a correct interpretation of diffused particle spectra. Accordingly we are developing and implementing adapted and dedicated set ups and methodologies for these measurements of prior importance for IBA users [2], namely with the recent mounting of the new “STANDAR de Liège” vacuum chamber. But to meet the accuracy and repeatability requirements for the monitoring of the mean energy of the incident beams used during these Non-Rutherford cross-section measurement procedures, and thus, at each energy step and over these unusual and wide energy-particle conjunctions and ranges, a Time-Of-Flight (TOF) based solution has been considered as a interesting alternative to multiple and time-consuming energy scanning of nuclear resonant events. Taking full advantage of latest progress in MCP detectors and electronic chains in terms of time resolution, an adapted set-up has been designed and will be mounted on the new High Energy-High Resolution beam line. The first steps of its conception and first results obtained with this new TOF system dedicated to the energy measurements of the beam will be here presented. References [1] G.Chêne,H.-P. Garnir, A.Marchal, F.Mathis, D. Strivay, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266 Issue 10 (May

2008) p.2110-2112. [2] A. Gurbich, I. Bogdanovic-Radovic, M. Chiari, C. Jeynes, M. Kokkoris, A.R. Ramos, M. Mayer, E.

Rauhala, O. Schwerer, Shi Liqun, I. Vickridge, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266 Issue 8(April 2008) p.1198-1202.


Acceleration of the heavy ions with a new RF system at HIMAC synchrotron

T. Fujimoto1, M. Kanazawa2, T. Shirai2, Y. Iwata2, M. Uchiyama1, K. Noda2

1Accelerator Engineering Corporation, Japan, [email protected] 2National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Japan

A development of a fast 3-dimensional scanning irradiation method is progressing at Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) as a next stage of the heavy ion cancer therapy [1]. It is necessary to control the beam size, energy and intensity with high accuracy for this method. In order to improve the accelerated beam quality, a new scheme of the synchrotron RF system has been developed. The new system adopts a new periodically time clock system (T-clock) instead of the ordinary B-clock system. The new T-clock system is synchronized with the power line frequency of 50 Hz in order to synchronize with the synchrotron power supply. The B-clock system brings error pulses due to the small analog signal of the field and the errors cause the dipole oscillation of the beam in the RF bucket. Using the new T-clock generator of 192 kHz, it was observed that the improvement of the acceleration efficiency and the quality of the bunch shape compared with the B-clock generator.

Figure 1: Excitation pattern of the synchrotron for the scanning irradiation (left), and the beam bunch signal at 140 MeV/n (right) in the case of (a) B-clock and (b) T-clock The bunch shape with B-clock is distorted in the RF bucket due to the accumulated error pulse. On the other hand, the bunch shape with T-clock is kept constant. References [1] T. Furukawa, et al, Proceeding of EPAC08 (2008), 1794.

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10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 153 On the use of two solid state detectors to assess beam uniformity for broad

beam in vitro cell irradiation.

A.-C. Heuskin1,A.-C. Wéra1, H. Riquier2, C. Michiels2, M. Caccia3, S. Lucas1

1NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), research center in Physics of Matter and Radiation (PMR), University of Namur-FUNDP, [email protected]

2NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), Unité de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire (URBC), University of Namur-FUNDPRue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium

3Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Department of Physics and Mathematics, Via Ravasi, 2 - 21100 Varese, Italy.

The interaction of charged particles with living matter has recently attracted increasing interest in the field of biomedical applications like hadrontherapy, radioprotection and space radiation biology. Particle accelerators are particularly useful in this area. In vitro radiobiological studies with broad beam configuration require beam homogeneity. In this way, the distribution of dose given to a cells’ population is hopefully uniform. In this paper, we compare the results of two devices used to assess the beam quality for broad beam irradiation: not position sensitive - silicon surface barrier detector and a position sensitive solid state detector, camera like. The first one is a passivated implanted planar silicon (PIPS) particle detector of 300 µm nominal depletion depth and entrance window about 500 Å thickness. It is collimated with a 0.5 mm aperture and mounted in air on a X-Y moving table as close as possible to the exit window of the beam line. The second one is a CMOS position sensitive detector (Technological process 0.6 µm AMS CUA), 112 × 112 pixels, 153x153 µm2 pixel size. It allows the user to get the dose map in one second over a surface of 1x1 cm². During uniformity and dose rate assessment it is placed in air at the exact cells location. For both detectors, beam profile was obtained for various proton flux (from ~104 to 107 particles cm-2 s-1) and energies (from 1.0 to 3.5 MeV). Results are analysed in light of Poisson distribution and cell hit probability.


Beam stability improvement of HIMAC synchrotron using a current feed-forward system in the magnet power supply

K. Katagiri1, K. Mizushima1, T. Furukawa1, E. Takeshita1, Ch. Schoemers2, S. Sato1, Y. Iwata1, T. Shirai1, K. Noda1

1National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku,Chiba 263-8555, Japan, [email protected]

2HIT-GmbH, INF 450, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Beam stability of the HIMAC synchrotron was improved for the heavy ion cancer therapy employing the pencil beam scanning method [1]. The slow current ripples (~10 Hz) of the power supply for the focusing quadrupole magnet and bending magnet are produced by the power consumption of the other synchrotron ring. The beam stability, such as the variation of the incident position and the spill structure, is influenced by the current ripples. For the reduction of the current ripples, we developed a new feed-forward system in the magnet power supply. The current ripples were successfully suppressed to be ∆I/I ~ 10-6 by the feed-forward system. In order to examine the effect of the improvement on the beam stability, we measured the temporal evolution of the horizontal tune. We also measured the beam spills, which is slowly extracted with or without the spill feedback control system [2]. We discuss the capability of the new feed-forward system for the improvement of the beam stability. References [1] T. Furukawa et al., Proc. of EPAC08, Genoa, (2008) 1794. [2] S. Sato et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 574 (2007) 226.

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Improvement of the mass spectrometry process on an ion implantation system

J. Lopes1, E. Alves2, F. Alegria3, L. Redondo4, J. Rocha5

1Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Lisbon, Portugal, CFNUL and ITN [email protected]

2Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear (ITN), Sacavém, Portugal 3Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT) and Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisbon, Portugal

4Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Lisbon, Portugal, CFNUL and ITN 5Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear (ITN), Sacavém, Portugal

In the Nuclear Technology Institute (ITN), the ion implanter is used in materials science research. Ion implantation is a material engineering process by which ions of a material can be implanted into another solid, thereby changing the physical properties of the solid. One of fundamental steps on the ion implantation system is the mass spectrometry that allows the implantation of an accurate isotope or to avoid the existence of more than one element on the target, by deflecting the ion beam trough a magnetic field. The mass spectrum is obtained in a plotter and the magnetic field is controlled manually through the current source. With the system that is been developed, the mass spectrometry made through a PC application and the mass spectrum is given trough the PC (Figure 1) instead of being printed without any analysis.

Figure 1: Mass Spectrum obtain trough LabVIEW

This system consists in a PC, a data acquisition I/O board composed by multifunction input/output board NI USB-6251 from National Instruments and four electronic modules using optic fiber control. The computer control system uses a LabVIEW synoptic for interaction with the operator and an I/O board that interfaces the computer and the ion implanter. In the future, one of the goals of this system is the full automation of the mass spectrometry system.


Panofsky magnet for the beam extraction using a fast Q-magnet

S. Masubuchi, T. Nakanishi College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Japan

The fast control of beam spill extracted from a synchrotron is a key function for the spot scanning irradiation in cancer therapy application. The authors have proposed the extraction method for the application which uses the control of a quadruple field of fast response as well as the RF-knockout (QAR method) [1, 2]. The operational sequence of this method is as follows: (1) particles are diffused by the RF-knockout just to the boundary of transverse separatrix under a resonant condition, (2) the separtrix size is shrunk with the excitation of a Fast Q-magnet (FQ) to a certain size, and the particles outside the separtrix are extracted, (3) the FQ is turned off, and (4) the above process is repeated until the entire circulating beam is extracted. The authors have been developing a Panofsky magnet as the FQ with a frequency response of around 10 kHz. A Panofsky magnet has a rectangular beam aparture and plate coils attached on the pole face. A model magnet has been manufactured with ferrite, and the static and active magnetic fields were measured. In the presentation, the measurement results are compared with calculated ones, and an effect of eddy current produced in the plate coils are discussed especially. References [1] T. Nakanishi, T. Furukawa, K. Yoshida, and K. Noda, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A533 (2005) , pp.400-406. [2] T. Nakanishi, K. Tsuruha, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A608 (2009) , pp.37-41.


Development of beam current control system in RF-knockout slow extraction

K. Mizushima1, 2, S. Sato2, T. Shirai2, T. Furukawa2, K. Katagiri2, E. Takeshita2, K. Noda2

1Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan, [email protected]

2Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan

The fast raster scanning irradiation method [1] has been developed for cancer therapy at HIMAC in NIRS [2]. The method requires the high accuracy control and the fast modulation of the beam current extracted from the synchrotron ring. For the requirements, we used the RF-knockout slow extraction method [3, 4] with the new feedback control system of the beam current. Using the counting of the frequency pulse signal converted from the current value measured by the dosimeter, the new system controls the beam current the required rate with the propotional and the integral controls. We will report the details of the system and the experimental results. References [1] T. Furukawa, at al., in: Proc. of EPAC08, Genoa, Italy, pp. 1794-1799. [2] Y. Hirao, et al., Nucl. Phys. A 538 (1992) 541. [3] K. Noda, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 492 (2002) 241. [4] K. Noda, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 492 (2002) 253.


Cs-Te photo-cathode RF electron gun for applied researches at Waseda University

K. Sakaue1, H. Hayano2, S. Kashiwagi3, R. Kuroda4, A. Masuda1,4, T. Suzuki1, T. Takatomi2,

N. Terunuma2, J. Urakawa2, M. Washio1 1Research Institute for Science and engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo,

169-8555 Japan, [email protected] 2High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801 Japan 3The Institute of Science and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka,

567-0047 Japan 3National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba,

Ibaraki, 305-8568 Japan We have developing a compact electron accelerator based on photo-cathode RF electron gun for applied researches at Waseda University. Higher charge and higher energy are key issues for applications such as pulse radiolysis experiment [1] and laser-Compton X-ray generation [2,3]. We have installed a new RF gun cavity with cesium telluride (Cs-Te) photo-cathode which has higher quantum efficiency (Q.E.). This provides us a high intense and high brightness electron beam and will have considerable contributions for applied researches. The evaluation of Q.E. of the photo-cathode has been performed and the value was obtained more than 5 % at the preparation stage. Further, for understanding of Cs-Te cathode properties and the higher Q.E. operation, we have performed the fundamental studies by single bunch beam operation. As the result, we have obtained more than 6 nC bunch charge with a high Q.E. of 2.9%. Moreover, the new RF gun cavity was improved for obtaining higher Q-value. We observed a higher beam energy i.e. shunt impedance compared with old type cavity. The shunt impedance have increased about 20%. References [1] H. Nagai et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 265 (2007) 82. [2] S. Kashiwagi et al., J. Appl.Phys. 98 (2005) 123302. [3] K. Sakaue et al., Rad. Phys. and Chem. 77 (2008) 1136.


Development of laser ion source for heavy ion applications S. Shibuya1, T. Hattori2, N. Hayashizaki2, H. Kashiwagi3, T. Maruyama4, T. Mochizuki4, S. Momota5,

J. Nakagawa4, T. Takeuchi1 1Accelerator Engineering Corporation, [email protected]

2Tokyo Institute of Technology, [email protected] 3Japan Atomic Energy Agency, [email protected]

4Toyama Co., Ltd., [email protected] 5Kochi University of Technology, [email protected]

Recently, applications of high-charge-state (including fully stripped) heavy-ion beams have been attracting interest in both physics and industry. To enhance their usefulness, more intense beams are required. Cancer therapy using carbon ions is a particularly promising heavy-ion beam application. Currently, common ion sources used to generate high-charge-state heavy ions are electron cyclotron resonance ion source and electron- beam ion sources. Due to advances in laser technology, the laser ion source (LIS) has become one of the most popular sources for generating highly charged and intense heavy-ion beams. Therefore, LIS, which has an excellent performance as a heavy-ion source, is gradually replacing conventional ion sources. To develop a high-intensity LIS, a small business innovation research project was started on June 2009, funded by New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization. The aim of this project is develop a high-performance LIS for practical applications. Specifically, the LIS should generate a carbon beam with a peak current of 20mA and the pulse duration of longer than 1 s. The ultimate goal is to apply a heavy-ion accelerator for cancer therapy. In this project, we have almost conpleted designing the LIS, and manufacturing will commence soon. A test bench, which is as important as the ion source itself, is used to measure various parameters of laser plasmas and ion beams. It consists of five components: a target chamber, laser equipments, an ion focusing system, diagnostic devices, and a control system. The bench is approximately 1 m wide and 2.5 m long. A Nd:YAG laser source with a Gaussian-coupled resonator was selected as the laser source based on our experience of high-charge-state ion beam generation. This laser can produce a fundamental-mode pulse with a power of 650 mJ and a duration about 10 ns. A long-life target is essential to reduce the maintainance required when the LIS is used for medical or industrial applications. The side wall of a cylindrical graphite target was used as the target surface to maximize the area irradiated by the focused laser beam. The target is 10cm high and has a diameter of 10cm, which enables up to 105 laser shots to be used. Devices installed inside the target chamber (including optical elements for the laser) are positioned with an accuracy of ±0.1 mm. The graphite target was installed on a high-voltage stage to enable an ion beam to be extracted from the plasma source. The maximum extraction voltage is designed to be 50 kV. We intend to measure the source performance by performing plasma and beam tests up until the end of March 2011.


Recent developments of the single ion hit detection set-up at RBI

R W Smith, M Karlušić, Ž Pastuović, N. Skukan, M Jakšić Laboratory for Ion Beam Interactions, Ruđer Bošković Institute (RBI), Zagreb, Croatia,

[email protected] Ion irradiation has numerous applications in the materials modification field e.g. the formation of ion tracks or structuring of defects in semiconductor devices. RBI has previously, among other studies, produced etched ion tracks in polycarbonate films as well as chains of nanohillocks on SrTiO3 surfaces using heavy ion beams, however only using broad beam irradiation. Microbeam irradiation using heavy ions could give several important advantages if the irradiation is performed with single or a pre-determined number (low fluence) of these ions with full control of their impact position. The optics of the Zagreb microprobe has recently been upgraded to a quintuplet configuration to increase the demagnification, as well as to extend the focusing capability to medium energy heavy ions. Single ion irradiation or the measurement of low fluence requires a reliable ion hit detection capability. For thin targets in transmission geometry ion hits can be detected using a particle detector behind the sample. As this is not possible for thicker samples an alternative method i.e. the detection of secondary electrons emitted from the sample surface has been explored. The set-up at RBI is based on the use of a Channel Electron Multiplier (CEM) detector of secondary electrons that can provide an efficient trigger signal of the heavy ion impact. The present status and recent developments of the heavy ion hit detection set-up and microprobe will be described. Detection efficiencies of the set-up for several different ions such as H, C, O, Si and Cl will be compared. The latest achievements using the set-up for materials modification will also be presented.


Development and application of a new method to shim first harmonic in compact cyclotron

T. Zhang, J. Zhong, M. Li, Ch. Wang, Y. Lu, X. Jiang, J. Yang, J. Lin, F. Yang

China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, P.R. China, [email protected] Two compact cyclotrons, a 30 MeV H- machine CYCIAE-30 and a 10 MeV Central Region Model CYCIAE-CRM, had been developed at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) [1,2]. Other two compact cyclotrons, a 100 MeV and a 14 MeV machines for RIB production and PET respectively, are under construction[3]. The difficulty of effective first harmonic shimming and significance of well control first harmonic are experienced from the field mapping and beam commissioning. Aiming at the compact cyclotron with four sectors, attaching two shimming bars at both sides of every sector, based on the numerical results of shimming simulation and the linear interpolation of shimming dimension in practice, a new method to shim the first harmonic have been developed and used for several compact machines. From the mapping data, the shimming dimension )(1 rT∆ of 16 shimming bars at varying radius for isochronous field is calculated firstly. Then the different shimming dimensions )8,1( )(2 =∆ nrT n of the eight shimming bars at both sides of the four pairs of sectors are calculated by the new shimming algorithm for the first harmonic, to get the final shimming dimensions as following:

)8,1( )()( 21 =∆+∆=∆ nrTTrT nn The shimming dimensions can be transfer to the program for NC milling machine to fabricate the continuous profile of the shimming bars. This new algorithm can also be used to shimming )(rBθ at the medium plane, if we extend 8,1=n to 16,1=n with asymmetric shims at the same side of the sector. Figure 1 shows the 10 MeV Central Region Model CYCIAE-CRM and its accessorial devices. And the amplitudes of first harmonic before and after one shimming process are given in Figure 2. process are given in Figure 2.

Figure 1: 10 MeV Central Region Model Cyclotron CYCIAE-CRM Figure 2: First harmonic before and after one shimming process References [1] Mingwu Fan, et al., ‘Construction of high intensity proton cyclotron, CYCIAE-30’, Chinese Science

Bulletin, 1995, 40 20 1825 [2] Tianjue Zhang et al., ‘Test Stand Design and Construction for High Intensity Cyclotron Development’ ,

Chinese Physics C, Vol.32(S1), P237-240, 2008 [3] Tianjue Zhang et al., ‘Design and Construction progress of CYCIAE-100, a 100 MeV H- Cyclotron at

CIAE’, 18th International Conference on Cyclotrons and Their Appli-cations (ICCA), 2007, Italy, Invited.

