Aquaculture in Kenya Status – Challenges - outlook

Dr. Abdel Rahman El Gamal

Nairobi - Kenya 24 – 28 September, 2018

The present week activities

September 24

Registration Opening Participants and the expert introduce themselves General overview about the course by the expert Introductory presentation by the expert covering: Status of the world aquaculture African aquaculture Status of Kenyan aquaculture and the rationality of its development A special focus will be given to the constraints facing aquaculture development as presented in earlier events and discuss it with the participants in the present course

September 25 & 26

Carrying out the following field visits to: Fish farm(s) and hatcheries of different production scales Fish processing unit, if available Fish feed mill, if available Wholesale and retail fish markets, if possible There is a possibility to suggest a visit not mentioned above as long as it could be arranged Note: The expert will develop a fact finding sheet for each visit to be circulated to the course participants prior to the visit The expert develops a compiled set of constraints having the field visits in consideration

The present week activities

September 27

The expert presents the constraints in a general discussion session targeting to rank such constraints in order to work on it via effective solutions.

In this session the expert is expected to bring in case studies similar to the ones in Kenya along with possible means of addressing such constraints

September 28

Active participation of the course participants on the entire event ending by specific recommendations towards the development of aquaculture in Kenya. Concluding the program

Rationality of fish farming (general)

Aquaculture has been found successful in many parts of the world in regard to:

Providing fishery products of different types and sizes as required by different social segments

Considered an ideal approach in fish production for the growing populations in the light of the stagnation and/or fluctuation or even declining of capture fishery

Helping to reduce the pressure on the natural fishery stocks

Fish products in general has proven to be highly beneficial to human health

Creating work opportunities –whether directly or indirectly -in different aquaculture projects

Specific aquaculture products may be exported and so help to earn hard currency that is required by the national economies

Development of world aquaculture

World capture fishery and aquaculture

Although capture fisheries dominate the world output, aquaculture accounts for a growing percentage of total fish supply, rising from a share of approximately 13% in 1990 to 40% in 2010.

As a significant part of capture fishery is used for industrial purposes (e.g. fish meal), aquaculture provides about 47% of all fish supplies available for direct human food consumption.

Because of the rapid development of aquaculture, the employment in aquaculture is increasing more rapidly than world population growth

World fish production – Source: FAO

1990 2000 2010 2015 2016

Capture fishery

84 691 996 93 562 990 87 828 719 92 670 190 90 923 551

Aquaculture 13 085 134 32 418 528 59 025 423 76 094 825 80 068 829

Total 97777130 125981518 146854142 168765015 170992380

Aquaculture: total (%)

13.38 25.73 40.19 45.10 46.83

Note: Aquatic plants (e.g. seaweed) and large aquatic mammals (e.g. whales) are excluded from the above data

Development of the world fish production (capture fishery and aquaculture) during selected years from 1970 – 2016. Source: FAO

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Capture fishery

Aquaculture

Development of world aquaculture in different aquatic environments (2012 – 2016). Source: FAO

Environment 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Freshwater

Freshwater: total

41161449

(61.95%)

43921355

(62.60%)

45989881

(62.43%)

47604740

(62.59%)

50268927

(62.81%)

Brackish water 5725500 6056775 6587567 6761362 7369127

Marine water 19556074 20176356 21088985 21687599 22392808

Total (ton) 66443023 70154486 73666433 76053701 80030862

Top ten world aquaculture species in 2016 Source: FAO

Species Ton Species Ton

Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus

6068015 Whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei

4155827

Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

5300736 Bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis

3526812

Common carp Cyprinus carpio

4556622 Major Indian carp Catla catla

2960554

Japanese carpet shell Ruditapes philippinarum

4228594

Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

2247759

Niletilapia Oreochromis niloticus

4199567

Major Indian carp Labeo rohita

1843496

The ten species collectively produced about 49% of the world aquaculture production in 2016

Outlook of world aquaculture

• On the world level, even aquaculture continues to grow, the rate of its growth is declining from as >10% during mid-1990s to about 4% in 2009 (FAO)

• According to FAO, aquaculture is expected to reach 95 million tons in 2020 and 123 million tons in 2030

• On the other hand, the capture fishery is expected to remain at the current production level till 2020 and 2030

African aquaculture

Africa fish production – Source: FAO

1990 2000 2010 2015 2016

Capture fishery 5072241 6770808 7795149 8767151 9279133

Aquaculture 81015 399628 1285692 1771661 1981897

Total 5153256 7170436 9080841 10538812 11261030

African aquaculture: total (%)

1.57 5.57 14.15 16.81 17.60

World aquaculture: total (%)

13.38 25.73 40.19 45.10 46.83

Development of African aquaculture in different aquatic environments during the period 2010 – 2016. Source: FAO

Source 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Freshwater 527081 576771 580651 733941 780459 760581 858802

Brackish water (Brackish: total)

750271 (58.36%)

809828 (58.03%)

894444 (60.27%)

871757 (53.94%)

921908 (53.83%)

1002046 (56.56%)

1112379 (56.12%)

Marine water 8340 8934 8949 10335 10115 9034 10716

Total (ton) 1285692 1395533 1484044 1616033 1712482 1771661 1981897

The significant contribution of the brackish water system in Africa is related to Egyptian aquaculture because of the freshwater use policy

Development of African fish production (capture fishery and aquaculture) during selected years from 1970 – 2016. Source: FAO

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Capture fishery

Aquaculture

Production of African aquaculture in different aquatic environments in 2016 (ton) compared to world aquaculture

Africa

Freshwater Brackish water Marine water

World

Freshwater Brackish water Marine water

African aquaculture in comparison to world aquaculture in

selected years from 1970 to 2016. Source: FAO

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world aquaculture

African aquaculture

Main fish groups contributing to African aquaculture during the period 2010 – 2016 Source: FAO

Group of fish 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Freshwater fishes

1110126 1217465 1296141 1436925 1521819 1547356 1729250

Diadromous 1808 2212 2690 3190 3544 3525 3727

Crustaceans 5705 6977 6382 11572 12329 3732 4607

Marine fish 165018 166136 175568 160495 170320 212131 238571

Mollusks 3034 2741 3262 3894 4458 4892 5705

Miscellaneous fish products

1 1 1 1 1 25 37

Total (ton) 1285692 1395505 1484044 1616077 1712471 1771661 1981897

Species composition of freshwater aquaculture in Africa during the period 2010 – 2016.

Source: FAO

Fish group 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Tilapias and cichlids

644403 718953 917595 804141 949119 1079662 1177262

Carps and cyprinds

210129 226344 95275 324388 323090 128532 236527

Miscellaneous freshwater fish

255594 272167 283271 308395 339611 339161 315461

Total (ton) 1110126 1217464 1296141 1436924 1611820 1547355 1729250

Tilapia: total (%) 58.04 58.98 70.79 55.96 55.88 69.77 68.08

African aquaculture outlook

According to the estimation by FI Department (FAO), the annual growth rate of aquaculture in Africa (2007 to 2030) is expected to be the highest with 7.2% compared to the world average 4%, Asia 4.1%, