Honors Biology Final Exam Review Guide How to Study for the Exam 1. Review the major concepts in each Unit and Unit Summary 2. Determine the areas you need the most review on and review worksheets and study guides for these areas 3. Review the Fall exam Review sheet 4. Go over this review sheet and use it as a guide to see what you know and what you don’t. * Cross off the questions you feel confident you know the answers to, only look up the answers to the questions you can’t cross off.

1. Be able to define/identify each of the following: Problem Hypothesis Control group Independent variable Dependent variable Qualitative data Quantitative data metabolism homeostasis Diffusion Osmosis Active transport Endocytosis Exocytosis Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic Nucleus Cell membrane Cell wall Vacuole Lysosome Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body Ribosome Mitochondria Chloroplast Interphase G1 S G2 Mitosis Haploid Diploid

Gametes Zygote Embryo Fertilization Homologous chromosome Crossing over Tetrad Autotroph Heterotroph Decomposer Carnivore Omnivore Herbivore Biology Abiotic Biotic Coevolution Heterozygous Homozygous Allele Phenotype Genotype Incomplete dominance Co-dominance Crossing over Autosome Karyotype Sex Chromosome Prokaryote Eukaryote Plasmid Vector DNA RNA

Point mutation Frameshift mutation Restriction enzymes Gene Therapy Speciation G1 Checkpoint G2 Checkpoint M Checkpoint Apoptosis Substrate Product Enzyme Active Site Transport Protein Receptor Phospolipid Central Vacuole Polar Non Polar Stem Cell Organic Molecule Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic Acid Amino Acid Monosaccharide Nucleotide Fatty Acid – Saturated and Unsaturated fermentation cellular respiration NAD+ electron transport

chain glycolysis Krebs cycle acetyl CoA ATP synthase chemiosmosis lactic acid fermentation anaerobic NADP+ photosynthesis aerobic alcohol fermentation chlorophyll light reactions visible light Calvin cycle photosystem II Rubisco photosystem I stroma Karyotype Heterozygous Nitrogen Base mRNA Transcription gametes Meiosis Homozygous Hydrogen Bonds tRNA Translation Haploid Homologous Chromosome nucleotide

Codons Anti-codon Amino Acid Diploid Chromosome DNA Genes

Alleles Ribosome Dominant Crossing Over peptide bond semi-conservative Protein

Nucleus Recessive Lagging strand Leading strand PCR Sticky Ends Telomere

Gene Therapy Primer Gene Linkage Gram Positive/Neg. Reverse Transcriptase Peptidoglycan

_______________________________________________________________________ 2. Important Scientists to know 1. Watson and Crick 2. Gregor Mendel 3. Charles Darwin 4. Alfred Russel Wallace

5. Carl Linneus 6. Lammarck 7: Hershey and Chase

8. Griffith 9. Franklin 10. Chargaff

_______________________________________________________________________3. Processes to know (Make sure to know pictures that describe these processes) Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Transcription Translation Diffusion

Osmosis How Punnet squares work Evolution Through Natural Selection Mitosis

Meiosis Enzyme Action How GMO’s are created How Gel Electrophoresis works

_____________________________________________________________________ Be able to draw storyboards for the following: Enzyme actions Natural Selection Cellular respiration Photosynthesis Protein Synthesis Skills Be able to demonstrate the following skills: Justify conclusions with data Design an experiment Analyze data and evaluate the evidence provided by data sets Use models to communicate scientific ideas Demonstrate understanding of scientific literature

Questions that address Major concepts Part I

1. What is a stimulus? What is a response? 2. What are the different types of microscopes? Which one did we use in class? Why didn’t we use the others? 3. What is the difference between the independent and dependent variable? 4. When viewing something under the microscope, can you see more of the slide under the low power objective or under the high power objective? 5. What did we use methylene blue for? 6. What are the steps to make a wet mount? 7. Why are constants important in an experiment? 8. How many independent variables are you allowed to have in an experiment and why? 9. Explain the procedure for focusing something under the microscope. Defining Characteristics Benefit to the Earth

a. Kingdom Animalia

b. Kingdom Plantae

c. Kingdom Fungi

d. Kingdom Protista

e. Domain Bacteria

f. Domain Archaea

10. What distinguishes the Eukarya domain from the Bacteria and Archaea domain? 11. a. From most diverse to most specific, what are the 7 steps to the Linnean classification system? b. Where does the scientific name come from? c. Which indicates a closer relationship, a. being in the same family but having different genus’s, or b. being in the same genus, but being in a different family? 12. What is speciation? How do you know that it has occurred? 13. What are the 3 main points that make up the theory of evolution through natural selection? 14. Who came up with the theory of evolution through natural selection? 15. Give 5 pieces of evidence that scientists use to support the theory of evolution through natural selection. 16. How do organisms evolve to their environment? (How do populations change?) 17. What are 4 characteristics that make something be considered living? 18. Why have we in this class considered viruses not living? 19. What is the difference between a theory, hypothesis, and a fact/law? 20. Why is preserving biodiversity important to life on earth? 21 You want to find out if the amount of time it takes to complete a test affects test scores. a. What is your independent variable? What is your dependent variable? What things would you keep constant? b. What qualitative data would you collect? What quantitative data would you collect? 22. What are the two types of cells? What is the difference between them?

