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Case study: Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and
Coastal Areas of Bangladesh
SM Alauddin and Dwijen Mallick, Research Fellows
BANGLADESH CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES House # 10, Road # 16A, Gulshan- 1, Dhaka- 1212, Bangladesh Phone: (+880-2) 8818124-7, 8851237, 8852904; Fax: (+880-2) 8851417E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.bcas.net
South Asian Regional Workshop on Climate Smart Disaster Risk Management
Organized by: SEEDS India and Christian Aid, UKOrganized by: SEEDS India and Christian Aid, UKVenue: Hotel Atrium, Venue: Hotel Atrium, FaridabadFaridabad, Delhi, Delhi
Date: 13Date: 13--16 June 201016 June 2010
A. Bangladesh: Physical Impacts and A. Bangladesh: Physical Impacts and Social vulnerabilitySocial vulnerability
• Geographical location• Great Himalayan in the North• Bay of Bengal in the South
• Big river systems; deltaic floodplains and long coast; expansion of drought
• Natural disaster prone• High population and widespread poverty
• Higher dependency on natural resources
• Limited capacity of the government and people
Climate Change and Disaster Linkages
• Bangladesh is already a disaster prone country
• Number of climatic extremes has doubled globally and locally– 200 to 400 events in last two decades
• 9/10 disasters are linked with global warming and climate change
• Big floods come in every 5‐7 years which were 20 years event in the past
• Frequency and intensity of cyclones– Sidr, Nargis and Ailal
• Slow onset disasters: drought, salinity and sea level rise
Climate induced Floods in Bangladesh
• Frequency and intensity of floods– Major big floods in the recent
decades– 1987, 1988, 1098, 2000, 2004,
2007– Flood coverage (70%), depth and
duration have increased and flash floods
– Impacts on agriculture, food security, water and health, livelihoods, communication and social security
• Diarrhea in 2007/2008
Projection about Floods in Bangladesh
Source: IPCC AR4
Cyclones and tidal surges in Bangladesh
• Intensity and frequency of cyclones and tidal surges– Major cyclones in the recent years:
1970, 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2007 and 2008
– Sidr and Nargis were extremely destructive
– Tornados in 1989 (Saturai, Manikganj); 1996 (Tangail, Sirajganj)
– Impacts: human lives; infrastructure, resources base; water, economy and livelihoods are enormous
• Aila: Water, food, embankment, human settlements and livelihoods
Climate induced Sea Level Rise and salinity
• Possible sea level rise will not only affect resources, land, water and livelihood, but also dislocate 35 million people from the coastal districts by 2050 – This will increase food, water, human
insecurities – Enhances rural to urban migration – Poor will be moving to cities and live in
slums– Increases social conflicts over resources
(land, forest and water) and services• Severe scarcity of drinking water and
health hazards due to salinity intrusion both in ground and surface water
Climate induced Droughts in Bangladesh
• Coverage and intensity of drought have increased– Damage of soil, productivity of
land and fertility, loss of agriculture and crops, food insecurity and nutrition
– Ecology and NRs, green coverage and forest, livestock, water and fisheries
– Water scarcity, heat stress and damages to human health
• Drought condition will be aggravated in the warmer climate
Climatic Factors Impacts; Risk and Vulnerability
Increase of temperature
• Changes in seasons; cropping patterns and loss of agriculture• Water resources deplete• Human health and working potentials• Ecosystems and bio-resource
Increased rainfall • Flash Flood• Create water logging and affect standing crops• Washout aquaculture and fish farmers become looser
Decreased rainfall • Damage or decrease crop yield/production• Dry out pond which affect fish production• Increase diseases and pest• Decrease fruit setting as well as decrease production
Sea level raise • Inundation of low lying land by saline water• Loss of cultivable land result decrease of crop production• Affect freshwater fish culture• Loss of biodiversity• Extreme scarcity of drinking water• Climate Refugee and Migration
Salinity intrusion • Decrease crop production• Degradation of soil• Damage freshwater fish production• Increase human diseases like diarrhoea, gastric, dysentery etc.
