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A) Classification of Bacteria and Archea Classification based on –Shape –Nutrition –Movement –Genetic components –DNA comparison –Gram Stain (for bacteria only)
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Bacteria vs. Archea
Bacteria vs. Archea
A) Classification of Bacteria and Archea
• Classification based on – Shape– Nutrition– Movement– Genetic components– DNA comparison– Gram Stain (for bacteria only)
B) Bacteria vs. Archea Summary
Shape Cell wall Nutrition Habitat Reproduction Survival Tactics
Bacteria Cocci- spherical
Bacilli – rod
Spiral shape
With Peptidoglycan
Autotrophs (phtosynthesis)
Heterotrophs (predation)
Mostly mesophiles
Binary fission
Conjugation
Endospores
Archea Cocci- spherical
Bacilli – rod
Spiral shape
Withoutpeptidoglycan
Autotrophs (methanogenesis)
Heterotrophs (predation)
Someextremophiles
Binary fission
Conjugation
Shapes• Shapes:
– Cocci• spherical
– Bacilli • rod
– Spiral shape
• Aggregation:– Tendency to
group together
C) The importance of Peptidoglycan
• Peptidoglycan• Chain-link combination of alternating animo acids
and sugars• Gives rigidity to the cell wall
• Link to Penicillin• Penicillin affects the final formation of
peptidoglycan– binds to the molecule and stops the cell wall construction
(destroying the bacteria)
D) The importance of the Gram Stain
• Bacteria only– Pink stain
• Gram –– Majority of bacteria– Thin protein layer on this wall
– Purple stain• Gram +
– Thick protein layer on their cell wall
• Information used in determining which antibiotics to use
E) Reproduction of Archea and Bacteria
• Binary fission:– Result:
• cells with the same genetic material
– Process: • Makes copies of its single chromosome• Cell elongates• Builds a partition (septum)
F) In less optimal conditions…
1. Conjugation– Ability to exchange
DNA
– Results in cells with new genetic material
2. Endospores (bacteria only)– Creation of a hard walled structure that
protect the genetic material• Resistant to high temperatures, freezing, drying,
toxic chemicals and radiation
– Results in bacteria being able to remain dormant for very long periods of time
G) Archea and biotechnology
• Archea are currently used for:1. Sewage treatment2. Archeaocin (new antibiotics)3. Enzyme production
• Due to the extreme conditions they inhabit• Low lactose milk• Cloning DNA
H) Bacteria in Biotechnology
• Bacteria are currently used for– Food Production
• Cheese, yogurt