BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abel, C. Politica, iglesia y partidos en Colombia (Bogota, 1987). Afanador, J. P. Democracia en Sanjil 0 Cartas del ciudadano Jose Pascual

Afanador Dirigidas a los senores de la Nobleza Sanjilena, sobre la naturaleza y efectos de un Programa (Socorro, 1851, republ. Bucaramanga, 1990).

Alesina, A. 'Macroeconomics and Politics', NBER Macroeconomics Annual 3, (1988).

Alesina, A. and Roberto Perotti 'Budget Deficits and Institutions', 1 st. draft, mimeo (November, 1994a).

'The Political Economy of Growth: What do we Know?', Departamento Nacional de Planeaci6n, Seminario Latinoamericano sobre Crecimiento Econ6mico (Bogota, 28 June, 1994b).

Anderson, B. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London, 1993).

Amove, R. 'Politicas educativas durante el Frente Nacional', Revista Colombiana de Educacion, no. I (1978).

Bailey, J. J. 'Pluralist and Corporatist Dimensions of Interest Representation in Colombia', in J. M. Malloy (ed.), Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America (Pittsburgh, I 977).

Barkin, J. S. and B. Cronin 'The State and Nation: Changing Norms and the Rules of Sovereignty in International Relations', International Organisation, vol. 48, no. 1 (winter 1994).

Barona B. G. La maldicion de Midas en una region del mundo colonial. Popayan 1730-1830 (Cali, 1995).

Beetham, D. The Legitimation of Power (Basingstoke, 1991). Bejarano, A. M. 'Recuperar el estado para fortalecer la democracia', Analisis

Politico, vol. 22 ( May-August, 1994). Betancourt, D. and M. L. Garcia, Contrabandistas, marimberos y mafiosos.

Historia social de la mafia colombiana 1965-92 (Bogota, 1994). Betancur, B. El homo sapiens se extravio en America Latina (Bogota, 1990). Bobbio, N. El futuro de la democracia (Madrid, 1985).

Estado, Gobierno y Sociedad. Por una teoria general de la politica (Mexico, D.F., 1989).

Bolivar, S. Obras Completas, 2 vols. (Havana, 1947). Bonilla, G. and H. Osorio 'Estructura de Mercado y Practicas Comerciales en

los Sectores Industrial, Minero-Energetico y de Servicios Publicos en Colombia', Revista de Planeacion y Desarrollo, vol. XXIV, no. 2 ( 1993).

Bonilla Pardo, G. and A. Valencia Villa Justicia para la justicia: violencia contrajueces y abogados en Colombia, 1979-1991 (Bogota, 1992).

Bramley, G. 'The Impact of Land Use Planning and Tax Subsidies on the Supply and Price of Housing in Britain', Urban Studies, vol. 30 (1993).

264 Bibliography

Bravo Lira, B. et al. Fuentes ideol6gicas de Codificacion Latinoamericana (Buenos Aires, 1992).

Brubaker, G. A. 'Santa Fe de Bogota: A Study of Municipal Development in Eighteenth-Century Spanish America', unpubl. PhD thesis (University of Texas at Austin, 1960).

Brungardt, M. P. 'Tithe Production and Pattern of Economic Change in Central Colombia, 1764-1833', unpubl. PhD thesis (University of Texas at Austin, 1974).

'The Economy of Colombia in the Late Colonial and Early National Periods', in J. Fisher, A. Kuethe and A. McFarlane (eds.), Reform and Insurrection in Bourbon Nueva Granada and Peru (Baton Rouge, 1990).

Bushnell, D. The Making of Modern Colombia: A Nation in Spite of Itself (Berkeley, 1993).

Bushnell, D. and N. Macauley The Emergence of Latin America in the Nineteenth Century (New York and Oxford, 1988).

Caballero, C. and M. Rodriguez G6mez 'Crecimiento econ6mico y cambio estructural', in J. Ramirez (ed.), Una aproximacion alfuturo: Colombia, siglo XXI (Bogota, 1991).

Calder6n, C. 'La tasa de cambio real: mitos y realidades', mimeo (Washington, D.C., 1994).

Camacho Roldan, S. Memorias, Tomo I (Bogota, 1923). Cardenas, M. 'Stabilisation and Redistribution of Coffee Revenues: A

Political Economy Model of Commodity Marketing Boards', Journal of Political Economy, no. 44 (1994).

and M. Urrutia 'Macroeconomic Instability and Social Progress', in Rudiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards (eds.), Reform, Recovery, and Growth: Latin America and the Middle East (Chicago, 1995).

Caro, M. A. Escritos sobre cuestiones economicas (Bogota, 1943). Escritos politicos, vol. 3 (Bogota, 1991).

Carrasqui\la, A. 'Desarrollo reciente de las politicas monetaria y cambiaria en Colombia', Borradores Semanales de Economia, Banco de la Republica (Bogota, 1994).

Castro, J. 'EI Inscredial: un Incora urbano', Revista Camacol, no. 39 (1989). Catano, G. 'Luis E. Nieto Arteta: del derecho penal al derecho civil', Ideas y

Val ores, nos. 85-6 (Bogota, Aug. 1991). Cepeda Ulloa, F. (ed.), La corrupcion administrativa en Colombia.

Diagnostico y recomendaciones para combatirla (Bogota, 1994a). Ley Estatutaria: Instituciones y mecanismos de participacion ciudadana

(Bogota, 1994b). Direccion politica de la reforma economica en Colombia (Bogota, 1994c).

Cepeda, M. J. Introduccion a la Constitucion de 1991 (Bogota, 1993). Chubb, J. Patronage, Power and Poverty in Southern Italy (Cambridge, 1982). Clapham, C. (ed.) Private Patronage and Public Power (London, 1982). Cobban, A. National Self-Determination (Oxford, 1945).

Bibliography 265

Collier, D. Squatters and Oligarchs (Baltimore, 1976). Colmenares, G. Partidos Politicos y C/ases Sociales (Bogota, 1968).

'Popayan: continuidad y discontinuidades regionales en la epoca de la Independencia', in R. Liehr (ed.), America Latina en la epoca de Simon Bolivar. La formacion de las econom[as nacionales y los intereses economicos europeos, 1800-1850 (Berlin, 1989).

Comisi6n Nacional de Energla Evaluacion del Sector Etectrico Colombiano. 1970-1990 (Bogota, 1991).

Corbo, V. and L. Hernandez Macroeconomic Adjustment to Capital Inflows: Latin American Style versus East Asian Style (Washington, 1994).

Coulomb, R. and C. Sanchez i.Todos propietarios? Vivienda de alquiler y sectores populares en la Ciudad de Mexico (Mexico, 1991).

Cubillos, J. S. 'EI fen6meno del clientelismo en educaci6n', un pub I. MSc diss. (Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, 1982).

Dawson, F. G. The First Latin American Debt Crisis. The City of London and the 1822-25 Loan Bubble (New Haven and London, 1990).

De la Pedraja, R. Energy Politics in Colombia (Boulder, 1989). De Soto, H. The Other Path (First publ. in Spanish 1986; London, 1989). Deas, M. 'Algunas notas sobre caciquismo en Colombia', Revista de

Occidente. no. 127 (1973). 'La presencia de la polltica nacional en la vida provinciana, pueblerina y

rural de Colombia en el primer siglo de la republica', in M. Palacios (comp.), La unidad nacional en America Latina. Del regionalismo a la nacionalidad (Mexico, D.F., 1983).

'Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador: The First Half-Century of Independence', in L. Bethell (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 3 (New York, 1985).

