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Archea and Eubacteria
• Archea KingdomAll prokaryotic single celled organisms. No Peptidoglycan in cell wall Most ancient and extremeThey live in the harshest environmentsMethanogens (anaerobic),
thermoacidophiles (hot) and halophiles (salty)
• Eubacteria KingdomTrue bacteria, all prokaryotic single celledHave Peptidoglycan in cell wallClassified by their shape and gram staining
Shapes and Examples
• Sphere- Cocci, can occur in chains Streptococcus Pneumoniae which can cause strep throat or Scarlet fever, or grapelike clusters Staphylococcus aureus which can cause skin infections and Toxic Shock syndrome
• Rod- Bacillus ex Escherichia coli (E.coli), Lactobacilli which can cause tooth decay or one strain makes Sourdough bread, other bacilli can cause botulism, typhoid fever, and anthrax
• Spiral- Spirilla comes in 3 shapes 1. Vibro which is curved caused Cholera, 2. Spirillum (thick spiral), and 3. Spirochete (thin spiral) ex. Treponema pallidum causes Syphilis and another strain can cause Lyme disease
Essential Bacteria: ecosystems depend on these small organisms
• Cyanobacteria- photosynthetic/producers, building blocks of most aquatic food webs
• Nitrogen- Fixing Bacteria- symbiotic relationship with plants, they help them absorb nitrogen from the soil.
• Helpful: fermentation, digestion, biotechnology, nitrogen fixing, decomposers, oxygen producers
• Antibiotics kill bacteria by destroying the cell wall, gram negative have an extra lipid layer that prevents the antibiotics from entering the cell.
Review of BacteriaAll bacteria:• Reproduce asexually• Single celled• Have cell wall• Single strand of DNA
Some Bacteria:• Autotrophic • Heterotrophic• Some move by flagella,
slime, spiral motion• Some produce endospores
which allow them to go dormant during hostile conditions
• Some produce toxins
Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom of Mostly single celled organisms• Categorized by their likeness to 3 other
kingdoms• All Eukaryotic some Autotrophic and some
Heterotrophic
Algae- Plant like Protist• Algae or Plant-like, Autotrophic, classified by pigment
with no cell wall, come form elaborate colonies and multicellular structures (kelp and seaweed)
• Chrysophyta- Golden Algae ex diatoms• Pyrrophyta- bioluminescent/glow
ex. Dinoflagellates• Euglenaphyta- ex Euglena• Rhodophyta- red• Phaeophyta- brown, seaweed and kelp• Chlorophyta- green, ex Volvox, Spirogyra
Protozoa or Animal like ProtistProtozoa or Animal-like, classified by mode of movement• Sarcodina ex. Amoeba- move by pseudopodia
“false foot”• Ciliophora ex Paramecium- move by cilia, tiny hairs• Zoomastigina ex Trypanosoma (African Sleeping
Sickness) moves by flagella
• Sporozoa, are the parasitic animal like protista, include Plasmodium which causes Malaria
Fungus-like Protista• Fungus-like are all Heterotrophic
with no cell wall, absorbing nutrients directly through cell membrane
• Include Plasmodium or Slime Molds and Downy Mildews
Kingdom Fungi
• All Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs (saprotrophs or detrivores living off dead and decaying organisms or decomposers), cell wall made of chitin (type of protein), and classified by reproductive structures.
• Mycoses is the term for Fungal Infection, Fungus destroys the cells around the infection site, to fight fungal infection you have to destroy the cell wall
• Fungi are important part of an ecosystem because they recycle nutrients/ decomposers
Classifications of Fungi • Club Fungi – Basidiomycota , Basidia, ex Mushrooms• Sac Fungi- Ascomycota, Asci, ex. Truffles,
Morels,Yeast, and Athletes Foot Fungus• Zygote Fungi – Zygomycota, Sporangia, ex. Bread
molds• Imperfect- Deuteromycota, reproduce asexually, ex
Penicillian• Lichen- Mycophycophyta, symbiotic relationship
between fungus and photosynthetic cells of cyanobacteria or algae.