AsiaChanges and ContinuitiesBy Kazi Anika, Mindi Cao, Jane Chen, Jenny Chen, Sara

Chung, Armani Khan, Bonny Truong, Han Zhao

Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa2600 BCE to 1700 BCE

- Developed near Indus River- Located in the western part of South Asia- Highly organized and standardized:

- Cities built with a grid pattern with wide, straight streets, thick walls, brick

houses- World's first sewer system: public and

private wells, drains, bathrooms, toilets- Canal system allowed water to be transported to agricultural lands to grow wheat, barley, peas, melons, sesame, cotton- Domesticated sheep, cattle, goats, elephant (for its ivory)- Highly educated in mathematics:

- System of weights and measures- Bricks in different cities were the

same size (cities thought to be under the same government)

- Clay tablets suggest existence of a writing

system

Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa2600 BCE to 1700 BCE

- Burials were simple, contained few material goods; suggested lack of social classes- Absence of palaces and temples - Few evidence indicating existence of military; suggests that the civilizations were mainly peaceful- Use of copper in fortification and weapons (e.g. bronze knives, spears, arrowheads)- Harappa was mainly urban and

commercial- Traded with Mesopotamia,

southern India, Afghanistan, and Persia for gold, silver, copper, and turquoise

Fall of Indus River civilizations is uncertain, but theories arose:- Aryan invaders destroyed Indus cities, killed its inhabitants, and forced others to

emigrate to southern India- Inhabitants had already left the Indus River Valley, thus allowing Aryans to take

over due to the small population- Agricultural problems (e.g. topsoil erosion, infertile soil, change in

course of Indus River) forced inhabitants to move elsewhere in search of food

Shang Dynasty1600 BCE to 1100 BCE

- Located on the banks of the Huang He - First dynasty to leave written records- Dynasty: reign passed down through familyone generation to the next- Rulers were legitimized by the Mandate of Heaven (belief that ancestors chose the leaders)- Civilization based on agriculture, hunting, and domestication of animals- Invented 360-day year of 12 months and 30 days each; calendar

included both lunar and solar years, helpful in determining planting seasons

- Development of writing: records and ceremonial inscriptions carved onto oracle bones and shells; pictographs, ideograms, phonograms

- Bronze metallurgy: ceremonial bronze vessels dating to Shang reign- Often warred with nomadic herders from inner Asian steppes - Practiced rituals honoring ancestors and spirits- Royal burials contained items of wealth and hundreds of slaves

buried alive

Political Changes in China 100 CE - 600 CE

- This was the beginning of the end of the Han Dynasty (which were known for their civil service examinations that lasted for days, the invention of paper, the compass, and calendars)

- After the fall of the Han, China became disunified once again and enters the period known as Three Kingdoms Period (220 ce - 265 ce)

- It is during this period that South and North China begins to develop differently because power fell into different hands

- In the North, the power had fallen into the hands of the aristocratic whereas in the South, it had continued on with the dynasties with the capital at Nanking

Cultural Changes in China

100 CE - 600 CE-It is during this period that there

is a rise in belief of Buddhism which had begun to enter China during the Han Dynasty. This was due to the fact that because the life of a peasant or commoner was so difficult that religion sort of became a safe haven for them

- A singular writing system was also introduced between the North and the South which improved their communication with each other greatly as well as enable them to work together on intellectual text

Culture and Politics in Indian civilization300 CE - 600 CE

Gupta Empire 320 CE-550 CE

• Located in northern and central India• Modeled after the Mauryan Empire (324 BCE - 184 BCE)• collapsed around 550 CE because of nomadic attacks from the

steppes. o however, they had a big influence on religion, art, architecture

and culture. Political Organization• Not very centralized• United others by "persuading" others to follow its lead:

o by displaying beauty in the capital and royal courto by giving gifts and luxurious items

• Skilled cavalry army with experience in archeryCulture

• Scientists, mathematicians, and astronomers received support• Women's status decreased; lost many rights and became more

dependant on the male head of the family• Religious tolerance: Gupta leaders were Hindus, but they tolerated

Buddhism and Jainism. • Trade to the East increased while trade with the west declined.

Ming Dynasty1368 to 1644 CE

- Restored Chinese rule after the Mongolian Yuan

dynasty - Reinstated the civil service examination - Built a government based on Confucian

principles - Zheng He, a Chinese navigator, led fleets

throughout the world.

- The Ming dynasty tried to change currency from easily counterfeited paper money to silver currency

- This backfired when silver veins were found in America and silver flooded the Chinese markets causing a inflation

- In 1644, the Ming emperor invited a group of warriors from Manchuria to help him quell an uprising, but they overthrew him.

Zheng He's voyages

Qing Dynasty1644 to 1912 CE

- Ruled by the Manchus- Emperor Kangxi and his successor Qianlong both

supported arts, expanded the empire, and were Confucian scholars.

