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ABSTRACT

The proposed project work aims at the automation in identification of student, and

maintaining their attendance which is one of the important tasks in college. In earlier days,

attendance is taken manually and entered to the computer by a programmer. But in case of

large number it becomes difficult and clumsy. So to automate it, RFIDs are used.

To detect the RFID tags, a software program is developed in a micro controller chip

such that the micro controller along with the RF module detects the RFID tags. Whenever the

RF tag comes into the vicinity of the RF reader, the micro controller grabs the 10 digit

Hexadecimal code stored in the tag and sends it to the GSM modem.

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

The proposed project is designed to identify a person and to mark his/her attendance

along with timing information automatically, thereby reducing the manual effort to a

considerable extent. Hence the project RF-ID BASED ATENDANCE SYSTEM.

Now a days as student irregularity has been increased to a greater extent, it has

become a big subject for maintaining their details and identifying them in marking

attendance. Hence the need has come out, thus this project work has taken up which serves

the purpose of automation. By detecting RFID tag, the RF module marks the attendanceautomatically.

This project work is basically related to radio frequency communication. As we know

the modern communication plays a dominant role in the communication revolution. The

proposed project work is aimed to use radio frequency communication between RFID tag and

RFID module where the identification is performed.

This is innovative project work introduced in the field of wireless communication.

Radio Frequency communication is utilized in this project work to make a link between tag

and the reader. The reader part may be located at any of the staff rooms and the monitoring is

done by the head of the department.

This project throws more exposure on the radio frequency communication. As we

know today, the modern communication plays a dominant role in modern civilization. Now a

days, with the advancement of the technology particularly in the field of wireless

communication, of day to day living have become a part of information and we find wireless

communication system at many applications.

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CHAPTER-2

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

2.1HISTORY OF RFID:

In 1946 Leon Theremin invented an espionage tool for the soviet union which

retransmitted incident radio waves with audio information. Sound waves vibrated a

diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the reflected

radio frequency. Even though this device was a passive convert listening device not an

identification tag, it has been attributed as a predecessor to RFID technology. The technology

used in RFID has been around since the early 1920s according to one source (although the

same source states that RFID systems have been around just since the late 1960s).

Similar technology, such as the IFF transponder invented by the United Kingdom in

1939, was routinely used by the allies in world war-II to identify aircraft as friend or foe.

Transponders are still used by military and commercial aircraft to this day.

Another early work exploring RFID is the landmark 1948 paper by Harry Stockman,

titled "Communication by Means of Reflected Power" (Proceedings of the IRE, pp 1196

1204, October 1948). Stockman predicted that "considerable research and development work

has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are

solved, and before the field of useful applications is explored."

Mario Cardullo's in 1973 was the first true ancestor of modern RFID; a passive radio

transponder with memory. The initial device was passive, powered by the interrogating

signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port Authority and other potential

users and consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device. The basic

Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission medium. The original

business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive

vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest,

vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic

credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates, surveillance) and medical

(identification, patient history).

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A very early demonstration of reflected power (modulated backscatter) RFID tags,

both passive and semi-passive, was done by Steven Depp, Alfred Koelle and Robert Freyman

at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in 1973. The portable system operated at 915 MHz

and used 12 bit tags. This technique is used by the majority of today's UHF and microwave

RFID tags.The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to

Charles Walton in 1983

2.2 RFID TAGS:

RFID tags come in three general varieties:- passive, active, or semi-passive (also

known as battery-assisted). Passive tags require no internal power source, thus being pure

passive devices (they are only active when a reader is nearby to power them), whereas semi-

passive and active tags require a power source, usually a small battery.

To communicate, tags respond to queries generating signals that must not create

interference with the readers, as arriving signals can be very weak and must be told apart.

Besides backscattering, load modulation techniques can be used to manipulate the reader's

field. Typically, backscatter is used in the far field, whereas load modulation applies in the

near field, within a few wavelengths from the reader.

Frequency

Ranges

LF

125KHzHF

13.56MHzUHF

868-915MHz

Micro wave

2.45&5.8GHz

Tag power

source

Generally passive tagsonly using inductive

coupling

Generally passivetags only using

inductive orcapacitive coupling

Active tags withintegral battery or

passive tags usingcapacitive storageE-field coupling

Active tags withintegral battery or

passive tags usingcapacitive storageE-field coupling

Data rate Slower Moderate Fast Fast

Ability to read

near metal or

wet surfaces

Better Moderate Poor Worse

Applications Access control &security identifying

widgets throughmanufacturing

processes

Library booksidentification

Access controlemployee IDs

Supply chaintracking highway

Toll tags

Highway toll tagsidentification ofprivate vehiclefleet in/out of a

yard

Table:2.2. Various factors of RF-Id tags
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscatterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Load_modulation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearfieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearfieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Load_modulation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscatter

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PASSIVE:

Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. The minute electrical current

induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal provides just enough power

for the CMOS integrated circuit in the tag to power up and transmit a response. Most passive

tags signal bybackscattering the carrier wave from the reader. This means that the antenna

has to be designed both to collect power from the incoming signal and also to transmit the

outbound backscatter signal. The response of a passive RFID tag is not necessarily just an ID

number; the tag chip can contain non-volatile, possibly writable EEPROM for storing data.

Passive tags have practical read distances ranging from about 10 cm (4 in.) (ISO

14443 ) up to a few meters (Electronic Product Code (EPC) and ISO 18000-6), depending onthe chosen radio frequency and antenna design/size. Due to their simplicity in design they are

also suitable for manufacture with a printing process for the antennas. The lack of an onboard

power supply means that the device can be quite small: commercially available products exist

that can be embedded in a sticker, or under the skin in the case of low frequency RFID tags.

In 2007, the Danish Company RFID sec developed a passive RFID with privacy

enhancing technologies built-in including built-in firewall access controls, communication

encryption and a silent mode ensuring that the consumer at point of sales can get exclusive

control of the key to control the RFID. The RFID will not respond unless the consumer

authorizes it, the consumer can validate presence of a specific RFID without leaking

identifiers and therefore the consumer can make use of the RFID without being trackable or

otherwise leak information that represents a threat to consumer privacy.

ACTIVE:

Unlike passive RFID tags, active RFID tags have their own internal power source,

which is used to power the integrated circuits and broadcast the signal to the reader. Active

tags are typically much more reliable (i.e. fewer errors) than passive tags due to the ability for

active tags to conduct a "session" with a reader. Active tags, due to their onboard power

supply, also transmit at higher power levels than passive tags, allowing them to be more

effective in "RF challenged" environments like water (including humans/cattle, which are

mostly water), metal (shipping containers, vehicles), or at longer distances, generating strong

responses from weak requests (as opposed to passive tags, which work the other way around).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscatterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_14443http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_14443http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Product_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Product_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_14443http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_14443http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscatterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS

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In turn, they are generally bigger and more expensive to manufacture, and their potential

shelf life is much shorter.

Many active tags today have practical ranges of hundreds of meters, and a battery life

of up to 10 years. Some active RFID tags include sensors such as temperature logging which

have been used to monitor the temperature of perishable goods like fresh produce or certain

pharmaceutical products. Other sensors that have been married with active RFID include

humidity, shock/vibration, light, radiation, temperature, and atmospherics like ethylene.

Active tags typically have much longer range (approximately 500 m/1500 feet) and larger

memories than passive tags, as well as the ability to store additional information sent by the

transceiver. The United States Department of Defense has successfully used active tags to

reduce logistics costs and improve supply chain visibility for more than 15 years.

SEMI-PASSIVE:

Semi-passive tags are similar to active tags in that they have their own power source,

but the battery only powers the microchip and does not broadcast a signal. The RF energy is

reflected back to the reader like a passive tag. An alternative use for the battery is to store

energy from the reader to emit a response in the future, usually by means ofbackscattering.

The battery-assisted receive circuitry of semi-passive tags lead to greater sensitivity

than passive tags, typically 100 times more. The enhanced sensitivity can be leveraged as

increased range (by a factor 10) and/or as enhanced read reliability.

The enhanced sensitivity of semi-passive tags place higher demands on the reader,

because an already weak signal is backscattered to the reader. For passive tags, the reader-to-

tag link usually fails first. For semi-passive tags, the reverse (tag-to-reader) link usually fails

first.

Semi-passive tags have three main advantages

1) Greater sensitivity than passive tags

2) Better battery life than active tags.

