Blood Circulatory Transportation

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CHAPTER 2

BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT


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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)

The human circulatory system is a doublecirculatory system

Each complete circuit, the blood must flow through the heart twiceThe pulmonary circulation transports bloodbetween the heart and the lungs.

The systemic circulation transports bloodbetween the heart and other parts of the body


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The HeartOrgan that pumps blood throughout thebody by its alternating contractions and

relaxations of the muscles


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Wall of the heartCardiac musclesOxygen and nutrients aresupplied to the cardiacmuscles by coronary arteries

Can be divided to fourchambers

auricles/ atrium (upperchambers)ventricles (lowerchambers)


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SeptumDivides the heart into theright and left halves

Walls of atrium is thinner than the ventricles

Tricuspid valveBetween right atrium andright ventricles

Mitral/ Bicuspid valveBetween left atrium and leftventricles

Semilunar valvesBeginning of aorta and

pulmonary artery


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Blood vessels

Charateristics Artery Vein Capillary

Function Carries blood awayfrom heart

Carry blood to theheart

Connects artery tovein

Wall Thick muscular wall Thin muscular wall Very thin wall, onlyone cell thick

Lumen Narrow Fairly wide Very Narrow


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Charateristics Artery Vein Capillary

Valves Absent (except inpulmonary artery)

Present Absent

Rate of blood flow Quick rate, highpressure

Slow rate, lowpressure

High rate, highpressure

Oxygen content Oxygenated blood(except inpulmonary artery)

Deoxygenated blood(except inpulmonary veins)

Oxygenated blood to the tisseDeoxygented blood

from the tissue


Blood vessels


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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS

(CONTD)

Path of blood flow1. Oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs by

the pulmonary vein to the heart.

2. Oxygenated blood is carried from the heart by the aorta and arteries to the whole body.

3. Deoxygenated blood is carried from the wholebody by the vein and vena cava to the heart.

4. Deoxygenated blood is carried from the heart by the pulmonary artery to the lungs.


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Blood transport substances in our body

Substances Example Transport from Transport to

Respiratory gasesOxygen Lungs Tissues

Carbon dioxide Tissues Lungs

Excretory products Urea Liver Kidneys

End products of

digestion

Glucose Small intestine Liver and tissues

Amino acids Small intestine Liver and tissues

Mineral saltsCalcium Small intestine Bones and teeth

IronSmall intestine andliver

Bone marrow


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HUMAN BLOOD

Blood A mixture of liquid blood plasma, redblood cells, white bloodcells, blood platelets,and dissolvedsubstances.

55% is plasma and 45%is blood cells


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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Plasma :Liquid pale yellow colour

Functions1. Transport digested food, mineral salts and vitamins to

the body cells

2. Transport waste substances like carbon dioxides,water, urea

3. Maintain the pH of the blood

4. Maintain body temp at 37C


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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Blood CellsMade up of red blood cells, white blood cells andplatelets.

Produced in bone marrowOld red blood cells and platelet is destroyed in theliver or spleen.


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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

Round, biconcave Irregular shape Irregular shape, fragmentsof cells

No nucleus Big nucleus No nucleus

Life span 120 days Life span 2 to 4 days Life span 4 days

Transport oxygen Protect body againstdiseases

Blood clotting


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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Blood groupBased on ABO system

There are four main groups called A, B, AB, and O.

Blood transfusionDonors blood must be compatible with therecipient's blood.

If incompatible, agglutination will occur can causefatal blockages in the recipients blood vessels.


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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)Donors blood

O A B AB

Re

pe

sbo

O

A

B

AB

Compatible Incompatible


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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Blood O can safely donate blood to anyone.

Universal donors

Blood AB can safely receive blood from anyone

Universal recipents


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Blood type Population percentage (approx.)

O 40.77%

A 31.79%

B 21.98%

AB 5.51%


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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Blood donation:Treatment for accidentcases, canser victims,

haemophiliacs,gastrointestinal bleeding,surgery, childbirth.


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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Storage and handling of donated blood:Collected in sterilised container containedanticoagulant solution

Tested for ABO groupScreening for HIV, hepatitis and other sexually

transmitted diseases

Date of expiration should be added


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HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Storage and handling of donated blood:Blood can be stored for 10 days at 5C longer if glucose is added

Blood can be stored for 42 days under refrigeration,or up to 10 years of frozen

Frozen plasma can be kept for up to one year

If frozen, plasma and red blood cells should be thawed in a water bath at a temperature notexceeding 38C


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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS

Wilting Occurs in non-woody plants

Rate of loss of water is greater than

the intake of waterCells lose their turgidity (stiffness)and the plant droops


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THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)

TranspirationEvaporation of water from the aerial partsof the plants


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StomataPores in the epidermis of the leaves andstems


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StomataA pair of bean- shaped guard cells boundeach stoma.

Most stomata open during the day andclose at night.


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Function of stomata :Allow gases to diffuse in and out of theleaf.

During photosynthesis, carbon dioxidediffuse into the leaf and oxygen diffuse out

to the atmosphere.

During transpiration, water vapour will

diffuse out when the stomata opens.


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Factors affecting transpiration rate:Light Light stimulates the opening of stomata

increase transpiration.

Temperature Water molecules move faster in hot air when

temperature increase, transpiration rate increase

Humidity High relative humidity reduce rate if transpiration.

Wind Wind increase the rate of transpiration.

Wateravailability

Short supply of water will cause the stomata toclose reduce water loss

Altitude Increasing altitude cause pressure decrease,

rate of transpiration increase.


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Roles of transpirationProduce pulling force whichenables to transport waterand minerals from roots toall parts of the plant

To cool the plant


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Vascular tissues of aplant

Two types of vascular

tissues ;xylem and

phloem .


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PhloemTransport synthesized food

Consist mainly of sieve

tubes.Sieve tubes living cellswithout nucleus.

Transverse walls areperforated by pores sieveplates.

Each sieve tubes has acompanion cell


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Blood Circulatory Transportation