Del poder y la gramtitica y otros ensayos sobre historia. politica y literatura colombianas (Bogota, 1993).

and F. Gaitan Dos ensayos especulativos sobre la violencia en Colombia (Bogota, 1995).

and C. Ossa (eds.) EI gobierno Barco (Bogota, 1994). Delpar, H. Red Against Blue: The Liberal Party in Colombian Politics

(Tuscaloosa, 1981). DNP (Departamento Nacional de Planeaci6n) Las cuatro estrategias (Bogota,

1972). Cambio con equidad (Bogota, 1983). 'Programa de vivienda social', Revista Camacol. no. 45 (1990). La Revolucion Pacifica (Bogota, 1991). 'Avances del programa de vivienda social', Revista Camacol, no. 50

(I 992a}. 'Apertura regional y descentralizaci6n', Revista Camacol, no. 51 (1992b). La revolucion pacifica: evolucion del programa de vivienda, mimeo

(Bogota, 1993).

266 Bibliography

'Polltica de vivienda social urbana, Consejo Nacional de Polltica Econ6mica y Social' (CONPES), doc. 2729 (Bogota, 1994a).

'La Revoluci6n Pacifica: programa de vivienda', Revista Camacol, no. 58 (1994b). EI Saito Social: Plan Nacional de Desarrollo: ley de inversiones

1994-1998 (Bogota, 1995). Dix, R. H. 'Consociational Democracy', Comparative Politics (April 1980). Duarte, J. 'Corrupci6n en la educaci6n publica e inequidad en Colombia:

algunas observaciones', in F. Cepeda Ulloa (ed.), La corrupcion administrativa en Colombia. Diagnostico y recomendaciones para combatirla (Bogota, 1994), pp. 81-95.

'The Politics of the Administration of Public Teachers in Two Colombian Regions', unpub!. DPhil diss. (Oxford University, 1995).

Dugas, J. (ed.) La Constitucion de 1991: i Un pacto politico viable? (Bogota, 1993).

'The Economic Imperative of Decentralisation in Colombia,' paper presented at the Latin American Studies Association, 10-12 March 1994 (Atlanta, Georgia, 1994).

et a!. (eds.) Los caminos de la descentralizacion. Diversidady retos de la transformacion municipal (Bogota, 1992).

and R. Sanchez and E. Ungar 'La Asamblea Nacional Constituyente: lExpresi6n de una voluntad general?', in R. Sanchez (ed.), Los nuevos retos electorales (Bogota, 1991).

Easterly, W. 'Colombia: Avoiding Crises through Fiscal Policy', in Aparicio, M. and W. Easterly et a!. (eds.), Crecimiento economico. Teoria, instituciones y experiencia internacional (Bogota, 1994).

Echegaray, A. 'Los fundamentos de una politica habitacional social y econ6micamente eficiente', Revista Camacol. no. 50 (1992).

Edwards, S. Crisis and Reform in Latin America. From Despair to Hope (Oxford, 1995).

Eichengreen, B. 'House Calls of the Money Doctor: The Kemmerer Missions to Latin America, 1917-1931' (1989).

Should the Maastrich Treaty be Saved? (Princeton, 1991). Eisenstadt, S. N. and L. Roginer Patrons. Clients and Friends (Interpersonal

Relations and the Structure of Trust in Society) (Cambridge, 1984). Escorcia, J. 'Desarrollo politico, social yecon6mico, 1800-1854', in Sociedad

y Economia en el Valle del Cauca (Bogota, 1983). Esguerra Fajardo, A. Latinoamerica de nuevo (Bogota, 1995). Fedesarrollo, 'Perspectivas y retos macroecon6micos, 1994-1998', mimeo

(Bogota, 1994). 'Prospectiva: perspectivas econ6micas de corto y mediano plazo' (Bogota,

Jan. 1995). Fei, F. and Chang Chih-i Earthbound China (London, 1948). Flood, J. and J. Yates 'Housing Subsidies and Income Distribution', Urban

Studies. no. 4 (1989).

Bibliography 267

Forero, C. 'Participaci6n participativa: una primera evaluaci6n', Revista Foro, no. 26 (1995).

Fresneda, 0 and J. Duarte 'Elementos para la historia de la educaci6n en Colombia: alfabetizaci6n y educaci6n primaria', unpubl. diss. (Universidad Nacional, Bogota, 1984).

Gaitan, P. and C. Moreno Poder local: Realidad y utopia de la descentralizacionen Colombia (Bogota, 1992).

Garcia Garcia, J. 'Crecimiento, estabilizaci6n y ajuste en Colombia: lecciones del periodo 1966-1992', in Aparicio, M. and W. Easterly (eds.), Crecimiento Economico. Teoria, instituciones y experiencia internacional (Bogota, 1994).

Garcia Mejia, A. 'The Transformation of the Indian Communities of the Bogota Sabana during the Nineteenth-Century Colombian Republic', unpubl. PhD thesis (New School for Social Research, New York, 1989).

Garrido, M. 'La politica local en la Nueva Granada, 1750-1810', Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura, no. 15 (1987).

Representaciones y reclamos. Variaciones sobre la politica en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, 1770-1815 (Bogota, 1994).

Geertz, C. The Interpretation o/Cultures (New York, 1973). Gellner, E. Nations and Nationalism (Oxford, 1983). Gilbert, A. G. 'The Provision of Public Services and the Debt Crisis in Latin

America: the Case of Bogota', Economic Geography, no. 66 (1990). In Search 0/ a Home (London, 1993). The Latin American City (Latin America Bureau, 1994: forthcoming in

Spanish, Siglo XXI, Mexico City). and J. Gugler Cities. Poverty and Development: Urbanisation in the Third

World (Oxford, 1992). and A. Varley Landlord and Tenant: Housing the Poor in Urban Mexico

(London, 1991). and P. M. Ward Housing. the State and the Poor: Policy and Practice in

Three Latin American Cities (Cambridge, 1985). Publ. in Spanish as Asentamientos populares versus el poder del estado (Mexico, 1987).

Gilmore, R. EI/ederalismo en Colombia, 1810-1855 (Bogota, 1995). Giraldo, F. 'Colombia: estudio de pobreza. El gasto publico social en vivienda

de interes social' (CENAC, 1993). 'La vivienda de interes social: poco subsidio y nada de equidad', Revista

Camacol, no. 58 (1994). and J. C. Cortes Cely 'Los ciclos de la edificaci6n en Colombia,

1950-1993: otra mirada', Revista Camacol, no. 60 (1994). Gonzalez, B. 'Jose Maria Espinosa: Abanderado del arte y de la patria',

Catalogo de una exposicion (National Museum of Colombia, Bogota, 1994).

Gonzalez, F. Caudillismo y regionalismo en el Siglo XIX Latinoamericano (Bogota, 1982).

Guerra, F.-X. Modernidad e independencias (Madrid, 1992)

268 Bibliography

'La desintegraci6n de la Monarquia hisp{mica: Revoluci6n de Independencia', in A. Annino, L. Castro Leiva and F.-X. Guerra (eds.),

De los imperios a las naciones: Iberoamerica (Zaragoza, 1995). Gutierrez Cuevas, C. 'ICT: 50 afios cumpliendo con Colombia', Revista

Camacol, no. 39 (1989). Hall, J. A. and G. J. Ikenberry The State (Milton Keynes, 1989). Halperin Donghi, T. 'Argentina: Agrarian Liberalism in a Country Born

Liberal', in J. Love and N. Jacobsen (eds.), Guiding the Invisible Hand. Economic Liberalism and the State in Latin America (New York, 1988), pp.35-62.

Hansen, E. and J. Williams 'Economic Issues and the Progressive Housing Mode\', in C. V. Patton (ed.), Spontaneous Shelter: International Perspectives and Prospects (Philadelphia, 1988), pp. 303-25.

'Urban electoral behaviour in Colombia', in H. Dietz and G. Shidl0 (eds.), Urban Elections in Democratic Latin America (forthcoming).