3) Can perform active functions under its own power, even when no reader is present.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscattering

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The following figure shows the circuit diagram of RF reader

Fig:2.2.Circuit diagram of a RF reader

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CHAPTER-3

BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram consists of three sections

1.

Power supply section2. RF reader section3. RF tag section

Fig:3.0. Block diagram of RF-ID attendance system

In the power supply section, the AC power (230-0-230V) from the transformer is

converted into 122 volts after passing through full wave rectifier (16.8V). We are using a

2200F capacitor for removing the ripples.

Then it is passed through a voltage regulator (IC7805) which provides a fixed output

voltage 5volts. This acts as power supply to all the components in the reader section.

In the absence of power supply, a battery is used to provide supply to the external

RAM and real time clock (RTC DS1302 IC). In the tag section which consists of RF tag. RF

tag consists of antenna and memory chip. The memory chip contains a unique Hexadecimal

code. Unique means every tag contains a different code.

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Whenever the tag is placed at a vicinity of 10Cms from the reader section the RF

module in reader section generates carrier frequency of 125 KHz that is transmitted by

transmitter antenna. This induces an Electro Magnetic field in the transponder. Therefore the

chip in the transponder gets excited and sends a unique hexadecimal code through the

antenna (TK5530) to the transmitter antenna.

Through the multiplexer, the code is sent to microcontroller or personal computer. In

the personal computer, all the details corresponding to the tag are noted. If the tag is invalid

that is its details are not feeded in the computer, the reader recognizes that the tag is invalid

tag. Otherwise, the corresponding tag holders in-time will be noted, when the holder swipes

card again, out-time will be noted. The same tag should not swipe more than one time with in

a period of 60seconds. This time limit is to avoid the misleading of in-time and out-time at a

time due to confirm swipes of the tag holder.

Not only the in-time and out-time, the details contain information about his bio-data,

number of leaves, salary payments and other details.

Through the microcontroller, it is send through latches (HC573) to the external RAM

for storing the information (hexadecimal code). Through the microcontroller, it is send

through latches to transistor pack (ULN 2003) for giving buzzer indication and LED

indication, to give the identification that the code in the tag is read by the reader. The tag

hexadecimal code can also be seen through the display section.

Hence a reset switch is used, to indicate whether reader or personal computer to work.

The vicinity between the reader and tag can also be increased, but complexion of the circuit

increases to a greater extent.

One crystal is used for RTC, and the crystal frequency is 32.768KHZ. Another crystal

is used for microcontroller, and the frequency is around 11MHz (11.09MHz).

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CHAPTERE-4

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

4.1 MICROCONTROLLER:

Microprocessors and microcontrollers stem from the basic idea. The contrast between

a microcontroller and a microprocessor is best exemplified by the fact that most

microprocessors have many operational codes (opcodes) for moving data from external

memory to the CPU; microcontrollers have one or two. Microprocessors have one or two

types of bit handling instructions; microcontrollers will have many. The microprocessor is

concerned with rapid movement of code and data from external addresses to the chip; the

microcontroller is concerned with rapid movement of bits within the chip. The

microcontroller can function as a computer with the addition of no external digital parts; the

microprocessor must have additional parts to be operational.

DESCRIPTION:

The AT89C52 is a low power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with

8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using

Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry

standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to

be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.

In addition, the AT89C52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero

frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops

the CPU while allowing the RAM, timers/counters, serial port and interrupt system to

continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the

oscillators, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

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PIN CONFIGURATION:

Fig:4.1.1. Pin configuration of AT89C52

PIN DESCRIPTION:1. VCC

Supply voltage +5V

2. GNDGround.

3. PORT 0:

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can

sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high

impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data

bus during access to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-

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ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes

during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

4. PORT 1:

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The port 1 output

buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 1 pins, they are pulled

high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are

externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In

addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer or counter 2 external count input

(P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively as shown in the

following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming

and verification

Table4.1.2. Port1 alternate functions

5. PORT 2:


buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled

high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, port 2 pins that are

externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2

emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during

access to external data memory that uses 16-bitaddresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this

application, port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During access to external

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data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), port 2 emits the contents of the P2

Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control

signals during Flash programming and verification.

6. PORT 3:


buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled

high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, port 3pins that are

externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also

serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C52, as shown in the following

table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

Table4.1.3. Port3 alternate functions

RST:

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running

resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out.

The DISTRO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this future. In the

default state of bit DISTRO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

ALE/PROG:

Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the

address access to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) duringFlash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the

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oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note

however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If

desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set,

ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly

pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external

execution mode.

PSEN:

Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When

the AT89C52 is executing code from external programming memory, PSEN is activated

twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access

to external data memory.

PROGRAM COUNTER:

Program counter is a 16-bit register and is used to hold the address of a byte in

memory. Program instruction bytes are fetched from locations in memory that are addressed

by the PC. Program ROM may be on the chip at addresses 0000H to 0FFFH, external to the

chip for the address that exceed 0FFFH, are totally external for all addresses from 0000H to

FFFFH. The PC is automatically increment after every instruction byte is fetched and may

also be altered by certain instructions. The PC is the only register that does not have an

internal device.

SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS (SFR):

The 128 bytes of on-chip additional RAM locations from 80H to FFH are reserved for

the special functions and therefore these are called as special function registers SFRs. These

SFRs are used for control or to show the status of various functions done by the 89C52

microcontroller. All SFRs are directly addressable and can be read or written to as well. Note

that SFRs space is only reserved for the special functions and cannot be used for any otherpurposes. Some SFRs are bit addressable and allow their individual bits to be set or cleared

by instructions.

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Fig:4.1.4. Special function registers

DUAL DATA POINTER:

To facilitate accessing both internal and external data memory, two banks of 16-bit

Data Pointer Registers are provided: DP0 at SFR address locations 82H-83H and DPI at 84H-

85H. Bit DPS=0 in SFR AUXR1 selects DP0 and DPS=1 selects DP1. The DPTR register is

made up of 8-bit registers, named DPH and DPL. The user should always initialize the DPS

bit to the appropriate value before accessing the respective Data Pointer Register.

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively of an inverting amplifier

that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic

resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be

left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven; there are no requirements on the duty cycle of the

external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-

two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be

observed.

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Fig:4.1.5Crystal oscillator

MEMORY ORGANISATION:

PROGRAM MEMORY:

The 80C51 has separate address spaces for program and data memory. The Program

memory can be up to 64K bytes long. The lower 4K can reside on-chip. The 80C51 can

address up to 64K bytes of data memory to the chip. The MOVX instruction is used to access

the external data memory.

The 80C51 has 128 bytes of on-chip RAM, plus a number of Special Function

Registers (SFRs). The lower 128 bytes of RAM can be accessed either by direct addressing

(MOV Data addr) or by indirect addressing (MOV @Ri).

:

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Fig:4.1.6Direct and indirect address area

The 128 bytes of RAM which can be accessed by both direct and indirect addressing

can be divided into three segments as listed below.

1.Register Banks 0-3:

Locations 0 through IFH(32 bytes). The device after reset defaults to register bank 0.

To use the other register banks, the user must select them in software. Each register bank

contains eight 1-byte registers 0 through 7. Reset initializes the stack pointer to location 07H

and it is incremented once to start from location 08H, which is the first register (R0) of the

second register bank. Thus, in order to use more than one register bank, the SP should be

initialized to a different location of the RAM where it is not used for data storage (i.e., the

higher part of the RAM).

2. Bit Addressable area:

16 bytes have assigned for this segment, 20H-2FH. Each one of the 128 bits of this

segment can be directly addressed (0-7FH). The bits can be referred to in two ways, both of

which are acceptable by most assemblers. One way is refer to their Address (i.e., 0-7FH). The

other way is with reference to bytes 20H to 2FH. Thus, bits 0-7 can also be referred to as bits20.0-20.7 and bits 8-FH are the same as 21.0-21.7, and so on. Each of the 16 bytes in this

segment can also be addressed as a byte.

2. Scratch Pad Area:

30H through 7FH are available to the user as data RAM. However, if the stack pointer

has been initialized to this area, enough bytes should be left aside to prevent SP data

destruction.

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Fig:4.1.7. Scratch Pad area

4.2 MAX232 IC:

DESCRIPTION:

The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator

to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts

TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold

of 1.3V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5V, and can accept 30-V inputs. Each driver converts

TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-232F levels. The driver, receiver, and voltage-

generator functions are available as cells in the Texas Instruments LinASIC library.

