Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

The Circulatory The Circulatory SystemSystem

Circulatory system is made up Circulatory system is made up of blood, the heart, and blood of blood, the heart, and blood

vessels.vessels.

Your Blood: Fluid TransportYour Blood: Fluid Transport Your blood is a tissue composed of fluid, Your blood is a tissue composed of fluid,

cells, and fragments of cells.cells, and fragments of cells.

The fluid portion of blood is called The fluid portion of blood is called plasmaplasma..

Components Characteristics

Red blood cellsTransport oxygen and some carbon dioxide; lack a nucleus; contain hemoglobin

White blood cells

Platelets

Plasma

Large; several different types; all contain nuclei; defend the body against disease

Cell fragments needed for blood clotting

Liquid; contains proteins; transports red and white blood cells, platelets, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases, and inorganic salts

Your Blood: Fluid TransportYour Blood: Fluid Transport

Blood cells-both red and Blood cells-both red and white-and cell white-and cell fragments are fragments are suspended in plasma.suspended in plasma.

Plasma is straw colored Plasma is straw colored and makes up about 55 and makes up about 55 percent of the total percent of the total volume of blood.volume of blood.

Red blood cells: Oxygen carriersRed blood cells: Oxygen carriers

The round, disk-The round, disk-shaped cells in shaped cells in blood are red blood are red blood cells.blood cells.

Red blood cellsRed blood cells carry oxygen to carry oxygen to body cells.body cells.

Side view

Top view

2.0 micrometers

7.5 micrometers

Red blood cells: Oxygen carriersRed blood cells: Oxygen carriers

They make up 44 percent of the total They make up 44 percent of the total volume of your blood, and are produced volume of your blood, and are produced in the red bone marrow of your ribs, in the red bone marrow of your ribs, humerus, femur sternum, and other long humerus, femur sternum, and other long bones.bones.

Red blood cells remain active in the Red blood cells remain active in the bloodstream for about 120 days, then bloodstream for about 120 days, then they break down and are removed as they break down and are removed as waste.waste.

Oxygen in the bloodOxygen in the blood Red blood cells Red blood cells

are equipped are equipped with an iron-with an iron-containing containing protein protein molecule molecule called called hemoglobin.hemoglobin.

Oxygen in the bloodOxygen in the blood Oxygen becomes loosely bound to the Oxygen becomes loosely bound to the

hemoglobin in blood cells that have hemoglobin in blood cells that have entered the lungs.entered the lungs.

These oxygenated blood cells carry These oxygenated blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body’s oxygen from the lungs to the body’s cells.cells.

As blood passes through body tissues As blood passes through body tissues with low oxygen concentrations, oxygen with low oxygen concentrations, oxygen is released from the hemoglobin and is released from the hemoglobin and diffuses into the tissues.diffuses into the tissues.

Carbon dioxide in the bloodCarbon dioxide in the blood

Once biological work has been done in a Once biological work has been done in a cell, wastes in the form of carbon dioxide cell, wastes in the form of carbon dioxide diffuse into the blood and are carried in diffuse into the blood and are carried in the bloodstream to the lungs.the bloodstream to the lungs.

White blood cells: Infection fightersWhite blood cells: Infection fighters White blood cells play a major role in White blood cells play a major role in

protecting your body from foreign protecting your body from foreign substances and from microscopic substances and from microscopic organisms that cause disease.organisms that cause disease.

They make up They make up only one only one percent of the percent of the total volume of total volume of your blood.your blood.

White Blood Cells

Blood clottingBlood clotting

Your blood contains small cell fragments Your blood contains small cell fragments called called plateletsplatelets, which help blood clot , which help blood clot after an injury.after an injury.

Platelets help link together a sticky Platelets help link together a sticky network of protein fibers called fibrin, network of protein fibers called fibrin, which forms a web over the wound that which forms a web over the wound that traps escaping blood cells.traps escaping blood cells.

Rh factorRh factor

Another characteristic of red blood cells Another characteristic of red blood cells involves the presence or absence of an involves the presence or absence of an antigen called RH, or Rhesus factor.antigen called RH, or Rhesus factor.

Rh factor is an inherited characteristic.Rh factor is an inherited characteristic.

People are Rh positive (RhPeople are Rh positive (Rh++) if they have ) if they have the Rh antigen factor on their red blood the Rh antigen factor on their red blood cells.cells.

They are Rh negative (RhThey are Rh negative (Rh--) if they don’t.) if they don’t.

Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of CirculationYour Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation ArteriesArteries are large, thick-walled, are large, thick-walled,

muscular, elastic blood vessels that carry muscular, elastic blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.blood away from the heart.

The blood that they carry is under great The blood that they carry is under great pressure.pressure.

As the heart contracts, it pushes blood As the heart contracts, it pushes blood through the arteries.through the arteries.

Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of CirculationYour Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation Blood surges through the arteries in Blood surges through the arteries in

pulses that correspond with the rhythm pulses that correspond with the rhythm of the heartbeat.of the heartbeat.

After the arteries branch off from the After the arteries branch off from the heart, they divide into smaller arteries heart, they divide into smaller arteries that in turn divide into even smaller that in turn divide into even smaller vessels called arterioles.vessels called arterioles.

Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of CirculationYour Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation

Capillaries Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels are microscopic blood vessels with walls that are only one cell thick. with walls that are only one cell thick. Carries oxygenated blood.Carries oxygenated blood.

Blood cells travel in a single file line.Blood cells travel in a single file line. Capillaries form a dense network that Capillaries form a dense network that

reaches virtually every cell in the body.reaches virtually every cell in the body.

Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of CirculationYour Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation

Thin capillary walls enable nutrients and Thin capillary walls enable nutrients and gases to diffuse easily between blood gases to diffuse easily between blood cells and surrounding tissue cells.cells and surrounding tissue cells.

As blood leaves the tissues, the As blood leaves the tissues, the capillaries join to form slightly larger capillaries join to form slightly larger vessels called venules.vessels called venules.

Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of CirculationYour Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation VeinsVeins are the large blood vessels that are the large blood vessels that

carry blood from the tissues back toward carry blood from the tissues back toward the heart. Carries deoxygenated blood.the heart. Carries deoxygenated blood.

Vein Capillary

Types of CirculationTypes of Circulation Pulmonary Pulmonary

Circulation – Circulation – carries carries blood blood between between the heart the heart and lungsand lungs

Systemic Systemic Circulation – Circulation – carries carries blood blood between between the heart the heart and bodyand body

Coronary Circulation–Supplies blood to the heart

Your Heart: The Vital PumpYour Heart: The Vital Pump

The main The main function of function of the heart is the heart is to keep to keep blood blood moving moving constantly constantly throughout throughout the body.the body.

Your HeartYour Heart

Your heart is about 12cm by 8cm-Your heart is about 12cm by 8cm-roughly the size of your fist.roughly the size of your fist.

It lies in your chest cavity, just behind It lies in your chest cavity, just behind the breastbone and between the lungs, the breastbone and between the lungs, and is essentially a large muscle and is essentially a large muscle completely under involuntary control.completely under involuntary control.

Superior Vena Cava

-Brings blood from the upper body & empties into the right atrium.

Tricuspid Valve

-Brings blood from the lower body & empties into the right atrium.

Inferior Vena Cava

Right Atrium

To the lungs to get O2

To the lungs to get O2

Right Ventricle

Pulmonary Artery

Pulmonary Artery

OXYGEN-POOR

BLOOD FLOW

Bicuspid Valve

Pulmonary Vein

From the lungs with O2

Left Atrium

Pulmonary Vein

Left Ventricle

Aorta

Aorta

Septum

From the lungs with O2

Prevents the mixing of blood

OXYGEN-RICH

BLOOD FLOW

Blood’s path through the heartBlood’s path through the heart VVena Cava, Right ena Cava, Right AAtrium, Righttrium, Right V Ventricle, entricle,

Pulmonary Pulmonary AArtery, (lungs), Pulmonary rtery, (lungs), Pulmonary VVein, Left ein, Left AAtrium, Left trium, Left VVentricle, entricle, AAortaorta

Inferior vena cava Left lung

Right lung

Capillaries

Pulmonary vein

Pulmonary artery

Superior vena cava

Aorta

RA

LA

LV

RV

Blood pressureBlood pressure

Blood pressureBlood pressure is the force that the blood is the force that the blood exerts on the blood vessels.exerts on the blood vessels.

Blood pressure rises and falls as the Blood pressure rises and falls as the heart contracts and then relaxes.heart contracts and then relaxes.

Blood pressure rises sharply when the Blood pressure rises sharply when the ventricles contract, pushing blood ventricles contract, pushing blood through the arteries.through the arteries.

Blood pressureBlood pressure

The high pressure is called systolic The high pressure is called systolic pressure.pressure.

Blood pressure then drops dramatically Blood pressure then drops dramatically as the ventricles relax.as the ventricles relax.

The Function of the Respiratory The Function of the Respiratory System.System.

1.1. Get oxygen to the cells of the Get oxygen to the cells of the bodybody

2.2. Get rid of carbon dioxideGet rid of carbon dioxide

Parts of the Respiratory Parts of the Respiratory System:System:

PHARYNXPHARYNX – muscular tube in the upper throat – muscular tube in the upper throat which serves as a passageway for air and which serves as a passageway for air and food.food.

LARYNXLARYNX – contains your vocal chords, short – contains your vocal chords, short passageway, sometimes called the voice boxpassageway, sometimes called the voice box

EPIGLOTTISEPIGLOTTIS – flap of tissue that covers the – flap of tissue that covers the larynx and prevents food from going down larynx and prevents food from going down the wrong tube.the wrong tube.

TRACHEATRACHEA - long, straight tube in the chest - long, straight tube in the chest cavity that leads from the throat to the lungs, cavity that leads from the throat to the lungs, also called the windpipe.also called the windpipe.

BRONCHIBRONCHI – two small tubes that lead to the – two small tubes that lead to the lungs, they divide into smaller tubes called lungs, they divide into smaller tubes called BRONCHIOLES.BRONCHIOLES.

ALVEOLIALVEOLI – where the bronchioles end, – where the bronchioles end, clusters of air sacs. clusters of air sacs. Where gases are Where gases are actually exchanged. actually exchanged. COCO22->O->O22 In healthy In healthy lungs they are elastic and can stretch, lungs they are elastic and can stretch, always have a small amount of air.always have a small amount of air.

DIAPHRAGMDIAPHRAGM – powerful muscle spanning the – powerful muscle spanning the rib cage under the lungs, aids in respiration.rib cage under the lungs, aids in respiration.

Parts of the Respiratory System, Parts of the Respiratory System, cont.cont.

The path of oxygen and carbon The path of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the body…dioxide through the body…

Oxygen from the air diffuses into theOxygen from the air diffuses into the

blood vessels of the alveoli where it is blood vessels of the alveoli where it is

used for cellular respiration inside cells.used for cellular respiration inside cells.

During this process, carbon dioxide During this process, carbon dioxide

diffuses into the blood where it is carried diffuses into the blood where it is carried

back to the lungs.back to the lungs.