Hanson, E. M. 'Administrative Development in the Colombian Ministry of Education: a Case Analysis of the 1970s', Comparative Education Review, vol. 27, no. 1 (1983).

'Decentralisation and Regionalisation in Educational Administration: Comparisons of Venezuela, Colombia and Spain', Comparative Education, vol. 25, no. 1 (1989).

Hardoy, J. E. and D. Satterthwaite Squatter Citizen: Life in the Urban Third . World (London, 1989).

Harris, N. (ed.) Cities in the 1990s: The Challenge for Developing Countries, (London, 1992).

Hartlyn, J. 'Producer Associations, the Political Regime and Policy Process in Contemporary Colombia', Latin American Research Review, vol. 20, (1985).

The Politics of Coalition Rule in Colombia (New York, 1988). Held, D. Models of Democracy (Stanford, 1987).

Prospects for Democracy (Cambridge, 1993). Helg, A. 'La educaci6n primaria y secundaria durante el primer gobierno de

Alfonso L6pez Pumarejo', Revista Colombiana de Educacion, no. 6 (1980).

La educacion en Colombia, 1918-57. Una historia social, economica y politica (Bogota, 1987).

Helguera, J. L. 'The Problem of Liberalism versus Conservatism, 1849-85', in F. Pike (ed.), Latin American History. Select Problems (New York, 1969).

Helm, D. (cd.) The Economic Borders of the State (Oxford, 1992). Herbert, A. and E. Kempson Water Debt and Disconnection (London, 1995). Hobsbawm, E. J. Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (Cambridge, 1990). Hommes, R. 'Regulation, Deregulation and Modernization in Colombia',

(Washington, DC, mimeo, 1995a).

Bibliography 269

'Conflicts and Dilemmas of Decentralization', paper presented at the Annual World Bank Development Seminar (Washington, DC, 1 & 2 May, 1995b).

in Guillermo Calvo et al. Debt. Stabilization and Development; Essays in Memory of Carlos Diaz Alejandro (Oxford and Cambridge, 1995c).

'Colombia: An Underestimated Success?', paper presented in Zurich in Seminar on Latin America sponsored by FUNDES (24 May 1995d).

and Montenegro, A. and P. Roda (eds.) Una apertura hacia el futuro: balance economico 1990-94 (Bogota, 1994).

Hoskin, G. 'The Impact of the National Front on Congressional Behavior: The Attempted Restoration of el pais politico'. in R. Hellman, A. Berry and M. Solaun (eds.), Patterns of Compromise: Coalition Government in Colombia (New Brunswick, 1980).

'The Consequences of Constitutional Reform on the Colombian Party System', paper presented at Latin American Studies Association, 10-12 March (Atlanta, Georgia, 1994).

'Urban Electoral Behavior in Colombia', in H. Dietz and G. Shidlo (eds.), Urban Elections in Democratic Latin America (forthcoming).

Hoskin, G. et aI., El Congreso Colombiano. Tomo II (Bogota, 1974). Huntington, S. P 'Political Modernisation: America vs. Europe', World

Politics, vol. XVIII, no. 3 (1966). Iglesias, E. V. Reflections on Economic Development: Toward a New Latin

American Consensus (Washington, DC, 1992). INURBE (lnstituto Nacional de Vivienda de Interes Social y Reforma Urbana)

'Informe sobre el subsidio familiar de vivienda durante el perlodo comprendido entre los anos 1991 y 1994 dirigido a la honorable junta directiva del INURBE' (Bogota, 16 June 1995).

Jaramillo Uribe, J. 'EI proceso de la educaci6n del Virreinato a la epoca contemporanea', in Colcultura, Manual de Historia de Colombia (Bogota, 1984).

Jaramillo, S. 'La politica de vivienda en Colombia l.hacia una redefinici6n de sus objetivos?', Desarrollo y Sociedad Cuaderno. no. 4 (1982).

Kalmanovitz, S. 'Las teorias econ6micas contemporaneas en Colombia', in J. A. Ocampo (ed.), Gran Enciclopedia de Colombia. Economia. vol. 8 (Bogota, 1994).

Katz, R. S. and P. Mair 'Changing Models of Party Organisation and Party Democracy', Party Politics, vol. I, no. I (1995).

Knight, A. 'State and Civil Society in Mexico since the Revolution', Texas Papers on Mexico, nos. 90-91 (Austin, 1993).

Kommers, D. The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany (London, 1989).

Kiinig, H. J. En el camino hacia la nacion. Nacionalismo en el proceso de formacion del estado y la nacion de la Nueva Granada. 1750-1856 (Bogota, 1994).

270 Bibliography

Krasner, S. D. 'Sovereignty: an Institutional Perspective', Comparative Political Studies, no. 2 (Apr. 1988).

Kresge, S. and L. Wenar (eds.) Hayek on Hayek. An Autobiographical Dialogue (London, 1994).

Kriegel, B. The State and the Rule of Law (Princeton, 1995). Krueger, A. O. 'The Political Economy of the Rent Seeking Society',

American Economic Review, no. 69 (1974), pp. 3291-303. Kusnetzoff, F. 'The State and Housing in Chile - Regime Types and Policy

Choices', in G. Shidl0 (ed.), Housing Policy in Developing Countries (London, 1990).

Labrouse, A. La droga, el dinero y las armas (Mexico, 1993). Laffont, J. and J. Tirole A Theory of Incentives in Procurement and Regulation

(Cambridge, Mass., 1994). LaPalombara, J. Democracy Italian Style (New Haven and London, 1987). Latorre, M. Elecciones y Partidos Politicos en Colombia (Bogota, 1974). Laun, J. I. 'El estado y la vivienda en Colombia: analisis de urbanizaciones del

Instituto de Credito Territorial en Bogota', in C. Castillo (ed.), Vida urbana y urbanismo (Bogota, 1976).

Lawson, K. and P. Merkl (eds.) When Parties Fail (Princeton, 1988). Leal Buitrago, F. Estado y politica en Colombia (Bogota, 1984).

and A. Davila Clientelismo: EI sistema politico y su expresi6n regional (Bogota, 1990; 2nd edn. 1991).

(ed.) En busca de la estabilidad perdida (Bogota, 1995). and L. Zamosc AI filo del caos. Crisis politica en la Colombia de los ailos

80 (Bogota, 1990). Lebot, I. 'Elementos para la historia de la educaci6n en Colombia en el siglo

XX', Boletin Mensual de Estadistica, no. 249 (1972). Lerner, A. C. 'The Role of Rental Housing in Developing Countries: A Need

for Balance', World Bank Report, no. UDD-I04 (1987). Linn, J. F. Cities in the Developing World: Policies for their Equitable and

Efficient Growth (Oxford, 1983). Lipset, S. M. and S. Rokkan 'Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter

Alignment: An Introduction,' in Lipset S. M. and S. Rokkan, Party Systems and Voter Alignments (New York, 1967).

Londono, J. L. 'Income Distribution During the Structural Transformation: Colombia 1938-1988', unpubl. PhD diss. (Harvard University, 1990).

L6pez, A. 'Realizaciones, Iimitaciones y tensiones internas de la Misi6n Kemmerer en Colombia', in El Banco de la Republica: Antecedentes, evolucion y estructura (Bogota, 1990).

L6pez, L. F. Historia de la Hacienda y el Tesoro en Colombia (Bogota, 1992). L6pez Michelsen, A. EI estado fuerte (Bogota, 1968). Lora, E. and L. Helmsdorff Elfuturo de la reformapensional (Bogota, 1994). Losada, R. Clientelismo y elecciones (Bogota, 1984). Loy, J. M. 'La educaci6n primaria durante el federalismo: la reforma escolar

de 1870', Revista Colombiana de Educaci6n, no. 3 (1979).

Bibliography 271

'Los Ignorantistas y las Escuelas: La oposici6n a la reforma durante la federaci6n colombiana', Revista Colombiana de Educacion, no. 9 (1982).