PIN DIAGRAM:

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Fig:4.2. Pin diagram of MAX232

4.3 TK5530 IC:

DESCRIPTION:

The TK5530 is a complete transponder, with implements all important functions for

immobilizer and identification systems. It consists of a plastic cube which accommodates the

read-only Identification Integral Circuits (IDIC) e5530 and the antenna is realized by a LC-

circuit.

The identifying data are stored in a 128bit PROM on the e5530, realized as an array

of laser-programmable fuses. The logic block diagram for the e5530 is shown in figure. The

data are sent bit-serially as a code.Any attempt to fake the base station with a wrong

transponder can be recognized immediately.

Fig:4.3. TK5530 IC System block diagram

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4.4 U2270B IC:

DESCRIPTION:

The U2270B is an IC for IDIC read/write base stations in contact less identificationand immobilizer stations.

The IC incorporates the energy-transfer circuit to supply the transponder. It consists

of an on-chip power supply, oscillator and a coil driver optimized for automotive-specific

distances. It also includes all signal-processing circuits which are necessary to transform the

small input signal into a microcontroller-compatible signal.

SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig:4.4.U2270B IC System block diagram

4.5 RF MODULE:

CY8C0104/05 RFID Module has tremendous features if compared with any 125KHz

RFID chips or modules in the market. It is the easiest way to go with 125KHz RFID

applications and most important the cheapest one in the RFID industry. Stunning

characteristics of the chip/module will help you to design your product just in few weeks or

even few days. Traditional RFID reader chips in the market are just analog front-end chips

and the designers need to know about the RFID concept and should be able to write

complicated decode algorithms for the demodulated signal by using external microcontroller.

CY8C0104/05 have analog front-end and microcontroller combined in one chip/module. The

designers never need to know about decode algorithms or RFID concept so that it results in

profoundly shorter design time if compared with the traditional 125KHz RFID ICs in the

market. Moreover all these advantages come with cheaper and more reasonable prices.

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CY8C0104/05 demodulates the Manchester RF 32/64 signal and decodes it automatically.

The data retrieved from the transponder is ready to be processed inside the device or to be

sent over I2C/ UART / SPI or custom protocols with GPIO.

The user can control chip/module with an external device such as microcontroller, PC

or handheld device with UART/I2C (requires free upgrade pack) or custom defined GPIO

protocol. Alternatively, with its most unique feature, users can embed their own code into the

module/chip so module/chip performs operations automatically, thus no external

microcontroller is required.

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CHAPTERE-5

POWER SUPPLY SECTION

5.1 RECTIFIER:

Rectifier is a device used for converting A.C voltage into D.C voltage. Four diodes

(IN 4007) are used for the present work which are connected in the form of a bridge circuit.

Advantages of bridge rectifier are

No center tap is required on transformer, hence cost is reduced. It is suitable for higher voltage applications. It has less PIV rating per diode

5.2 FILTER CIRCUIT:

The output of a rectifier is pulsating, i.e., it has a D.C value and some A.C variations

known as ripples. In most of the electronic circuits or devices a very steady D.C output is

required. This is achieved with the help of a device known as filter. Thus the device that

converts the pulsating output of a rectifier into a steady D.C level is known as a filter.

Following filter circuits are commonly used

Series inductor filter Shunt capacitor filter LC filter CLC or pi filter

5.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

A voltage regulator is a circuit that supplies a constant voltage regardless of changes

in load currents. Although voltage regulators can be designed using op-amps it is quicker and

easier to use IC voltage regulators. Typical performance parameters for voltage regulators are

line regulation, load regulation, temperature stability and ripple rejection. Further more IC

voltage regulators are versatile and relatively inexpensive under available with features such

as a programmable output, current or voltage boosting, internal short circuit current limiting,

thermal shutdown and floating operation for high voltage applications.

78XX series are three terminal, positive fixed voltage regulators. There are seven

output voltage positions available such as 5, 6, 8, 12, 15, 18 and 24volts. In 78XX the last

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two numbers (XX) indicate the output voltage. There are also available 79XX series of fixed

output negative voltage regulators which are compliments to the 78XX series devices.

Fig:5.3. Fixed Output Voltage Regulators

The above figure shows the standard representation of monolithic voltage regulator.

A capacitor Ci is usually connected between input terminal and ground to cancel the induci-

tve effects due to long distribution leads. The output capacitor Co improves the transient res-ponse.

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CHAPTER-6

HARDWARE DETAILS

ATMEL 89 C 51 :

FEATURES:

Compatible with MCS-51 Products. 4 Kbytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles.

Fully Static Operation: 0Hz to 24 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock

128 x 8-Bit Internal Ram 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial Channel Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

MAX232 IC:

FEATURES:

Meets or Exceeds TIA/EIA-232-F and ITU Recommendation V.28 Operates From a single 5-V power supply with1.0-F charge-pump

capacitors

Operates up to 120Kbits/sec Two drivers and two receivers 30-V input levels Low supply current8mA typical ESD protection exceeds JESD 22-2000-V human-body model (A114-A) Upgrade with improved ESD (15-KV HBM) and 0.1F charge-pump

capacitors is available with the MAX202

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TK5530 IC:FEATURES:

Identification transponder in plastic cube.

Basic component: e5530 IDIC. Includes coil and capacitor for tuned circuit antenna. Carrier frequency: 125 KHz.

APPLICATIONS:

Car immobilizer Access control Alarm system Other identification systems

U2270B IC:

FEATURES:

Carrier frequency Fosc100KHz150KHz. Typical data rate up to 5Kbaud at125KHz. suitable for Manchester and Biphase modulation Power supply from car battery or from 5V regulated voltage. Optimized for car immobilizer applications. Tuning capability Microcontroller-compatible interface Low power consumption in standby mode Power-supply output for microcontroller.

APPLICATIONS: Car immobilizers Animal identification Access control Process control

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CHAPTER-7

FABRICATION DETAILS

The basic raw material in the manufacture of PCB is copper cladded laminate. The

laminate consists of two or more layers insulating reinforced materials bonded together under

heat and pressure by thermo setting resins used are phenolic or epoxy. The rein forced

materials used are electrical grade paper or woven glass cloth. The laminates are

manufactured by impregating thin sheets of rein forced materials (woven glass cloth or

electrical grade paper) with the required resin (phenolic or epoxy). The laminates are divided

into various grades by National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). The nominal

overall thickness of laminate normally used in PCB industry is 1.6mm with copper cladding

on one or two sides. The copper foil thickness is 35 Microns (0.035mm) OR 70 Microns

(0.070mm).

The next stage in PCB fabrication is artwork preparation. The artwork (Master

drawing) is essentially a manufacturing tool used in the fabrication of PCBs. It defines the

pattern to be generated on the board. Since the artwork is the first of many process steps in

the Fabrication of PCBs. It must be very accurately drawn. The accuracy of the finished

board depends on the accuracy of artwork. Normally, in industrial applications the artwork is

drawn on enlarged scale and photographically reduced to require size. It is not only easy to

draw the enlarged dimensions but also the errors in the art work correspondingly get reduced

during photo reduction. For ordinary application of simple single sided boards artwork is

made on ivory art paper using draft aids. After taping on an art paper and photography

(Making the negative) the image of the photo given is transformed on silk screen for screen

printing. After drying the paint, the etching process is carried out. This is done after drilling

of the holes on the laminate as per the components layout. The etching is the process of

chemically removing un-wanted copper from the board.The next stage after PCB fabrication is solder masking the board to prevent the tracks

from corrosion and rust formation. Then the components will be assembled on the board as

per the component layout.

The next stage after assembling is the soldering the components. The soldering may

be defined as process where in joining between metal parts is produced by heating to suitable

temperatures using non-ferrous filter metals has melting temperatures below the melting

temperature of the metals to be joined. This non-ferrous intermediate metal is called solder.

The solders are the alloys of lead and tin.

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CHAPTER-8

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

8.1ADVANTAGES:

Whether you are concerned with tracking inventory in a warehouse or Maintaining

a fleet of vehicles. There is a clear need for a fully automated data capture and analysis

System that will help you keep track of your valuable asserts and equipment.