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Beam dynamics study for a 14 MeV PET cyclotron

T. Zhang, M. Li, J. Zhong, Sh. An, S. Wei, J. Yang China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, P.R. China, [email protected]

To meet the rapid growth of domestic demand for PET cyclotrons in China, a 14 MeV PET cyclotron known as CYCIAE-14 has been designed and under construction at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). This machine features a compact, self-shielding magnet structure and an external multi-cusp ion souce. The beam dynamics study presented in this paper is based on basic technical requirements set for CYCIAE-14 and its extracted beam. It covers a wide range of subjects on beam dynamics, including axial injection and central region; phase shift, transverse focusing and static acceptance; beam motion inside the machine under imperfection conditions, with emphasis on the influence to the vertical beam envelope induced by shift of the beam center and mismatching of the phase space as shown in Figure 1; optical characteristics such as dispersion and beam envelope during extraction, and dual extraction trajectories at each outlet as shown in Figure 2. The results show that CYCIAE-14 can accept a beam with RF phase width of ±20o and normalized emittance of 4.0 pi-mm-mrad. When the beam is well centered and matched, the stripped beam travels to the outside of the vacuum chamber with a transverse half envelope of ~4mm, and after it reaches the outside of the return yoke, its transverse half envelope will be ~6mm. In that case, it can be connected to the isotope production target directly or transferred to a solid targe through a beam line easily. This paper will give an in-depth view of the beam dynamics study, numerical simulation as well as the corresponding results and necessary analysis

Figure 1: Axial beam envelop as a function of radius in three different cases:(a)vertical beam matching;(b)vertical beam mismatch; (c)vertical shift of the beam center by 5mm

Figure 2: Equipotential lines of magnetic field and dual extraction trajectories at one outlet (four beams for two outlets in total)

References [1] W.J.G.M. Kleeven, H.L. Hagedoorn, ‘The Influence of Magnetic Field Imperfections on the Beam Quality

in an H- Cyclotron’, Proc. 13th Int. Conf. On Cyclotrons and their Applications , Canada, 1992, p.380. [2] Milan Čihák et al., ‘Beam Dynamics Simulation in the Isochronous Cyclotron U-120M’, Proc. 18th Int.

Conf. On Cyclotrons and their Applications , Italy, 2007, p.385. [3] R.E. Laxdal et al., ‘Beam Quality Investigations For H- Extraction at Triumf’, Proc. 13th Int. Conf. On

Cyclotrons and their Applications , Canada , 1992, p.415.

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14C-dating of marine carbonate samples: Sample pretreatment and measurements

P. Álvarez-Iglesias1, M. Fedi2, E.M. Wild3, L. Caforio2,4, P. Steier,3, F. Tacceti2, D. Rey1, B. Rubio1,

K. Mohamed1, R. Coimbra5, F. Vilas1 1Departamento de Geociencias Marinas y Ordenación del Territorio, Universidad de Vigo, 36310

Vigo (Spain), [email protected] 2INFN-Sezione di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Italy)

3VERA-Laboratory, Faculty of Physics - Isotope Research, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 17 1090, Vienna (Austria)

4Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara (Italy) 5Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, 18002 Granada (Spain)

Detailed chronologies for the last 50 kyr in marine environments are usually obtained by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) 14C. The great advantage of AMS techniques over other geochronological tools resides in its high sensitivity, which allows us analyzing microsamples; this feature is of course very important when the sample material is limited such as in deep marine settings. The most common source of datable carbonates in these environments is represented by foraminifera tests, which need to be hand-picked from the bulk sediment sample. Potential problems with this separation are related to the presence of non-desirable materials that can interfere in the measurements, such as clays, dust, secondary carbonates, detrital carbonates, organic matter and adsorbed atmospheric CO2 in the foraminifera samples. Therefore, sample pretreatment is often performed before AMS dating by cleaning foraminifera tests by physical or chemical procedures. These pretreatments are essentially designed to remove secondary carbonates and organic matter by soaking in HCl, H2O2 or simply in distilled water either alone or combined with ultrasonication. HCl leaching is the preferred method for macrosample cleaning, such as bivalve shells, corals or travertine, and usually results in a 10-30% dissolution of the sample. However, foraminifera tests are very thin, and although a mild HCl attack is sometimes applied, the shells are usually very damaged. Therefore, baths in H2O2 or distilled water are usually selected for foraminifera cleaning. In this work distilled water, HCl and H2O2 combined with ultrasonication were tested for carbonate cleaning previous to AMS dating in replicate samples. Different times and reactant concentrations were considered. Monospecific foraminifera samples of about 10 mg from one sediment core recovered at the Galicia Bank were analyzed. Procedural blanks and standards (IAEA materials) were also produced. CO2 was released from the CaCO3 in the foraminifera tests by orthophosphate hydrolysis in the VERA laboratory of Vienna or by combustion in an elemental analyzer in the LABEC laboratory of Florence. Samples were carefully pretreated in order to avoid remaining organic material that could interfere in the 14C results. CO2 was purified in a graphitization line, where it was catalytically transformed to graphite. Targets were analyzed at the 3MV Pelletron tandem accelerator of the VERA facility or the 3MV Tandetron accelerator of the LABEC laboratory. AMS-dating of these foraminifera samples allows us establishing a detailed age-depth model for the last 17 cal kyr BP for the studied sediments and calculating sedimentation rates, which were usually in the range of 10-50 mm kyr-1. The proposed chronology can be applied to the identification in the study area of paleoclimatic events since the last glacial maximum widely reported in the literature.


Upgrade of the radiocarbon sample preparation laboratory at LABEC

L. Caforio1,2, M.E. Fedi1, P. Alvarez-Iglesias3, M. Manetti1, F. Taccetti1 1INFN Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy, [email protected]

2Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy 3Departamento de Geociencias Marinas y Ordenación del Territorio, Universidad de Vigo, 36310

Vigo (Spain) At LABEC in Florence, a sample preparation laboratory for radiocarbon dating has been in operation since the installation of the Tandetron accelerator. Production of graphite samples is achieved using a system composed by an elemental analyzer, to burn the chemically pre-treated organic samples, and a graphitization line, to collect the CO2 and to convert it to solid carbon by reaction with hydrogen (and iron powder as catalyst). After these years of continuous exercise of the line, we have experienced a slight deterioration of the quality of some mechanical components, such as vacuum valves, which might have affected the reproducibility of AMS-measured radiocarbon concentrations and background values. For this reason, a new graphitization line has been designed and installed: volumes have been optimized, new valves have been chosen. In addition, number of graphitization reactors has been increased, to enhance measurements capabilities of the laboratory. In the following, the results of test measurements on standards and blanks are presented: they have been satisfactory and have shown good reproducibility for all reactors. Our new preparation line especially dedicated to carbonates is also presented. The line is composed by four reactors for the dissolution of the carbonate sample in H3PO4, a trap for H2O to purify the evolved carbon dioxide and a tube to collect it. This tube can be then directly connected to the graphitization line. First tests are here discussed; in particular, a comparison with carbonates samples prepared by direct combustion in the elemental analyzer is presented.


AMS radiocarbon dating and IBA compositional analysis of ancient musical instruments: A study of ancient chordophones

L. Calcagnile, G. Quarta, M. D’Elia, L. Maruccio, A. Caramia

CEDAD-Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy, Corresponding author: Gianluca Quarta ([email protected])

The use of the carapaces of terrestrial tortoise to construct, in ancient times, the sound boxes of musical instruments (in particular of the bowl-lyre group) is testified in several ancient written sources as well as in several pottery decorations. In particular very well preserved examples of these objects are part of the collection of the “S. Castromediano” museum in Lecce and, more recently, tortoise fragments attributed to ancient musical instruments, have been found in the archaeological excavations carried out in Muro Leccese (Lecce, Southern Italy) by the Department of Cultural Heritage of the University of Salento. In this paper we present the results of the studies carried out on both the museum object and the archaeological fragments at CEDAD (Centre for Dating and Diagnostics) of the University of Salento, Southern Italy. In particular the presence, in the same facility, of experimental beam lines for AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) radiocarbon dating and IBA (Ion Beam Analysis) compositional analyses, resulted in the possibility to develop a combined approach in which the compositional information obtained on the still preserved metallic parts were integrated with the chronological information as resulted from 14C dating of the carapaces. AMS radiocarbon dating analyses carried showed that the samples are contemporary between them and can be dated to the 4th-3rd century BC. At the same time IBA non destructive compositional analyses, performed on the metallic parts of objects, allowed to obtain information about the use of different copper and iron based alloys for the construction of the different part of the instruments.

172 Book of Abstracts Studying the casting cores of the Riace Bronzes: AMS 14C-dating and PIXE-

PIGE results

L. Calcagnile1, G. Quarta1 , M. D’Elia1, A. Caramia1, V. Gaballo1, M. Vidale2 1CEDAD-Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, via per Monteroni, 73100,

Lecce, Italy, Corresponding author. Lucio Calcagnile ([email protected]) 2Istituto Centrale per il Restauro, Piazza San Francesco di Paola, 9, 00184, Rome, Italy

The two statues called the “Riace Bronzes”, were found under water along the Ionian coast in front of the town of Riace in Calabria, Southern Italy, in 1972. The two statues, labeled as “Statue A” and “Statue B” are of an extraordinary importance for the history of art of the greek-classical period, and represent two bearded men, probably warriors or athletes. Since their discovery the two statues were submitted to restoration and conservation campaigns first in Florence and then in Roma at ICR, The Italian Central Institute for Restoration. In particular, during the restoration works in Rome the inner cavities of the two masterpieces were investigated by using remote controlled systems and large quantities of the original casting cores were extracted (72 and 56 Kg from the statue A and B, respectively). In this paper we present the results of the AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) radiocarbon dating and IBA (Ion Beam Analysis) compositional characterization carried out on samples extracted from the casting cores. In fact the microscopic analysis of the casting cores revealed significant quantities of organic residues such as charcoal, seeds and animal hairs which were handpicked at the optical microscope from the material extracted from different portions of the statues to be submitted to AMS radiocarbon dating at CEDAD. The methodological issues related to the selection and the definition of a proper protocol for the chemical processing and AMS measurements of such low mass samples will be discussed. Overall more than 30 absolute radiocarbon ages were obtained from the two statues. All the selected samples gave calibrated ages consistent among them and their statistical combination allowed to date the two bronzes to the 5th century BC, coherently with what was expected on the base of stylistic and archaeological considerations. A particular care was also taken in the selection and analysis of the organic residues from the right arm of the B statue which was supposed to be, on the base of stylistic considerations and of the results of the compositional analysis of the metal alloy, not contemporary to the rest of the statue. The results of the analysis of these samples will be also presented. Furthermore 25 samples extracted from the casting cores were submitted to compositional analysis at the IBA external beam line at CEDAD. The samples were crushed to powder, pressed in 13 mm pellets and irradiated by using a 3.7 MeV proton beam, extracted in air through a 8 µm thick Kapton foil. Characteristic X-rays and gamma-rays were simultaneously detected by a Si(Li) and a Ge detector. Light elements (F, Na, Al and Si) and heavy elements (Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Pb) were detected by mean of the PIGE and PIXE signals, respectively. The quantitative analysis carried out by using proper standards and the GUPIX software allowed to identify in the samples traces of the metal alloy or of its corrosion products (Cu, Sn) and elements related to the long permanence in a marine environment (Na, Cl). Nevertheless the comparison between the measured compositions showed distinct features for the two statues and for the right arm of the B statue, both in terms of the major and trace elements. Multivariate statistical analysis of the results was thus employed to cluster the samples in different compositional groups. The results gave an important contribution to the problem of the provenance and the manufacturing sites of the two artifacts. The combined application of advanced accelerator-based methods, IBA and 14C AMS, supplied thus a fundamental contribution to the understanding and the solution of two of the main problem associated with these extraordinary artifacts: their dating and provenance.


Extraction of CO2 and AMS-seawater dating at CEDAD

A. Caramia, M. D’Elia, V. Gaballo, G. Quarta , L. Calcagnile CEDAD-Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, via per Monteroni, 73100,

Lecce, Italy, Corresponding author: Gianluca Quarta ([email protected])

A new line for the extraction of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from seawater samples for AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) 14C analysis has been developed at CEDAD, the Center for Dating and Diagnostic of the University of Salento, Lecce, Italy, in the frame of an ongoing industrial research project. DIC is extracted from the sample as gaseous CO2 on a vacuum line almost entirely realized in glass (Pyrex™) in order to minimize the parts to be replaced because of the corrosion processes due to salt water vapor. The vacuum system consists of a diaphragm pump and a thermocouple vacuum gauge for vacuum pressure monitoring. Seawater is sampled on site, poisoned and stored in glass bottles until processing and laboratory analysis is performed in the laboratory. The bottle is attached to a stripping probe which is then connected to the vacuum line. The process of carbon dioxide extraction is carried out by acidification with phosphoric acid while a high purity carrier gas (N2) is forced though the end of the stripping probe producing a stream of fine bubbles throughout the seawater. The stripping process continues for some minutes and after that the carrier gas is pumped away. During the stripping phase, N2 bubbles transport gaseous CO2 that is frozen into a liquid nitrogen trap, while water vapors are frozen in a -80°C cold trap. The system has been designed such that CO2 is extracted in a calibrated volume. The gas pressure extracted from the sample is measured by pressure transducer. Gaseous CO2 is then transferred to the existing lines for the catalytic reduction to graphite for AMS analysis. Preliminary tests were carried out by processing seawater sampled at different locations along the Ionian and Adriatic coast of the Salento Peninsula, Southern Italy and the system performances are presented in terms of functionality, background and samples throughput.


Progress in the actinides AMS at CIRCE

M. De Cesare1,3, Y. Guan1,4,6, N. De Cesare2,3, A. D’Onofrio1,3, L. Gialanella3, A. Palmieri1, A. Petraglia1, F. Quinto1, V. Roca3,5, C. Sabbarese1 and F. Terrasi1,3

1CIRCE, INNOVA, and Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli , Caserta, Italy, [email protected].

2CIRCE, INNOVA, and Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli , Caserta, Italy.

3INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy. 4College of Physical Science and Engineering Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004,

China. 5Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Università Federico II , Napoli, Italy.

6ICTP, Trieste, Italy Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) is presently the most sensitive technique for the measurement of long-lived actinides, e.g. 236U and 239Pu. A new actinide line [1], based on a 3-MV AMS pelletron tandem system, is operated at the Center for Isotopic Research on Cultural and Environmental Heritage (CIRCE) [2] in Caserta, Italy. The best measurement conditions reached through beam emittance measurements will be discussed. Using this actinide line an uranium concentration sensitivity of about 20 µg has been reached measuring with a 16-strip silicon detector and a 239Pu concentration sensitivity background level of about 0.1 fg of 239Pu has been reached for 500 ng of U in the cathode. Results on 236U/238U isotopic ratio show that the background level of about 3×10−11 can be reached using a Time of Flight-Energy (TOF-E) system in conjunction with the 16-strip silicon detector. Preliminary results on the environmental and structural samples from the dismissed Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant are also shown. In this work we discuss the possible upgrade of the TOF system in order to push, as low as possible, the abundance and concentration sensitivities. References [1] M. De Cesare et al., Nucl. Inst. and Meth. in Ph. Res. B 268 (2010) 779. [2] F. Terrasi. et al., Nucl. Inst. and Meth. in Ph. Res. B, 259 (2007) 14.


Assessment of 182Hf AMS measurements at VERA O. Forstner1, H. Gnaser2, R. Golser1, D. Hanstorp3, M. Martschini1, A. Priller1, J. Rohlén3, P. Steier1,

Ch. Vockenhuber4, A. Wallner1 1Universität Wien, Fakultät für Physik – Isotopenforschung, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Wien,

Austria, [email protected] 2Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany

3Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden 4Institut of Particle Physics, ETH-Zürich, CH-8033 Zürich, Switzerland

AMS measurements of 182Hf performed at the Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator (VERA), a dedicated facility for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) based on a 3 MV tandem accelerator, revealed a measurement limit of the 182Hf/180Hf ratio in the order of 10-11 [1, 2]. The main interference is the stable isobar 182W, which cannot be separated from 182Hf with the beam energy achievable with a terminal voltage of 3 MV. However, we have shown that 182W can be reduced by a factor of 6000 by extracting HfF5

– ions from the ion source [1] where the yield of HfFn– seems to increase with

increasing number of fluorine atoms whereas the yield of WFn– decreases for n≤5. This behavior is in

contradiction to theoretical calculations of the electron affinities of the WFn– ions [3]. Recent

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry measurements [4] as well as measurements at the negative ion beam spectrometer GUNILLA (Göteborg University Negative Ion Laser Laboratory) [5, 6] support the theoretical prediction of increasing electron affinity with increasing number of fluorine atoms. These recent measurements were performed using tungsten powder mixed with either AgF2 or PbF2 as target material. To shed light on this puzzle we re-measured the suppression of 182W against 182Hf at VERA by extracting HfF5

– out of HfF4 target material as well as out of various mixtures of hafnium and tungsten powder mixed with PbF2. In the case of tungsten powder we could reproduce the production yield of WFn

– according to the theoretical estimations whereas in the case of HfF4 the suppression of WF5

– against HfF5– shows the same behavior as in [1]. This gives rise to the assumption that a

substantial part of our 182W background comes from the ion source and not from the target material itself. To support our hypothesis we performed AMS measurements of 182Hf standard and blank materials both from our old ion source as well as from our new ion source [7]. We will present the results of the suppression factor measurements as well as the comparison of 182Hf AMS measurements from the two different ion sources. References [1] C. Vockenhuber, M. Bichler, R. Golser, W. Kutschera, V. Liechtenstein, A. Priller, P. Steier and S.

Winkler, 182Hf, a new isotope for AMS, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 223–224 (2004), 823 [1] C. Vockenhuber, C. Feldstein, M. Paul, N. Trubnikov, M. Bichler, R. Golser, W. Kutschera, A. Priller, P.

Steier and S. Winkler, Search for live 182Hf in deep-sea sediments, New Astr. Rev. 48 (2004), 161 [3] Kenneth G. Dyall, Bond Dissociation Energies of the Tungsten Fluorides an Their Singly Charged Ions: A

Density Functional Survey, J. Phys. Chem. A 104 (2000) 4077-4083 [4] H. Gnaser, R. Golser, Sputtered molecular fluoride anions: HfFn

− and WFn−, Surf. Interf. Anal., in press.

[5] O. Forstner, P. Andersson, C. Diehl, R. Golser, D. Hanstorp, W. Kutschera, A. Lindahl, A. Priller, P. Steier, A. Wallner, Isobar suppression in AMS using laser photodetachment, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266 (2008), 4565-4568

[6] A.O. Lindahl, P. Andersson, C. Diehl, O. Forstner, P. Klason, D. Hanstorp, The electron affinity of tungsten, submitted for publication

[7] A. Priller, K. Melber, O. Forstner, R. Golser, W. Kutschera, P. Steier, A. Wallner, The new injection beamline at VERA, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 268 (2010), 824-826


AMS analysis of I-129 in aerosols from Austria

T. Jabbar1, P. Steier2, A. Priller2, G. Wallner1, N. Kandler1, Ch. Katzlberger3 1Universität Wien, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Währingerstr. 42, A-1090 Wien, Austria

2Universität Wien, Fakultät für Physik – Isotopenforschung, Währingerstr. 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria 3AGES Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, CC Radiation Protection and Radiochemistry,

Spargelfeldstr. 191, A-1226 Vienna, Austria, [email protected]

Atmospheric concentrations of many elements have been significantly increased by man's activities. The quantification of these changes and their effect on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is important because of their potential adverse effects. The human nuclear activities, especially releases from the spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plants, are presently the main source of 129I in the environment. In this work, the concentration of 129I and the ratios of 129I/127I in aerosols collected from two sites in Austria, Vienna and Sonnblick (3105 m a.s.l.), with monthly resolution during the year 2001 are presented. Iodine is extracted from the aerosol filters with strong basic solution in iodide form followed by separation from matrix elements using an anion exchange method. Finally, iodide is precipitated as AgI for AMS measurement. The chemical yield of the procedure is determined by ICP-MS. Measured 129I activities are then compared with those of 7Be, a cosmogenically produced radionuclide.


Recent advances in AMS of 36Cl with a 3 MV tandem M. Martschini1, O. Forstner1, R. Golser1, W. Kutschera1, S. Pavetich1, A. Priller1, P. Steier1, M. Suter2,

A. Wallner1 1VERA Laboratory, Fakultät für Physik – Isotopenforschung, Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria,

*[email protected] 2Ion Beam Physics, Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) of 36Cl (t1/2 = 0.30 Ma) at natural isotopic concentrations requires high particle energies for the separation from the stable isobar 36S and so far was exclusively the domain of machines with at least 5 MV terminal voltage. At VERA (Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator) we had performed the first 36Cl exposure dating measurement with a 3-MV tandem accelerator, operating our machine at 3.5 MV, using foil stripping and a split-anode ionization chamber [1]. We evaluated the performance of various detectors for 36Cl [2]. With the ionization chamber and an additional energy signal from a silicon strip detector, we now achieved an equally good 36S suppression at 3 MV terminal voltage compared to 3.5 MV in our previous measurements. To further increase the 36S suppression we investigated energy loss straggling in various counting gases and the effect of “energy focusing” [3,4] below the maximum of the Bragg curve. Comparison of experimental data with simulations and published data [4,5] yielded interesting insight into the physics underlying the detectors. Energy loss, energy straggling and angular scattering determine the 36S suppression. In addition, we improved ion source conditions, target backing materials and the cathode design with respect to sulfur output and cross contamination. These changes allow higher currents during measurement (35Cl− current ≈ 5 µA) and also increased the reproducibility. Since no degrader foil is employed, we achieve an injector to detector efficiency for 36Cl-ions of 8% (16% stripping yield for the 7+ charge state in the accelerator, 50% 36Cl detection efficiency), which compares favorable to other facilities. We will demonstrate that 36Cl measurements, which are competitive to larger tandems, are now possible. Currently our blank value is 36Cl/Cl ≈ 3×10-15 when 10-11 samples are used in the ion source. We now started a thorough investigation of the memory effect of our ion source to further reduce this blank value. References [1] P. Steier, O. Forstner, R. Golser, W. Kutschera, M. Martschini, S. Merchel, T. Orlowski, A. Priller,

C. Vockenhuber, A. Wallner, Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B 268 (2010) 744-747 [2] T. Orlowski, O. Forstner, R. Golser, W. Kutschera, M. Martschini, S. Merchel, A. Priller, P. Steier,

C. Vockenhuber, A. Wallner, Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B 268 (2010) 847-850 [3] M. Suter, M. Döbeli, M. Grajcar, A. Müller, M. Stocker, G. Sun, H. A. Synal, L. Wacker,

Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B 259 (2007) 165-172 [4] H. Schmidt-Böcking, H. Hornung, Z. Physik A286 (1978) 253-261 [5] L.C. Northcliffe, R.F. Schilling, Nucl. Data Tabl. A7 (1970) 233-463.


How to get a new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) facility running: The chemistry part

S. Merchel1,2, M. Arnold2, G. Aumaître2, D. Bourlès2, R. Braucher2

1Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, D-01314 Dresden, Germany, [email protected] 2CEREGE, CNRS-IRD-Université Aix-Marseille, F-13545 Aix-en-Provence, France

The AMS business is booming: Many low-energy (< 1 MV) facilities, which are fully dedicated for 14C-analysis, are under construction or in funding status. Additionally, medium-energy accelerators such as the British 5 MV-NEC machine at “SUERC” Glasgow, the French 5 MV-HVEE-machine “ASTER” at Aix-en-Provence [2] and the two German 6 MV-HVEE-machines “DREAMS” at Dresden [3] and “Cologne AMS” at Cologne [4] have been recently installed or are still in testing mode in Central Europe. Of course, these bigger machines need not only experienced physicists and technicians to get them running. It also seems to be advisable to have some experienced scientists around, who knows how to prepare AMS targets for 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, 41Ca, and 129I measurements. In contrast to the 14C-community, where e.g. round-robin exercises are routine business, the idea of quality assurance and traceable standards has only been brought up lately for the other cosmogenic radionuclides measurable at medium-energy AMS facilities. Thus, world-wide accepted standards issued by metrology institutes are rare: NIST is selling two kinds of 129I/127I-standards, and the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) provides one set of 41Ca/40Ca solutions having eight different ratios [5]. Unfortunately, the most commonly used 10Be/9Be standard provided by NIST has been recently sold-out and will not be reissued. Other primary standard-type materials (26Al,36Cl), which are not commercially available, have been prepared by diluting certified activities and subsequent analysis within round-robin exercises [6-8]. After production of big quantities of in-house secondary standards for all nuclides (Tab. 1), cross-calibration versus primary standard-type materials has to be performed [2].

Table 1: Primary and secondary AMS standards in use at ASTER and DREAMS. Primary standards Secondary (in-house) standards

10Be NIST SRM 4325 (sold-out) NIST SRM 4325 (ASTER) 10Be via 9Be(nth,γ)10Be (DREAMS)

26Al MB04-A,B,C,D [6] SM-Al-10,11,12,13 [2] 36Cl SM-Cl-11,12,13 [7,8] SM-Cl-11,12,13 [7,8] 41Ca IRMM ERM®-AE701 [5]

SM-Ca-P9,11,13 [2] SM-Ca-10,11,12 [2]

129I NIST SRM 3231, Level II SM-I-9,10,11,12

Finally, as commercial 9Be contains intrinsic 10Be up to a level of 4x10-14 [9] sophisticated production of in-house carriers, used as machine blanks and for samples, from Be-containing minerals such as Be2SiO4 originating from deep mines, is needed. After production and measurement of all these materials, the AMS facility is ready for routine measurements. Acknowledgments: We are grateful to U. Herpers & E. Strub for providing 26Al-activity, to A. Wallner & M. Bichler for performing the neutron-irradiation of 9Be, to C. Varajão for providing Be2SiO4 crystals, and to R.C. Finkel, L. Benedetti, W. Möller, HVEE, the FZD-operator- & AMS-team for great cooperation. References: [1] S. Freeman et al., NIM B 259 (2007) 66. [2] M. Arnold et al., doi: 10.1016/ j.nimb.2010.02.107. [3] Sh. Akhmadaliev et al., this meeting. [4] M. Klein et al., this meeting [5] C. Hennessy et al., NIM B 229 (2005) 281. [6] S. Merchel, W. Bremser, .NIM B 223–224 (2004) 393. [7] S. Merchel et al. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73 (2009) A871 [8] S. Merchel et al., in prep. for NIM B. [9] S. Merchel et al., NIM B 266 (2008) 4921.


Progress with a gas-accepting ion source for accelerator mass spectrometry

M.L. Roberts, K.F. von Reden, C.P. McIntyre, and J.R. Burton

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA [email protected]

The National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry facility (NOSAMS) at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has developed an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) system designed specifically for the analysis of 14C in a continuously flowing stream of carrier gas. A key part of the system is a gas-accepting ion source. Recently, substantial progress has been made in the development of a second-generation gas ion source that produces carbon currents from a stream of CO2 that rivals currents typical of a traditional graphite source. Details of the gas source, including ion current achieved, optimal flow rate, efficiency, and memory will be presented. Additionally, data obtained from coupling the source to a gas chromatograph will be shown. Details about ion optics will be presented is presented in a separate abstract [1]. References [1] K.F. von Reden, M.L. Roberts, C.P. McIntyre, and J.R. Burton, Design and Reality: Continuous-

flow Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, these proceedings.


Status report of the Jena 14C AMS facility

A. Steinhof Max-Planck Institut für Biogeochemie, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany, steinhof@bgc-

jena.mpg.de The AMS 14C at the Max-Planck Institut für Biogeochemie is portrayed in this status report. The system is briefly described and the reached performance is presented. Technical developments during the past years were concentrated on the 846 ion source to make it more reliable and to increase the sample capacity.


Accelerator mass spectrometry of 236U at low energies

Ch. Vockenhuber, M. Christl, J. Lachner, D. Meister, A. M. Müller1, H.-A. Synal1 Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 20, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland

[email protected] Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) systems based on terminal voltages below 1 MV have been in operation since more than a decade now. The compact ETH-TANDY system is based on a 0.6 MV accelerator and was the first AMS which could demonstrate that 14C measurements are possible at low energies [1]. Subsequently, small AMS systems have been proven to be useful for measurements of many radionuclides where no isobar separation is needed. Recently, we could demonstrate that even 10Be measurements are possible at a level comparable to larger AMS systems with higher ion energies [2]. Attempts to do AMS measurements of the actinides were performed early on since there are no stable or abundant isobars that could interfere with rare radionuclides. For the measurement of Pu isotopes this was quite successful [3]. In order to bend the accelerated heavy ions in charge state 3+, the TANDY is running at around 300 kV. Despite the low terminal voltages stripping yields for charge state 3+ as high as 15% have been observed, significantly higher than transmissions achieved with other AMS systems operating at higher energies. The low ion energy of about 1.2 MeV makes high demands on the detector. Only optimized ionization chambers equipped with very thin entrance windows provide sufficient resolution to discriminate against background from ions in lower charge states. However, with the original setup of the TANDY AMS measurements of 236U were hindered by background from insufficient suppression of the other U isotopes and detection limits at the level of 236U/238U~10-9 had been achieved [4]. We recently upgraded the TANDY with a second high-energy magnet. This additional filter element effectively separates isotopes that are still present after the first high energy magnet and the ESA. First experiments with 236U standard materials demonstrate our ability to measure 236U/238U-ratios in the ~10-11 range, which previously could only be obtained with AMS systems equipped with time-of-flight detectors. Due to the lack of U material without 236U more systematic background studies are needed to determine the actual detection limit. The high stripping yield and the high suppression of stable isobars together with the simplified setup makes the TANDY a competitive AMS system for all actinides. In this talk we will discuss the advantages and limitations of 236U measurements at the low energies. References [1] Synal, H.-A., Jacob, S., Suter, M., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 172 (2000) 1 [2] Müller, A. M., Lachner, J., Christl, M., Suter, M., Synal, H. A., submitted to Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B [3] Fifield, L. K., Synal, H.-A., Suter, M., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 223-224 (2004) 802 [4] Wacker, L., Chamizo, E., Fifield, L., Stocker, M., Suter, M., Synal, H., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 240 (2005)

452


Wiggle matching of AMS radiocarbon dates from wood samples of historical buildings in high Asia

A. Scharf1, A. Bräuning2, W. Kretschmer1 , S. Gierl1 , K. Leichmann1, B. Wegner1, I. Burchardt2,

F. Darragon2 1Erlangen AMS Laboratory, Physikalisches Institut Abt.IV, Erwin–Rommel–Str.1, Universität

Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, [email protected] 2Institute for Geography, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kochstraße 4/4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany The historical tower buildings of Tibet are a special cultural heritage which has been sparsely studied up to now. Because many of the towers are threatened by collapsing and deterioration there is the effort to declare them to a UNESCO World Heritage site and so to provide a basis for the preservation of these buildings. The knowledge of their exact age could help to understand better the cultural and historical context of their development and their function. The only previously existing 14C dates of theses building are not very significant due to several methodical errors. In the year 2004 we had the opportunity to gather some wooden drill cores from towers from historic sites in the regions of Kongpo and Danba in Eastern Tibet. By wiggle matching of the radiocarbon dates of several tree rings from these drill cores a lot of these towers could now be dated. These dates could also contribute to extend the existing tree ring chronologies of this region back to the 11th century and the medieval climatic optimum, for which some indications of a monsoon change are existing. For this purpose we have also gathered and dated wooden drill cores from old monasteries and other historical buildings in Nepal and Central Tibet. Also the first results from this research will be presented.

Figure 1: Xiungba village in the Kongpo region with historical towers References [1] Darragon, F., “Secret towers of the Himalayas”, 2005, 156 p. [2] Bräuning, A, “Tree-ring studies in the Dolpo-Himalya (western Nepal”). TRACE - Tree Rings in

Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology, Vol. 2: Proceedings of the DENDROSYMPOSIUM 2003, May 1st – 3rd 2003, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich. Reihe Umwelt/Environment: 8-12.


Modeling calculations for the Woods Hole and Jena Tandetron AMS injectors

K. von Reden1, A. Steinhof2, I. Hejja2, B. Longworth1

1Wood Hole Oceanographic Institution,Woods Hole, USA 2Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie, Jena, FRG

[email protected] Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) benefits from a high ion efficiency of the sputter source and unimpeded transmission of large ion currents through the injector of the system. The performance of AMS injectors varies greatly, depending on the specific geometric layout of the ion optical elements and whether sequential or simultaneous injection is used. Even two systems that are nominally equal, like the Woods Hole and Jena Tandetron AMS installations with General IonX 846 type ion sputter ion sources and recombinator injectors, display larger differences than might be expected from the design alone. This work aims to assess the two injectors in detail by employing two different ion optics modeling codes (CPO [1] and PBGUNS [2]) hoping to minimize any code related discrepancies. Both codes include consideration of space charge, caused predominantly by several hundred µA of Cs+ focused on the emitting surface of the sputter cathode. A better understanding of the differences between the two systems is expected to lead to design improvements on both. References [1] CPO Ltd., Charged Particle Optics programs, (electronoptics.com). [2] PBGUNS 5.04 by J. E. Boers (deceased), Thunderbird Simulations, now maintained by FAR-TECH, Inc.,

San Diego, CA, USA (far-tech.com).