23. What types of cells have cell membranes? What does the cell membrane do? 24. What is it called when we keep the internal environment of the cell the same? 25. What are the three functions a cell needs to perform? What organelles are needed to perform each function? 26. Compare and contrast Plant and Animal cells 27. What are two differences between active and passive transport? 28. Describe the arrangement of the cell membrane. (pictures are acceptable) Label the polar parts, non polar parts, and transport parts. 29. What are two ways endocytosis and osmosis are different? 30. What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion? 31. What would happen to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution? What would happen to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

Part II. 1. What is synthesized in the Synthesis phase? Why is this important? 2. What is the goal of mitosis? 3. What are three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 4. Why are cells small? 5. What makes a molecule organic? 6. What are enzymes? How do enzymes speed up reactions? Why is the shape of the enzyme important? What are factors that affect enzyme function? Why do these factors affect enzyme function? 7. Do all cells divide at the same rate? Are all the cells in your body constantly dividing? 8. How might cancer and stem cells be related? 9. What is the difference between polar and non-polar molecules? 10 Where does all energy originate from? 11. How does the energy get transferred from organism to organism? 12. Where do the plants ultimately store the sun’s energy? 13. What is the energy difference between carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids? 14. What is ATP; What are the 3 main parts of ATP; Where is the energy stored in an ATP molecule 15. What does photosynthesis use the energy from the sun to do; What is used to absorb energy from the sun 16. Why is chlorophyll green 17. What are the parts of the chloroplast; Where is chlorophyll found inside the chloroplast. 18. Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Organelle Involved

Where the ETC is

Cycle involved and what the goal of the cycle is

Reactants (what must go in)

Main Product Desired

Waste Product and what part it is produced in.

High Energy Carriers

19. What process do cells use to break down sugar when there is no oxygen available?

20. Why do cells have to make the alcohol or lactic acid during Fermentation? What else is released? 21. What gets broken down during glycolysis; What gets produced during glycolysis 22. How much ATP, NADH, and FADH2 gets produced during glycolysis; 23. Where does the Krebs cycle take place What gets broken down during the Krebs cycle; what step of cellular respiration produced this material? What gas is given off during the Krebs cycle? How much ATP NADH; FADH2 gets produced during the Krebs cycle; 24. Where does the electron transport chain of cellular respiration take place What does the electron transport chain use to make ATP How does ATP synthase work to make ATP in chemiosmosis? (In the ETC?) How is Oxygen used in the ETC? How many ATP are produced during the electron transport chain 25. What is the net total ATP produced as a result of cellular respiration 26. Draw a chloroplast, label the important structures, and what takes place in each structure 27 Draw a mitochondria, label the important structures, and what takes place in each structure 28. Where is the ETC located in photosynthesis? Where is it in Cell respiration? 29. Starting with the sun, draw the chain of events that produce 38 ATP. Be sure to include the organelles that these occur in, the places in the organelles each part occurs in, and that all energy carriers are listed. 30. Consider the following food chain:

Grass → Insects → Bird → Coyote Which organism will have the most biomass? What does the direction of the arrows show? Which organism will have the most energy? If I sprayed a pesticide in this chain, which organisms will be affected the most? How much energy is transferred from the insect to the bird? What is the producer in this diagram? What is the secondary consumer? If there were 1000 insects, how many birds could there be? What is missing at the end of the food chain? Why is this part important?

31. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? 32. Name the three differences between RNA and DNA. 33. What is produced in DNA replication? 34. What is produced in transcription? Where does this occur? 35. What is produced in translation? Where does this occur? Here is a DNA sequence: TACCCTACGTCAACATGC 36. Write the base sequence for the complementary strand of DNA. 37. Write the base sequence for the mRNA strand that will be produced during transcription. 38. Separate the mRNA strand into codons. Write the sequence of amino acids coded for by the mRNA codons. 39. What do we call the chain of amino acids coded for by translation? 40. What contributions did the following scientists make in the discovery of DNA? Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase, Franklin, Chargaff, Watson and Crick 41. Describe the process of DNA replication. In your description include the following concepts: lagging strand, leading strand, 5’, 3’, nucleotides, semi-conservative, DNA Polymerase, DNA Ligase. 42. Draw a molecule of DNA with the sequence TCGGA