Extreme Events (Flood and erosion, C l D h )
• Quality of water will be degraded; Availability and supply hampered• Access to safe water and services will declined; Increase of health
Major Climate affected in Bangladesh
• Regions: • Coastal region: Salinity, sea
level, cyclone and tidal surge• Flood plain: too much and too
little water, frequent floods; temperature rise and change in seasons
• Drought prone up‐land Badrind Areas
• Hilly Areas and Haor basins: excessive rainfall, flash flood, malaria and water borne diseases
• Key Impacts: • Land soil degradation,• Loss of crops and
agricultural productivity• Food insecurity• Livelihood stress and
unemployment, poverty, social and gender inequity
• Greater disaster risks• Stress on Human health• Human displacement and
migration
Climate Hotspots in Bangladesh
• Vulnerabilities varies by socio-economic categories and livelihood dependency
• Poor and marginal groups are most affected
Climate Change Impacts on Livelihoods
• Resources bases and livelihood assets are affected– Natural, Human, Physical, Financial and Social
• Wealth and wellbeing decline
• Capacity building of vulnerable groups and actors
Climate Change and Poverty Linkages
• Climate change will hit the poor the hardest • They are in the forefront in climate disaster and risks• Climate change will compound the existing poverty
– Many non‐poor could be forced to be poor– Moderate poor may be extreme poor (Aila, Sidr and recent Floods)
• Poor has the least capacity to adapt with adverse impacts of climate change
• So, poor are the most vulnerable • Vulnerability= Risks x Hazards
Capacity
Growing Impact of Climate Disasters and Health Hazards on Poverty and Development
Time (Year)
$(DEV)
DISASTER /HEALTH HAZARDS
HEALTH IMPACTED
VICIOUS CYCLE OF VICIOUS CYCLE OF DISASTER AND POVERTYDISASTER AND POVERTY
POVERTY LINEPOVERTY
DISASTER
RISK
= ∑∑ ∫∫
X X ∫∫X X ∫∫
Intensity of Intensity of EventsEvents
BaselineBaselineConditionsConditionsis weakis weak
AdaptiveAdaptiveCapacity Capacity
ImpactsImpactsEventEvent
Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation Needs
B. The Key Challenges of the Project
• Understanding the risks and vulnerability in the local contexts with vulnerable communities
• Building awareness about the growing impacts, risks and vulnerability
• Formulation of local adaptation strategies and action plans
• Implementation of the local action plans with the communities and actors
• Social Mobilization and engagement of actors and stakeholders
The Key Challenges………
• Development of local capacity and skills to– Protect lives and livelihoods of the most
vulnerable– Improve disaster preparedness find
linkages between CCA and DRM– Promote resilience to absorb some risks– Demonstrate good adaptation practices
• Building effective linkages of the vulnerable groups with local government and actors; and
• Mainstreaming climate change issues into local development process
Project Location in Bangladesh Map
• Mongla Upazila (sib‐district) in Bagethat: exposed coastal area
• Tungipara in Gopalganj district: inner coast and water logged area
• Harirampur in Manikganj, central floodplain and erosion prone area
Local Contexts: Climate Change impacts in Coastal Villages
• Mongla, Bagerhat– Exposed to sea; cyclone and tidal surge, salinity, sea level rise; water logging; erratic rainfall
– Temperature rise and change in seasonal patterns
Climate Change impacts in South central Bangladesh
• Tungipara, Gopalganj – Prolonged flood and water logging
– Increasing salinity; temperature rise and change in weather patterns
– Poverty, deprivation and isolation
Climate Change impacts in Central Floodplain
• Harirampur, Manikganj– Monsoon prolonged flood (early and late monsoon), water logging,
– River bank erosion; drought
C. Goal, Objectives, Approach and Activities of the Project
• The overall goal is to enhance resilience and adaptive capacity of the communities and actors to reduce risks and vulnerability to climate variability and climatic disasters
• The objectives are:• to improve understanding and awareness about current and future climate
risks and vulnerability on the lives and livelihoods• to build local capacity to integrate climate change adaptation into local
development process, livelihoods and DRR• to improve current coping mechanisms and enhancement of adaptive
capacity of the vulnerable communities• to demonstrate adaptation options and alternative livelihoods• Enhances linkage with local actors: LGIs, NGOs/CBOs for adaptations• Promote advocacy to influence policy and decision making processes at
different levels; and• to share learning and good practices
Approach: Local Capacity Building as a key Focus
• Local capacity building: why and for whom?– Climate impacts are external to local people and these affect them
disproportionately– Vulnerability is socially embedded– The poor have least capacity to adapt with the changes– They need capacity to address the climate change impacts– Local capacity (awareness, new knowledge, skill and engagement), can
reduce the risk and their vulnerability• For whom: Poor, women, community people, PNGOs, NGOs/ CBOs and
LGIs• How: Group formation (CCA Group); awareness, orientation and
training, PVA and local planning, demonstration of good practices, exchanges, popular campaign
Approach: Participatory Research and Collective Actions
• The project is action research in nature • It combines both research and collective actions• It follows a participatory and multidisciplinary approach • The project initiated social mobilization, engagement of
actors, motivation, awareness, demonstration of good practices, linkages of the vulnerable groups, CCAGs and communities with actors
• It is expected that local capacity building will help to tackle exposure to climate change and reduce the associated risks and vulnerability
Approach: 3Ps……
• The project promotes 3Ps approach:– protection of lives, livelihoods and assets – promotion of resilience in human, social and natural systems; and– prevention of disaster losses and risk reduction
• Enhances community links with LGIs, local actor and NGOs so that they can get supports for implementation of local adaptation for long time even beyond the project.