- Remained mainly isolationist at this time, only interacting with its neighbors

- Traded with western powers, but the Chinese controlled the trade relations

- The silver received from European merchants created a rising class of merchants- The dynasty crumbled due to external pressure and internal resentment

Commerce in the Indian Ocean 650 CE - 1750 CE

Trading Regions

• East African States (Swahili Coast)• India• Southern Arabia• Persian Gulf• Southeast Asia (Spice Islands)• China

Interregional Trade in East Asia

600 CE - 1450 CESilk Road- allowed Chinese goods to go into Europe for the first time

ever- led to European interested finding a water route to China- spread Buddhism and Christianity - led to the creation of better roads and boats- new monetary systems developedIndian Ocean Trade Network- allowed Indian and East African cultures to mix, brought

Islam to coastal Bantus' and led to the creation of Swahili- Asians and Europeans never came into direct contact,

Africans were intermediaries- both cultures received items never thought possible - more access to goods

Silk Road 200 BCE to 1450

Silk Road 200 BCE to 1450

- Network of trade routes connecting Europe and Asia- First used during the Han Dynasty (~200 BCE)Major trade goods:- China: silk, porcelain, spices- Europe: wool cloth, gold, silver- India: gemstones (e.g. jade, gold, silver)Cultural Diffusion:- Paper making spread from China- Noria (irrigation waterwheel) spread from Roman Syria- Religious ideas: Buddhism, Islam, ChristianityShifting of prominence:- Trade was disrupted during decline of Tang Dynasty (late

800s)- Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan brought back Silk RoadDecline of Silk Road- Bubonic Plague (1348-1350): killed millions- Advance in marine technology: travel by sea became safer and

more efficient

Increased Use of the Indian Ocean

1300s

• Collapse of the Mongol Empire resulted in increased use of the Indian Ocean in trade• Demands for good rose• Improvements to vessels

o Chinese Junkso Dhows

• New ports created

The Age of exploration in the Indian Ocean

1400s

China (1405-1433)• Zheng He• Carried silks,

precious metal, porcelain

• Brought back ivory, zebras, camels, a giraffe, and other goods

Europe• Henry the

Navigatoro promoted the

study of navigation

o Goal: spread Christianity and reached India.

• Bartolomeu Dias• Vasco da Gama

(1497-1498)

The Age of exploration in the Indian Ocean

1400s

European control over the Indian Ocean1500s - 1750

• Joint-Stock companieso The English East India Companyo The Dutch East India Company

• By 1750s, Britain, the Dutch, France, Portugal and Spain controlled much of the trade and commerce in the Indian Ocean.

Major Belief Systems in Asia

- Confucianism

- Daoism

- Legalism

- Hinduism

- Buddhism

Confucianism- A political and social philosophy dealing with howto create an orderly society- Created by Confucius- Practiced in China from 400 BCE onwards- Is compatible with other religions because it was a belief system

Impact:- Chinese governments used it because they wanted to create

an orderly society- Made Chinese communities more tightly knit- Impact was not so great outside of China because it evolved

with Chinese culture.

Daoism- Also known as Taoism, stressed harmony with nature- Practiced from 500 BCE onwards

Impact:- When asking for harmony with nature, Daoists became astronomers, chemists, and botanists.- Added to the "complexity" of China when combined with the other major beliefs. This "complexity" is what made China unique compared to the Western world.

Legalism- Developed about the same time as Confucianism and

Daoism- Practiced mainly during the Qin Dynasty- Legalists didn't trust human nature- Believed that humans are will only obey a strong central

government with tough laws and harsh punishments- Believed the only two worthy professions were farming and

the military.

Impact:- Allowed governments to achieve large scale building

projects and unification- Common people suffered under legalism- Caused resentment amongst the people

- Began in India with the Aryan invaders- One supreme force called Brahma and the gods are manifestations

of Brahma- Believed in reincarnation- Believed in post-death social mobility- Goal was to merge with Brahma- No sacred texts, but the Vedas and the Upanishads, collection of

prayers and verses, guided the Hindus

Impact:- Created a rigid social class system (caste system)- People accepted their current standings because they

believed in karma- Created an incentive for people to work hard

Buddhism- Founded by a Hindu prince named Siddhartha

Gautama who lived from 563 - 483 B.C.E. - Buddhists follow the 'Four Noble Truths' : 'All

life is suffering'; 'Suffering is caused by desire'; 'One can be freed of this desire'; 'One is freed by desire by following what is called the Eightfold Path'

- Buddhism had begun to trickle into China during the early Han Dynasty and eventually turned into one of the major beliefs of the period alongside Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, Hinduism, Judaism, and Christianity.

