Biology Final ReviewPart A

Which part of the scientific method?

• “If the height of the Fast Plant is related to the amount of fertilizer, then the more fertilizer, the taller the plant will grow.”

• A. observation

• B. inference

• C. hypothesis

• D. conclusion

• ANSWER: hypothesis

What inference can be made?

• A. Temperature is unrelated to number of organisms

• B. As the temperature increases, so does the number of organisms

• C. As the temperature increases, the number of organisms decreases

• ANSWER: B

What is the sugar pill group’s purpose?

• Group A is given a pill to test

• Group B is given a sugar pill

• A. experimental group

• B. control group

• C. taste test

• D. limiting factor

• ANSWER: B

Handout

• Bacteria Identification: Bacteria ShapesLet’s say you go to the doctor to see if you have Strep Throat. How do they determine that?

NOTE SHAPES AND CLUSTERS

How to Identify bacteria

• Endospore Forming

Note capsule and flagella

Glucose Fermentation

• None Fermentation Ferm. + gas

• Differential Media - Detection of Acid from Glucose, Page 2 (more test results)

Bacterial Identification - The API-20E System

(Link)

Note shapes, clusters, color

• Stapylococcus Gram positive

• Staphylobacillus Gram negative

What is the measurement?

• A. 8 mL

• B. 7 mL

• C. 6 mL

• D. 6.3 mL

• E. 6.6 mL

• ANSWER: E

meniscus

Using a compound light microscope, which is 40 X, which is

400X?• A B

• ANSWER:

• 400X 40X

Where are these parts?

• Revolving nose piece• Coarse adjustment• Fine Adjustment• Stage• Base• Arm• Diaphragm• Condenser• Objectives

To first find an object use on a microscope:

A

B

C

D

What structure is used to fine focus an object?

A

B

C

D

When should you wear goggles?

• A. Only if you do not have corrective lenses.

• B. all times when instructed by the instructor

• C. to improve your vision

• D. avoid eye strain

• ANSWER: B

Who should clean up the lab table and put away the supplies?

• A. Teacher• B. Students entering the lab.• C. Students leaving the lab.• D. Custodian• ANSWER: Students leaving

the lab

Process of substances moving from a region of HIGH to LOW concentrations is called:

• A. phagocytosis

• B. osmosis

• C. active transport

• D. diffusion

• ANSWER: diffusion osmosis is hi to low of water through a selectively perm. memb

What is the basic structural and functional unit of living things?

• A. atom• B. molecule• C. cell• D. organism

• ANSWER: cell

What movement goes through a membrane low to high

concentration and requires energy?

• A. Passive Transport

• B. Active Transport

• C. Facilitate Transport

• D. Endocytosis

• ANSWER: B

If a cell contains a nucleus, it must be:

• A. eukaryotic

• B. prokaryotic

• C. an animal

• D. a plant

• ANSWER: A

How long is each cell?

• A. 2 mm• B. 1 mm• C. 0.5 mm• D. 0.25 mm

• ANSWER: C• Field diam. Divided by how many cells fit across

How long is each cell?0.5 mm = ?

• A. 5000 µm• B. 500 µm• C. 50 µm• D. 5 µm

• ANSWER: B• Multiply mm by 1000 for µm

• POLYMER• Carbohydrates (1:2 C:H)

– starch in plants– Glycogen in animals

• Lipids

• Protein

• Nucleic Acids

• MONOMER• Monosaccharide

• 3 Fatty acids and glycerol

• Amino acids (NH2)

• Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, base)

What are two necessary elements for organic compounds?

• A. carbon and nitrogen• B. carbon and oxygen• C. carbon and hydrogen

ANSWER: C and H

Which are characteristics of plant cells?

• A. Have chloroplasts• B. Undergo cellular respiration• C. Go through mitosis and meiosis• D. Have centrioles• E. Have cell walls• F. photosynthesize

ANSWER: All except D

Which are characteristics of animal cells?

• A. Have chloroplasts• B. Undergo cellular respiration• C. Go through mitosis and meiosis• D. Have centrioles• E. Have cell walls• F. photosynthesize

ANSWER: B,C, D

Osmosis in Plant Cells

• Water moves from hypo to hypertonic

High salt on outside equal in and out Low salt on outside

If a plant wilts, which organelle will most be affected?

• A. nucleus

• B. large central vacuole

• C. lysosomes

• D. chloroplasts

• ANSWER: B

What was done to slide B of human cheek cells?

• A

• Not stained

• B

stained

If a cell was placed in distilled water for 15 minutes, what would

happen?