Lynch, 1. The Spanish American Revolutions, 1808-1826 (New York, 1986). Macpherson, C. B. The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy (Oxford, 1977). Marichal, C. A Century of Debt Crisis in Latin America (Princeton, 1989). Martinez, N. H. 'Productividad social de la nueva politica de gasto social.

Anotaciones y recomendaciones', mimeo (Bogota, 1996). McFarlane, A. Colombia Before Independence. Economy, Society and Politics

under Bourbon Reform (Cambridge, 1993). McPherson, J. M. Battle Cry of Freedom. The American Civil War (Oxford,

1988). Matthey, K. (ed.) Beyond Self-Help Housing (London, 1990). Melo, J. O. (ed.) Colombia hoy (Bogota, 1995). Means, R. C. Underdevelopment and the Development of Law. Corporations

and Corporation Law in Nineteenth-Century Colombia (Chapel Hill, 1980).

Megbolugbe, I. F. and P. D. Linneman 'Home Ownership', Urban Studies, no. 30 (1993).

Meisel Roca, A. and A. L6pez 'Papel moneda, tasas de interes y revaluaci6n durante la regeneraci6n', in EI Banco de la Republica: antecedentes, evoluci6n y estructura (Bogota, 1990).

Memoria del Secretario de Instruccion Publica Dirigida al Presidente de Colombia, 1881 (Bogota, 1881).

Ministerio de Desarrollo Econ6mico 'Ciudades: ciudadanas y ciudadanos: la polftica urbana del SaIto Social', mimeo (Bogota. 1995).

Ministerio de Educaci6n Nacional Proyecto de Ley por la cual se dicta el Estatuto General de la Educaci6n ( Bogota, 1971).

Molano, A. Selva adentro. Una historia oral de la civilizaci6n del Guaviare (Bogota, 1992).

Molina, G. Las ideas Liberales en Colombia, tomo I (Bogota, 1970). Molina, H. 'Bogota: Competition and Substitution Between Urban Land

Markets', in P. Baross, and J. van der Linden (eds.), The Transformation of Land Supply Systems in Third World Cities (Ave bury, 1990).

et al. 'EI gasto publico en educaci6n y distribuci6n de subsidios en Colombia (lnforme Final)" mimeo, Fedesarrollo (Bogota, 1993).

Montenegro, A. 'El Sector Privado y la Reforma del Estado', Planeaci6n y Desarrollo, vol. XXV (1994).

'Justicia y desarrollo econ6mico', Planeacion y Desarrollo, vol. XXV (Jul. 1994a).

and C. E. Posada 'Criminalidad en Colombia', mimeo (Bogota, 1994b). Montes Hernandez, J. 'La responsabilidad contractual de la administraci6n y

de los funcionarios publicos', Temas. La Revista de la Contraloria, no. 4 (Barranquilla, 1994).

272 Bibliography

Marner, M. Estado, razas y cambio social en la Hispanoamerica colonial (Mexico, 1974).

Murillo, G. and E. Ungar 'Politicas de vivienda popular en Colombia a partir de la decada del setenta', Desarrollo y Sociedad Cuaderno, no. 4 (1982).

Nairn, M. Paper Tigers and Minotaurs. The Politics of Venezuela s Economic Reforms (Washington, 1993).

'Latin American Post-Adjustment Blues', Foreign Policy (autumn, 1993a). Neuman, S. Modern Political Parties (Chicago, 1956), Nichols, T. E. Tres Puertos de Colombia (Bogota, 1973). Ochoa, F. J. 'Politica de tarifas de energia electrica adoptada por el gobierno

de Colombia', Revista AN DI 93 (1989). Orjuela, L. J. 'La descentralizaci6n en Colombia: paradigma para la eficiencia

y la legitimidad del estado', in J. Dugas et al.~ Los caminos de la descentralizacion: diversidad y retos de la transformacion municipal (Bogota, 1992).

Orozco, C. 'Marco legal para la promoci6n de la competencia en el derecho comparado y en Colombia', Planeacion y Desarrollo, vol. XXIV, no. 2 (1993).

Ortiz, C. 'The Impact of Current Global Housing Strategies on the Development of the Housing Sector in Colombia', DPU Working Paper, no. 71 (London, 1995}

Ortiz Sarmiento, C. M. 'Historiografla de la violencia', in Universidad Nacional, La historia al final del milenio. Ensayos de historiografia colombiana y iatinoamericana (Bogota, 1994).

Pacheco, E. 'ICT: hay que actuar para salvarlo', Revista Camacol, no. 39 (1989).

Pacheco, M. Lafiesta liberal en Cali (Cali,1992). Palacios, M. 'La fragmentaci6n regional de las clases dominantes en

Colombia: una perspectiva hist6rica', Revista Mexicana de Sociologia, vol. XLII, no. 4 (Oct.-Dec., 1980).

'Modernidad, modernizaciones y ciencias sociales', Amilisis Politico, no. 23 (Sep-Dec., 1994).

Panebianco, A. Political Parties: Organisation and Power (New York, 1988) Pateman, C. The Problem of Political Obligation (Cambridge, 1985). Peflaranda, R. 'Surveying the Literature on the Violence', in C. Bergquist et

aI., Violence in Colombia. The Contemporaruy Crisis in Historical Perspective (Wilmington, 1992).

Pennington, K. 'Bartolome de las Casas and the Tradition of Medieval Law', Church History, vol. 39 (1970).

Persaud, T. 'Housing Delivery System and the Urban Poor: a Comparison among Six Latin American Countries', World Bank, Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Department Regional Studies Program Report, no. 23 (1992).

Phelan, J. L. The People and the King (Wisconsin, 1978). Pierson, C. The Modern State (London and New York, 1996).

Bibliography 273

Pinz6n, P. Pueblos. Regiones. y Partidos (Bogota, 1989). Pizarro Leong6mez, E. 'Elecciones, partidos y nuevo marco institucional: l.En

que estamos?, Amllisis Politico. vol. 22 (May-August, 1994). Plank, D. N. 'Public Purpose and Private Interest in Brazilian Education', New

Education, vol. 12, no. 2 (1990). 'The Politics of Basic Education Reform in Brazil', Comparative

Education Review, vol. 34, no. 4 (1990b). Pombo, M. A. and J.J. Guerra, Constituciones de Colombia. Recopiladas y

precedida de una breve reseiia historica, 4 vols. (Bogota, 1951). Poggi, G. The State. Its Nature, Development, and Prospects (Cambridge,

1990). Posada-Carb6, E. The Colombian Caribbean. A Regional History, 1870-1950

(Oxford, 1996). Posada de 1a Pef'la, F. Libertad para trabajar. La ley 50 de 1990 y la politica

laboral. Filosofia, historia y comentarios (Bogota, 1995). Poterba, J. 'State Responses to Fiscal Crisis: the Effects of Budgetary

Institutions and Politics' , Journal of Political Economy, vol. 102, no. 4 (1994).

Presidencia de la Republica, El Plan Social: Bases para el Plan de Desarrollo. 1994-1998 (Bogota, 1994).

Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. 'Casta, c1ase y aculturaci6n en una poblaci6n de Colombia', Offprint of Estudios Antropo16gicos published in homage to Dr. Manuel Gamio (Mexico, DF, 1956).

Restrepo, 1. M. Historia de la Revolucion de la Republica de Colombia en la America Meridional, tomo I (Bogota, 1942).

Richards, B. 'A Home of One's Own: Housing Policy Under Neoliberalism in Chile', unpubl. PhD diss. (University of London, 1994).

Robledo, J. El drama de la vivienda en Colombia y la politica del 'sf se puede ' (Bogota, 1985).

