Author : F.1dcn D . Nielson Biological

8/14/2019 Author : F.1dcn D . Nielson Biological

1/7


2/7

2

To administer the compounds as a "vapor," the compound was vaporizedand then forced into the rat's lungs in a stream helium through a trachealtube. The "vapor" was administered over fifteen minutes ; and in this case,the rat did not hyperventilate .The results of the distribution of C14 from palmitic acid-C14 are

shown in Table I and from phenol-C14 in Table II .


3/7

3

TABLE IDISTRIBUTION OF C14 IN RAT ORGANS FOLLOWING AD .IINISTRAZION

OF PALMITIC ACID-CN BY THREE DIFFERENT METHOD S

C14 activity expressed as dpm/g wet weight

Method ofAdministration Intraperitoneally* "Vapor Smoke Aerosol**Brain 2,500 1,300 0Kidney 24,000 12,000 560Stomach 22,000 4,000 0Skeletal Muscle 9,000 1,600 0Heart 15,000 8,500 300Lungs 21,000 15,000 850Liver 87,000 7,100 400*Sacrificed four hours after administration .

**Sacrificed ti15 minutes after administration . ~

TABLE IIDISTRIBUTION OF C14 IN RAT ORGA .NS FOLLOIdING AD. iINISTRATION

OF PHENOL-C~+ BY THREE DIFFERENT METHODS

C activity expressed as dpm/g wet weight4

'Method of-Administration Intraperitoneally* "Vapor"** Smoke Aerosol* *Brain 0 2,430 0Kidney 0 47,900 1,950Stomach 3180-32,600 0Skeletal Muscle 920 9,600 0Heart 2,980 14,500 0Lungs 880 37,100 870Liver 1,700 7,750 0*Sacrificed four hours after administration .

**Sacrificed ti15 minutes after administration .


4/7

4

These preliminary results show that the distribution of the C14 fromboth phenol and palmitic acid is different, depending on whether the com-pound is administered through the lungs or intraperitoneally . The highlevel of C14 in the kidney following administration through the lungs isparticularly interesting .

14 in the tissues is much higher when the compound ishe amount of Cadministered as a"vapor" as compared to in-the-smoke-aerosol . This isbelieved to be due to the hyperventilation observed when the rat is exposed

to the smoke aerosol.-he low uptake of C14 from the labeled aerosol creates a majorexperimental problem since the levels obtained are not sufficiently highto permit the design of experiments to determine the rate of removal of C14constituents from the individual organs . A.larger animal, such as the dog,would be more satisfactory since it's tidal volume to total lung capacity,

respiratory rate, etc ., are more like those of man ; and therefore, a higher

retention of the C14 could be expected .

II I . Herbicidesa. Duckweed Tests -Of-47 compounds tested, five killed duckweed at 50 ppm and will

be tested at lower concentration levels . -

b ._ Comoounds with Commercial Herbicide P~,ter~tial

Two compounds, SAA14G (1-decylpiperidine) and'SAA40A (1-decyl-4-

hydroxypiperidine), were reported by the USDA Station at Fort Lauderdale

to look extremely promising on three species of submersed weeds,

southern naiad, elodea, and coontail . The herbicidal action of SAA14Gis covered by German patent1,032,023 assigned to Badische Aniline

und Soda-Fabrik on January 10, 1957 . The patent covers tertiaryamines of the type R1 N'R3 in which R1 is an alkyl group fromC8 to C10 and R2 and R3 are alkyl groups from C1 to C7 and alsonitrogen containing ring compounds, such as pyrolidines and piperidines .It is not clear whether this patent would also cover SAA40A (1-decyl-4-hydroxypiperidine) . It is recommended that a patent be applied forcompound SAA40A. Compound SAA40A is less active than SAA14G, but itis still a fairly effective aquatic herbicide .

IV . Abscisina. Abscisin DerivativesIn tests against duckweed, the butoxyethyl ester of abscisin II

was as effective as abscisin as a growth inhibitor (94% inhibitionafter seven days at 10 ppm) . This abscisin derivative will be furtherevaluated by greenhouse tests .


5/7

5

b ._ Effects of Abscisin Reported on Citrus Fruit AbscissionWilliam C . Wilson of the University of Florida Citrus Er.periment

Station has reported that our preparation of abscisin showed good

activity in the "pan test" with "Valencia" orange explants . Therewas 100% abscission in 72 hours at 50 ppm . However ; tests onCalamondius (a small ornamental variety of orange) and on a small"Valencia" orange tree produced no fruit loosening or dormancy .Tests on these plants were made at rates up to 500 ppm . The citrustree has a thick cuticle, and it is not uncommon for cheinicals-toget into some other plants but not into the citrus tree . Dr. Wilsonfeels that abscisin should not be dropped from the study but feels 'that it will be necessary to find some way to get the compound intothe plant . Dr . William C . Cooper of the USDA Station at Orlando hasreported that he has had some success with citrus fruit abscissionat high .concentrations of abscisin. He is also concerned with theproblem of getting the compound into the tree .

It is apparent from the studies reported from workers outside

the Research Department, as well as from our own research results,

that one of the major problems in obtaining an effect of the abscisin

is to get the material into the plant to the point where it can

actively influence the physiology of the plant . It would be desirableto synthesize radioactively labeled abscisin which then could be

utilized in studies to determine factors affecting its absorption into

the plant as well as to obtain basic information as to just how readily

it is moved once it gets into the plant . itself . Our results obtainedthus far seem to indicate that it does not-move rapidly through the

plant . Studies with C14-labeled abscisin might,&uggest a method ofgetting this material to the point in the plant"wliere it can be most

effective .