Part III 1. At the end of meiosis, how many cells have been formed? 2. a. What are represented on the sides of a punnett square? b. What are represented in the boxes of a punnett square? c. Why do we only put 1 letter on each box on the side of the punnett square? 3. In rabbits the allele for black coat color (B) is dominant over the allele for brown coat color (b). What is the genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio be for a cross between an animal homozygous for black coat color and one homozygous for brown coat color? 4. Two short haired guinea pigs are mated several times. Out of 100 offspring, 25 of them have long hair. What are the probable genotypes of the parents? 5. In certain bacteria, an oval shape is dominant over round and thick cell walls are dominant over thin. Cross a

heterozygous oval, thick cell walled bacteria with a round, thin cell walled bacteria. Describe the phenotype of the offspring. 6. a. If Y = yellow and y = green, what is the genotype for a heterozygous yellow pea plant? b. If T = Tall and t = short, what is the genotype of a short plant? 7. During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes cross over? 8. During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes get pulled apart from each other? 9. At the end of meiosis, how many haploid cells have been formed? What are these called? 10. Who was the scientist that first used punnett squares in his research? 11. Tall is dominant to short. Why is it impossible to know for 100% accuracy the genotype of a Tall plant? 12. What are homologous chromosomes? 13. What is the relationship between the following words: Gene, Allele, Chromosome, DNA 14 What was the main thing that happens that causes the end products of meiosis to all be different? 15. Why do sperm and eggs contain only 1 set of chromosomes? 16. What some ways that the DNA and chromosomes can make mistakes? 17. How many chromosomes are in the human genome? How many of each does each person have in each cell? 18. Disorders to know the following about a. inheritance pattern b. basic symptoms c. if it is more prevalent in any population a. Hemophilia b. Cystic Fibrosis c. Down’s Syndrome d. Tay-Sachs e. Huntington’s f. Sickle Cell 19. Describe the process of putting a gene in bacteria 20. How is changing the genetics of a bacteria different from a plant and animal? 21. Describe the process of cloning an organism. 22. Give examples of Transgenic organisms/GMO’s 23. If a green frog and a white frog mated and produced a frog with green and white spots, what type of inheritance pattern is this? 24. What % of offspring will be pink from a cross between a red and pink flower? (Incomplete dominance) 25. In flies, eye color is a sex linked trait. Red Eyes are dominant to White eyes. If a female fruit fly heterozygous for red eyes crossed with a white-eyed male. a. what percent of their offspring would have white eyes; b. what percentage of males would have white eyes; c. what percentage of females would have white eyes? 26. Why are the sex chromosomes not homologous? 27. If a male with red/green color blindness marries a woman who is heterozygous for normal vision, what are their chances of producing a son who is color blind? What are their chances of producing a daughter who is color blind? 28 What is the difference between polygenic inheritance and multiple alleles? 29. How is polygenic inheritance different from epistasis? 30. If a man and woman have 5 boys, what are the chances their next child will be a boy? 31. a. Describe what blood type is. b. What is the difference between the 4 different blood types both genetically and phenotypically? c. Which blood types can give to the others? 32. A homozygous A man has a baby with a woman with O blood. They have a baby whose blood type is also O. Is this possible? 33. a. Describe the process of gel electrophoresis. 34. What are some ways Restriction enzymes are being used? 35. What is the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria? How does this relate to evolution? 36. a. How does Gene Therapy work? b. What disorders are being helped because of this? 37. a. How closely related are two humans from each other? b. What are the areas in our genome that are different called? 38. Why does an older mother have a higher chance of having a baby with Down’s syndrome or Turner’s syndrome? 39. A grass species’ height is controlled by 3 genes. The base height of the grass is 2 inches. Each dominant gene adds 1 inch. How tall would a plant be that is heterozygous for all three genes? 40 41. What are the parts of a typical bacteria? 42. Describe the two ways bacteria reproduce. 43. Is bacteria generally more helpful or harmful. Explain. 44 How do bacteria survive in conditions that are not very good?

45. What are the 3 main groups of Protists? 46. Describe the various movement methods for the Protozoa. Give an example of an organism that uses each. 47. What are two differences between Euglena and Paramecium? 48. What are 2 reasons Protists are different than Bacteria? 49. What are some common uses for Protists? 50. We studied Animal-like, Plant-like, and Fungus-like Protists. Why aren’t these organisms just classified as Animals, Plants, and Fungus? it treatable (vaccine, antibiotic, etc) d. how is it transmitted? 51. What part of the flower becomes the fruit? What is the purpose for a fruit? What is the purpose of a flower? 52. Describe 3 methods of pollination 53. Think about where we see examples of some of the major themes of this course:

The benefit to organisms of increasing surface area Using scientific methods to test hypotheses

What inferences can we make from our careful observations? Structure fits function Evolution through Natural Selection (Survival of the fittest) The importance of maintaining biodiversity

How a concept relates to the bigger picture of the community, ecosystem, world, etc.

Some Important Diagrams