Rodriguez Pif'leres, E. El Olimpo Radical (Bogota, 1965). Romero Aguirre, A. Un radical en el Congreso (Bogota, 1949). Rubio, M. 'Crimen y crecimiento en Colombia', mimeo (Bogota, 1994).

'Crimen y crecimiento en Colombia', Coyuntura Economica (March, 1995).

Russell, R. 'Critical Bibliography on La Violencia in Colombia', Latin American Research Review, vol. 8, no. I (1973).

Safford, F. 'Social Aspects of Politics: New Granada, 1825-1850', Journal of Social History, vol. 5 (1972).

The Ideal of the Practical. Colombia s Struggle to Form a Technical Elite, (London, 1976).

Aspectos sociales en la politica de la Nueva Granada (Medellin, 1977). 'Race, Integration and Progress: Elite Attitudes and the Indian in

Colombia', Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 71, no I (1991). Salazar J. A. No nacimos pa' semilla (Bogota, 1990).

274 Bibliography

Mujeres de fuego (Medellfn, 1993). and A. M. Jaramillo Medellin: Las subculturas del narcotrafico (Bogota,

1992). Salazar, S. E. 'Vivienda social', Revista Camacol, no. 61 (1994). Sanchez, O. 'La Violencia in Colombia: New Research, New Questions',

Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 65, no. 4 (1985). Santamaria, R. and O. Silva Proceso Politico en Colombia (Bogota, 1984). Sarmiento et al. Analisis del sector educativo con en/asis en sus aspectos

administrativos y financieros (Bogota, 1987). Serrano, M. and V. Bulmer-Thomas (eds.) Rebuilding the State: Mexico After

Salinas (London, 1995). Seton-Watson, O. H. N. Nations and States (London, 1977). Scully, T. Rethinking the Center: Party Politics in Nineteenth- and Twentieth­

Century Chile (Stanford, 1992). Sharp, W. F. Slavery on the Spanish Frontier. The Colombian Choco,

1680-1810 (Oklahoma, 1976). Shidlo, O. (ed.) Housing Policy in Developing Countries (London, 1990). Shugart, M. 'Economic adjustment and political institutions: foreign vs.

domestic constituents in Colombia', unpubl. paper (University of California, San Diego, 1992).

Shugart, M. and J. Carey Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (New York, 1992).

Skinner, R. J., Taylor, J. L. and E. A. Wegelin (eds.) Shelter Upgrading/or the Urban Poor: Evaluation o/Third World Experience (Manila, 1987).

Skocpol, T. Social Revolutions and the Modern World (Cambridge, 1994a). et al. (eds.) Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge, 1994).

Smith, A. Theories 0/ Nationalism, 2nd edn. (London and New York, 1983). Stigler, O. J. 'The Theory of Economic Regulation', Bell Journal o/Economic

and Management Science, vol. 2, no. I (1971). Stoller, R. 'Liberalism and Conflict in Socorro, Colombia, 1830-1870',

unpubl. PhD diss. (Duke University, 1991). Thorp, R. Economic Management and Economic Development in Peru and

Colombia (Basingstoke, 1991). Tirado Mejia, A. 'EI estado y la poIitica en Colombia,' Manual de Historia de

Colombia, tomo II (Bogota, 1979). Tovar Zambrano, B. La intervenci6n economica del estado en Colombia,

1914-1936 (Bogota, 1984). UNCHS (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat», Strategies

for Low-Income Shelter and Services Development: The Rental-Housing Option (Nairobi, 1989).

Ungar, E. (ed.) Gobernabilidad en Colombia. Retos y desafios (Bogota, 1993). Urrutia, M. 'The Changing Nature of Economic Planning in Colombia', in M.

Urrutia and S. Yukawa (eds.), Development Planning in Mixed Economics (Tokyo, 1988).

Bibliography 275

'On the Absence of Economic Populism in Colombia', in R. Dornbusch and S. Edwards (eds.), The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago and London, 1991).

'Autonomfa del Banco de la Republica', in O. L. Acosta, and I. Fainboim (eds.), Las reformas economicas del gobierno del Presidente Gaviria: Una vision desde adentro (Bogota, 1994).

'Colombia', in John Williamson (ed.), The Political Economy of Policy Reform (Washington, DC, 1994b).

'La planeaci6n y los 6rganos de decisi6n econ6mica', in 1. A. Ocampo (ed.), Gran Enciclopedia de Colombia. Economla. vol. 8 (Bogota, 1994c).

Uruefla, J. 'La idea de heterogeneidad racial en el pensamiento poiftico colombiano: una mirada hist6rica', Amilisis Politico, no. 22 (May-Aug. 1994).

USAID Office of Housing and Urban Programs: Bureau for Private Enterprise Annual Report 1991 (Washington, 1992).

Valen\!a, M. M. 'The Inevitable Crisis of the Brazilian Housing Finance System', Urban Studies. no. 29 (1992).

Valencia Llano, A. Estado soberano del Cauca. Federalismo y regeneracion (Bogota, 1988).

Valenzuela, A. Political Brokerage in Chile: Local Government in a Centralised Polity (Durham, NC, 1977).

Vargas, J. H. Memoria de Hacienda (Bogota, 1938). Vargas, M. Las memorias del revolcon. La historia intima del potemico

gobierno de Cesar Gaviria. revelada por uno de sus protagonistas (Bogota, 1993).

Vargas Velasquez, A. 'Violencia en la vida cotidiana', in F. E. Gonzalez et aI., Violencia en la region andina: el caso Colombia (Bogota, 1993).

Velasquez, F. E. 'La planeaci6n en Colombia: l,Es el tiempo de la gente?', Revista Foro. no. 26 (1995).

Velez, C. M. 'EI cambio institucional. Reto de las administraciones locales', Debates de Coyuntura Economica, no. 33 (Sept. 1994).

Vittorio, C. and L. Hernandez 'Macroeconomic Adjustment and Capital Inflows: Latin American Style versus East Asian Style' (Washington DC, 1994).

Von Hagen, J. 'A Note on the Empirical Effectiveness of Formal Fiscal Restraints', Journal of Public Economics, no. 44 (1991).

Von Humboldt, W. The Limits of State Action (Indianapolis, 1993). Ward, P. M. (ed.) Self-Help Housing: A Critique (London, 1982). Weber, E. Peasants into Frenchmen (London, 1987). Weber, M. Economia y Sociedad. tomo II (Mexico, 1964). White, H. The Content of the Form. Narrative Discourse and Historical

Representation (Baltimore, 1987). Wiesner, E. 'EI orfgen politico del desequiJibrio fiscal', unpubl. paper, Department of

Economics, Universidad de los Andes (Bogota, 23 June 1982).

276 Bibliography

World Bank Shelter (Washington, DC, 1980). Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office, 'Colombia: Country

Economic Memorandum: Productivity Growth and Sustained Economic Development', rep. no. 7629-CO (1989).

World Development Report. 1990 (Oxford, 1990). Urban Policy and Economic Development: An Agenda for the 1990s

(Washington, DC, 1991). Poverty Reduction Handbook (Washington, DC, 1992). Housing: Enabling Markets to Work. policy paper (Washington, DC, 1993). Policy View from the Policy Research Department, Outreach No. 10 (May

1993). Poverty in Colombia (Washington, DC, 1994). 'Colombia Private Sector Assessment', rep. no. 13113-CO (1994a). 'Colombia: Poverty Assessment Report', rep. no. 12673-CO (Washington,

DC, April, 1994b). Yepes, G. 'La situaci6n de la EAAB desde una perspectiva internacional',

Revista Camacol. no. 55 (1993), pp. 76-82.

INDEX accion de tutela

see: tutela accionpopular 74 Administraci6n Nacional de

Impuestos 197 Aerovfas Nacionales de Colombia

(AVIANCA) 215 Afanador J.P.