Active Wave RFID technologies provide unique solutions to difficult Logistical

tracking of inventory or equipment- particularly in applications where optically based

systems fail and when read/write capabilities are required. The technology is stable, and

evolving, with open architectures increasingly available.

Advantages of RFID technology:

Provides product visibility in all stages of supply chain. Enables you to view past and present conditions of your inventories. Identifies products one by one not on type level. Enables on-time delivery.

Enables you to control your products in all stages of supply chain. Provides high security. Minimizes errors.

8.2 APPLICATIONS:

Recent advances in radio frequency identification (RFID) technology have enabled

the early adoption in many commercial applications like supply chain management, logistics

and transportation but skeptics believe that although RFID has an advantage over plain

vanilla bar-coding in logistics, it will take a while for it to become mainstream.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a method of remotely storing and retrieving

data using devices called RFID tags/transponders. An RFID tag is a small object, such as an

adhesive sticker, that can be attached to or incorporated into a product. Simply put, RFID

involves putting a small radio transmitter on a tag or a label with a unique identification

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number (UIN) on it. When passed under a RFID reader, the number contained in the tag is

transmitted to a computer, which matches it with corresponding data.

RFID is used for various purposes - among others to tag merchandise at stores, to

prevent shoplifting, to tag prescriptions, over-the-counter medicines, and hospital products

and to help combat the illegal trafficking of counterfeit pharmaceutical products.

But unlike barcodes, there is no global public body that governs the frequencies used

for RFID. In principle, every country can set its own rules, but some standards have been

made regarding RFID technology.

Inventory Applications: Enterprises have to manage huge numbers of raw materials and

products in production and supply chain processes. This management process is laborious,

costly and complicated for especially big enterprises. Present product tracking systems are

based on barcode system and require enormous amounts of labor, time and costs. With RFID

based inventory control systems, real-time and accurate tracking

ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS:

Access control is among the fields where RFID technology is intensely used. Having

an effective access control system becomes more and more important and necessary in

buildings such as companies, enterprises and public institutions where many people enter andexit everyday. Conventional systems are generally based on barcode system and with these

systems; ID or entrance cards can be read closely and one by one.

OTHER RFID APPLICATIONS:

With each passing day, usage of RFID increases throughout the world as well as in

Turkey. InfoDif presents solutions which are innovative and respond to your needs in all

fields with this technology which proved its advantages and safety. You can benefit from

InfoDifs world standard RFID systems in several fields including shopping and livestock.

SHOPPING WITH RFID:

The wireless RFID technology provided by InfoDif enables consumers to make

payments just with a wave of their payment cards. This technology not only shortens the time

allocated for shopping but also enables enterprises to have more information about their

customers and their shopping habits and patterns. Using this information, shopping centers
http://www.infodif.com/RFID/envanteruygulamalari.aspxhttp://www.infodif.com/RFID/envanteruygulamalari.aspxhttp://www.infodif.com/RFID/geciskontrol.aspxhttp://www.infodif.com/RFID/digeruygulamalar.aspxhttp://www.infodif.com/RFID/alisveris.aspxhttp://www.infodif.com/RFID/alisveris.aspxhttp://www.infodif.com/RFID/digeruygulamalar.aspxhttp://www.infodif.com/RFID/geciskontrol.aspxhttp://www.infodif.com/RFID/envanteruygulamalari.aspx

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can individualize their services for each customer and increase customer satisfaction and

loyalty, reduce costs and increase profitability. RFID is safer than conventional payment

methods and customers feel more secure and comfortable.

No card number is stored on RFID tags; they have just an ID number which can only

be read by an assigned reader. Payment cards with RFID tags are safer than credit cards

because any card number or information about the user is not printed on the card.

AIRLINE BAGGAGE TRACKING :

RFID system can be integrated to existing baggage labels, control desk printers and

classification devices. With RFID technology, all baggage can be scanned automatically in

groups regardless of their types.

With InfoDifs RFID smart labels, secure and economic identification and tracking of

baggage and passenger-baggage verification can be ensured.

RFID IN ANIMAL IDENTIFICATION:

RFID technology is used for tracking millions of livestock animals throughout the

world. RFID is used in identifying, counting and tracking meat and dairy animals, valuable

domestic animals and laboratory animals used in long lasting and expensive experiments.

RFID IN PHARMACY:

The pharmaceutical industry faces logistic product returns due to overstocking or

expiry. The pharmaceutical industry seeks a better way to track drugs in all stages of supply

chain; from production to delivery to pharmacies. RFID is considered to be the most efficientway to ensure accuracy and validity of data in this sector and solve all these problems and

losses. RFID will increase the quality and security of products in this sector and costs will be

reduced.

PARKING LOT APPLICATIONS:

InfoDif provides parking lot managers with RFID based parking lot access control

solutions which are time and cost effective. These systems which are secure and automatic
http://www.infodif.com/RFID/hayvancilik.aspxhttp://www.infodif.com/RFID/ecza.aspxhttp://www.infodif.com/RFID/otopark.aspxhttp://www.infodif.com/RFID/otopark.aspxhttp://www.infodif.com/RFID/ecza.aspxhttp://www.infodif.com/RFID/hayvancilik.aspx

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can be used in parking lots in the city as well as in parking lots in airports, universities,

hospitals and companies.

RFID tags and readers can be integrated to existing parking lot access control systems

thus installation, operation and maintenance of this new system does not require high costs.

DOCUMENT TRACKING:

Smart tags which are among the products provided by InfoDif improve and ease management

of important documents in various sectors such as insurance and legal sectors. Besides, RFID

technology prevents severe problems which may be caused by loss of important documents

and files. RFID speeds up the workflow with fast and easy document tracking.

RFID BENEFITS VS. BARCODE:

The optical nature of barcode requires labels to be "seen" by the Lasers. That line-

of-sight Between label and reader is often difficult, impractical, or even impossible to achieve

in industrial environments. In order to function properly, a barcode reader must have clean,

clear optics, the label must be clean and free of abrasion, and the reader and label must be

properly oriented with respect to each other. RFID technology enables tag reading from a

greater distance, even in harsh environments.

In addition, the information imprinted on a barcode is fixed and cannot be changed.

ActiveWave RFID tags, on the other hand, have electronic memory similar to what is in your

computer or digital camera to store information about the inventory or

equipment. This information can be dynamically updated.

8.3 THE ADVANTAGES OF RFID VS. BARCODE TECHNOLOGY:

No line of sight requirement. The tag can stand a harsh environment. Long read range.Wireless identification (even without line-of-sight contact) is

possible

It is able to penetrate through different materials like cardboard boxes, timber, etc. The memory can be read and re-written without limit. Several transponders can be identified in less than one second. It is possible to read many transponders simultaneously. It is resistant against environmental influences.
http://www.infodif.com/RFID/belge.aspxhttp://www.infodif.com/RFID/belge.aspx

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The shape and colour of the transponders is adaptable. Transponders can be integrated completely into a product. High security is guaranteed through copy protection and encryption High data retention up to 10 years It has an integrated data memory on which product data can be stored. Information can be stored on the tag without using a data base. RFID tagged objects can be read more than 20 times faster than the barcode

technology.

RFID tagged objects can also be read even if they are soiled heavily. The placing of the RFID tagged objects is less problematic in contrast to the barcode

technology. It is sufficient that the object is situated within the range of the reader.

Portable database Multiple tag read/write. Tracking people, items, and equipment in realtime.

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CONCLUSION

The project report RFID BASED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM is completed

successfully. Identification has become an integral part of person in this century. There is a

greater demand for reliable and accurate identification.

Hence in this project we have implemented RFIDs. In the earlier days we have used

bar codes but they are unreliable. Various faults in the earlier days identification has been

analyzed thoroughly.

The main advantage of implementing staff identification using micro controller is

that the digital output can be directly connected to any P.C. and can monitor it continuously.

We hope that this project would be very useful in future for student as well as staffidentification.

Basically this project work comes under communication. But it is applicable to

schools, colleges, companies. This type of design is very well suited in the field of

communication.

Since it is a demonstration unit, the range between RF antenna and Tag is limited to

10Cms, because, in this project work a low power transmitter is used and the limitation being

the power transmitted by the RF antenna. However by increasing the power radiating

capacity of the antenna the range can be increased and by using parallel readers tracking of

the RF card is also possible.