• Improves the conventional DRR practices in the context of frequency and intensity of climate disasters
• Demonstration of adaptation practices:– Agricultural diversification– Conservation of water and promotion of health– Livelihoods and AIG and – Improvement of DRR (plinth raising, strong structure of house and effective
linkages with UDMCs)
D. Focuses of Local Adaptation Options
•• Common focuses:Common focuses:–– Awareness building about current and future climate Awareness building about current and future climate change riskschange risks
–– Capacity building and skill development among vulnerable Capacity building and skill development among vulnerable community, stakeholders and actorscommunity, stakeholders and actors
–– Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into agriculture, Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into agriculture, water, health, local development, livelihood and DRR water, health, local development, livelihood and DRR
–– Community linkages with Union Community linkages with Union ParishadsParishads, , UDMCsUDMCs, , LGIsLGIs, , NGOs and actorsNGOs and actors
Focuses of Local Adaptation …
Focuses and priorities in Mongla (Coastal areas/zones)• Salinity tolerant paddy and crops, fish and crab culture• Salinity and storm resistance trees and plants and coastal aforestation• Rain water Harvesting and pond preservation for fresh water• Maintenance and improvement of coastal embankments and erosion
protection• Enhancement of disaster preparedness
– Cyclone shelter and Kella for cattle– Strengthening house structures– Health services – salinity, cyclones and heat stress– Foods, shelter, employment and planned migration for the displaced
population
Focuses of Local Adaptation ….
Priorities in Tungipara (inner coastal zone)• Re‐excavation of canal and rivers to reduce water logging which damages
agriculture, increases poverty and food insecurity • Embankment and appropriate sluice gates to project agriculture and crops
from increasing salinity• Flood and water logging resilient paddy and crops‐ floating bed agriculture• Household plinth raising and raising tube wells to protect from frequent
floods• Greater flood preparedness and flood shelters
– Prevention of water borne diseases during and after flood– Food security and social protection– Improvement of rural communication
Focuses of Local Adaptation …..
Priorities in Harirampur (central floodplain)• Erosion protection and strong embankment along mighty
river Padma• Protection of crops from early flood and introduction of flood
resilient paddy• Irrigation and drought management in dry season• Employment generation and food for the poor duding and
after floods• Flood shelters and preparedness for flood and tornado• Prevention of flood induced and water borne diseases • Settlement of the riverbank eroded people
Major Activities: accomplished and going on …
• Community Mobilization and Partnership Building• Awareness Building for Community and Collective Action• Project Orientation for Staff and PNGOs• Participatory Vulnerability and Needs Assessment• Institutional Needs Assessment for Local Capacity Building• Development of Local Strategy for Community Adaptation• Formation of Climate Change Adaptation Groups (CCAG) at village
and regional levels• Capacity Building for CCAG, LGIs, Local NGOs and PNGO Staffs • Training on DRR, livelihood and AIG• Implementation of Local Adaptation Actions• Establishment of village base knowledge centres; and• Linkages, networking, advocacy and wider partnership.
Sharing of PVA results with local Communities
Sharing and Exchanging Views about Risk and Vulnerability
Capacity Building of LGIs and Local Actors
Awareness building at Community level through
Village and Para Meeting
Hom
este
ad G
arde
n on
Rai
sed
Plin
th
Raised Tube Well
Planting Salt tolerant Paddy and growing vegetable in earthen Pots
Rain Water Harvesting and Water Conservation in Ponds
Growing Flood resilient Paddy
Raising Homesteads and growing vegetables and
crops on Floating Beds
Floating bed Gardens in water Logged Areas
Issues for Linkages and Advocacy
– Large and structural measures such as embankment, flood control and cyclone shelters, rural infrastructure development, drainage improvement, agricultural development considering salinity and floods, community based drinking water supply, erosion protections and improved DRR
– The CCAGs and PNGOs are expanding their network and partnership with relevant actors and stakeholders for both adaptation measures as well as raising community voice against climate injustice
E. Key Enabling Factors and Learning
• Participation of the local community, actors and stakeholders• Interest of the local partner NGOs about climate change adaptation and
their sincere engagement in project implementation; good links of the PNGOs with community and actors
• Participatory and innovative approaches (3Ps= protection, prevention and promotion) by combining both research, capacity building and local actions; shared leaning by climate scientists, development practitioners and communities
• Experiences and expertise of BCAS in climate change, livelihoods and DRR issues
• Development of local adaptation action plans and ownership by the communities and actors
• Formation of local Climate Change Adaptation Groups and empowering them with new knowledge and linking them with local actors and stakeholders
• Interest of CA for the new approach and timely support
Key Learning and Challenges ahead
• PVA and local adaptation actions have multiple benefits
• Further understanding local impacts, risks and vulnerability in other ecosystems
– This needs participatory and multi‐dimensional approach
• Blending of scientific knowledge with local knowledge
– Top down and bottom‐up• Mainstreaming climate change adaptation
effectively into policy and programme:– Livelihood, agricultural/rural development
and Disaster Risk Reduction– Capacity building and fund mobilization– Effective R & D
Key Learning and Challenges …
• Adaptation, food security and water, health and livelihood, DRR, poverty alleviation and rural development are all linked
• We have to do development first and protect development from climate change and disasters– Climate resilient/smart development
• DRM is a core component of CCA and Sustainable Development
• We must do these simultaneously and collectively
Key Learning and Challenges …
• But what are we doing for the vulnerable communities and future generations
• … are not adequate!
• We have to do adaptation, mitigation, DRM and poverty alleviation… and
• Climate is changing fast with greater impacts:
– Speed up – Scale up; and– Keep focus on the poorest