Democracia en Sanji/ 39-40 Africa 159 agrarian reform 88 Alarc6n, L.F. 242 alcohol 38 Alianza Nacional Popular (ANAPO)

55,57 American Constitution, the 28 Amphicytonic Congress xiii Ancien Regime 28, 30, 34 Andean Pact 190, 214, 230 Andres Perez, C. I Asociaci6n Nacional de Instituciones

Financieras (ANIF) 201 Antioquia xvii, xix, 27 anti-trust legislation 214-5, 225

see also: state and monopolies apertura 115 apertura democratica 6, 13, 98-9

'selective' variant of 13 apertura economica 98-99, 187-205 Argentina xiii, 13,36, 127 Asamblea Constituyente

see: National Constitutional Assembly

assassination 121 see also: massacres

Australia 176 Austrian dynasty, the 23, 28

Bahamas III Banco de la Republica (Central

Bank) 5, 188,201,22~ pre-1991 210,211,212,213,217 reform of 190,222,224-5,235, 245

see also: Monetary Board Barranquilla 66 Barco, V. xviii, xxi, 5, 6, 56, 58, 59,

72 administration of 13,45,46, 116, 161,165,220,243

Basic Statute of Parties and Political Movements (Ley 180) 61-2,68

Betancur, B. xix, xxi, 2, 5,6, 12,58, 98,115, 116, 164 administration of 45,66,99, 161, 243

Bill of Rights 73 Bogota xvii, xix, 27, 63 66,107, 132

and housing 165, 167, 170 Bolivia 129 Bolivar, Sim6n xiii, xxiv, 33, 34, 35,

41 Bourbon dynasty, the 23,28,33,41 Brazil xiii, xix, 8, 111, 129 budgetary institutions

contemporary 233, 235-7,245-9 evolution of233, 234, 237-45, 258 procedural rationality of 250-8

Caja Agraria 222 Cali 167 Camacho Roldan, S. 39 Camara,la

see: Congress Carbones de Colombia (Carbocol)

216,226 Cardoso, F.H. xix Caribbean, the xiii Caro, M.A. xviii, 3, 10,38,41 Castro, J. xvii Catholic Church xvii, xviii, xxiii,

10,52,53,131,132 see also: Concordato

caudillismo xiv, 51 Central Bank

see: Banco Nacional de la Republica

278 Index

Centro Nacional de Construcci6n 166

centralisation 2-3, 8, 23, 41,53,97 political vs. administrative 31 and public education 131, 134

centralism xviii, 33, 38 Cesar Turbay, J. 6 Chile 127, 128, 129, 155,236

and housing 163,175,176 citizenship 24, 30, 35, 36, 38

and the nation 32 Civil Code 29, 34 civil society 45, 48, 49, 50, 53, 58,

123, 124 and the constitutional court 77-84

civil wars 3, 40, 51, 131 in USA 24 see also: la violencia

c1ientelism xiv, xx, 5, 8,14,27,31, 37,46,49,50,51,52,60,66,89, 97, 100, 105-106, 107,246,247 and education 138-147, 149 and housing 171 see also: corruption; palancas

coffee 11,201-2,240,255-6 see also: National Coffee Fund

Coffee Federation 11,254 Cold War 21, 29, 120 Colombian Territorial Institute (lCT)

156, 160, 163-164, 165, 179 colonialism 10,23, 30

legacies of 35-6 colonisation

and internal migration 113-4 Comisi6n Andina de Juristas 121 commercial reform 189 communism 21, 29, 53, 112, 117 eomunero rebellion, the 28, 42 Coneordato (1974) 79

and education 131 see also: Catholic Church

Confederaci6n Granadina 35 Congress 55, 56-7, 59, 60, 65, 68,

74,75,76,100,238 seat allocation in 63-6

congressional mandates loss of, 75, 101

Congress of Vienna 29 Consejo Nacional de Politica

Econ6mica y Social (Conpes) 101 Consejo Regional de Planeaci6n

Econ6mica y Social de la Costa Atlantica (CORPES) 102, 103

conservatism xviii, 33 Conservative Party, the 4,51,52-4,

57,58,65,66,68,69,77, 112 'Independent' and 'Social' 59

Constitution, the of 1886 xvi-xvii, 7, 60, 71, 97, 131,237-8 of1991 xv, xviii, 7, 31, 41, 45, 46,60,68,71-92,125,129,161, 219,238,258

Constitution of Cadiz, the 28, 30 Constitution of Philadelphia, the 24 Constitution of the Republic of

Colombia (1821) 33 Constitutional Court 60, 62-3, 71-92 constitutional reform 10, 71-92 constitutionalism 23, 30-1 consumption 199 Contadora Group xxii contraband 189, 198, 219 Contraloria General de la Republica

240 corruption 15, 31, 50, 73, 89, 91,

246 and drug trafficking 117-8 and education 139, 141, 146, 149

Costa Rica 127, 128, 129 Council for Fiscal Policy (CONFIS)

244,248 Council of Economic and Social

Policy (CONPES) 242, 244, 248 Council of State 73, 74, 75, 238, 247 crime and criminality 15, 59, 89,

113, 120, 197 trivialisation of 123

eriol/os 25, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 34 customs controls 202

Index 279

see also: Administraci6n Nacional de Impuestos; contraband

Deas, M. xix, xxiii, 9, 37, 40, III debt service priority 237 decentralisation 3-4, 6, 8, 51, 53, 66,

97-107,247 and education 136, 138, 148

see also: SEDs and fiscal expenditure 192 and housing 161-2,164,169 and Ley 60 100, 10 I and public order 104-6

de la Calle, H. 7 de Paula Santander, F. 9 de Roux, C.V. 122 de San Martin, 1. 33 Defensor del Pueblo 121 democracy 7 Departamento Nacional de

Planeaci6n (DNP) 5, 100, 104, 125,169,189,190,198,211, 212,215,236,241-2 Informe final de la misiOn para la descentralizacion 106 Special Unit for Foreign Investment Control 22 I

departamentos 99, 10 del Atlantico 101-6 and education 135-6 and housing 170-1

Departmental Secretariats of Education (SEDs) 136, 137, 138, 139,140,147,148

Department for Aeronautics 215 deregulation 12 diezmos 36-7 drug cartels 9, 59

Medellin 113, 118 drug traffickers xx, 2, 6, 9, 89, 123,

205 drug trafficking xv, xxi, 5, 41, Ill,

113, 117-8, 205 cost of 197, 205

and foreign relations 1 19 see also: foreign exchange; narco­terrorism; violence

drugs personal use of90

'Dutch disease' see: foreign exchange

Eastman, T.O. 10 Economic Commission for Latin

America (ECLA) 11 economic growth 187, 218 economic management 11,86,87,

213,254,259 pre- I 990, 208-19 see also: fiscal policy; interventionism

economic reform 87 of Gaviria administration, 207-31 see also: apertura econ6mica; budgetary institutions, evolution of

economy balance of payments 193-4 drug trafficking in 117 impact of violence upon 119-20 internationalisation of 13, 88, 201 regulation of 208-19

and lack of data 212 Ecuador 34, 120 Eder, D. 140 educated personnel, 243

lack of 211-2 education xvii, xx, 8, 51, 75,106

expansion of 134 overview of 125-9 politicisation of 138-47,150

see also: clientelism see also: Saito Educativo

Edwards, S. 1 Ejercito de Liberaci6n Nacional

(ELN) 113, 116 Ejercito Popular de Liberaci6n

(EPL) 113, 116

280

electoral hegemony 46, 47,50,56, 58,65, 112

Eliecer Gaitan, J. 52, 132 EI Salvador xxii, 129 emergency powers 89, 236 Empresa Colombiana de Petr61eos