Development of radioactive 32P-implants for brachytherapy

W. Assmann1, M. Bader2, C. Schäfer3, R. Sroka4, S. Uschold1, P. Weidlich2, J. Schirra3 1Ludwig Maximilians University, Garching, Germany, [email protected]

2Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilians University Hospital, Munich, Germany 3Medical Clinic II, Ludwig Maximilians University Hospital, Munich, Germany

4Laser-Research-Unit, Ludwig Maximilians University Hospital, Munich, Germany The local treatment of tissue by exposure to radiation-emitting material is a well established method, called brachytherapy. If short-range radiation from a beta emitter is used, the dose is concentrated on the target tissue adjacent to the source, while keeping the radiation damage to the healthy tissue to a minimum. In this contribution, we report on a newly developed radioactive implant, based on a 32P containing foil, for application in brachytherapy of benign diseases. For development of these implants several nuclear physics techniques have been used such as Gamma-ray spectroscopy, liquid scintillation counting and ion beam analysis. Ionizing radiation has demonstrated effective suppression of excessive cell proliferation during wound healing which often limits the clinical success of surgery. Glaucoma filtering surgery for control of inner-ocular pressure, for example, has a failure rate of about 30 percent within 5 years due to Tenon fibroblast proliferation. A biodegradable radioactive polymer foil was developed and loaded with 32P ions, using an ion implantation process. Long term opening of the artificially created “valve” was demonstrated on animals with this radioactive implant [1]. For applications in urology and gastroenterology, a thin polymer foil with a 31P component was fabricated, which was activated by neutron irradiation before use as radioactive 32P implant. Benign stenosis of endogenous tubular structures such as bile duct or urethra is a common problem, which can be the consequence of the wound healing process after clinical interventions. Preclinical studies are going on to avoid such a stenosis by insertion of the usual stent or catheter equipped with a radioactive 32P-foil [2]. References [1] W. Assmann et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 257 (2007) 108. [2] P. Weidlich, C. Adam, R. Sroka, I. Lanzl, W. Assmann, C. Stief, Urologe A 46 (2007) 1231.


Next generation applications of ion beams for improving biocompatible materials

D. Ila1, S. Ismet-Gurhan2, R. L. Zimmerman1, R. A. Minamisawa3 and M. G. Rodriguez4

1Alabama A&M University, Center for Irradiation of Materials, Alabama USA, corresponding author, [email protected]

2University of Ege, Department of Bioengineering, Izmir, Turkey 3Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425, Sitz der Gesellschaft: Julich, Germany

4Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Only relatively recently have high energy ion beams been used to modify and improve materials for applications in medicine and biology. Our team has been among a few other pioneer research groups in the ion beam community who have studied the interaction of an MeV ion in its track through many biocompatible materials in order to tailor their properties for medical applications, control cell adhesion, improved surface properties of polymers used for heart-valve, for hip-joint implants, for fabrication of nano pores, as well as to change the surface properties of bio-compatible polymers for controlled drug/medication delivery. We present here a review of the fundamentals of ion interactions with materials, particularly polymers, and describe three examples among many studies of ion beam modified biocompatible materials completed, or underway, at the Center for Irradiation of Materials of AAMU. The permeability of glassy polymeric carbon (GPC) varies with heat treatment temperature during preparation, and with the energy and specie of ion bombardment. By percolating a molten lithium salt into the pores of GPC and using a proton ion beam Nuclear Analysis Technique (NRA), we extensively studied GPC permeability and how to control it. Thus, the elution rate of lithium out of GPC into a physiologic solution can be controlled. GPC is a candidate for designing lithium drug delivery systems. With our molding and spraying techniques we can make layered samples with drug concentration gradients appropriate to a specified time delivery of drugs other than lithium. Producing structures in membranes at the nanometer scale can serve several applications, such as to localize molecular electrical junctions and switches, to function as masks, and for DNA sequencing. We have demonstrated the fabrication of nano scale pores in fluoropolymer films using scanned ion beam bombardment. The process has advantages over chemical and etching processes. The pores were produced using a feedback controlled gold ion beam system (patent filed) and were analyzed using optical and atomic force microscopic (AFM) analyses. We have succeeded in enhancing the properties of the GPC used for the moving parts of carbon replacement human heart valves by MeV ion implantation of silver. Potentially dangerous accumulation of natural cells attached to the valve after installation has been eliminated. A small amount of silver imbedded below the surface of the parts of a carbon heart valve exposed to the blood flow completely inhibits cell growth. By steering the MeV silver ions appropriately patterns are made such that normal cell attachment occurs within 100 microns of silver implanted areas. Although the total amount of silver is not toxic, we have shown that the leach rate is so low that the cell inhibition properties of a heart valve will not diminish in vivo. Sponsors: Supported in part by the Center for Irradiation of Materials, Alabama A&M University Research Institute and by National Science Foundation under Grant No. EPS-0814103.

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Investigation of production of the medical radioisotope 167Tm at accelerators

B. Király1, F. Tárkányi1, A. Hermanne2, S. Takács1, F. Ditrói1, M. Baba3, H. Yamazaki3,

I. Spahn4, A.V. Ignatyuk5 1 Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI),

Debrecen, Hungary, [email protected] 2 Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium

3 Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 4 Institut für Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany

5 Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE), Obninsk, Russia Objectives 167Tm (T1/2 = 9.25 d) is a candidate medical radioisotope both for diagnostics and internal radiotherapy. The aim of the present study is to investigate production routes for 167Tm by charged particle induced reactions directly or through decay of 167Lu (T1/2 = 51.5 min) and 167Yb (T1/2 = 17.5 min). Methods This work reviews the results of recent experiments for reactions induced by protons on natEr, 167Er, 169Tm and natYb, by deuterons on natEr and 167Er and by alpha-particles on 165Ho measured using the activation method and the stacked target irradiation technique. Irradiations of metal foil targets and sedimented oxide targets were performed at the external beams of CYRIC, VUB, and ATOMKI cyclotrons. Activities of the irradiated samples were measured nondestructively with high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. Results Excitation functions of the 167Er(p,n)167Tm, 166Er(d,n)167Tm, 167Er(d,2n)167Tm, 169Tm(p,3n)167Yb, natYb(p,x)167Lu and 165Ho(α,2n)167Tm reactions were measured mostly for the first time. Theoretical calculations were made by means of the ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE-II and TALYS nuclear reaction model codes to predict the excitation functions. Integral yields for production of 167Tm were calculated from the experimental cross section data. Radionuclidic purities and specific activities were deduced for the investigated processes. Conclusions On the basis of the production yields, contaminants, the required target technology and accelerator characteristics, the most promising reactions are: at low energies 167Er(p,n)167Tm, at medium energies 167Er(d,2n)167Tm. At higher energies the natYb(p,x)167Lu→167Yb→167Tm route additionally becomes important allowing simultaneous production of 167Tm and the therapeutic 169Yb.

188 Book of Abstracts A fluorescent screen monitor for quality assurance of therapeutic scanned

ion beams

E. Takeshita, T. Furukawa, T. Inaniwa, S. Sato, T. Himukai, T. Shirai and K. Noda National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, JAPAN

*[email protected] A fluorescent screen monitor system has been developed to verify the performance of the scanned ion beams at HIMAC. Reproducibility of 2D field produced by scanning, the position and the size of the beam in each scan, is one of the vital issues in scanning irradiation. 2D relative dose distributions and the flatness of the irradiation field were measured in a straightforward technique from the brightness on screen. The position and the size of the beams were obtained from the results of centroid computation on the luminance distribution. The alignment of the beams at iso-center was also confirmed by the technique with a steel sphere as shown in Ref. [1]. This system has been proved to perform its function in the bench test at HIMAC prototype scanning system. It is to be used for the QA process of the new particle-therapy research facilities. References [1] J. Barkhof et al., Med. Phys. 25 (1999) 2429.


Dose response evaluation of n-NIPAM gel dosimetry in linear accelerator radiotherapy: Effect of photon energy and dose rate

J. Wu1, T.-Y. Shih1,2, B.-T. Hsieh1, Y.-L. Liu1, H.-H. Wu2 and T.-H. Wu3,*

1Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, ROC

2Department of radiology, Cheng Ching Hospital at Chung Kang, Taiwan, ROC 3Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming University,

Taiwan, ROC, [email protected] Nowadays, radiotherapy is aiming at giving complex 3D dose distribution with dose accuracy of 3-5% [1], thus, 3-dimensional dose distribution with fine spatial resolution is essential. Polymer gel becomes one of the most potential dosimeters for 3D dose verification. The common use of acrylamide as monomer is neuro-toxic and could cause malformation of embryo [2]. Another potential monomer, N-isopropyl-acrylamide (NIPAM) is low toxic and has the characteristics of high sensitivity and reproducibility [3]. In this study, we developed an n-NIPAM gel dosimeter based on N-isopropylacrylamide monomer and used computed tomography to evaluate the characteristics of n-NIPAM. The n-NIPAM was composed of 6% gelatin, 5% monomer, and 2.5% cross-linker and inserted with 5 mM THPC for deoxygenation. The gel was placed at the center of a 4-cm-thick acrylic phantom with two 3-cm-thick solid water slab covered above and under the phantom (Fig. 1). The dose responses of 2 to 15Gy delivered by a linear accelerator were examined. The energy dependency and dose rate dependency were evaluated as well.

Figure 1: Phantom and irradiation geometry of the n-NIPAM gel

The average sensitivity of n-NIPAM was 0.5518 ∆CTN/Gy with linear regression of 0.99. The difference of dose response curves between 6 MV and 10 MV can be negligible with a mean square error of 0.008. For the dose rate response, the sensitivity of 200 cGy/min and 400 cGy/min had a difference of 14.01%. We conclude that the n-NIPAM has high linearity and high sensitivity. Although the energy dependency is minor, the dose rate dependency slightly exists. It could be used in clinical radiotherapy to increase the correctness of dose delivery. References [1] J.C. Gore, Y.S. Kang, R.J. Schulz, Physics in Medicine and Biology. 29 (1984) 1189. [2] MSDS 2006 Material Safety Data Sheet acrylamide version 1.11, Sigma Aldrich Co.

(http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/) [3] R.J. Senden, P.De Jean, Physics in Medicine and Biology 51 (2006) 3301.


3D dose verification using Normoxic polymer gel dosimeters for tomotherapy

T.-H. Wu1, Ch.-Y. Hsiao2, Ch.-H. Hsu2, G. Zhang3, Ch.-J. Tasi1, J.-A. Liang4, T.-Ch. Huang4, *

1Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taiwan

2Department of Radiation Oncology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taiwan 3Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Florida, USA

4Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taiwan, [email protected]

Tomotherapy has been widely used in image-guide radiotherapy clinically. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using megavoltage CT system as a near real-time measurement device in verification of 3D dose distribution with normoxic polymer gel dosimetry. Research has indicated that gels need to be exposed to oxygen for at least one week after irradiation to terminate their intrinsic polymerization reactions when a multi-detector computed tomography is used as a reading device. This is to avoid dose errors introduced by the extra dose from the CT imaging. Eleven vials were filled with MAGAT-gel and irradiated with uniform doses of 0-8Gy respectively to generate dose response curves. A gel-filled cylindrical phantom was irradiated in an treatment to a maximum dose of 4Gy. After irradiation, a MVCT was used to perform the 3D dose measurement. In this study, two groups of gel samples were irradiated and measured in two ways for comparison: near real-time measurement, in which the gel phantom was read right after the irradiation, and delayed measurement, in which the measurement was performed a week after the irradiation for the gel phantom to be exposed to oxygen. Results showed the linear dose response curves for near real-time and delayed measurements were 1.48 ∆NCT·Gy-1 and 1.50∆NCT·Gy-1 respectively. In the phantom measurements, the agreement between the near real-time reading and the treatment plan was within 3.0 mm for the 50% and 90% isodose surfaces. Therefore, normoxic polymer gel dosimetry combined with cone-beam CT has been shown a useful method for near real-time verification of 3D dose distribution. Moreover, dose contribution from the MVCT imaging is about one percent of the total dose read from the gel phantom, which is within the acceptable tolerance in clinical dose quality assurance.

Figure 1: Dose response with filter four different CT imaging time, including real-time, 30 min, 4 hr, 1 d. The horizontal axis is the absorbed dose in cGy, and the vertical axis is the CT numer difference, ∆HU. References [1] W.Y. Song, S. Kamath, S. Ozawa, S.A. Ani, A. Chvetsov, N. Bhandare, J.R. Palta, C. Liu, J.G. Li, Med.

Phys. 35 (2008) 480-486. [2] M. Hilts, A. Jirasek, C. Duzenli, Phys. Med. Biol. 49 (2004) 2477-2490.

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Ionic liquids as passive monitors of an atmosphere rich in Hg

M.A. Martínez1, C. Solis1, I. Hernandez-Pavón1, E. Andrade1, M. A. Mondragón2, K. Isaac-Olivé3, M.F. Rocha4

1Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México D. F, [email protected].

2FCentro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro México 3Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan s/n, esq. Jesús

Carranza, Toluca, 50120 Estado de México. ESIME 4Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ALM Zacatenco, 07738 México D. F., México.

An ionic liquid (IL) is a compound which is in a dynamic equilibrium where at any time more than 99.99% of it is made up of ionic, rather than molecular, species. IL’s have gained considerable attention during the past few years due to their extremely low vapor pressure, good electrolytic properties and wide electrochemical window. Also, they remain liquid at a wide range of temperature. IL’s are able to dissolve some non polar chemical species as well as some very polar ones. They start to find use in environmental chemical and can be considered as environmentally benign solvents. Mercury is a naturally occurring element that is found in the atmosphere, generally present in three forms: elemental (Hg0), oxidized, and particulate-bound. This paper presents the results of a research on mercury capture using ILs. The following IL’s were tested for Hg capture: 1-Butyl-3-Methyl-Imidazolium-Hexafluorophosphate [BMIM][PF6], 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate [SCN] and a combination of [SCN] and 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM][Cl]. Known amounts of IL and Nucleopore® filters (0.4µm pore) imbibed in a known amount of IL’s were introduced to a 30 mL glass tube with a known amount of metallic Hg and sealed with a PTFE® cap. The concentration of Hg in the IL was measured after 1 to 12 weeks of exposure. Total Hg determination was performed by Particle X ray emission (PIXE). Hg speciation was performed by cyclic voltamperometry (CV). Changes in the spectroscopic properties by the Hg capture was followed by Raman and Infra red (IR) spectroscopy’s. The capture efficiency for the IL´s under different experimental conditions is discussed.


Validation of 4D dose calculations using optical flow method with 4D phantom measurements

T.-Ch. Huang1, G. Zhang2, J.-A. Liang1,T.-H. Wu3, *

1Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taiwan 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Florida, USA

3 Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taiwan, [email protected]

Thoracic tumors move due to respiration. In treatment planning, this motion is covered by expanded PTV or ITV, with an increased toxicity as a cost. The dose distribution, thus doses to specific points in the treatment volume, may vary from the planned even a good coverage is obtained. A three-dimensional (3D) deformable image registration computer program, optical flow (OF), was applied to calculate the displacement matrixes between CT data of different simulated respiration phases of a phantom. The matrixes were then used to map doses of all phases to a single phase image, and summed in equal time weighting. The calculated dose should closely represent the dose delivered to the 4D phantom if the displacement matrixes are accurately calculated. A CT compatible table was made with a capability of programmable 1-dimensional motion for this study. The study is to demonstrate through measurements that OF is accurate and practical in 4D dose calculations. Dose deliveries to phantoms that were in motion were compared with OF calculations. The dose distribution in a thoracic phantom recorded by film reasonably agreed with the 3D OF calculation. The 50% isodose line was displaced 0.5 mm when compared with the path integrated 4D plan and 8.6 mm when compared with the end expiration static plan. The agreement between the point-dose measurements by an ion-chamber and the calculations was also good. For 3D plans, the agreement for the point doses was within 1.5%, while for IMRT composite point-doses, the discrepancy between calculations and measurements could be up to about 3%. The discrepancies included the phantom setup errors and contributions from other factors that are discussed in details in this paper.

Figure 1: Transverse views of the dose distributions of A. the static plan on the end expiration phase, B. the OF path integrated dose over the 4D image set, and C. the measured. The film was parallel to the direction of the beams and was inserted at at the middle plane of the ellipsoidal tumor insertion, thus was well within the fields even with the motion of 2 cm in range. The relative dose distributions were not very different. References [1] K.K. Brock, D.L. McShan, Med Phys 30 (2003) 290.

C C


Characterization of TiO2-based composite catalytic thin films using

synchrotron X-ray

G. S. Chen1, Y. D. Wang1, Y. C. Cheng1, H. Y. Lee2, H. Niu3 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia Univ., Taichung 407, Taiwan,

[email protected] 2National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan

3Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, Tsing Hua Univ., Hsinchu 300, Taiwan

TiO2 photo-catalytic thin films are highly photo-chemical stabile and non-toxic, and also could yield a unique super-hydrophilicity, when illuminated by solar radiation or indoor/outdoor lighting [1]. These fascinating properties have generated applications such as self-cleaning, de-pollutant, anti-bacteria, anti-fogging, etc [2, 3]. However, TiO2 coatings can only absorb ultraviolet radiation and do not have sufficient mechanical properties to endure long-duration impact from external, harsh operating environments. We have developed an optical-emission monitor process for the reactive sputtering of various semiconducting-oxide thin films with controlled degree of target poison, from which crystallinity, composition and phase distributions, and electrical properties of various TiO2 and WO3 polymorphic films have been obtained [4, 5]. Herein, TiO2 composite films doped with various amounts and types of “hard” oxides (e.g., WO3, TaOx, or ZrO2) functioning as light-absorption and/or mechanical strengthening medium will be fabricated; synchrotron x-ray and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, along with catalytic and mechanical measurements, will be performed to characterize the films, with the purpose of obtaining the optimum conditions for manipulating the composite films into catalytic-sensitive phase(s) while extending the light-absorption range and yielding endurable mechanical strength. Figure 1 shows a series of x-ray diffraction patterns for the TiO2 and Ti-W-O composite films with the overall composition of Ti20W10O70 and Ti11W17O72, as derived by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. Clearly, the composite films would be converted into a WO3-dominated phase with degraded catalysis and hydrophilicity as the dopant is over-dosed. On the other hand, catalysis and hydrophilicity for some sorts of composite films can be significantly improved, as compared to those of pure TiO2 films. Detailed results and the associated mechanism for the improvements will be presented based on bonding-structure and phase-distribution analyses by the synchrotron x-ray at NSRRC.

