ATM CHAPTER 3

BY CAPT AB MANAN MANSOR

Chapter 3 Flight RulesInstrument Flight Rules (IFR)

• IFR -regulations and procedures for flying aircraft by referring only to the aircraft instrument panel for navigation.

• IFR is flown in a Instrument Flight Condition • Only an IFR-rated pilot can fly while looking only at the

instrument panel in IFR. • IFR-rated pilots are authorized to fly through clouds.

Air Traffic Control procedures and airspace rules are designed to maintain separation from other aircraft.

• Most scheduled airline flights operate under IFR.• An IFR aircraft must comply strictly to ATC instructions as it

cannot see outside and depend on ATC seperations.

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Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC)

• Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from clouds, and ceiling equal to or better than specified minima.

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Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC)

• Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from clouds, and ceiling less than minima specified for visual meteorological conditions (VMC).

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Chapter 3 Flight RulesVisual Flight Rules (VFR)

• VFR are often used for sight-seeing flights, aerial photography, or lift services for parachute jumping. (also military combat aircraft)

• The flight is operated under the Visual Meteorological Conditions.

• Pilots flying under VFR are not permitted to fly through clouds. Many non-commercial, private recreational aircraft also operate under VFR whenever the sky is clear.

• Under VFR, the pilot is primarily responsible for navigation, obstacle clearance and maintaining separation from other aircraft using the see-and-avoid concept.

• Most VFR flights are done in uncontrolled airspace.

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Chapter 3 Flight RulesCruise Level Quadrental Rule< 25,000 ft

• Less 90 degree– Odd thousand of feet

• 90 deg but less than 180 degree– Odd thousand of ft+ 500 ft

• 180 deg but less than 270 degree– Even thousand of feet

• 270 deg but less than 360 degree– Even thousand of ft + 500 ft.

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Chapter 3 Flight RulesCruise Level > 25,000 ft

• IFR– East (360 deg – 179 deg)• Odd (thousand ft)

– West (180 deg – 359 deg) • Even (thousand ft)

• VFR – East (000 deg – 179 deg)• Odd (thousand five hundred ft)

– West (180 deg – 359 deg)• Even (thousand five hundred ft)

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Airspace Class

• Class A• Class B• Class C• Class D• Class E • Class F• Class G

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Chapter 4 – Air Traffic Control Clearance

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