- V . InsecticidesOf 56 RJR compounds screened- for insecticidal activity, two compounds,SM61A and SM63A, showed significant activity . Both S:161A, bis-(diethyl,N-[2-ethylamino]phenyl)-sulfuryl amide, and SM63A, 2,4,4,5,5,7-hexamethyl-1-oxo-hexahydro-l-thia-2,7-diazepin, showed a 100% kill against the fruitfly and the cigarette beetle at a concentration of .5 % . These two compoundswill be submitted to the Entomology Research Division of the USDA inBeltsville, Maryland, for further evaluation of their insecticidal properties .

B. STARCH BIOCHEMISTRYI . Glucose IsomeraseCorn hull .hydrolysates and bagasse prepared by the Chemical Divisionwere evaluated as substrates for the production of glucose isomerase byCulture 2453-2. Yields up to about 65% of those obtained on Eastern ChemicalCompany xylose were obtained . However, yields up to 88% of those obtainedon Eastern Chemical Company xylose were previously obtained on a hydrolysateof_bagasse prepared by.Pfanstiehl : .Company .by carbon :tireatment .ion-exchangeand recrystallization. The last form of xylose may be adequate for

production purposes .


6/7

6

Strain 2453 has been maintained in active culture only with considerable

difficulty . It does not yield readily to the classical methods of culturestorage . Therefore, reisolation and purification of this particular strainmust be done frequently . Reversion is relatively rapid . Work on theisolation of other active glucose isomerase producers has been started in an

effort to find organisms producing high yields of glucose isomerase on xylose

and other substrates such as glycerol and ethanol .

The increase in the activity of glucose isomerase produced by treatment

with detergents has been studied further . Another anionic detergent, sodiumdodecyl sulfate, was found to have the same effect as sodium heptadecyl _sulfate previously tested . However, non-ionic detergents such as Tween-60(polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate) and Span-60 (sorbitan monostearate)

increased activity only slightly .

Customarily, the activity of glucose isomerase has been measured at60C . A twofold increase in the activity is experienced .if the assay is runat about 75C . The effect of the anionic detergents and the heat effect arenot additive, but they do compliment one another and point the way toprocedures to be used to increase the enzyme activity . When eight microgramsof sodium heptadecyl sulfate per mg of cell weight are used to induce increasedisomerase activity at 75C, the rate of activity is increased about six-foldover the rate when incubated without detergent at 60C .

II . Starch LiquefactionNumerous syrups have been prepared from starch by the .starch-to-water

method for use by the Development Department in connection with their study

of the Japanese alkaline isomerization process . . The,~syxups ranged from

94 to 99 D .E .

A new process for the preparation of high D .E . syrup from starch bymeans of a hydroheater and a single enzyme has been studied . High temperatures(148 to 149C) are used without amylase to liquefy-starch which is subsequentlysaccharified in the usual manner'with amyloglucosidase . The liquefied starchwas changed to the extent that the iodine stain test was brown instead of blue,indicating considerable depolymerization . At high pH values the starcheffluent gelled_quickly upon cooling, as expected . Therefore, efficient pHadjustment and mixing of amyloglucosidase was difficult . At lower pH valuesthe liquefied starch remained fluid, although so viscous that mixing was notreadily possible .

III . Analytical Piethods for Carbohydrate Determination

The new method for the rapid enzymatic determination of isomerase wasreported previously to require a supply of xylitol dehydrogenase which isnot available commercially . It was known to be available from guinea pigand rabbit livers . It has now been found to be readily available from frozenbeef liver . However, purification procedures are yet to be perfected .

During the past four weeks, 1,844 determinations of isomerase activity

-were run--using-the Technicon autoanalyzer . - - - T o - # a c i l .itate handling- . o f . datathe teletyped sheets from the Mathatron 848 computer have been turned overdirectly to the investigator for incorporation into theix records, thus,reducing the manpower to make these determinations and to transcribe them ._ -~


7/7

7

C . MISCELLANEOUSI . Sanitary Analysis of Food ProductsExaminations of foodproducts for sanitary quality were continued .This month 191 samples were examined for Production plants and the.ProductDevelopment Division .II . Beetle ControlIn a series of experiments being conducted in our storage warehouses

in Kernersville comparing different insecticide treatments, the following

general conclusions previously reported still appear to be correct .

1 . Some insecticide is better than none at all .2 . The DDVP aerosol is superior to other insecticides .3 . The DDVP aerosol when used in sealed sections appears to be-significantly more effective than when it is used in unsealedsections .4 . Effective control has been attained in an infested shed for one

year by sealing the shed, fumigating the infested tobacco, and

employing a DDVP aerosol system .

Distribution :

Dr. W . M . BrightDr. Murray SenkusDr. Richard E. FarrarDr. Karol J . MyselsMr. E . H . HarwoodDr. Eldon D . Nielson,Library (2)Dr. Charles W . NystromDr. William C. Squires

Submitted : October 3, 1967Completed : October 3, 1967From manuscApproved :

ript :vlb

Mr. Manford R . .HaxtonMr. Donald F. Mackintosh

0 O T 5 1 9 6 7

Documents

Author : F.1dcn D . Nielson Biological