References [1] R. Wang, et al., Nature, 388, 431 (1997) [2] D. Dumitriu et al., Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 25, 83 (2000) [3] K. Hashimoto et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 44, 8269 (2005) [4] G. S. Chen et al., Thin Solid Films, 493, 301 (2005) [5] G. S. Chen et al., Thin Solid Films, 516, 8473 (2008)

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Detailed studies of photocathodes based on Y thin films grown by PLD technique

A. Lorusso1, L. Cultrera2, V. Fasano1, A. Perrone1

1National Institute of Nuclear Physics and Physics Department, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100-Lecce, Italy, email: [email protected]

2National Institute of Nuclear Physics, National Institute of Frascati, Via e. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy

The effects of laser fluence on the morphology and on properties of Y films in the regime characteristic of multiple-pulse laser deposition were investigated by different diagnostic techniques. Y thin films were deposited on Silicon and Copper substrates. The samples deposited on Silicon substrate were used to deduce the morphology, the structure and the thickness of the films by using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses. On the contrary, the samples deposited on Copper substrate were tested as photocathodes in a DC photodiode cell [1,2]. The interest to realize Y-based photocathodes is due to the low work function of this metal with the possibility to drive such photocathode with a visible radiation in the radio-frequency photo-injector. This means more available and stable laser energy and even a reduced thermal emittance of the photoelectron beam. The quantum efficiency (QE) was measured for the first time by using a visible CW laser diode emitting at 406 nm.

Figure 1: trend of QE as a function of the time. The influence of the adsorbed gases on the photoelectron performance of Y thin film-based photocathodes was also investigated. References [1] A. Perrone, L. Cultrera, A. Pereira, M. Rossi, S. Cialdi, I. Boscolo, F. Tazzioli, C. Vicario and G. Gatti,

Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. in Physics Research A, 554, 220, (2005) [2] L. Cultrera, G. Gatti, P. Miglietta, F. Tazzioli, and A. Perrone, Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. in Physics

Research A, 587, 7, (2008).


Study of indium implanted GaN by means of NEXAFS and Raman spectroscopies

M. Katsikini1, J. Arvanitidis2, E. C. Paloura1, S. Ves1

1Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Physics, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece, *[email protected] 2 Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Department of Applied Sciences, 57400 Sindos,

Greece

The effect of In implantation in n-type GaN is studied using Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) and Raman spectroscopies. The implantations were performed at the University of Jena with 700 keV In ions with fluences ranging from 5×1013 to 1×1016 cm-2. The N-K-edge NEXAFS measurements were performed at the Synchrotron Radiation Storage Ring BESSY II of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie. The Raman spectra were excited with the 514.5nm line of an Ar+ laser and recorded in the backscattering geometry using a triple monochromator equipped with a liquid nitrogen cooled charge coupled detector. The main implantation effects on the NEXAFS spectra are: (a) a fluence-dependent broadening of the NEXAFS peaks, (b) emergence of a pre-edge shoulder (RL1) that is attributed to N split-interstitials and (c) appearance of a post-edge sharp peak (RL2) that is attributed to molecular N2 trapped in the GaN matrix. The RL2 is characterized by fine structure due to vibronic transitions that result to a change of the vibrational quantum number along with the electronic transition. The concentration of the interstitials and the N2 molecules as well as the width of the NEXAFS peaks, have a sigmoidal dependence on the logarithm of the ion fluence (Fig. 1).

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In the Raman spectra recorded in the backscattering geometry only the E2;2 peak is resolved since the A1(LO) is completely damped due to plasmon - phonon coupling. As the fluence increases, the characteristic sharp peaks of the as-grown sample broaden due to relaxation of the q-selection rules allowing phonons with q ≠ 0 to contribute in the Raman scattering. Furthermore, three additional broad peaks are detected in the implanted samples even after implantation with the fluence of 5×1013 cm-2. They are ascribed to disorder activated Raman scattering or acoustic overtones (300 cm-1, 420 cm-1) and the formation of point defects (670 cm-1), respectively.

196 Book of Abstracts Identification of oxygen related defects formed after implantation into GaN.

M. Katsikini1, F. Bosherini2, E. C. Paloura1 1Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Physics, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece, *[email protected]

2 Physics Department and CNISM, University of Bologna, viale C. Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy.

The bonding environment of oxygen implanted in GaN is studied using Near Edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy at the O-K-edge. The implantation of 70keV oxygen ions in GaN results in the formation of a 200 nm - thick subsurface layer that is highly defective or amorphous depending on the implantation fluence which ranges from 1×1015cm-2 to 1×1017cm-2. The NEXAFS spectra were recorded at the ALOISA beamline of the Synchrotron Radiation facility ELETTRA in Trieste. The spectra were simulated using the FEFF8 code assuming models that account for the formation of point defects as well as chemical effects such as the formation of various polymorphs of Ga oxides and oxynitrides. The implantation induced lattice disorder is modelled by displacing atoms from their equilibrium positions by adding to their Cartesian coordinates random numbers that belong to normal distributions. The simulations reveal (Fig. 1) that when the fluence is 1×1015 cm-2, the O implants occupy interstitial sites preferentially in the empty channels aligned parallel to the c - axis in the plane that contains the Ga atoms and/or in the columns that consist of Ga and N atoms along the c-axis. When the fluence is equal to 1×1016cm-2 the O ions substitute for N while at 1×1017cm-2 they participate in the formation of mixed GaOxNy phases.

Figure 1: Simulation of the O-K-edge NEXAFS spectra using the FEFF8 code.

10th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, Athens, September 2010 197 XAFS study of nanoporous Fe, Mn oxy-hydroxides used for removal of As

from drinking water

M. Katsikini1*, K. Simeonidis2, D. Papageorgiou1, S. Tresintsi2, M. Mitrakas2, F. Pinakidou1, E. C. Paloura1

1Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Physics, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece, *[email protected] 2Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Aristotle University of

Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece The bonding configuration of Fe, Mn and As, in mixed Fe, Mn oxy-hydroxides is investigated using X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) spectroscopies. As is a toxic element found in natural waters, mainly in inorganic solutions with +3 and +5 oxidation states. It is believed that Mn causes reduction of As3+ to As5+ which is more efficiently adsorbed by the Fe hydroxides. The X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectra were recorded at the µ-XAS beamline of the Swiss Light Source Synchrotron Radiation Facility of the Paul Scherrer Institute. Fitting of the Fe-K-EXAFS spectra using appropriate structural models, reveals the formation of FeO6 polyhedra that share a common edge and form chains by sharing two corners. The bonding environment and oxidation state of Fe is not significantly affected by the Mn and Fe concentration in the samples. Contrary to that the Mn XAFS spectra depend more strongly on the composition. More specifically, the combined Mn-K-XANES and EXAFS analysis disclosed the presence of Mn+4 and Mn+3 ions that form centrosymmetric MnO6 octahedra in the MnO2, Mn(OH)4 and (Fe,Mn)OOH phases. The analysis of the As-K-edge spectra reveals that Mn reduces efficiently the As ions since only the peak that corresponds to 1s 4p transition of As+5 is resolved in the XANES spectra. After fitting the EXAFS spectra using various bonding configurations of As, the binuclear Fe2As2O4 complex is found to be the most appropriate (Fig. 1).

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A synchrotron-based characterization of urban particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) from Athens atmosphere, Greece

A. Godelitsas1, P. Nastos1, T.J. Mertzimekis2, K. Toli3, R. Simon4 and J. Göttlicher4

1University of Athens, 15784 Zographou, Greece, [email protected] 2Institute of Nuclear Physics, NCSR “Demokritos”, GR-15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece

4Institute for Synchrotron Radiation (ISS), Synchrotron Radiation Source ANKA Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany

Urban particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), collected in Athens atmosphere during normal days without desert dust and/or other atmospheric episodes, was investigated using SR-based techniques in the FLUO and SUL-X beamlines of ANKA (KIT, Germany). Previous works, based on conventional bulk XRF, wet-chemistry methods, and PIXE [e.g. 1-6], reported the existence of various trace elements in Athens atmospheric particulates. The elucidation of elements partitioning (solid-state speciation) and the detection of anthropogenic or non-geological particles containing harmful elements was the purpose of the present project. The SR micro-XRF study showed the presence of both geological (e.g. Ca-Sr-K-Rb) and anthropogenic particles. In the latter case only Fe could be detected in preliminary investigation by SEM-EDS. However, the SR study indicated particles containing heavy metals such as Cu, Cr and Ni as well as certain types of particles characterized by the simultaneous presence of Fe-Mn, Fe-Co, Fe-Co-Zn and Zn-V (Fig. 1).

Figure 1: SR micro-XRF investigation of Athens urban particulate matter Moreover, it was revealed that very hazardous elements, such as Pb and As, are concentrated in specific particles. The speciation of As (As3+ and/or As5+) in the solid particles was attempted to be investigated by means of micro-XANES. A complementary high-resolution microscopic study using TEM is being conducted in order to fortify the SR micro-XRF findings. It should be noted that, according to the existing literature, this is the first non-bulk study with regard to the distribution and partitioning of heavy metals in urban atmospheric particles from greater Athens rated as an alpha-world city with a population of ca. 4 million people. References [1] G. Valaoras, J. Huntzicker and W. White, Atm. Environ. 22 (1988), 965. [2] N. Thomaidis, E. Bakeas and P. Siskos, Chemosphere 52 (2003) 959. [3] A. Valavanidis, K. Fiotakis, Th. Vlachogianni, E. Bakeas, S. Triantafyllaki, V. Paraskevopoulou and M.

Dassenakis, Chemosphere 65 (2006) 760. [4] N. Manalis, G. Grivas, V. Protonotarios, A. Moutsatsou, C. Samara and A. Chaloulakou, Chemosphere

60 (2005) 557. [5] A. Karanasiou, I. Sitaras, P. Siskos and K. Eleftheriadis, Atm. Environ. 41 (2007) 2368. [6] E. Karageorgos and S. Rapsomanikis, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7 (2007) 3015.


Spectroscopic investigation of thorium in Greek bauxite

P. Gamaletsos1, A. Godelitsas1, T.J. Mertzimekis2, J. Göttlicher3, R. Steininger3, S. Xanthos4, S. Klemme5 and G. Bárdossy6

1University of Athens, 15784 Zographou, Greece, [email protected] 2Institute of Nuclear Physics, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece

3Institute for Synchrotron Radiation (ISS), Synchrotron Radiation Source ANKA Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany

4Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, AUTH, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece 5Institut für Mineralogie, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany

6Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Greece is the 11th largest bauxite mine producer in the world (2.22×106 tons in 2008). The exploitation of karst-type deposits in central Greece [1] is performed by three Greek mining companies (Aluminium of Greece S.A., S&B Industrial Minerals S.A. and ELMIN Hellenic Mining Enterprises S.A.) whereas there is also an Al industrial plant. The mineralogy of Greek bauxites is not particularly variable. Diaspore and/or boehmite, hematite, magnetite, goethite, kaolinite, anatase and/or rutile are the major phases. Typical iron-rich (red-brown) bauxite contains 57% Al2O3. Of special interest is the high-quality Fe-depleted or “bleached” (white-grey) diasporic bauxite composed only of diaspore (in some cases Fe-Cr-diaspore) and TiO2 polymorphs [2], containing 80% Al2O3. The chemical composition of bauxite is rather complicated and, except major Al, Fe and Ti, almost all natural elements are present in various concentrations including natural actinides (U and particularly Th). The highest Th concentration, according to XRF and ICP-MS, corresponds to a Fe-depleted sample (62.75 ppm in bulk). Gamma-ray spectra (HPGe detector) revealed for Fe-depleted bauxite an average of 220 Bq/Kg corresponding to 228Ac (232Th-series), compared to 180 Bq/Kg for typical Fe-enriched bauxite. Evaluation of the bulk geochemical data indicated that Th is correlated to LREE and U, particularly in Fe-depleted bauxite. This is in line with previous implications about the potential relation of actinides with REE minerals (e.g. [3]) and new SEM-EDS data proved the presence of Th (and U) in LREE fluorocarbonate minerals. Moreover, Th is rather correlated to Fe in iron-rich bauxite, while there is no evident bulk correlation to Ti for all bauxite samples. The presence of Th in Fe/Ti- and Ti-rich areas of Fe-depleted bauxite pisoliths, revealed by synchrotron micro-XRF spectroscopy using the SUL-X beamline of ANKA, is demonstrated for the first time in the literature. This can be explained on the basis of the same +4 oxidation state of Th and Ti, despite the large difference in the ionic radius of 6-coordinated Th4+ and Ti4+ to O-atoms (0.940 Å and 0.605 Å respectively). The recorded EXAFS spectra may also give new insights into the mineralogy and geochemistry of Th in karst-type bauxites. Previous works indicated the presence of Th in ilmenite and rutile occuring in sand deposits (e.g. [4]). Significant quantities of Th must also be contained in detrital zircons dispersed into the AlOOH matrix of bauxite. References [1] I. Valeton, M. Biermann, R. Reche, F. Rosenberg, Ore Geol. Rev. 2 (1987), 359. [2] P. Gamaletsos, A. Godelitsas, A.P. Douvalis, T. Kasama, R.E. Dunin-Borkowski, J. Göttlicher, N.

Church, G. Economou, T. Bakas, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73 (2009) A409. [3] M. Ochsenkühn-Petropoulou, K.M. Ochsenkühn, Eur. Microscop. Anal. (1995), 13. [4] R.F. Garrett, N. Blagojevic, Z. Cai, B. Lai, D.G. Legnini, W. Rodrigues, A.P.J. Stampfli, Nucl. Instr.

Meth. A 467-468 (2001), 897.


Modification of a pulsed 14 MeV neutron generator to a medium-energy ion accelerator for TOF-RBS application

D. Suwannakachorn1, P. Junphong2, L.D. Yu1,3*, S. Singkarat1,3

1Plasma and Beam Physics Research Facility, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

2Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Phrao Road, Sansai, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand

3Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, Commission on Higher Education, 328 Si Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, *[email protected]

The first drift-tube neutron generator in Thailand, developed during 1980s with thorough support from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), was a 150-kV deuteron-ion accelerator based 14-MeV fast neutron generator. The accelerator was featured with a nanosecond pulsing system consisting of a beam chopper and a beam buncher in combination. Along with the rapid development of ion beam technology and increasing needs for material applications in the laboratory, the accelerator has been upgraded and modified in a large extent into a medium-energy ion accelerator, as shown in Figure 1, for time-of-flight Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (TOF-RBS) application in material analysis. The modification of the beam line included changing the ion source, accelerating tube and mass-analyzed magnet, upgrading the pulsing system, and installing a TOF-RBS detecting system. The present new accelerator is capable of applying 400-keV He-ion beam with ns-pulses to nano-layered material analysis. This paper provides technical details of the modification work.

Figure 1: Whole view photograph of the medium-energy ion accelerator, modified from a pulsed 150-kV deuteron-ion accelerator based 14-MeV fast neutron generator, for TOF-RBS analysis at Plasma and Beam Physics Research Facility (formerly Fast Neutron Research Facility), Chiang Mai University.


External-beam PIXE analysis of the ink from the Mexican codex 1548

E. Andrade1, C. Solis1, M.F. Rocha2, E.P. Zavala1, O. de Lucio1

1Instituto de Física, Departamento de Física Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 20-364, 01000, México

2ESIME-Z, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, U.P. ALM, G.A. Madero, México D.F. 07738, México.

PIXE analysis has been an invaluable technique to provide complementary information in studies of historical documents, because it allows a high sensitive and non destructive material characterization. It is especially useful to analyze painting or hand drawing on organic materials such as paper or leather because of the low background. In this study, external beam PIXE was applied to analyze the Codex Escalada, also called the Codex 1548. This famous codex supposed to date from 1548, is a manuscript-picture on pork skin. This document pictographically describes the apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe to Juan Diego, a man newly converted to Christianity, on the hill of Tepeyac in México. The document of 20 x 13 cm, is supposed to date from 1548 and is considered as the “oldest document on the Virgin Guadalupe apparition”, but its authenticity has been disputed by a number of researchers. Several studies of this codex have been performed at the Institute of Physics of the National University of Mexico, such as: photography, infrared and external beam PIXE. This document has the signature attributed to Bernardino de Sahagún, a historian Franciscan Friar and the numbers 1548 related about the year this document was made. The main PIXE objective of the PIXE work was to determine if the ink of the signature and the 1548 numbers was the same ink compares to others figures in the Codex.