(Ecopetrol) 209, 226 Empresa Nacional de

Telecommunicaciones (Telecom) 216

environment 83 equality 35, 78

see also: 'minority' rights Espinosa, A. 246 Espinosa, J-M. 22 Esguerra Fajardo, A. xiv Estado Fuerte, elll 'ethnic segregation' 25

and constitutions 34 Europe 23 European Union 204 export lobby 254-5, 256 extradition 41, 119

federalism xviii, 31, 85 fiscal 106

Fidel Suarez, M. xvi fiduciarias 160 financial institutions 13

reform of 190, 203 financial markets

deregulation of 222, 228 Financiera Nacional Agropecuaria

(FINAGRO) 222 Fiscalia General 9, 121 fiscal

deficits 250-3, 257 expenditure 192 policy 12,13,38,66,245,249, 250,256,258

Index

Fondos Educativos Regionales (FERs) 134-6, 137, 141, 147, 148

foreign credit 193, 195, 198, 201 foreign debt xxi, 34, 176, 198, 201

private 193 foreign exchange

rates, 194, 201 control of213, 254

reform 88, 189, 203 and drug trafficking revenues 197-8 and 'Dutch disease' 196-8,201, 204

foreign investment 213 deregulation of 190, 221, 227-8

foreign loans 239, 240 foreign trade

deregulation of220 Foreign Trade Ministry

agencies of 189 see also: INCOMEX

France 23, 34 freedom of expression 83

commercial 88 free trade xviii, 10, 34 French Revol ution, the 21, 28, 33 Frente Nacional

see: National Front Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de

Colombia (FARC) 113, 116 Fundamental Law of Colombia

(1819) 33 Fund of Surplus Resources 249

G-3230 Galan, L.C. 5, 57, 59, 135

assassination of 5 Nuevo Liberalismo of 59

Garcia, A. 11

and inflation 192-3, 194, 256-Garcia Marquez, G. xvi, 129 Gaviria, C. xviii, 7, 45, 46,72,85,

7 reform 88 and budgetary institutions 233

in Latin America 234-5

87, 107 administration ofxxi, 8, 9, 12, 13,60, 102, 116, 121,213,220, 243

Index 281

La Revolucion Pacifica of 98-99, 100-1, 107, 157, 164 housing policy of 155, 156, 157, 161,162,165-72,179 and economic reform 192, 197, 207-31

see: apertura economica George, E. 66 G6mez, A. 58

Salvacion Nacional60 G6mez, L. 54 G6mez Martinez, F. xvii G6mez Otalora, H. xviii G6ngora, M. 10 Gonzalez, F. 237, 238 'Gran Colombia' 33-5

definition of 33 Great Britain 23, 34, 175, 176 Guerra, F-X. 28 guerrillas xv, xvii, xx, 2, 5, 9, 41,

59,71,78,89, 112 development of 113-5 see also: ELN; EPL; FARC; M-19; PRT; Quintin Lame

Gutierrez de Pifteres, J.F. 23

Handal, S. xxii health care xx, 106, 116 heirarchies 24-5, 26 Holy Alliance, the 29, 33 homicide xx, 8, III, 115, 121, 197

see also: crime; violence housing policy 8, 155-79

domestic since 1990 156-8 evaluations of 164-72

'Washingtonian approach' 155, 158

and market reliance 159-60 and sectoral reform 159 and state role 160-2 and subsidies 163-4 and upgrading 162-3

and prices 167-8 and rental sector 168-9; 178 and site and service schemes 155,

162-3, 170-1, 173, 177 and subsidies 155, 157, 163-4, 165,166,172,173,174-7 see also: Gaviria; ICT; INURBE; Samper

Hoyos, B. 66 Hoyos, M. 121 human rights 73, 118

see also: tutela Huntington, S. 21, 23, 24, 40-1

import-substitution 187, 188, 256 impunity 9, 10, 112,208 independence

see: national independence; Spanish American independence

indigenous peoples 72, 78, 79, 85 rights of 83, 84

industrialisation 10 industrialists 52 inflation 187, 193, 194, 198,204,

217, 224, 235, 240, 241,250-1, 253, 256-7, 259 and public housing costs 169, 173

Institute for Agrarian Reform (INCORA) 84

institutions xvii, 12, 14 building of 12, 212, 242, 258 legitimacy of 72 of 'direct democracy' 73

Instituto de Comercio Exterior (lNCOMEX) 211, 241

Instituto de Fomento Industrial (lFI) 222

Instituto de Fomento Municipal (lNSFOPAL) 102

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) 159, 188,234

interest groups 56 International Monetary Fund (IMF)

174, 194, 243 'international order', the 29,30,33 inter-party relations 50, 51, 54, 58,

68 intra-regional rivalry 38

282 Index

INURBE (National Institute for Social Interest Housing and Urban Reform) 156, 161, 165, 166,169,170,171,172,173

ISA (National Transmission Institute Interconexi6n Electrica S.A.) 216,223,226

Italy 5

Jaramillo Sanchez, A. xvii judicial power 72, 85, 89 judiciary, the 9, 112

and violence 120-4 Junguito, R. 12, 242 justice 208

Kemmerer, E.W. 239, 240 Keynesianism 11 kidnapping xv, xxi, 117, 120

popular initiative on 74, 90

labour costs 200 labour legislation

reform of88, 189,203 labour market 213, 217

deregulation of222, 228 labour unions xvii, 52, 73 land invasions 156, 173

see also: squatting Lara Bonilla, R. 121 Latin America xiii, xxiv, 21, 159

crisis of 12 economic reforms of I

law, the 9 breakdown of 14

la violencia 50,52-3, 112 legal system, the 35

see: judiciary legitimacy 7, 42, 48, 59, 72, 85 Ley General de Educaci6n (1994)

130, 136 liberalism xviii, 10, 11,21,23,35-6,

40,41 'Anglo-Saxon' variant 10 'revolution' of 39

and Spanish America 29 Liberal Party, the 4, 5, 49, 51, 52-4,

57,58,59,60,64,65,68,69,77, 112 see also: regime censitaire

Liberal Republic 132 liberty 32, 33, 34, 39 L1eras Camargo

administration of 134 L1eras Restrepo, C. 5,41,55

administration of 134, 246, 253 L6pez Michelsen, A. 10, 11,57

administration of 134, 253 L6pez Portillo, A.

administration of 6, 45 L6pez Pumarejo, A. xvii, 41

Revoluci6n en marcha of 52 Low Mutra, E. 121 Lozano de Peralta, J.M. 27

massacres 118, 119, 123 mass media, 58, 68, 73, 77, 83 Maya, R. xvi 'Melismo' 40 Mercado Comun Suramericano

(MERCOSUR) 230 Mesas de Solidaridad Social 164,

172 mestizos 25, 26, 32 Mexico xiii, Ill, 127, 128, 129

economic crisis of 187, 194-5, 197,198,199,204

migration 114 military institution, the 90, 118

justice 90 politicisation of 53 and apertura 116

Ministry of Agriculture 211, 212 Ministry of Communications 216 Ministry of Development 211 Ministry of Education 134 Ministry of Finance 236, 240-2, 244,

249,259 Directorate of the Budget 240 Directorate of Taxes (1847) 237

Index 283

Ministry of Health 216 Ministry of Mines and Energy 215,

216 Ministry of Public Instruction 131,

132 Ministry of Public Works 216 'minority' rights 79-82, 91 Misi6n de Ciencia y Educaci6n 129 Mockus, A. 66 modernisation 2,8, 12, 14,22,23,

35,41,42,229 and civil society 45, 72 and political parties 98 see also: centralisation; the state

modernity xiv, 21, 22-4 and the United States 24

Monetary Board 211, 212, 213, 222, 256 creation and composition of 241

money laundering 198, 205 Movimiento 19 de Abril (M-19) xxi,

5,59,60,83, 113, 115, 116 mulatos 25, 26, 36 municipios 99, 102-4

and education 136 Murrillo TOTO, M. 237, 238

Nairn, M. 1 Napoleonic Wars 21, 24, 28 narco-terrorism, 89, 113, 119

development of 117-8 Narifio, A. 32, 33 National Coffee Fund 255 National Constitutional Assembly 7,