- It had begun to take on a more secular role later on as its popularity grew during the Tang Dynasty This had led to Buddhist temples to act as bath houses, inns, etc...

- Later on, it was viewed as justification for women to join in the world of politics because of Empress Wu Zhao had had claimed that her legitimacy to be emperor came from the fact that she was an enlightened soul that was sent to earth to bring salvation to the rest of the people

Changes In The Role of Religion in China 600 - 1450

- Due to a religion's popularity, it would sometimes take on more secular responsibilities in Chinese society and a perfect example would be Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty because it was during this time that the temples were beginning to act as bath houses, inns, and schools (some were even allowed to disperse medicines to the public

- Along with the pilgrims that had brought along religion also brought along their culture from their country and this had made religion almost like a carrier of different religions and this caused a mixture of different cultures to assimilate and disperse around China

East Asian National Identity

1900 to Present

Beginning• China- clings to traditional social

and economic structures, only unification is in anti-western sentiment

• Japan- modernizing quickly, Western Influence is spreading

Southeast Asia: Imperialism and

Nationalism

Southeast Asia: Imperialism and

NationalismThe Beginning:•Europeans first began to colonize Southeast Asia in the sixteenth

century with the interest for trade.•Buddhism had been in these areas for centuries, and would remain

a strong unifying, anti-western force.•The Europeans brought new ideas and ideologies, along with

technology to the Southeast Asian countries. •Some of the new ideas promoted equality and democracy.

World War Two: •The colonies felt they should also start to fight for their own

independence and nationalist feelings rose up. •European countries were focused more on domestic problems,

rather than the tensions and uprisings in their Asian colonies.Japan and World War Two:•During the second world war, Japan occupied Southeast Asian

colonies.•Southeast Asians realized that Europe was not as invincible as it

had seen before, as it lost control of its colonies to Japan.Indonesia

•Nationalist leaders were released from jail by the Japanese and allowed to hold mass rallies.•Japan’s failure to fulfill its vague promises of Indonesian independence pushed nationalist leaders to decide to take the matters into their own hands.

Vietnam:•When the French lost power in Vietnam, the Japanese sent officials

to administer the area, but too few, resulting in a power vacuum. Nationalists saw their chance, and began to take immediate action.

Role of Communism in Achieving Independence

•Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak: gained independence once the British were able to suppress the rise of communism in the Malayan Emergency from 1945 to 1960.

•Communist North Vietnam was able to achieve independence with support from Communist China.

The Great Depression

• Super Nationalists in Japan gain support and have been pursuing expansionist policies and decide to seize China.

Sino Japanese War

• Communists gain support in China• Japan continues imperialist policies

Post WWII

• Japan stops expanding and grows economically instead• Other East Asian countries

imitate Japan's method of growth

Tiananmen Square1989

• National Identity in China is still developing

• Government is modernizing, but the public is still protesting over the lack of political freedom

Impacts of Technology in East Asia

1450 - Present

Food production:•New strains of grain and crops in China•New strains, methods of irrigation, and fertilizer in

Japan.Gunpowder Empires:•China exported a lot of gunpowder to Europe•The Europeans were quick to develop guns and

cannons•Japan had a social, political, and cultural revolution as

a result of the import of guns and cannons.•Samurai and Japanese warlords that adopted this

new and deadly technology easily dominated their conservatives, sword-wielding neighbors.

Navigation:•Improved ship building allowed for more international

interactions.•Ships were now better, faster and cheaper to build.•China amassed a huge sum of silver from the

Europeans, who were hungry for Chinese goods, especially silk, porcelain, and gunpowder.

•Eventually the Silk Road was abandoned as a result of better and more efficient ship routes

Gutenberg Press:•Increase in literacy•Spread of ideasRenaissance, Christianity

Impacts of Technology in East Asia

1450 - Present

China’s downfall as a result of technology and trade:

•China was only interested in silver, and would only accept silver during trades.

•As a result, China had little opportunity to be introduced to new technology.

•China exported gunpowder, its own invention, but failed to utilize it effectively.

•Gunpowder was used for fireworks in China, versus being used for guns and weapons like in Europe

•As a result of China’s reluctance to import, Europeans began seeking other ways to earn their money. They began to trade opium, which ruined China’s economy and peoples.

Impacts of Technology in East Asia

1450 - Present

East Asia1750 - Present

- China was originally an agricultural nation with isolationist policies- British imported opium from India, got Chinese addicted- Seeing threat in British opium, Chinese retaliated, led to opium wars.- China lost, western powers gained control of Chinese harbors through “unequal treaties”- Had to end isolationist policies and open markets- Increase in trade brought China great wealth, soon became a growing industrial power- Imported coal, steel, building materials to fuel industrialization- Exports shifted from silk, porcelain, and tea to manufactured goods

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