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REFERENCES

8051 Micro Controller, II Edition, PENRAM InternationalBy Kenneth, J Ayala

OpAmps and Linear Integrated Circuits, IV Edition PearsonBy Ramakant A Gayakwad

Programming and Customizing 8051 Micro Controller, II EditionBy Myke Predko

Principles of Communication Systems TATA McGraw Hill, II EditionBy Taub and Schilling

Radio frequency Identification Fundamentals and ApplicationsBy John Wiley and Sons.

JOURNALS:

ELECTRONICS FOR U IEEE JOURNALS

WEBSITES:

www.atmel.com

www.google.com

www.wikipedia.org
http://www.atmel.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.atmel.com/

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PROGRAM CODE

;THIS IS RF BACKUP READER PROGRAM

;P0 = DATA

;P1.0 = RTC DATA;P1.1 = RTC CLK;P1.2 = RTC RST

;P1.3 =;P1.4 =;P1.5 = BUZZ;P1.6 = LED1;P1.7 = LED2

;P2.0 = LSB STRB;P2.1 = MSB STRB;P2.2 = DSP DATA STRB;P2.3 = - CS;P2.4 = ENABLE -CS

;P2.7 = RS;P2.6 = R/W;P2.5 = EN

;P3.2= DATA SEL :01-PC,10-RFRD;P3.3= DATA SEL

;P3.4= PC IRQ

;P3.5= -OE;P3.6= RD/-WR;P3.7=

; DATA FROM SEC TO YEAR,WEEK (40H TO 4CH);25H TIME FLAG 01= NOT REQ,02 = REQ

TXD MACROJNB TI,$CLR TIMOV SBUF,R6MACEND

RXD MACROJNB RI,$CLR RIMOV R7,SBUFMACEND

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;--TIME DATE DISPLAY --TDISP MACRO

LCALL READLCALL CON

LCALL CON1LCALL ASSEMLCALL DISPMACEND

NOP2 MACRONOPNOPNOPMACEND

;********************************************

ORG 0LJMP START0

ORG 0050H

START0:

MOV P0,#FFHMOV P1,#FFHMOV P2,#F0HMOV P3,#FFH

CLR P2.0CLR P2.1CLR P2.2CLR P2.3

CLR P1.5CLR P1.6

CLR P1.7;*******************************LCALL SPINI;MOV R6,#00H;TXD;LCALL XDEL

;*******************************LCALL LCDINILCALL HEADLCALL SSEC

QQ12: JB P1.4,QQ13LCALL DEL

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JB P1.4,QQ12LCALL RTCINI

LCALL TAILQQ13: TDISP

LCALL SEC

QQXX: JB P3.4,RFRELCALL DELJB P3.4,QQXXLCALL PCCOMMX

VERIF:QQ11: JB P3.4,RFRE

JB P3.4,QQ11LJMP PCCOM

RFRE: LJMP RFREAD;---------------------------PCCOM:

MOV SP,#20HCLR P3.2SETB P3.3

NOP2

CLR RILCALL XRXDCJNE R4,#01H,VERIF

CLR AMOV A,R1MOV R7,A

CJNE R7,#01H,PCT1LJMP PCREAD

PCT1: CJNE R7,#02H,PCT2

LJMP PCWRITE

PCT2: CJNE R7,#03H,PCT3LJMP PCFORMAT

PCT3: CJNE R7,#04H,PCT4LJMP PCTDUP

PCT4: CJNE R7,#05H,PCT5LJMP PCTDRD

PCT5: CJNE R7,#06H,PCT6LJMP PCINI

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PCT6: CJNE R7,#07H,PCT7LJMP PCREADB

PCT7: CJNE R7,#08H,PCT8

LJMP AAAAAAPCT8: CJNE R7,#09H,PCT9

LJMP AAAAAAPCT9: CJNE R7,#0AH,PCT10

LJMP AAAAAA

PCT10:AAAAAA: ;MOV R6,#FEH

;TXDLJMP VERIF

HHHH: LJMP HHHH;---------------------------------------PCREAD:

LCALL XRXDCJNE R4,#01H,PCREADRMOV A,R1MOV 60H,A

LCALL XRXDCJNE R4,#01H,PCREADRMOV A,R1MOV 61H,A

MOV R0,#70HPCTX: LCALL RAMRD

;TXDMOV A,R6MOV @R0,AINC 61HINC R0CJNE R0,#80H,PCTX

LCALL RAMCON;----------------MOV R0,#70H

NLTXT: MOV A,@R0MOV R6,ATXDINC R0CJNE R0,#7BH,NLTXT

MOV R0,#30H

NLTXTN: MOV A,@R0MOV R6,A

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TXDINC R0CJNE R0,#3AH,NLTXTN;-------------------

PCREADR: LJMP VERIF;------------------------PCREADB:

LCALL XRXDCJNE R4,#01H,PCREADRMOV A,R1MOV 60H,ALCALL XRXDCJNE R4,#01H,PCREADRMOV A,R1MOV 61H,A

LCALL RAMRDTXDLJMP VERIF

;-------------------------RAMCON:

MOV A,7BHMOV 30H,A

MOV A,7CHMOV 31H,A

MOV A,7DHMOV 32H,A

MOV A,7EHMOV 33H,A

MOV A,7FHMOV 34H,A

LCALL CON

;---------MOV A,41HADD A,#30HMOV 30H,A

MOV A,40HADD A,#30HMOV 31H,A

MOV A,43HADD A,#30H

MOV 32H,A

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MOV A,45H

ADD A,#30HMOV 34H,A



;LCALL WRD




RET

;--------- RAMRD ---------RAMRD:

MOV P0,61HSETB P2.0

NOP2

CLR P2.0

MOV P0,60HSETB P2.1

NOP2CLR P2.1

MOV P0,#FFHNOP2

SETB P3.6 ;-WE

NOP2CLR P2.4 ;-CE

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NOP2SETB P2.3

NOP2CLR P3.5 ;-OE

NOP2

MOV R6,P0SETB P3.5SETB P2.4CLR P2.3

NOP2RET

;*************************************PCWRITE:

LCALL XRXDCJNE R4,#01H,PCWRITERMOV A,R1

MOV 60H,A

LCALL XRXDCJNE R4,#01H,PCWRITERMOV A,R1MOV 61H,A

LCALL XRXDCJNE R4,#01H,PCWRITERMOV A,R1MOV 62H,A

MOV R0,#00HLCALL RAMWRTXD

PCWRITER: LJMP VERIF

;--------- RAMRD ---------RAMWR:

MOV P0,60H

SETB P2.1NOP2CLR P2.1

MOV P0,61HSETB P2.0

NOP2CLR P2.0

MOV P0,62HNOP2

SETB P3.5 ;-OE

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NOP2CLR P2.4 ;-CE

NOP2SETB P2.3

NOP2

CLR P3.6 ;-WENOP2SETB P3.6

NOP2SETB P3.5SETB P2.4CLR P2.3

NOP2;---------- READ AFTER WRITE --------MOV P0,#FFH

NOP2

SETB P3.6 ;-WENOP2CLR P2.4 ;-CE

NOP2SETB P2.3

NOP2CLR P3.5 ;-OE

NOP2MOV R6,P0SETB P3.5SETB P2.4CLR P2.3

NOP2RET

;**************** TOTAL DATA DEL....PCFORMAT:

LCALL XRXDCJNE R4,#01H,PCFORMATRMOV A,R1MOV 61H,ACJNE A,#FEH,PCFORMATR

LCALL FORDIS

;----------WRITING ALL ZEROS-------------

MOV 60H,#00HMOV 61H,#00HMOV 62H,#00HMOV DPTR,#0000H

RAMNXT0:MOV 60H,DPHMOV 61H,DPLLCALL RAMWR

CJNE R6,#00H,PCFORMATRINC DPTR

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MOV A,DPHCJNE A,#80H,RAMNXT0

;--------- WRITING ALL ONES --------------

MOV 60H,#00HMOV 61H,#00HMOV 62H,#FFHMOV DPTR,#0000H

RAMNXT: MOV 60H,DPHMOV 61H,DPLLCALL RAMWRCJNE R6,#FFH,PCFORMATRINC DPTRMOV A,DPHCJNE A,#80H,RAMNXT

MOV 60H,#00HMOV 61H,#10HMOV 62H,#01HLCALL RAMWRCJNE R6,#01H,PCFORMATRMOV 60H,#00HMOV 61H,#11HMOV 62H,#00HLCALL RAMWRCJNE R6,#00H,PCFORMATRMOV R6,#00HTXDLCALL FOROKLCALL SECLCALL PCCOMMXLJMP VERIF