12,41,45,50,5~63,64,65,71-

92,97, 116 National Council for Federal Policy

(CONFIS) 236 National Electoral Council 59, 61,

64,77 National Front xviii, 4, 45, 46, 49,

50,52,54,55,56,58,65,68, 210,240 and guerrilla groups 115

national identity 21

national independence 3, 22, 23, 131 National Tariff Board 209, 213, 215,

216 abolition of225, 229

National Transmision Institute see: ISA

nationhood 32, 33 see: state and nation

Nel Ospina, P. 239 'new deal' policies 11 New Granada 2, 3, 23,27, 30, 32,

33,34 Federation of the United Provinces of, the 31 traditional society of24-7, 41

Nieto Arteta, L.E. 11 Non-Governmental Organisations

(NGOs) 79,160,172 North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA) 202, 230 Nuevo Liberalismo 5 Nufiez, R. xviii, 3, 41, 85, 131

obandismo 36, 39 Ocampo, J .A. 13 Oil 194, 196, 197, 198, 201-2, 204,

209,248 Organisation for Economic Co­

operation and Development (OECD) xxii, 159

organised crime 89, 119, 208 see also: drug trafficking

Orjuela, L. 98 Ospina Perez, M. 52 Ospina Rodriguez, M. xviii

palancas 140, 141 Panamc\ 111,239

'secession' of xv, 3, 34 Paraguay 129 pardos 25 Parejo, E. 121 'participatory democracy' 71,72-7,86 Partido Revolucionario de los

Trabajadores (PRT) 113, 116

284 Index

Pastrana, M. xix, 58, 257 paternalismo xiv patronage

see: clientelism patria boba 30-1,34,41 Peace of Westphalia 29 peasantry 52 Peru 13,34, 127, 129,236 Perry, G. 13 Plan de Desarrollo Econ6mico y

Social (1990-94) 98-9, 102 see also: Gaviria

police xvii, 90, 118 political institutions xiv, 5, 6 political life 45

post-independence 38 political parties xvii-xviii, 4, 10, 45-

68,76-7 as civil society/state mediator 47-8,50 cartel model of 4 7,48, 49, 54-6, 59-61,67 'catch-all' model of 47,48,50, 56-8,67 caucus-cadre model of 47,48,49, 50-2,56,67 funding of 62-3 mass-based model of 47,48,49, 52-4,67 organisational models of 47-50 and decentralisation 97 and sectarianism 53, 54

political reform 6, 15, 41, 45, 64, 66,71 and the constitution (1991) 45-68,71,85-6 and the state 22 see also: National Constituent Assembly; decentralisation; political parties, models of

poverty xx power sector 212, 226 private investment 191 private property 88-9 private sector 208

expansion of 219-20 privatisation 14-5,88,215,223,228 proceso 8000 9 Programa de Ajuste al Sector (PAS)

101, 102 property

concept of 29 protectionism xviii providencialismo xiv public policy 49 Public Prosecutor 90 public utilities 218

deregulation of 222-3 regulatory commissions of 225-6 and local monopolies 215, 216

Purchasing Parity Index 194

Quintin Lame 113,116

racism 24 Ramirez Ocampo, A. xxii readjustment 12 Real Exchange Rate (RER) 253,

254,255,256,259,260 Red de Solidaridad Social 158, 162,

172 referendums 73 Regeneraci6n, the 10, 131,238 regime censitaire 50 regionalism 21, 24, 36, 85 regional interests 26-7, 51, 52

and education 147-9 and guerrilla 117

Regulatory Commissions 224, 226, 227,228,229 see also: Superintendencies

religion 79-80 see also: Catholic Church

republicanism 37 resguardo 84 Reyes, R. xvii, 10,38 Rojas Pinilla, G. xviii, xix, 54, 55 Rural Housing Programme 169-70

Salgar, E. 131

Index 285

Saito educativo 125, 129-30, 138, 150

Saito social 161, 164,200,203 Samper Pizano, E. xxii, xxiii, 8, 13,

46, 125, 129, 130, ISO, 199, 200, 203,230 housing policy of 155, 156, 157-8, 162, 168-9, 170; 172-4, 179 see also: Saito educativo; Saito social

Santander 27, 36 and liberalism 39

Savings and Housing Corporations (CAYs) 160, 167

security 8, 9, 14, 208, 221, 227 self-determination 30 Serpa, H. 60 sicarios 112, 114 slavery 24 smuggling

see contraband social depoliticisation 54 'social figures' 37-8 social security reform 191, 204, 223 society

see: civil society Sourdis, E. xix sovereignty 9,14,21,30,31,32,33,

59, 60, 74, 88 Colombian 34, 119 'popular' 29 see also: the state; territory

Spain 23,30 Spanish-American Independence 21,

23,25,28,30,33 see also: comunero rebellion

Spanish Empire 21, 23, 24, 30 squatting 162-163 state, the xiv, xx, 1-15, 21, 29-30,

34,71,84,99,123 'Austrian model' of, the 2, 41 Colombia

consolidation of 36 interventionism of208-209, 219

legitimacy of 5, 85 monopolies of 209, 212, 214, 215,225 post 1991 constitution 84, 85-90,91,219-27 reform of22 weakness of 2, 14-15, 21-42, 212 and education, 125, 130-8, 150 and the Frente Nacional 55 and political parties 53 see also: decentralisation,

private sector Hobbesian 14 interventionism of 10, 11-2, 88 modernisation of2, 7-8, 9, 10, 105 Republican 30, 34 'restructuring' of 12, 14 and housing 160-1 role of2, II and Napoleonic Civil Code 29 and nation 21, 30, 33-5, 99, 104

'state of siege', the 89-90 abolition of 73

Superintendency of Industry and Commerce 224, 225, 229

Superintendency of Public Services 226,227

Supreme Court of Justice xviii, 6, 7, 59,85,90 M-19 seizure of 116

taxation reform of 88, 190, 191, 204 and the budget 236, 245 and the state 38, 40 see also: diezmos

technocracy growth of 55

teachers 138-41, 142, 144, 146, 149 Teachers' Statute 140 telecommunications (Telecom) 216,

223,228

286 Index

television 73 territorial fragmentation 24, 85 territory 25-6, 29, 30,31,33,34,36,

85,87 see also: departamentos; ICT; municipios; sovereignty; the state

terrorism xv, xx tithes

see: diezmos; taxation trade sector 213-4 transportation 214, 215, 217, 239

deregulation of 223-4 tutela 73, 74, 76, 78, 79-84, 91

unemployment xx, 228 Unidad Administrativa Especial

(UESA) 102 United Kingdom I, 188

see also: Great Britain United Nations Organisation (UNO)

xxii United States of America, the 23,24,

34, 87, Ill, 120, 176, 204, 239 urbanisation xiv, 114 Urban Reform Law (1989) 158,171,

179 Uribe Uribe, R. xvii Urrutia, M. 5 USAID 159

Vallejo, C. xv Veliz, C. 3 Venezuela xiii, I, 13,33,34, 120,

127 violence xxi, xxiii, 5, 9, 59, 82, 89,

111-24, 200, 208 drug related 117-9 'political' 9, 112, 115-7, 121 see also: la violencia; narco­terrorism

violentologia 9, 111-2 Virgin of Chiquinquini xviii

War of Supremos 38 War of the Thousand Days, the 3,

52,238 Weber, M. 46 Weisner, E. 106, 249 Wolff, N. 60 World Bank, the II, 129, 188, 195

and housing policies 159, 162, 163,174,177

World Trade Organisation (WTO) 202,230

World Wars 28

zambos 25