Leveraging Energy & Information Infrastructures

Arun Majumdar

Google

Google Confidential and Proprietary

Step 2: Green our

consumption by using

renewable energy Step 3: Offset

what we cannot

eliminate

Step 1: Reduce

energy consumption

through efficiency

100% CARBON NEUTRALITY: 3-STEP PROCESS FOR GETTING THERE

Google Confidential and Proprietary

ATLANTIC WIND CONNECTION

$17M | Oct 2010

PEACE GARDEN

$38.8M | Apr 2010 SHEPHERD’S FLAT

$103M | Apr 2011

BRANDENBURG

$5M | May 2011

BRIGHTSOURCE

$168M | Apr 2011

ALTA WIND ENERGY CENTER

$158M | Jun 2011

RECURRENT

$94M | Dec 2011

CLEAN POWER FINANCE

$75M | Aug 2011

SOLARCITY

$280M | May 2011

OVER $1B IN TWO

YEARS

US Total [Source: EIA]

US Data Centers [Source: J. Koomey (2011)]

Roughly 2%

Scale Age Reliability Security Climate

Energy techno-economics Networking Distributed computing

G G G

Grid

L L L L L L L L

Distributed Load

One-way flow

Tesla Edison

2011 San Diego Blackout

Source: “Tracking the Reliability of the US Electric Power System,” J. Eto, K. Hamachi La Commare, LBNL Report 1092E (2008)

2003 Northeast Blackout

Source: “NYISO Interim Report on August14, 2003 Blackout,” Jan 2004.

$100B lost per year

Lessons Learned?

Not much!

PG&E Metcalf 600kV Substation

Cyber-Physical Security

Boston Marathon Bombing April 15, 2013

• 120 rounds of shots fired at the radiators

of only energized transformers (10-500/230kV; 3-230/115kV)

• >50,000 gallons of cooling oil leaked • Fiber optic & telephone cables cut 15

mins before the shootings – 911 disabled

2am, April 16, 2013

Source: NYC Mayor’s Office of Long Term Planning and Sustainability

Averages & Extremes

Hansen, Sato, Ruedy, “Perception of climate change,” PNAS, Aug. 6 (2012)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uX16kjY_59E&feature=youtube_gdata

Cumulative CO2 emissions since Industrial Revolution

1,100 Billion Tons

How much more CO2 can we emit based on known fossil fuel reserves?

About 3,000 Billion Tons

75-100 years

Worth $10s of Trillion!!

The Stone Age did not end because we ran out stones Sheikh Ahmed Yamani, former Oil Minister of Saudi Arabia

We transitioned to better solutions

Any solutions?

15

Control Infrastructure

A PMU measures

• Current (Hall sensor)

• Frequency (LC Circuit)

• Time (GPS)

• Voltage

• Relative Phase

• Sample 30 msec

• Petabyte-scale data

Improved Sensing Improved Communications

Improved Computation

Grid Connected Router

• Low-latency

• MPLS

• Cyber security

• 100-600 ms for crypto

Distributed computing

• Fast

• Secure

• Resilient

Levelized Cost of Electricity Generation

4-10¢

NGCC

Source: “Sustainable Energy in America 2013 Factbook,” Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Jan (2013)

Future Cost & Grid Integration?

8-14¢

Coal

8-14¢

Nuclear

8-15¢

Geothermal Sunshot

2020

12-18¢

5-12¢

Wind

Distributed & Modular 5 cents/kWh

Solar PV System Cost & Efficiency

Module

Courtesy: National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Residential Commercial Utility

Single Junction Theoretical Limit

12,985 MW

725 MW

5,785 MW

1,519 MW

150 MW

Day-Ahead Planning

10-min Spinning Reserve

30-min Reserve

10-min Non-spinning Reserve

Frequency Regulation Reserve

HERE IS A TYPICAL DAY IN NEW ENGLAND (NE-ISO data)

Integrating > 20% is very difficult because of dispatch process and tight frequency tolerance 60 +/- 0.036 Hz

How is Electricity Generation and Use Balanced in Real Time?

Most of it is not real time!

Grid-Scale Storage (GWh Scale)

90Ah 12V battery

Zn-MnO2 Battery Highlights Demonstrated cycles: 2,500 Projected cycles: 5,000 Prototype cost: $300/kWh Cost at scale: <$100/kWh

Rechargeable Zn-Air Battery

Zn-based Battery

Li-ion Flow Battery

Power Electronics

20

8000 lbs, 60 Hz Distribution Transformer

Average Age: 42 years, 2 years beyond projected lifespan

Silicon Carbide IGBT; 15 kV, 100 A; 50 kHz from Cree Inc. Potentially 100 lbs transformer

Li-ion storage cost ($/kWh delivered)

200-400 Wh/kg (cell); 100-200 Wh/kg (pack)

Lead acid (40Wh/kg)

0.20-0.40

0.07-0.20

0.47

SSA

LatAm

China

India

Developed world

Mobile penetration Subscriptions per capita

Wide Bandgap Semiconductor (SiC,

GaN) Power Electronics

300x size reduction in 25W AC-DC

SSL Driver

Techno-Economic Convergence

Networked Distributed Secure Computing

The Stone Age did not end because we ran out stones Sheikh Ahmed Yamani, former Oil Minister of Saudi Arabia

We transitioned to better solutions

Better solutions are often disruptive innovations Disruptive potential is difficult to recognize at early stages

(In)Famous Predictions from the Past

“The Americans have need of the telephone, but

we do not. We have plenty of messenger boys.”

Sir William Preece, Chief Engineer, British Post

Office, 1878.

(In)Famous Predictions from the Past

“Radio has no future”

“X-rays will prove to be a hoax.”

“Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible”

Lord Kelvin in 1890s

(In)Famous Predictions from the Past

“Man will not fly for 50 years.”

Wilbur Wright in 1901

(In)Famous Predictions from the Past

“To place a man in a multi-stage rocket and project him into the

controlling gravitational field of the moon where the passengers

can make scientific observations, perhaps land alive, and then

return to earth—all that constitutes a wild dream worthy of Jules

Verne. I am bold enough to say that such a man-made voyage

will never occur regardless of all future advances..”

Lee De Forest, Radio Pioneer and Inventor of Vacuum Tube, Feb.

1957

Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.

Arthur C. Clarke

Thank You!

“It is hard to predict, especially the future.”

Yogi Berra