Characterization of mercury gilding art objects by external proton beam

V. Corregidor1,2, L.C. Alves1,2, N.P. Barradas1,2, M.A. Reis1,3, M.T. Marques4,5, J. A. Ribeiro4,5

1Unidade de Física e Aceleradores, LFI, ITN, E.N.10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal 2CFNUL, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 2 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal 3CFAUL, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 2 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal

4Casa-Museu Anastácio Gonçalves, Av. 5 de Outubro, 6-8 1050-055 Lisboa, Portugal 5IMC, Palácio Nacional da Ajuda, 1349 – 021 Lisboa, Portugal

The fire gilding method is one of the methods used by the ancient goldsmiths to obtain a rich, metallic glow and durable golden appearance in ornamental objects. This layer is characterized, among others, by its thickness (normally more than 5 µm), a diffusion profile due to the high temperatures achieved during the process and a Hg content (between 0–21 wt%). The fire gilding method consisted in depositing an amalgam of gold and mercury on the surface to be gilded and then volatilizing the mercury by heat application to leave the gold alloyed to the surface of the metal. According to the temperatures achieved during the process and the phase diagram Au-Hg, different Hg content can be found on the gold layer (called α-gold). Gilded sacred art objects dated from the XVI to the XVIII centuries, belonging to the Casa-Museu Anastácio Gonçalves Collection (Lisbon) were analysed using the external ion microprobe at Nuclear and Technological Institute, Lisbon (Portugal), Figure 1. Due to the diffusion profile considering the objects as multilayered samples with some elements present in several layers at different concentrations, the traditional GUPIX software can not be easily used. For the challenge of data analysis the NDF9.2 [1] including the open source LibCPIXE [2] library capabilities were used. The RBS and PIXE spectra from the same point were collected simultaneously during the experiences and later analyzed together in order to find self-consistent solutions. Preliminary analysis showed different Hg/Au contents in the objects, probably due to the different gilding workshops. Variation of Cu, Sn and Zn contents were also observed related with the casting, as well as a variety of impurities (Figure 2). The obtained results will be presented and discussed.

Figure 1. Experimental setup at ITN (Reliquary CMAG 1194 Collection); 1. X-ray detector; 2. camera; 3. beam extraction; 4. RBS detector with He atmosphere.

Figure 2. One of recorded PIXE spectra .

References [1] N.P. Barradas, C. Jeynes, R.P. Webb, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 (1997) 293 [2] C.Pascual-Izarra, N.P. Barradas, M.A. Reis, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. B 249 (2006) 820

1

3 2

4


Late European bronze artefacts studied by PIXE

P.C. Gutiérrez Neira1, A. Zucchiatti1, I. Montero2, R. Vilaça3, C. Bottaini3, and A. Climent-Font1,4 1CMAM, University Autónoma Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.

2CCHS-CSIC, Albasanz 26-28, E 28037 Madrid, Spain. [email protected] 3University of Coimbra, Largo da Porta Férrea, 3000-447 Coimbra, Portugal.

4Dep. Applied Physics, University Autónoma Madrid, Campus Cantobalanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain, The sites of metallic objects belonging to the late European bronze period can be interpreted differently depending on the nature and composition of the artefacts. Thus, a homogeneous set of objects will generally indicate a votive offer while a heterogeneous set will indicate that the site is the resulted of an accumulation of objects. PIXE analysis has been done in nine items from the site of Freixanda in Portugal belonging to the late bronze period, comprising four socket axes, a palstave axe, a ring, a chisel, a dagger, and remains of casting. Besides the composition of the main matrix elements, that is Cu and Sn, the amount of trace elements of interest like, As and Ag has been determined with the ion beam technique.


A painting studied with integrated PIXE and image analysis

E. Kajiya1, M. A. Rizzutto2, V. Pagliaro2, S.I. Finazzo2, P. R. Pascholati2 1Mattos & Kajiya Ltda, Conservação e Restauro, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, [email protected]

2Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, [email protected]

The chemical and physical non-destructive analyses are increasingly used in scientific studies of characterization and investigations of art and archaeological objects. The research on the cultural heritage objects need details inspection and several diagnostic techniques are being widely used to characterize those objects giving different and complementary results. The carefully inspection can give an accurate diagnoses of the type of materials used by the artist, as well as their techniques applied in the creation of objects. Knowing the composition of materials and technology used in the manufacture of cultural heritage objects, it is possible to develop means and methods to better conservation of the work [1]. The present work deals with some image inspection analysis integrated with elementary PIXE characterization. The diagnostic imaging used different wavelengths bands as near-infrared reflectography (NIR), fluorescence of ultraviolet radiation (UV), light tangential and visible light. The elemental analysis was realized with atomic-nuclear technique PIXE, which gives information of the chemical elements present in the pigments used in the canvas painting. These integrated techniques make available a powerful process for mapping hidden features, alterations performed and element characterization in an oil painting on canvas of 40 x 76 cm, named “Landing and Combat” of the XIX century, belonging to the Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo collection (RM0139). The image data with IR provided underlying drawings carried out by the artist, the light grazing bring out all the roughness of the surface, deformations and also reveal the way of painting of the artist. The image with ultraviolet radiation possibility observe mainly the regions of touches and cracks in polychrome, moreover, it was possible see clearly the areas of restoration interventions and the region with the original pigment. The PIXE measurements in the blue color have elements as Pb, Hg, Fe and Cu. The high quantity of Cu in this point, in comparison with the other blue shades, suggest the pigment Azurite (2CuCO3.Cu (OH)2). The presence of this pigment helps to confirm the expected date of this work, which is the nineteenth century since this pigment had been used since the antiquity until the XIX century. References [1] D.I Tellechea, “Pintura en restauro”. São Paulo: Instituto Domingo Tellechea, 1998. v.2. [2] J.M. P. Cabral, “Exame científico de pinturas de cavalete” Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.

<http://zircon.dcsa.fct.unl.pt/dspace/handle/123456789/214>.


Non-destructive analysis of a Belgian Tratatum of the 17th century

H. Calvo del Castillo1, A. Cervera-Xicotencatl1, F.P. Hocquet1, S. Fievet1,2, F. Mathis1, C. Oger1,2, B. Gilbert3, D. Strivay1

1Centre Européen d’Archéométrie – I.P.N.A.S, Université de Liége, Allée 6 Août, Bât. B15, Sart Tilman 4000-Liège, Belgium, [email protected]

2Bibliothéque générale de Philosophie et Lettres, Université de Liège, Place Cockerill 1, 4000-Liège, Belgium

3Chimie analytique et électrochimie, Université de Liège, Allée de la Chimie, Bât. B6, Sart Tilman 4000-Liége, Belgium

The Tractatus Primus, Secundus, Tertius Instrumentorum Mechanicorum Levini Hulsii, is a 17th century book consisting of a black-ink printed text and detailed hand-coloured engravers of different sizes. Though its state of conservation can be described as good, some green pigments applied to the drawings have apparently caused the appearance of some brownish degradation stains on adjacent pages, which are the main concern for the restorer (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Image of a couple of pages of the Tractatus. On the left page we can see a painted engraver. On the right page, dark stains appear when in contact with the green pigments. An inter-living has been placed in order to stop further degradation of the paper. We have been provided with some pages appertaining to the different parts of the treaty in order to determine the origin of the above-mentioned stains as well as to characterise the palette used on the engravers. For this purpose, visual and microscope inspection has been done and Colorimetry, PIXE and micro-Raman analysis have followed. In this paper we present the results of this study, highlighting the importance of the use of non-invasive complimentary techniques as a compulsory procedure to study Cultural Heritage artefacts, stressing the fact that none of the techniques applied can work without the critical eye of the expert in order to yield pertinent results.


Development of a µ-PIXE system using tapered glass capillary optics

J. Hasegawa, S. Jaiyen, and Y. Oguri RLNR, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, [email protected]

The tapered glass capillary has been attracting much attention as a compact beam-focusing optics for MeV ions [1]. By adopting it to micro beam production, we developed a compact µ-PIXE system for two-dimensional elemental mapping of small samples. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the system and compare it with conventional µ-PIXE systems. Figure 1 shows a setup of µ-PIXE analysis in our system. A tapered glass capillary with an outlet diameter of 10-20 µm is located at the end of the beam line. Samples are mounted 1-2 mm downstream from the capillary tip and irradiated by 2-MeV proton micro beam. Two-dimensional scanning of the sample is realized by controlling the two-axis motorized stage that supports the sample holder. X-rays emitted from the sample are detected by a Si-PIN X-ray detector located at 135º. To evaluate the system performance, MeV-proton transport in the tapered glass capillary was examined under various capillary conditions. From the energy spectra of the protons, we revealed that the micro beam generated by the capillary consists of two components, core and halo. The core component had an almost monochromatic energy spectrum and a small divergence angle of several milliradians, showing that it contains mainly the protons passing through the capillary without interactions. On the other hand, the energy spectrum of the halo component was relatively broad and its spatial distribution had a hollow structure. This result indicates that the halo component is composed from protons scattered by the capillary inner wall and the beam-focusing ability of the tapered glass capillary is due mainly to this component. To examine the transport mechanism of the halo particles in the capillary, numerical simulations using an original Monte-Carlo code was also performed. The simulations well reproduced the experimental results. Based on these experimental and numerical investigations, we discuss the potential of the µ-PIXE system using the tapered glass capillary optics.

Figure 1: A setup for µ-PIXE analysis. References [1] J. Hasegawa, S. Shiba, H. Fukuda, and Y. Oguri, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266 (2008) 2125-2129.


Analyses of U and Pu K-lines induced in radioactive particles by PIXE

M.C. Jiménez-Ramos 1,2, J. García López 1,2, I. Ortega-Feliu 1,2, R. García-Tenorio1,2 1Centro Nacional de Aceleradores, Av. Thomas A. Edison, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain,

[email protected] 2 Applied Nuclear Physics Research Group, University of Seville, Avda. Reina Mercedes, 2, 41012-

Sevilla, Spain

More than 40 years ago, owing to the occurrence of an aircraft accident which involved the destruction of two nuclear weapons in the surroundings of the village of Palomares (Spain), transuranic contamination was released. A significant portion of the remaining contamination is present in the form of high activity concentration particles, also called “hot particles”. In previous works, radioactive particles from Palomares area have been studied with the 3 MV Tandem accelerator of the National Accelerator Centre (CNA) in Seville. By Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), the L-lines of the main components in the particle, U and Pu, were analyzed, using 3 MeV protons with a SiLi detector [1]. However, the K-lines spectra are better to measure elemental ratios and concentration of transuranic elements, as there is not overlapping between the main peaks. In this work different experiments have been carried out to induce U and Pu K-lines in hot particles by PIXE. The main idea was to use higher energy protons to increase the K-lines X-ray production cross section together with a LEGe detector with high efficiency in the 100 keV energy range. Analyses with 6 MeV protons have been performed with the 3 MV Tandem aforementioned, and measurements with 18 MeV protons have been done with the Cyclone 18/9 cyclotron system. The experiments with the cyclotron have been carried out in a new external beam recently installed. The advantages and drawbacks of both energies in terms of produced K-line yields and gamma-ray background will be discussed. References [1] J. García López, M.C. Jiménez-Ramos, M. García-León and R. García-Tenorio, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B

260 (2007) 343.


Chemical speciation of chlorine in particulate matter by wavelength-dispersive PIXE technique

S. Wonglee, T. Tada*, H. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa and Y. Oguri

Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-N1-14, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan

[email protected] *Present address: Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University,

Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan Chemical speciation of chlorine in particulate matter was performed by using a wavelength-dispersive PIXE spectrograph [1] based on high-resolution measurement of Cl-Kβ emission. Samples of atmospheric dust as well as particles emitted from burning of chlorine compounds were collected by filtration and impaction techniques. Glass microfiber filters were used for the filtration method. Aluminum foils were applied as substrates for the impaction sampler. The experimental setup has so far been tested using standard samples of NaCl with low concentrations down to 1000 ppm. To prepare these standard samples, NaCl reagent was mixed and diluted with cellulose powder and pressed to a pellet with a diameter of 10 mm. The target position was precisely adjusted by a 2D laser displacement sensor to achieve high detection efficiency [2]. These samples were irradiated with 2-MeV protons from a tandem electrostatic accelerator. The beam current was 300 nA. The proton dose was 0.1 µC for the measurement of each spectrum. During the irradiation, the target was cooled with liquid nitrogen to avoid the evaporation of chlorine. The measured spectra clearly showed Cl-Kβ X-ray lines composed of the Kβ diagram line, Kβx satellite line, and Kβ5 satellite line. From the measured X-ray yields, we found that the minimum chlorine concentration needed for the chemical speciation was about 1000 ppm, which is comparable to chlorine concentrations in the fine fraction of atmospheric particulate matter [3]. Applicability of the above method to the chemical speciation of low-concentration chlorine in actual environmental samples is discussed. References [1] J. Hasegawa, T. Tada, Y. Oguri, M. Hayashi, T. Toriyama, T. Kawabata, and K. Masai, Rev. Sci. Instrum.

78 (2007) 073105. [2] S. Wonglee, T. Tada, H. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa and Y. Oguri, submitted to Intern. J. PIXE, 2010. [3] Y. Oguri, T. Yamashita, A. Ebihara, N. Kanbe and J. Hasegawa, Intern. J. PIXE, 10, (2000) 127.


PIXE identification of fine and coarse particles of aerosol samples from Beirut

M. Roumié1, N. Saliba2, B. Nsouli1, M. Noun1

1Accelerator Laboratory, Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission, National Council for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 11-8281, Beirut, Lebanon, [email protected]

2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

The Mediterranean basin is considered one of the most controversial regions for aerosol transportation due to its location at the intersection of air masses circulating among the three continents. It is obvious from the few studies conducted in the Eastern Mediterranean region that Particulate Matter (PM) levels are much higher than in other regions, even when compared to the Western Mediterranean. High PM background levels in most Eastern Mediterranean cities could be attributed to several factors, among them the lack of rules and regulations concerning PM levels. This study is the first national attempt to assess the levels of PMs in Beirut city and consequently to understand air pollution distribution. Three PM samplers were installed at three locations lying along the North-Eastern direction over Beirut. The sampling of PM10-2.5 and PM2.5 was done during a period extending from 30 October 2009 till 19 December 2010. The collection of the particles was carried out on Teflon filters, for a 24-hour basis and 6 days a week. The characterization of the elemental content of the two fraction mode, fine and coarse particles, were analyzed using proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE). This later has proven to be a very powerful tool for the compositional analysis of atmospheric aerosols, which was one of the early and most successful applications of PIXE [1]. The use of 75 µm of Kapton filter, as x-ray absorber, with a 3 MeV proton beam delivered by the 1.7 MV Tandem-Pelletron accelerator of the LAEC facility, allowed the simultaneous determination of S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb. However, the use of 1 MeV proton beam allowed the determination of Na, Mg, Al, Si and P. References [1] S.A.E. Johansson, J.L. Campbell, K.G. Malmqvist, Particle-Induced X-ray Emission Spectrometry, John

Wiley & Sons (1995).

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Field measurement system for CYCHU-10 cyclotron magnet

J. Yang1, K. Liu1, B. Qin1, K. Liu1, D. Li1, Y. Xiong1, T. Yu1 1Huazhong University of Science and Technology, [email protected]

A 10MeV H- compact cyclotron (CYCHU-10) is under construction in Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST). A magnetic field measurement system for the cyclotron magnet has been developed. The measurement system bases on a Hall probe and a granite x-y stage. Unlike the traditional polar system, Cartesian mapping will be adopted. The motion control and data acquisition system for the magnetic field measurement consists of Group3 DTM151 Teslameter and MPT141 Hall probe, Panasonic servomotors, a motion control card, Renishaw optical linear encoder systems and an industrial PC. The magnetic field will be automatically scanned by this apparatus.

Figure 1: Concise view of the magnetic field measurement system. a: the alignment support; b: the reference plane; c: x-axis plane; d: y-axis plane; e: Hall probe carrier; f: supporting rod; g: Hall probe; h: y-axis motor; i: y-axis ball screw; j: y-axis guide rail; k: x-axis motor; l: x-axis ball screw; m: x-axis guide rail. There measured field data in Cartesian coordinates will be converted into the field data in the polar coordinates for the equilibrium orbit calculation. A 2-D interpolation program has been developed to process the magnetic measurement data. Based on the magnetic measurement, an iteration method will be used for isochronous and harmonics field shimming. After the adjustment of the cyclotron magnetic field, the quality of the field will be acceptable and ensure the cyclotron runs well. References [1] B. Qin, J. Yang, et al., “Main Magnet and Central Region Design for a 10 MeV PET cyclotron CYCHU-

10”, Proceeding of Particle Accelerator Conference, Canada, 2009, in process [2] K.H. Park, et al., “Field mapping system for cyclotron magnet”, Nuclear Instrument and methods in

Physics Research A, 545 (2005) 533-541 [3] M. Fan, et al., “Measurement and adjustment of CIAE medical cyclotron magnet”, Proceeding of the

Particle Accelerator Conference, 1993, 2841-2843 [4] A. Papash, T. Zhang. “Field Shimming of Commercial Cyclotrons”, Proceeding of 17th International

Conference on Cyclotrons and Their Applications, 2004, Tokyo, Japan.