• A. Cell would swell and burst

• B. Cell would shrink

• C. Cell would not change

• HINT: water moves from hypo to hypertonic

•ANSWER: A

Identify the site of:

• A. where proteins are repackaged

• B. cellular respiration

• C. protein synthesis

Identify the site of:

• A. where proteins are repackaged -Golgi

• B. cellular respiration - mitochondrion

• C. protein synthesis - ribosome

Where is the site of:

• A. microtubules used in cell division in animal cells only

• B. Rough ER 11

Where is the site of:

• A. microtubules used in cell division in animal cells only (11)

• B. Rough ER (6) 11

In eukaryotic cells, asexual cell division is called:

• A. mitosis• B. meiosis• C. centrosome• D. cytokinesis

• ANSWER: “A” Mitosis makes somatic (body) cells and meiosis makes sex cells

What are the numbers?

• DIPLOID(2n)• 50• 18• 46• Which are human

somatic cells?

• HAPLOID (n)• 25• 9• 23

• 46 (somatic or body) –diploid (mitosis)

• 23 (sex)-haploid (meiosis)

Put the phases of mitosis in order:

• Metaphase telophase anaphase prophase

• ANSWER: PMAT

In which phase is DNA replicated?

G1 (gap 1)

G2 (gap 1)

S (synthesis)

M (mitosis)

ANSWER: S

Which of the following is not true of a gamete?

• A. female is an egg

• B. male is sperm

• C. produced by mitosis

• D. can fuse with one another to form a zygote

• ANSWER: C

What is the normal number of chromosomes in a normal body

human cell?

• 92

• 46

• 23

• 21

• ANSWER: 46

What process is shown?

• A. mutation

• B. nondisjunction

• C. independent assortment

• D. crossing over

• ANSWER: D

Identify if a property of (P) photosynthesis or of (CR) cellular

respiration:

• Gives off oxygen

• Gives off carbon dioxide

• Uses sunlight

• Makes ATP

• Makes glucose

Identify if a property of (P) photosynthesis or of (CR) cellular

respiration:

• Gives off oxygen P

• Gives off carbon dioxide CR

• Uses sunlight P

• Makes ATP CR

• Makes glucose P

• Uses oxygen to burn glucose CR

In what organelle do these processes happen?

• PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• ANSWER: chloroplast

• CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• ANSWER: mitochondrion

The most ATP is made in what process?

• A. Glycolysis -anaerobic

• B. Kreb’s cycle -aerobic

• C. ETC and chemiosmosis -aerobic

• D. Lactic Acid Fermentation -anaerobic

The most ATP is made in what process?

• A. Glycolysis (2) -anaerobic

• B. Kreb’s cycle (2)-aerobic

• C. ETC and chemiosmosis (34)-aerobic

• D. Lactic Acid Fermentation (2)-anaerobic

• ANSWER: C

What is the name of the pigment that captures the most sunlight?

• A. carotenoids

• B. chlorophyll

• C. Xanthophylls

• D. melanin

• ANSWER: B

Fermentation is not as effective as cellular respiration because:

• A. it uses more ATP than it produces

• B. it does not use all the water supplied to it

• C. it loses electrons to the cell during its reactions

• D. it does not completely break down glucose

• ANSWER: D

What is the source of nearly all the oxygen in the world?

• A. decayed matter

• B. splitting of water

• C. splitting of carbon dioxide

• D. breaking down of glucose

• ANSWER: B

Plants store their extra glucose in a large carbohydrate polymer called:

• A. proteins

• B. fat or lipid

• C. glycerol

• D. starch

• ANSWER: D

The greenhouse effect is:

• A. decreased by photosynthesis (takes out CO2)

• B. increased by photosynthesis• C. decreased by burning fossil fuels• D. increased by burning fossil fuels (puts in

CO2)• Greenhouse Effect - animated diagram (link)• Photosynthesis diagram (link)

• ANSWER: both A and D

Autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source are:

• A. chemosynthetic

• B. photosynthetic

• C. carnivores

• D. herbivores

• ANSWER: B

Where is the energy released from in ATP?

• A. Between the last two phosphates

• B. Between the adenine and a phosphate

• C. Between the adenine and the ribose

• D. Between the ribose and a phosphate

• ANSWER: A

An organic compound that has a ratio of 2:1 of H:O is a(n):

• A. carbohydrate

• B. lipid

• C. protein

• D. nucleic acid

• ANSWER: A. carbohydrate

A protein that ends in –”ase” that speeds up organic chemical

reactions is:

• A. lipids• B. organics• C. carriers• D. enzymes• ANSWER: D

What is (are) the reactant (s)?

• CO2 + H2O H2CO3

• ANSWER: CO2 and H2O

• Products are on the right

•You are fools for not paying attention.

How many protons are in Na?