PCFORMATR: MOV R6,#01HTXDLCALL FORFAIL

LCALL SECLCALL PCCOMMXLJMP VERIF

;*****************************************PCTDUP:

MOV R0,#50HPCT: LCALL XRXD

CJNE R4,#01H,PCTDUPRCLR AMOV A,R1

MOV @R0,AINC R0

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CJNE R0,#5DH,PCTLJMP WRITE

PCTDUPR:LJMP VERIF;************** TIME DATE READ ************

PCTDRD:LCALL TAILLCALL READLCALL CONLCALL CON1LCALL ASSEMLCALL DISPMOV R0,#50H

PCTDX: MOV A,@R0ADD A,#30HMOV R6,A

TXDNOP2INC R0CJNE R0,#5DH,PCTDXLCALL SECLCALL PCCOMMXLJMP VERIF

;******* RTC INI **********************

PCINI:LCALL RTCINILCALL TAILLCALL SECLCALL READLCALL CONLCALL CON1LCALL ASSEMLCALL DISPLCALL SECLCALL PCCOMMX

LJMP VERIF;****************************************;************ RF REDER MODULE ***********RFREAD:

SETB P3.2CLR P3.3

NOP2CLR RI

LCALL RFCOMMXRFNXT1: MOV R0,#6FH

RFNXT: LCALL XRXDCJNE R4,#01H,RTRT1

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CLR AMOV A,R1MOV @R0,AINC R0CJNE R0,#7CH,RFNXT

;..................CLR AMOV A,6FHCJNE A,#02H,SWIPEA

CLR AMOV A,7BHCJNE A,#03H,SWIPEA;..................LCALL RFSTORECLR RI

LCALL OTXDLJMP RFNXT1

SWIPEA: LCALL SWIPECLR RILJMP RFNXT1

RTRT1: LCALL RFCOMMXCLR RI

RTRT: JB RI,RFNXT1

JB P3.4,RTRTLCALL DELJB P3.4,RTRTLJMP QQ12

;------------------------------OTXD:

LCALL DEL

CLR P3.2SETB P3.3

LCALL DEL

MOV A,50HMOV 60H,AMOV A,51HMOV 61H,A

MOV R0,#70HOPCTX: LCALL RAMRD

;TXDMOV A,R6

MOV @R0,AINC 61H

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INC R0CJNE R0,#80H,OPCTX

;----------------MOV R0,#70H

ONLTXT: MOV A,@R0MOV R6,ATXDINC R0CJNE R0,#7BH,ONLTXT

LCALL RAMCON

MOV R0,#30HONLTXTN: MOV A,@R0

MOV R6,A

TXDINC R0CJNE R0,#3BH,ONLTXTN

SETB P3.2CLR P3.3LCALL DEL

CLR RIRET

;------------------------------RFSTORE: ;50H,51H HOLDS ADDRESS

LCALL READLCALL CONLCALL CON1LCALL ASSEM

MOV 7AH,#FFHCLR AMOV A,62H

MOV 7BH,A

CLR AMOV A,61HMOV 7CH,A

CLR AMOV A,63HMOV 7DH,A

CLR AMOV A,64HMOV 7EH,A

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CLR AMOV A,66HMOV 7FH,A

;------------------ ADD READ

MOV 60H,#00HMOV 61H,#10HLCALL RAMRDMOV 50H,R6

MOV 60H,#00HMOV 61H,#11HLCALL RAMRDMOV 51H,R6

;-------------------MEM FULL VERIFICATION

CLR AMOV A,50HCJNE A,#7FH,NXTMEM

CLR AMOV A,51HCJNE A,#F0H,NXTMEMLCALL MEMFULLLCALL BP3SECLCALL SECLCALL BP3SECLCALL SECLCALL BP3SECRET

;------------------- WRITENXTMEM: MOV DPH,50H

MOV DPL,51H;-------------------

CLR AMOV A,50H

MOV 60H,A

CLR AMOV A,51HMOV 61H,A

MOV R0,#70HRFNXTW: MOV A,@R0

MOV 62H,ALCALL RAMWRMOV A,R6

CJNE A,62H,RFERRINC 61H

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INC R0INC DPTRCJNE R0,#80H,RFNXTW;------------------- RAM ADD UPDATE

;--------------------MOV 60H,#00HMOV 61H,#10HCLR AMOV A,DPHMOV 62H,ALCALL RAMWRMOV A,R6CJNE A,62H,RFERR

MOV 60H,#00H

MOV 61H,#11HCLR AMOV A,DPLMOV 62H,ALCALL RAMWRMOV A,R6CJNE A,62H,RFERRLCALL DISCLR

LJMP IDINFIDINFR: LCALL BP1SEC

RET

RFERR: LCALL RAMERRRET

;****************************************IDINF:

CLR p2.7CLR p2.6MOV P0,#80HLCALL WRI

;MOV DPH,#1CH;MOV DPL,#20H;LCALL TLINE

MOV A,50HMOV 30H,ALCALL ACONMOV A,41HMOV P0,ALCALL WRD

MOV A,40HMOV P0,A

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LCALL WRD

MOV A,51HMOV 30H,ALCALL ACON

MOV A,41HMOV P0,ALCALL WRDMOV A,40HMOV P0,ALCALL WRD

MOV P0,#3AHLCALL WRD

;----------


MOV R1,#70HRTKL:

CLR AMOV A,@R1MOV P0,ALCALL WRDINC R1CJNE R1,#7CH,RTKL

CLR p2.7CLR p2.6MOV P0,#C0HLCALL WRI

MOV A,7BH

MOV 30H,A

MOV A,7CHMOV 31H,A

MOV A,7DHMOV 32H,A

MOV A,7EHMOV 33H,A

MOV A,7FHMOV 34H,A

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LCALL CON;---------MOV A,41HADD A,#30H

MOV P0,ALCALL WRD

MOV A,40HADD A,#30HMOV P0,ALCALL WRD




MOV P0,#20HLCALL WRDMOV P0,#20HLCALL WRD


MOV A,44H

ADD A,#30HMOV P0,ALCALL WRD

MOV P0,#2DHLCALL WRD


MOV A,46H

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ADD A,#30HMOV P0,ALCALL WRD

MOV P0,#2DH

LCALL WRD



LJMP IDINFR

;-------------------------------BP1SEC: SETB P1.6

MOV R5,#02HZM1: MOV R6,#FFHZM2: MOV R7,#FFHZM3: DJNZ R7,ZM3

CPL P1.5DJNZ R6,ZM2DJNZ R5,ZM1CLR P1.6CLR P1.5RET

BP3SEC: SETB P1.6MOV R5,#06H

YM1: MOV R6,#FFHYM2: MOV R7,#FFHYM3: DJNZ R7,YM3

CPL P1.5

DJNZ R6,YM2DJNZ R5,YM1CLR P1.6CLR P1.5RET

;---------------------------

RAMERR: MOV DPH,#1CHMOV DPL,#10HLCALL TLINEMOV DPH,#1BH

MOV DPL,#A0HLCALL BLINE

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RET

DISCLR: MOV DPH,#1BHMOV DPL,#A0HLCALL TLINE

MOV DPH,#1BHMOV DPL,#A0HLCALL BLINERET

PCCOMMX:SETB P1.7LCALL SECCLR P1.7LCALL SEC

SETB P1.7LCALL SECCLR P1.7LCALL SEC

SETB P1.7LCALL SECCLR P1.7LCALL SECSETB P1.7

MOV DPH,#1BHMOV DPL,#C0HLCALL TLINEMOV DPH,#1BHMOV DPL,#A0HLCALL BLINERET

RFCOMMX:CLR P1.7MOV DPH,#1BH

MOV DPL,#D0HLCALL TLINEMOV DPH,#1BHMOV DPL,#A0HLCALL BLINERET

FORDIS: MOV DPH,#1BHMOV DPL,#E0HLCALL TLINEMOV DPH,#1BHMOV DPL,#A0H

LCALL BLINERET

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FOROK: MOV DPH,#1BHMOV DPL,#F0HLCALL TLINE