Fabrication of polymer with the three-dimensional structure by ion beam graft polymerization method

A. Taniike, Y. Furuyama, A. Kitamura

Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe Univ., 5-1-1 Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan

[email protected] We find many kinds of industrial products made of graft polymers everywhere; for example, a deodrizer, a paper diaper, and so on. Adsorbent which can recover rare metals dissolved in environmental water is also a product using radiation graft polymerization method. Generally, electron beams are utilized for this method. In our laboratory, we carry out radiation graft polymerization with ion beams. Because ions have large LET compared with electrons at the same energy, stopping range of the ions at 1 MeV, for example, in a polymer substrate is as small as several ten µm. When a substrate is irradiated with the ion beam, radicals are generated in the near-surface region around the range. After graft polymerization graft chains are then expected to be localized in the near-surface region. Ion beams were generated by the tandem accelerator (model 5SDH-2, NEC) at Kobe University. A high density polyethylene film (sample) was set at a target holder in a vacuum chamber, and irradiated with H+ beams, at energy of several hundred keV. In irradiation another polyethylene film with holes (mask) was covered the sample, as shown in figure 1(a). Ions through the mask holes generated radicals in the near-surface region of the sample. After irradiation the sample was taken out from the vacuum chamber, and immersed in monomer solution, e.g. acrylic acid, to become a sample grafted by new polymer chains. In the present paper, we propose a method to fabricate polymers having three-dimensional structure of graft chains; multiple ion beam graft polymerization (IBGP). We have demonstrated production of a polymer film with three-dimensional structure, as shown in figure 1(b), by repeated application of the above procedure. Although the polymer has single adsorbent property at present, by using some monomer solutions with different functional bases, production of high-performance three-dimensional polymers with complex functions would be possible.

(a) Irradiation (b) After multiple IBGP

Figure 1: Multiple graft polymerization for fabrication of 3D polymers. Figure 1(a) shows ion beam irradiation of a sample PE film covered with mask PE film, and 1(b) shows cross sectional view of a 3D polymer film after multiple IBGP.

H+

mask

sample

multiple ion beam graft polymerization


Beam intensity upgrade of a synchrotron for heavy ion therapy

T. Shirai1, T. Furukawa1, Y. Iwata1, K. Noda1, K. Mizushima2, C. Sekine2, T. Fujimoto3 1National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan, [email protected]

2Chiba University, Chiba, Japan 3Accelerator Engineering Co., Chiba, Japan

For a heavy ion therapy, an increase of the beam intensity is required from two reasons. One is a requirement from a scanning irradiation. Because the beam utilizing efficiency of the scanning irradiation is high, one treatment can be finished with only one injection, if the beam intensity can be increase by a few times. It leads to the reduction of the treatment time and the improvement of the uniformity of the dose distribution. The second reason is a recent development of a compact accelerator for the heavy ion therapy. Because the stored beam intensity is proportional to the ring circumference, an increase of the beam intensity is required for a compact synchrotron. We have carried out the tune survey at HIMAC synchrotron and measured the correlation between the beam intensity, the beam profile and the betatron tune. It was found that the major reason of the beam intensity limitation is an incoherent space charge tune shift. The second and third order coupling resonances play the major roles in the process of the beam loss and the beam profile distortion. The optimization of the betatron tune was effective to increase of beam intensity. The correction of the coupling resonance was also effective. We confirmed the effect of the resonance correction for the third order coupling resonance.


Spreading of heavy ion beam with dual-ring double scattering method

T. Himukai1, T. Furukawa1, E. Takeshita1 , T. Inaniwa1, K. Mizushima1, K. Katagiri1 and Y. Takada2

1National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan, [email protected] 2Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba

A beam wobbling method [1] for heavy ion beam spreading has been used to form a flat field in the biological beam line at HIMAC. There arises a need for forming a large flat radiation field for physical and biological experiments in physical beam line in which the wobbling system is not installed. A simple method is required to satisfy the need. A dual-ring double scattering method has been used for proton therapy [2]. The system consists of the 1st scatterer and 2nd dual-ring scatterer. We can form the flat field easily by placing only two scatterers in the beam line. Then we have developed a carbon-ion beam spreading system using the dual-ring double scattering method. We have verified flatness of the radiation field with measurements. Energy loss of the carbon beam was found to be much larger than that with the beam wobbling method since more scattering power was required for the double scattering system. References [1] T. Kanai et al, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 44(1999) 201 [2] Y. Takada, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33(1994) 353

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The characteristics of the beam injection system

in an electron linac

N. Bălţăţeanu1, A. Gheorghiu1, M. Jurba2, E. Popescu2

1Hyperion University and Hyperion Research and Development Institute Bucharest, 169 Calea Călăraşilor, Bucharest 3, CP 030615, Romania

2 Electro Optic Components SRL, 171A Atomiştilor (Ilfov), Bucharest, CP 077125, Romania This paper presents the main electrical and optoelectronic characteristics of an electron beam injection system used for injecting and focusing electron beam into an acceleration structure of a 10 MeV linear electron accelerator. The beam injection system consists of a Pierce convergent diode type electron gun and a thin axially symmetric magnetic lens, which provides an electron beam with the following parameters:

• Electron injection energy: 80 keV • Pulse current: 1 A • Pulse duration: 2.5 µs • Pulse repetition rate: 100-300 Hz

The perveance and the efficiency coefficient were optimized by the analogical resistors network. For experimental investigations of the beam density distribution in a cross-section a simple and fast method was applied. This type of an injection system was used in the linear electron accelerators: ALIN-3 MeV, ALIN-10 MeV and ALID-8 MeV, constructed at NILPRP, Bucharest, ROMANIA.


Mixing of Cr and Si atoms induced by noble gas ions irradiation of Cr/Si

bilayers

S. Tobbeche1,*, A. Boukhari1, R. Khalfaoui2, A. Amokrane3,4, C. Benazzouz5, A. Guittoum5

1 Faculté des sciences, Université El-Hadj Lakhdar, Batna 05000, Algeria 2 Faculté des sciences, Université M. Bougara, Boumerdès 35000, Algeria

3 Faculté de Physique, USTHB, B. P. 32 El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar 16111, Algeria 4 Ecole Nationale Préparatoire aux Etudes d’Ingéniorat, Route Nationale, Rouiba, Algeria

5 Centre de recherche nucléaire d'Alger, 02, Boulevard Frantz Fanon, B.P.399 Alger-Gare, Algeria

Cr/Si bilayers were irradiated at room temperature with 120 keV Ar, 140 keV Kr and 350 keV Xe ions to fluences ranging from 1015 to 2x1016 ions/cm2. The thickness of Cr layer evaporated on Si substrate was about 400 Å. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is used to investigate the atomic mixing induced at the Cr-Si interface as function of the incident ion mass and fluence. We observed that for the samples irradiated with Ar ions, RBS yields from both Cr layer and Si substrate are the same as before the irradiation. There is no mixing of Cr and Si atoms, even at the fluence of 2x1016 ions/cm2. For the samples irradiated with Kr ions, a slight broadening of the Cr and Si interfacial edges is produced from the fluence of 5x1015 ions/cm2. The broadening of the Cr and Si interfacial edges is more pronounced with Xe ions particularly to the fluence of 1016 ions/cm2. The interface broadening was found to depend linearly on the ion fluence and suggests that the mixing is like a diffusion controlled process. The experimental mixing rates are determined and compared to values predicted by ballistic and thermal spike models. Our experimental data are well reproduced by the thermal spikes model.