• ANSWER: 11 protons

• 12 neutrons 11 electrons

23Na11

P + n (subtract 23-11 for n)

P (same as e-)

Catalyst proteins that controls chemical reactions are called:

• A. enzymes

• B. carbohydrates

• C. ATP

• D. nucleic acids

• ANSWER: enzymes

RNA and DNA are:

• A. carbohydrates

• B. nucleic acids

• C. lipids

• D. proteins

• ANSWER: B

Lipids are combinations of:

• A. amino acids

• B. ribose + phosphates

• C. fatty acids + glycerol

• D. monosaccharides

• ANSWER: C

What is the function of each?

• Carbohydrate

• Protein

• Nucleic acid

• Lipid

• Energy for cells

• Skin, muscles, etc.

• Genetic info

• Energy storage and cell membranes

Underline Which is Correct

• T = dominant or recessive

• And t = dominant or recessive

• Tt = heterozygous or homozygous

• TT, and tt = heterozygous or homozygous

Underline Which is Correct

• T = dominant or recessive

• And t = dominant or recessive

• Tt = heterozygous or homozygous

• TT, tt = heterozygous or homozygous

TT, RR, HH are all:

• A. homozygous recessive

• B. homozygous dominant

• C. heterozygous recessive

• D. heterozygous dominant

• ANSWER: B

What are the male and female chromosome symbols?

• MALE

• ANSWER: XY

• FEMALE

• ANSWER: XX

Alternate forms of a gene, like purple and white flowers, are:

• A. traits

• B. alleles

• C. points

• D. telomeres

• ANSWER: B

What are the ratios for the cross of Ss x Ss?

• A. phenotypic

• B. genotypic

• S=smooth

• And s=rough

What are the ratios for the cross of Ss x Ss?

• A. phenotypic 3 Smooth:1rough

• B. genotypic 1 SS: 2:Ss:1ss

• S=smooth

• And s=rough

S sSs

SS Ss

Ss ss

Genotype and Phenotype?

• Which is the genotype?

• TT : Tt : tt Tall : short

• Genotype are the letters, TT, Tt , tt

• Phenotype is the description:

Tall : short

Thomas Morgan discovered sex linked traits in the fruit fly.

• How many male Brown eyed flies are predicted?

• B= brown and b=blue

• ANSWER: 100% brown

males

Sex-linked Trait Problem

• In humans, red-green color-blindness is a sex-linked trait located on the X chromosomes. 

• Normal vision (XN) is dominant to color-blindness (Xn).

• Using a Punnett square, cross a heterozygous female with a male that has normal vision.

 

Did you use these parents?

XN Xn

XN

Y

Did you fill in these offspring?

XNXN XNXn

XNY XnY

XN Xn

XN

Y

What is the genotypic ratio?

XNXN XNXn

XNY XnY

XN Xn

XN

Y

Genotypic: Females 1 XNXN : 1 XNXn

Males: 1 XNY : 1 XnY

What is the phenotypic ratio?

XNXN XNXn

XNY XnY

XN Xn

XN

Y

Genotypic: Females all Normal

Males: 1 Normal : 1 colorblind

CONTRAST

• Mitosis• 2N to 2N (diploid)• Makes somatic

(body) cells• Humans: 46 somatic

cells• Has 1 division

• Meiosis• 2N to N (haploid)• Makes sex cells

• Humans: 23 sex cells

• Has 2 divisions

What is this chart called?

• Punnett

• Karyotype

• Pedigree

• ANSWER:

• karyotype

What is this genetic disorder?

• Down

• Klinefelter’s

• Turner’s

• Marfan

• ANSWER:Down Syndrome

What is this genetic disorder?

• Down syndrome trisomy 21

• Klinefelter’s XXY

• Turner’s XO

• Marfan

What is this chart called?

• Punnett

• Pedigree

• Karyotype

• ANSWER: Pedigree

B=brown eyes b=blue eyesbb=shaded

• What is the genotype of parent I-1?

• ANSWER: Bb

How many children did I-1 and I-2 have?

• A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 7

• ANSWER: 4

What is the sex of the child at the arrow?

• ANSWER: male

Match the scientists:

• A. Founder of Genetics, pea plants

• B. Father of Evolution, natural selection

• C. Found the structure of DNA

• D. Acquired traits

• 1. Watson,Crick• 2. Mendel• 3. Darwin• 4. Lamarck

• ANSWER: A-2• B-3 • C-1 D-4

What is the complementary DNA strand?

• A T C C G A C T A G G

• T A G G C T G A T C C

• A-T C-G for DNA to DNA

What is the complementary RNA strand?

• A T C C G A C T A G G

• U A G G C U G A U C C

• DNA – RNA A-U C-G

• (no T’s)

What would be…

• DNA ATC

mRNA? ____

tRNA? ____

What would be…

• DNA ATC

mRNA? UAG

tRNA? AUC