MOV DPH,#1BHMOV DPL,#A0HLCALL BLINERET

FORFAIL: MOV DPH,#1CHMOV DPL,#00HLCALL TLINEMOV DPH,#1BHMOV DPL,#A0HLCALL BLINERET

SWIPE: MOV DPH,#1CHMOV DPL,#30HLCALL TLINEMOV DPH,#1BHMOV DPL,#A0HLCALL BLINERET

MEMFULL: MOV DPH,#1CHMOV DPL,#40HLCALL TLINEMOV DPH,#1BHMOV DPL,#A0HLCALL BLINERET

;****************************************RTCINI: SETB P1.2

LCALL DELCLR P1.1

LCALL DEL

MOV R0,#8EHLCALL CWRRD

MOV R0,#00HLCALL CWRRD

CLR P1.2LCALL DEL1

;****************************

SETB P1.2LCALL DEL

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CLR P1.1LCALL DEL



CLR P1.2LCALL DEL1

;*****************************SETB P1.2LCALL DELCLR P1.1LCALL DEL



CLR P1.2LCALL DEL1MOV R0,#50H

IIOO: MOV @R0,#00HINC R0CJNE R0,#5CH,IIOOMOV 5CH,#01HLCALL WRITERET

;****************************XMTOP: LCALL LCDINI

SETB P1.2LCALL DEL

CLR P1.1LCALL DEL


MOV R0,#A5HLCALL CWRRDCLR P1.2LCALL DEL1

;*********** MAIN MODULE ******************YMTOP: LCALL TAIL

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LCALL READLCALL CONLCALL CON1LCALL ASSEMLCALL DISP

LJMP YMTOP;******************************************;**** DATA READ IN BURST MODE *****

READ: SETB P1.2LCALL DELCLR P1.1LCALL DEL

MOV R0,#BFHLCALL CWRRD

LCALL DATARMOV 30H,R6








CLR P1.1CLR P1.2RET

;*********** READ END ******************;*********** WRITE ******************WRITE:

MOV A,51H

SWAP AADD A,50H

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MOV 60H,A

MOV A,53HSWAP AADD A,52H

MOV 61H,A

MOV A,55HSWAP AADD A,54HMOV 62H,A



MOV A,5BHSWAP AADD A,5AHMOV 66H,A

MOV A,5CH ;WEEKMOV 65H,A

SETB P1.2LCALL DELCLR P1.1LCALL DEL

MOV R0,#BEHLCALL CWRRD

MOV R0,60HLCALL CWRRDMOV R0,61HLCALL CWRRDMOV R0,62HLCALL CWRRDMOV R0,63HLCALL CWRRDMOV R0,64HLCALL CWRRD

MOV R0,65HLCALL CWRRD

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MOV R0,66HLCALL CWRRDMOV R0,#00HLCALL CWRRD

CLR P1.1LCALL DEL1CLR P1.2LCALL DEL1

LCALL TAILLCALL READLCALL CONLCALL CON1LCALL ASSEMLCALL DISP

LCALL SEC3LCALL PCCOMMXLJMP VERIF

;RET;*********** WRITE END ******************

BSEC: MOV PSW,#10HMOV R5,#02H

BM1: MOV R6,#FFHBM2: MOV R7,#FFHBM3: DJNZ R7,BM3

DJNZ R6,BM2DJNZ R5,BM1MOV PSW,#00HDJNZ R4,BSEC

SETB P2.4MOV R4,6BH

CSEC: MOV PSW,#10H

MOV R5,#04HCM1: MOV R6,#FFHCM2: MOV R7,#FFHCM3: DJNZ R7,CM3

DJNZ R6,CM2DJNZ R5,CM1MOV PSW,#00HDJNZ R4,CSECRET

;************ SECOND ***************

CON: CLR AMOV A,30H

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ANL A,#7FHMOV 30H,AANL A,#0FHMOV 40H,AMOV A,30H

SWAP AANL A,#0FHMOV 41H,A

;************ MIN ***************CLR AMOV A,31HANL A,#7FHMOV 31H,AANL A,#0FHMOV 42H,A

MOV A,31HSWAP AANL A,#0FHMOV 43H,A

;************ HOUR ***************CLR AMOV A,32HANL A,#7FHMOV 32H,AANL A,#0FHMOV 44H,AMOV A,32HSWAP AANL A,#0FHMOV 45H,A

;************ DAY ***************CLR AMOV A,33HANL A,#7FHMOV 33H,AANL A,#0FH

MOV 46H,AMOV A,33HSWAP AANL A,#0FHMOV 47H,A

;************ MON ***************CLR AMOV A,34HANL A,#7FHMOV 34H,A

ANL A,#0FHMOV 48H,A

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MOV A,34HSWAP AANL A,#0FHMOV 49H,A

;************ YEAR ***************CLR AMOV A,36HANL A,#7FHMOV 36H,AANL A,#0FHMOV 4AH,AMOV A,36HSWAP AANL A,#0FHMOV 4BH,A

;************ WEEK ***************CLR AMOV A,35HANL A,#07HMOV 4CH,ARET

ACON: ;30H SOURCE/ 40H LSB ASCII,41H MSB ASCII

CLR AMOV A,30HMOV 30H,AANL A,#0FHADD A, #30HMOV 40H,A

CJNE A,#3AH,A1MOV 40H,#41H

A1: CJNE A,#3BH,A2MOV 40H,#42H

A2: CJNE A,#3CH,A3

MOV 40H,#43HA3: CJNE A,#3DH,A4MOV 40H,#44H

A4: CJNE A,#3EH,A5MOV 40H,#45H

A5: CJNE A,#3FH,A6MOV 40H,#46H

A6:MOV A,30HSWAP AANL A,#0FH

ADD A,#30HMOV 41H,A

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CJNE A,#3AH,GA1MOV 41H,#41H

GA1: CJNE A,#3BH,GA2MOV 41H,#42H

GA2: CJNE A,#3CH,GA3MOV 41H,#43H

GA3: CJNE A,#3DH,GA4MOV 41H,#44H

GA4: CJNE A,#3EH,GA5MOV 41H,#45H

GA5: CJNE A,#3FH,GA6MOV 41H,#46H

GA6: RET

;###################################

;********* WRITE 1BYTE INTO RTC **********

CWRRD:CLR AMOV A,R0MOV 20H,A

JNB 00H,DB0SETB P1.0LCALL CLKPLJMP K1

DB0: CLR P1.0LCALL CLKP;--------------

K1: JNB 01H,DB1SETB P1.0LCALL CLKPLJMP K2

DB1: CLR P1.0LCALL CLKP

;--------------K2: JNB 02H,DB2

SETB P1.0LCALL CLKPLJMP K3


;--------------K3: JNB 03H,DB3

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DB3: CLR P1.0

LCALL CLKP

;--------------K4: JNB 04H,DB4



;--------------K5: JNB 05H,DB5



;--------------K6: JNB 06H,DB6


DB6: CLR P1.0LCALL CLKP;--------------

K7: JNB 07H,DB7SETB P1.0

LCALL CLKPLJMP K8


K8: RET

CLKP:mov r4,#02H

djnz r4,$

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SETB P1.1

mov r4,#02Hdjnz r4,$

CLR P1.1RET

;*********** DATA 1 BYTE READ MODULE ******

DATAR:MOV R0,#00H

LCALL CLKRLCALL CLKRLCALL CLKR

LCALL CLKRLCALL CLKRLCALL CLKRLCALL CLKRLCALL CLKR

CLR AMOV A,R0MOV R6,ARET

CLKR:CLR P1.1mov r4,#02H ;DELAYdjnz r4,$

MOV R1,P1CLR AMOV A,R1ANL A,#01H

MOV R1,A

CLR AMOV A,R0ADD A,R1RR AMOV R0,A

SETB P1.1mov r4,#02Hdjnz r4,$

RET

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;***********************************;####################################;************************************DISP:


MOV A,45H ;10 HRCLR CADD A,#30HMOV P0,ALCALL WRD

MOV A,44H ; HRCLR CADD A,#30HMOV P0,ALCALL WRD


MOV A,43H ;10 MINCLR CADD A,#30HMOV P0,ALCALL WRD

MOV A,42H ;MINCLR CADD A,#30HMOV P0,ALCALL WRD


MOV A,41H ;10 SECCLR CADD A,#30HMOV P0,ALCALL WRD

MOV A,40H ;SECCLR C

ADD A,#30HMOV P0,A

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LCALL WRD

CLR p2.7CLR p2.6MOV P0,#C4H

LCALL WRI

MOV A,47H ;10 DAYCLR CADD A,#30HMOV P0,ALCALL WRD

MOV A,46H ; DAYCLR CADD A,#30H

MOV P0,ALCALL WRD

MOV P0,#B0HLCALL WRD

MOV A,49H ;10 MONCLR CADD A,#30HMOV P0,ALCALL WRD

MOV A,48H ;MONCLR CADD A,#30HMOV P0,ALCALL WRD

MOV P0,#B0HLCALL WRD

MOV A,4BH ;10 YCLR CADD A,#30HMOV P0,ALCALL WRD

MOV A,4AH ;YCLR CADD A,#30HMOV P0,A

LCALL WRD;----------------------

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MOV P0,#20HLCALL WRD

WDIS:MOV P0,#CDH

LCALL WRI

WDIST: MOV R0,4CH

CJNE R0,#01H,W1MOV P0,#53HLCALL WRDMOV P0,#55HLCALL WRDMOV P0,#4EHLCALL WRD

W1: CJNE R0,#02H,W2MOV P0,#4DHLCALL WRDMOV P0,#4FHLCALL WRDMOV P0,#4EHLCALL WRD

W2: CJNE R0,#03H,W3MOV P0,#54HLCALL WRDMOV P0,#55HLCALL WRDMOV P0,#45HLCALL WRD



W5: CJNE R0,#06H,W6MOV P0,#46HLCALL WRD


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W6: CJNE R0,#07H,W7MOV P0,#53HLCALL WRD

MOV P0,#41HLCALL WRDMOV P0,#54HLCALL WRD

W7: CJNE R0,#08H,W8MOV P0,#44HLCALL WRDMOV P0,#45HLCALL WRDMOV P0,#4CH

LCALL WRDW8:

CJNE R0,#09H,W9MOV P0,#43HLCALL WRDMOV P0,#4FHLCALL WRDMOV P0,#50HLCALL WRD

W9:CJNE R0,#0AH,W10MOV P0,#52HLCALL WRDMOV P0,#2EHLCALL WRDMOV P0,#54HLCALL WRD

W10:CJNE R0,#0BH,W11MOV P0,#49HLCALL WRD

MOV P0,#4EHLCALL WRDMOV P0,#54HLCALL WRD

W11:RET

;******** DISP END **************

ASSEM: MOV A,51HSWAP A

ADD A,50HMOV 60H,A

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MOV A,5BHSWAP AADD A,5AHMOV 66H,A

MOV A,5CH ;WEEKMOV 65H,ARET

ASSEM1: MOV A,51HSWAP AADD A,50HMOV 61H,A

MOV A,53HSWAP A

ADD A,52HMOV 62H,A

MOV A,55HSWAP AADD A,54HMOV 63H,ARET

SETS: SETB p1.5SETB p1.6

SETB p1.7LCALL DEL1

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RET

CON1: MOV R0,#50HMOV R1,#40H

NTXW:CLR AMOV A,@R1ANL A,#0FHMOV @R0,AINC R0INC R1CJNE R0,#5DH,NTXWRET

;************ DELAYS ***********

DEL:mov r4,#0AHdjnz r4,$RET

DDEL: MOV R5,#03HEDR: mov r4,#FFH

djnz r4,$djnz r5,EDRRET

;XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX;********** LCD INI ****************LCDINI:

CLR P0.0CLR P0.1CLR P0.2

CLR P2.5



CLR p2.7

CLR p2.6

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MOV P0,#30HLCALL WRI

CLR p2.7CLR p2.6

MOV P0,#38HLCALL WRI


CLR p2.7CLR p2.6MOV P0,#01H

LCALL WRI



CLR p2.7CLR p2.6MOV P0,#0CHLCALL WRI

CLR p2.7CLR p2.6MOV P0,#1CHLCALL WRI


CLR p2.7CLR p2.6MOV P0,#06HLCALL WRICLR p2.7

CLR p2.6MOV P0,#01H

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LCALL WRI

RET;*********** HEADER WRITE ***************HEAD:


MOV DPTR,#1B00HMOV R7,#00H

KL:CLR AMOVC A,@A+DPTRMOV P0,A

LCALL WRDINC DPTRINC R7CJNE R7,#10H,KL


KL1:CLR AMOVC A,@A+DPTRMOV P0,ALCALL WRDINC DPTRINC R7CJNE R7,#20H,KL1

LCALL SSECRET

TAIL:CLR p2.7CLR p2.6MOV P0,#80HLCALL WRIMOV DPTR,#1B20HMOV R7,#00H

XKL:CLR A

MOVC A,@A+DPTRMOV P0,A

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LCALL WRDINC DPTRINC R7CJNE R7,#10H,XKL


XKL1:CLR AMOVC A,@A+DPTRMOV P0,ALCALL WRDINC DPTR

INC R7CJNE R7,#20H,XKL1LCALL DEL1RET;----------------------------

TLINE: CLR p2.7CLR p2.6MOV P0,#80HLCALL WRI;MOV DPTR,#1B00HMOV R7,#00H

TKL:CLR AMOVC A,@A+DPTRMOV P0,ALCALL WRDINC DPTRINC R7CJNE R7,#10H,TKLRET

BLINE: CLR p2.7CLR p2.6MOV P0,#C0HLCALL WRI;MOV DPTR,#1B00HMOV R7,#00H

BKL:CLR AMOVC A,@A+DPTRMOV P0,A

LCALL WRDINC DPTR

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INC R7CJNE R7,#10H,BKLRET

;******** INSTRUCTION /DATA WRITE *********

WRI:SETB P2.2MOV R0,#7FHDJNZ R0,$CLR P2.2

SETB P2.5MOV R0,#FFHDJNZ R0,$CLR P2.5

MOV R0,#FFHDJNZ R0,$RET

WRD: SETB P2.2MOV R0,#7FHDJNZ R0,$CLR P2.2

SETB p2.7 ; REGISTERCLR p2.6 ;READ WRITESETB P2.5 ;ENABLEMOV R0,#FFHDJNZ R0,$CLR P2.5CLR p2.6CLR p2.7MOV R0,#FFHDJNZ R0,$RET

;******************************

DEL1: MOV R7,#FFHDJNZ R7,$RET

SEC: MOV R5,#02HM1: MOV R6,#FFHM2: MOV R7,#FFHM3: DJNZ R7,M3

DJNZ R6,M2DJNZ R5,M1

RET

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SEC3: MOV R5,#0BHM13: MOV R6,#FFHM23: MOV R7,#FFHM33: DJNZ R7,M33

DJNZ R6,M23

DJNZ R5,M13RET

SSEC: MOV R5,#1FHSM1: MOV R6,#FFHSM2: MOV R7,#FFHSM3: DJNZ R7,SM3

DJNZ R6,SM2DJNZ R5,SM1RET

;************** UART PORT INT *************

;******* 9600bps,8BIT,NO PARITY ***********

SPINI:MOV A,#00HMOV TCON,#40HMOV TMOD,#20HMOV SCON,#52HMOV IE,#9AHMOV TH1,#FDHMOV TL1,#FDHRET

;********************************************

XDEL:mov r4,#0FHdjnz r4,$RET

XDEL1: mov r4,#0FHdjnz r4,$RET

XDEL2: MOV R5,#5FHGB: mov r4,#FFH

djnz r4,$DJNZ R5,GBRET

;********************************;R4 IS STATUS,R1 REG DATA

XRXD: MOV R4,#00HMOV R7,#08H

XAE: MOV R6,#FFH

XAD: MOV R5,#FFHXAB:

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JNB RI,XACCLR RIMOV R1,SBUF

MOV A,R1

MOV R6,ATXD

MOV R4,#01H ;STATUS CHK #01 OK,#02 NOT OK;MOV 25H,#01HRET

XAC: DJNZ R5,XABDJNZ R6,XADDJNZ R7,XAEMOV R4,#02H

;MOV 25H,#02HRET

;*********** DISPLAY FORMAT **************EDIS:

CLR A;MOV A,60HMOV A,@R1SWAP AANL A,#0FHCLR CADD A,#30HMOV 65H,AMOV P0,R7LCALL WRILCALL XDELMOV P0,65HLCALL WRD

CLR A;MOV A,60HMOV A,@R1

ANL A,#0FHCLR CADD A,#30HMOV 65H,AINC R7MOV P0,R7LCALL WRILCALL XDELMOV P0,65HLCALL WRD

RET**********************************************************

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Documents

BATCH9 (1-32)