AUTHOR INDEX



A

Abriola D. ∙ 17, 131

Abs M. ∙ 63

Adam Rebeles R. ∙ 92

Added N. ∙ 40

Adelmann A. ∙ 165

Agarwal A. ∙ 141

Ager F. J. ∙ 118

Akhmadaliev Sh. ∙ 66

Alegria F. ∙ 156

Almeida A. de ∙ 90

Aloupi‐Siotis L. ∙ 15

Alram M. ∙ 38

Altarelli M. ∙ 31

Alvarez‐Iglesias P. ∙ 169, 170

Alves E. ∙ 101, 102, 156 L. C. ∙ 202

Ammi H. ∙ 129

Amokrane A. ∙ 140, 217

An Sh. ∙ 163, 164, 165,

167 Andrade

E. ∙ 27, 125, 191, 201

Andrianis M. ∙ 15, 33

Andrzejewski R. ∙ 24

Aoki T. ∙ 49

Arnold M. ∙ 178

Arstila K. ∙ 26

Arvanitidis J. ∙ 195

Ashley S. F. ∙ 15

Assmann W. ∙ 61, 184

Aumaître

G. ∙ 178 Axiotis

M. ∙ 15, 19 Ayzatskiy

N. I. ∙ 149

B

Baba M. ∙ 93, 94, 187

Bader M. ∙ 184

Bailey M. J. ∙ 22, 101, 102

Balanzat E. ∙ 57

Bălțățeanu N. ∙ 216

Barbosa M. D. L. ∙ 40

Bardelli L. ∙ 103

Bárdossy G. ∙ 199

Barradas N. P. ∙ 17, 101, 102,

109, 202 Barrera

M. ∙ 113 Becagli

S. ∙ 105 Beck

L. ∙ 35 Beckhoff

B. ∙ 32, 33 Bejjani

A. ∙ 41 Beltrán‐Hernández

R. I. ∙ 27 Benazzouz

C. ∙ 217 Benzeggouta

D. ∙ 101 Berec

V. ∙ 121 Bergmaier

A. ∙ 61, 101 Bhoraskar

V. N. ∙ 100 Biswas

D. C. ∙ 129 Blaum

K. ∙ 64 Bogdanovic‐Radovic

I. ∙ 17, 56, 91, 101 Bol

J.‐L. ∙ 63 Bols

S. ∙ 36 Bonanni

L. ∙ 86, 105

P. ∙ 103 Bordas

E. ∙ 62 Borka

D. ∙ 121 Bosherini

F. ∙ 196 Botelho

M. L. ∙ 109 Bottaini

C. ∙ 203 Boudra

N. ∙ 140 Boukhari

A. ∙ 217 Bourlès

D. ∙ 178 Braucher

R. ∙ 178 Bräuning

A. ∙ 182 Briand

E. ∙ 101 Brijs

B. ∙ 26, 101, 102 Budak

S. ∙ 60, 83, 97, 104, 137

Burchardt I. ∙ 182

Burton J. R. ∙ 72, 179

C

Caccia M. ∙ 153

Caciolli A. ∙ 86

Čadež I. ∙ 138

Caforio L. ∙ 73, 169, 170

Cai Y. ∙ 167

Calcagnile L. ∙ 77, 122, 171,

172, 173 Calvo del Castillo

H. ∙ 205 Calzolai

G. ∙ 39, 86, 105 Capano

M. ∙ 75 Caramia

A. ∙ 171, 172, 173 Carlile

C. J. ∙ 53 Carlsson

P. ∙ 53 Carraresi

L. ∙ 73, 103 Cassimi

A. ∙ 57 Cereceda

F. ∙ 74 Cervera‐Xicotencatl

A. ∙ 205 Châabane

N. ∙ 62 Chacha

J. ∙ 83, 104, 137 Chamizo

E. ∙ 74 Chatzitheodoridis

E. ∙ 111 Chau

L. P. ∙ 54 Chavan

S. T. ∙ 96 Chaves

F. ∙ 118 Chekirine

M. ∙ 129 Chen

G. S. ∙ 193 Y. Z. ∙ 126

Chêne G. ∙ 34, 36, 151

Cheng Y. C. ∙ 193

Chhay B. ∙ 60

Chiari M. ∙ 17, 39, 86, 105

Cho I. C. ∙ 106

Choudhury R. K. ∙ 129

Christl M. ∙ 181

Ciceri G. ∙ 77

Clar M. ∙ 151

Climent‐Font A. ∙ 59, 86, 112, 113,

203 Cloots

R. ∙ 117 Coimbra

R. ∙ 169 Colonna

N. ∙ 55 Colson

P. ∙ 117 Constantinou

Ch. ∙ 128 Corniani

E. ∙ 107 Corregidor

V. ∙ 202 Cruz

J. ∙ 108, 125

222 Book of Abstracts Cui

T. ∙ 167 Cultrera

L. ∙ 194

D

D’Elia M. ∙ 77, 122, 171,

172, 173 D’Onofrio

A. ∙ 174 Dahiwale

S. ∙ 100 Dararutana

P. ∙ 210 Darragon

F. ∙ 182 De Cesare

M. ∙ 174 N. ∙ 174

Delhalle R. ∙ 117

Dellinger F. ∙ 71

Demetriou P. ∙ 15

Dewald A. ∙ 78

Dewalque J. ∙ 117

Dhole S. D. ∙ 96, 100

Diakaki M. ∙ 128

Dikiy N. P. ∙ 149

Ditrói F. ∙ 93, 94, 107, 187

Döbeli M. ∙ 67, 119

Dovbnya A. N. ∙ 149

Dubreuil O. ∙ 117

Dupuis T. ∙ 34, 36, 151

E

Eckstein W. ∙ 20

Elliman R. ∙ 57, 102

Escudero C. ∙ 113

F

Fabrim

Z. E. ∙ 25 Fadel

E. ∙ 41 Fanourakis

G. ∙ 15 Fasano

V. ∙ 194 Fedi

M. E. ∙ 73, 169, 170 Fellenberger

F. ∙ 64 Fichtner

P. F. P. ∙ 25 Fievet

S. ∙ 205 Finazzo

S. I. ∙ 204 Fleming

M. I. D'A. ∙ 40 Fonseca

M. ∙ 108, 109 Forstner

O. ∙ 71, 175, 177 Forton

E. ∙ 63 Foteinou

V. ∙ 15, 19, 87, 89 Froese

M. ∙ 64 Fujimoto

T. ∙ 152, 186, 213 Fujita

H. ∙ 26 Fukuda

H. ∙ 208 Furukawa

T. ∙ 154, 158, 186, 188, 213, 214, 215

Furuyama Y. ∙ 110, 212

G

Gaballo V. ∙ 172, 173

Galaviz D. ∙ 108

Gamaletsos P. ∙ 199

García López J. ∙ 207

García‐León M. ∙ 74

García‐Tenorio R. ∙ 207

Garnir H. P. ∙ 34, 36 H.‐P. ∙ 151

Garraffo S. ∙ 37

Geets J.‐M. ∙ 63

Geralis Th. ∙ 15

Gheorghiu A. ∙ 216

Gialanella L. ∙ 174

Gierl S. ∙ 182

Gihwala D. ∙ 116

Gilbert B. ∙ 205

Gnaser H. ∙ 175

Godelitsas A. ∙ 111, 198, 199

Golser R. ∙ 71, 175, 177

Gómez‐Tubío B. ∙ 118

Gotoh Y. ∙ 99

Gottdang A. ∙ 78

Göttlicher J. ∙ 198, 199

Grande P. L. ∙ 25, 127

Grassi N. ∙ 103

Greene J. ∙ 136

Grieser M. ∙ 64

Grlj N. ∙ 138

Guan F. ∙ 167 Y. ∙ 174

Guerra M. ∙ 38

Guillou T. ∙ 35

Guittoum A. ∙ 217

Gurbich A. F. ∙ 17, 18

Gutiérrez C. ∙ 113

Gutiérrez Neira P. C. ∙ 203

Gutiérrez‐Neira P. C. ∙ 112

H

Hadjidimitriou A. ∙ 98

Hahn R. von ∙ 64

Hanna S. M. ∙ 47

Hanstorp

D. ∙ 175 Harissopulos

S. ∙ 15, 19, 87, 89 Hasegawa

J. ∙ 206, 208 Hattori

T. ∙ 160 Hayano

H. ∙ 159 Hayashizaki

N. ∙ 160 Heidary

K. ∙ 83, 104, 137 Heilmann

M. ∙ 54 Heinze

S. ∙ 78 Hejja

I. ∙ 183 Heller

R. ∙ 66 Henrist

C. ∙ 117 Hermanne

A. ∙ 92, 93, 94, 187 Hernandez‐Pavón

I. ∙ 191 Heuskin

A.‐C. ∙ 50, 153 Himukai

T. ∙ 188, 214 Hippler

R. ∙ 23 Hirose

M. ∙ 120, 123 Hnatowicz

V. ∙ 58, 100 Hocquet

F. P. ∙ 205 Holland

L. R. ∙ 60 Hsiao

Ch.‐Y. ∙ 190 Hsieh

B.‐T. ∙ 189 Hsu

C. H. ∙ 106 Ch.‐H. ∙ 190 J. Y. ∙ 114

Hu W. ∙ 167

Huang J. W. ∙ 114 R. T. ∙ 114 T.‐Ch. ∙ 190, 192

Huszank R. ∙ 15, 139

I

Ibarra‐Palos A. ∙ 125

Ignatyuk


A. ∙ 92, 93, 94, 187 Ila

D. ∙ 60, 97, 104, 137, 185

Imai K. ∙ 120

Inaniwa T. ∙ 188, 214, 215

Inoue H. ∙ 45

Isaac K. ∙ 27

Isaac‐Olivé K. ∙ 191

Ishida T. ∙ 26

Ishikawa J. ∙ 99

Ismet‐Gurhan S. ∙ 185

Iwata Y. ∙ 152, 154, 186,

213, 215

J

Jabbar T. ∙ 176

Jaiyen S. ∙ 206

Jaksic M. ∙ 56, 91, 161

Jech M. ∙ 107

Jesus A. P. ∙ 108, 109

Jeynes C. ∙ 17, 57, 101, 102

Jezeršek D. ∙ 138

Ji B. ∙ 164, 167

Jia X. ∙ 164, 167

Jiang X. ∙ 162, 168

Jiménez‐Ramos M. C. ∙ 207

Johnson R. B. ∙ 83, 104, 137

Joho W. ∙ 165

Jones B. ∙ 22

Jongen Y. ∙ 63

Junphong P. ∙ 200

Jurba M. ∙ 216

K

Kadowaki T. ∙ 186

Kafkarkou A. ∙ 88

Kajiya E. ∙ 204

Kamwanna T. ∙ 210

Kanazawa M. ∙ 152, 215

Kandler N. ∙ 176

Kanjilal D. ∙ 141

Kantarelou V. ∙ 15

Karim A. A. ∙ 22

Karlušić M. ∙ 161

Karydas A. G. ∙ 15, 33

Kashiwagi H. ∙ 160 S. ∙ 159

Katagiri K. ∙ 154, 158, 214

Katsikini M. ∙ 195, 196, 197

Kavčič M. ∙ 138

Kawasaki S. ∙ 45

Keinonen J. ∙ 76

Khalfaoui R. ∙ 217

Király B. ∙ 93, 94, 187

Kitamura A. ∙ 110, 212

Kleeven W. ∙ 63

Klein M. ∙ 78

Klemme S. ∙ 199

Kobayashi T. ∙ 24

Kochur A. G. ∙ 33

Koike M. ∙ 155

Kojima H. ∙ 99

Kokkoris M. ∙ 17, 19, 87, 88,

89, 111, 128 Kolbe

M. ∙ 33 Kolitsch

A. ∙ 66 Komatsu

K. ∙ 120 Konstantinopoulos

Th. ∙ 15, 19, 87, 89 Kotrotsou

A. ∙ 128 Krantz

C. ∙ 64 Kretschmer

W. ∙ 182 Krishnan

R. ∙ 96 Krupinski

R. ∙ 23 Kuroda

R. ∙ 155, 159 Kutschera

W. ∙ 71, 177 Kuwahara

Y. ∙ 24

L

Lachner J. ∙ 181

Lagoyannis A. ∙ 15, 19, 33, 87,

88, 89, 98, 128 Laitinen

M. ∙ 26 Lama

L.S. del ∙ 90 Lambrou

M. ∙ 128 Lange

M. ∙ 64 Laux

F. ∙ 64 Lavrentiev

V. ∙ 58 Lee

H. T. ∙ 115 H. Y. ∙ 193

Leichmann K. ∙ 182

Leray S. ∙ 16

Li D. ∙ 211 M. ∙ 162, 163, 164,

165, 167 Z. ∙ 167 Zh. ∙ 65

Liang J. H. ∙ 126 J.‐A. ∙ 190, 192

Lima S. C. ∙ 40

Lin C. M. ∙ 126 J. ∙ 162, 167

Lindroos

M. ∙ 53 Liu

K. ∙ 211 Y.‐L. ∙ 189

Loizou V. ∙ 128

Longoria L. C. ∙ 27

Longworth B. ∙ 183

Lopes J. ∙ 156

Lopez C. ∙ 27

Lorenz K. ∙ 109

Lorusso A. ∙ 194

Loveland W. D. ∙ 136

Lowery B. ∙ 83, 137

Lu Y. ∙ 162, 167

Lucarelli F. ∙ 39, 86, 105

Lucas S. ∙ 50, 153

Luce F. P. ∙ 25

Lucho‐Constantino C. A. ∙ 27

Lucio O. de ∙ 201 O. G. de ∙ 125

Luís H. ∙ 108, 109

Lyashko Yu. V. ∙ 149

M

Mahmoud R. ∙ 41

Majid A. ∙ 130

Makino S. ∙ 120

Mallepell M. ∙ 67, 119

Mandò P. A. ∙ 73, 103

Manetti M. ∙ 73, 170

Manso‐Silván M. ∙ 59

Mara E. ∙ 128

Marchal A. ∙ 34, 36, 151

Markelj S. ∙ 138

Markina


E. ∙ 115 Marques

M. T. ∙ 202 Mars

J. A. ∙ 116 Martin

H. ∙ 62 Martínez

M. A. ∙ 191 Martínez‐Carrillo

M. A. ∙ 27 Martín‐Marero

D. ∙ 59 Martinotti

V. ∙ 77 Martín‐Palma

R. J. ∙ 59 Martschini

M. ∙ 71, 175, 177 Maruccio

L. ∙ 122, 171 Maruyama

T. ∙ 160 Marzaioli

F. ∙ 75 Masubuchi

S. ∙ 157 Masuda

A. ∙ 159 Mathis

F. ∙ 34, 36, 117, 151, 205

Matsumoto H. ∙ 120, 123

Matsuo J. ∙ 49

Mayer M. ∙ 17, 20, 115

McIntyre C. P. ∙ 72, 179

Medeiros‐Romao L. ∙ 63

Meister D. ∙ 181

Melcher M. ∙ 38

Mello C. B. ∙ 83, 132, 133

Melo R. ∙ 109

Menk S. ∙ 64

Merchel S. ∙ 66, 178

Mertzimekis T. J. ∙ 15, 19, 198,

199 Meusel

O. ∙ 54 Michiels

C. ∙ 50, 153 Migliori

A. ∙ 103 Minamisawa

R. A. ∙ 185 Minohara

S. ∙ 215 Miro

S. ∙ 62 Miró

C. ∙ 74 Misaelides

P. ∙ 19, 87, 88, 98 Mitrakas

M. ∙ 197 Mizushima

K. ∙ 154, 158, 213, 214, 215

Mochizuki T. ∙ 160

Mody J. ∙ 22

Mohamed K. ∙ 169

Mohammadi A. ∙ 94

Moignard B. ∙ 35

Möller W. ∙ 66

Momota S. ∙ 160

Mondragón M. A. ∙ 191

Montero I. ∙ 112, 203

Morel A. ∙ 57

Moreno‐Suárez A. I. ∙ 118

Moretto Ph. ∙ 44

Mori S. ∙ 215

Mous D. J. W. ∙ 78

Mücklich A. ∙ 61

Muller M. ∙ 33

Müller A. M. ∙ 67, 119, 181

Muntele C. ∙ 60, 83, 104, 137 C. I. ∙ 97

Murakami T. ∙ 215

N

Nagayama T. ∙ 45

Nakagawa J. ∙ 160

Nakamura M. ∙ 120, 123

Nakanishi

T. ∙ 157 Narumi

K. ∙ 58 Nassisi

V. ∙ 83, 134, 135 Nastos

P. ∙ 198 Nava

S. ∙ 39, 86, 105 Neskovic

N. ∙ 121 Neve

S. ∙ 124 Nikiforov

V. I. ∙ 149, 150 Ninomiya

S. ∙ 49 Niu

H. ∙ 106, 193 Niwa

O. ∙ 120 Noda

K. ∙ 152, 154, 158, 186, 188, 213, 215

Noli F. ∙ 98

Noun M. ∙ 209

Nourreddine A. ∙ 140

Nsouli B. ∙ 41, 209

Nuttens V. ∙ 63

O

Ogbara K. ∙ 83, 104, 137

Oger C. ∙ 205

Oguri Y. ∙ 206, 208

Ohsawa D. ∙ 120

Oliveira R. M. ∙ 133 V. S. ∙ 83, 132, 133

Ontalba‐Salamanca M. A. ∙ 118

Orlov D. A. ∙ 64

Ortega‐Feliu I. ∙ 118, 207

P

Pacheco de Carvalho J. A. R. ∙ 95

Pagliaro

V. ∙ 204 Palitsin

V. ∙ 22 Palmieri

A. ∙ 174 Palonen

V. ∙ 76 Paloura

E. C. ∙ 195, 196, 197 Paneta

V. ∙ 15, 88, 128 Papageorgiou

D. ∙ 197 Pappalardo

G. ∙ 37 L. ∙ 37

Pascholati P. R. ∙ 204

Passariello I. ∙ 75

Pastuovic Z. ∙ 56

Pastuović Z. ∙ 161

Patil B. J. ∙ 96

Paulenova A. ∙ 136

Pavetich S. ∙ 177

Pelicon P. ∙ 101, 138

Pellegrino S. ∙ 62

Peng N. ∙ 57

Perrone A. ∙ 194

Peruchena J. I. ∙ 74

Petchevist P. C. D. ∙ 90

Pethe S. N. ∙ 96

Petraglia A. ∙ 174

Petrovic S. ∙ 121

Philippe M. ∙ 34

Pichon L. ∙ 35

Pinakidou F. ∙ 197

Pinilla E. C. ∙ 74

Podlech H. ∙ 54

Pongrac P. ∙ 138

Popescu E. ∙ 216

Priller A. ∙ 71, 175, 176,


177 Provatas

G. ∙ 15, 19, 87, 89, 128

Pugh M. ∙ 83, 104, 137

Punzón‐Quijorna E. ∙ 59

Puurunen R. ∙ 26

Q

Qiang Z. ∙ 57, 101, 102

Qin B. ∙ 211 J. ∙ 167

Quarta G. ∙ 77, 122, 171,

172, 173 Quinto

F. ∙ 174

R

Radtke C. ∙ 127 M. ∙ 38

Ramos A. R. ∙ 17

Ratzinger U. ∙ 54

Reden K. F. von ∙ 72, 179,

183 Redondo

L. ∙ 156 Reis

A. D. ∙ 95 M. A. ∙ 202

Repnow R. ∙ 64

Respaldiza M. A. ∙ 118

Rey D. ∙ 169

Ribeiro J. P. ∙ 108

Ribeiro‐Pacheco C. F. F. P. ∙ 95

Riquier H. ∙ 50, 153

Rivière J.‐P. ∙ 98

Rizzo F. ∙ 37

Rizzutto M. A. ∙ 40, 204

Roberts M. L. ∙ 72, 179

Roca V. ∙ 174

Rocha J. ∙ 156 M. F. ∙ 125, 191, 201

Rodrigues M. ∙ 38

Rodriguez M. G. ∙ 185

Rohlén J. ∙ 175

Romano F. P. ∙ 37

Romero‐Nunez A. ∙ 125

Rossi M. ∙ 26

Roumié M. ∙ 41, 209

Rubio B. ∙ 169

Rupnik Z. ∙ 138

S

Saad I. ∙ 41

Sabbarese C. ∙ 174

Sadi S. ∙ 136

Sajavaara T. ∙ 26

Sakamoto N. ∙ 215

Sakaue K. ∙ 159

Saliba N. ∙ 209

Salomon J. ∙ 38

Sampaio F. G. A. ∙ 90

Sanchez D. F. ∙ 25

Sato H. ∙ 99 S. ∙ 154, 158, 188,

215 Saxena

N. ∙ 141 Schäfer

C. ∙ 184 Scharf

A. ∙ 182 Schempp

A. ∙ 54 Schiettekatte

F. ∙ 20 Schindel

N. ∙ 38 Schirra

J. ∙ 184 Schmidt

L. PH. H. ∙ 124 Schoemers

Ch. ∙ 154 Schreiner

M. ∙ 38 Schütze

M. ∙ 124 Seki

T. ∙ 49 Sekine

C. ∙ 213 Serruys

Y. ∙ 62 Servais

T. ∙ 63 Shevchenko

V. A. ∙ 149 Shi

L. ∙ 17 Shibuya

S. ∙ 160 Shih

T.‐Y. ∙ 189 Shirai

T. ∙ 152, 154, 158, 186, 188, 213, 215

Shornikov A. ∙ 64

Siciliano M. V. ∙ 83, 134, 135

Sieber T. ∙ 64

Sigg P. ∙ 165

Siketic Z. ∙ 56, 91, 101

Silva G. ∙ 83, 132, 133

Silva Jr. A. R. ∙ 83, 132, 133

Simeonidis K. ∙ 197

Simon A. ∙ 101, 102 R. ∙ 198

Singkarat S. ∙ 200

Skukan N. ∙ 56

Šmit Z. ∙ 138

Smith A. J. ∙ 57 C. ∙ 83, 104, 137 R. W. ∙ 107, 161

Sokaras D. ∙ 15, 33

Solis C. ∙ 27, 125, 191,

201 Sommani

P. ∙ 99 Song

G. ∙ 167 Sortica

M. A. ∙ 25, 127 Spahn

I. ∙ 187 Spronck

G. ∙ 117 Srncik

M. ∙ 71 Sroka

R. ∙ 184 Stamatelos

N. ∙ 111 Steier

P. ∙ 71, 169, 175, 176, 177

Steinhof A. ∙ 180, 183

Steininger R. ∙ 199

Stichelbaut F. ∙ 63

Stiebing K. E. ∙ 124

Stocquert J. P. ∙ 140

Strivay D. ∙ 34, 36, 117, 151,

205 Sugahara

K. ∙ 45 Suni

T. ∙ 26 Suter

M. ∙ 67, 70, 177 Suwannakachorn

D. ∙ 200 Suzuki

T. ∙ 159 Synal

H.‐A. ∙ 67, 70, 181 Szikra

D. ∙ 139 Szilágyi

E. ∙ 101, 102 Szilasi

S. Z. ∙ 139

T

Tacceti F. ∙ 169

Taccetti F. ∙ 73, 170

Tada T. ∙ 208

Takács S. ∙ 92, 93, 94, 107,

187 Takada

E. ∙ 186, 215


Y. ∙ 214 Takatomi

T. ∙ 159 Takei

Y. ∙ 215 Takeshita

E. ∙ 154, 158, 188, 214

Takeuchi T. ∙ 160

Taniike A. ∙ 110, 212

Tárkányi F. ∙ 92, 93, 94, 107,

187 Tasi

Ch.‐J. ∙ 190 Temst

K. ∙ 57, 101, 102 Tenishev

A. Eh. ∙ 149 Terrasi

F. ∙ 75, 174 Terunuma

N. ∙ 159 Terwagne

G. ∙ 101, 102 Thomas

J. P. ∙ 41 Tikkanen

P. ∙ 76 Tilley

R. ∙ 104 Tobbeche

S. ∙ 129, 217 Toda

S. ∙ 24 Toli

K. ∙ 198 Torres‐Costa

V. ∙ 59 Tosaki

M. ∙ 120, 123 Toulemonde

M. ∙ 61 Toussaint

C. ∙ 117 U. von ∙ 20

Trautmann C. ∙ 61

Tresintsi S. ∙ 197

Trindade G. F. ∙ 40

Tripathi A. ∙ 61

Trocellier P. ∙ 62

Tsinganis A. ∙ 128

Tsuji H. ∙ 99

U

Uchiyama H. ∙ 186 M. ∙ 152

Udisti R. ∙ 105

Ueda M. ∙ 83, 132, 133 S. ∙ 45

Urakawa J. ∙ 159

Uschold S. ∙ 184

Utsumi H. ∙ 120

Uvarov V. L. ∙ 149, 150

V

Vacik J. ∙ 58, 100

Van Klinken G. J. ∙ 15

Vandervorst W. ∙ 57, 101, 102

Vantomme A. ∙ 57, 101, 102

Vaubaillon S. ∙ 62

Vavpetič P. ∙ 138

Velardi L. ∙ 134, 135

Ves S. ∙ 195

Vettier Ch. ∙ 53

Vickridge I. ∙ 17, 101

Vidal V. ∙ 74

Vidale M. ∙ 172

Vilaça R. ∙ 203

Vilas F. ∙ 169

Vlachoudis V. ∙ 21

Vlastou R. ∙ 88, 128

Vockenhuber Ch. ∙ 175, 181

W

Wahl U. ∙ 48

Wakamatsu

Y. ∙ 49 Wallner

A. ∙ 71, 175, 177 G. ∙ 71, 176

Walter P. ∙ 35

Wang Ch. ∙ 162, 164, 166,

168 Y. D. ∙ 193

Washio M. ∙ 159

Watson P. R. ∙ 136

Webb R. ∙ 22

Wegner B. ∙ 182

Wei S. ∙ 163, 164, 167

Weidlich P. ∙ 184

Weinrich U. ∙ 46

Wen L. ∙ 167

Wéra A.‐C. ∙ 50, 153

Whitlow H. J. ∙ 26

Wiesner C. ∙ 54

Wild E. M. ∙ 169

Winn A. ∙ 101

Wolf A. ∙ 64

Wonglee S. ∙ 208

Won‐in K. ∙ 210

Wopelka T. ∙ 107

Wu H.‐H. ∙ 189 J. ∙ 189 L. ∙ 167 T.‐H. ∙ 189, 190, 192

X

Xanthos S. ∙ 199

Xia L. ∙ 165

Xiao Z. ∙ 60

Xing J. ∙ 167

Xiong Y. ∙ 211

Y

Yamada H. ∙ 49 K. ∙ 155 T. ∙ 99

Yamazaki H. ∙ 94, 187

Yang F. ∙ 65, 162, 164,

165, 167 J. ∙ 162, 163, 164,

165, 167, 211 Yao

H. ∙ 166 Yazbi

F. ∙ 41 Yin

Z. ∙ 164, 167 Younes

G. ∙ 41 Yu

L. D. ∙ 200 T. ∙ 211 Y. C. ∙ 114

Z

Zahraman K. ∙ 41

Zaremba S. ∙ 63

Zarkadas Ch. ∙ 33

Zavala E. P. ∙ 125, 201

Zhang G. ∙ 190, 192 T. ∙ 65, 162, 163,

164, 165, 166, 167, 168

X. ∙ 167 Zhen

X. ∙ 167 Zheng

X. ∙ 168 Zhong

J. ∙ 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167

Zier M. ∙ 57, 101, 102

Zimmerman R. L. ∙ 60, 97, 185

Zinkann G. ∙ 136

Žitnik M. ∙ 138

Zou J. ∙ 168

Zouros Th. J. M. ∙ 15

Zschau


H.‐E. ∙ 124 Zucchiatti A. ∙ 112, 113, 203

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Book of Abstracts ECAART10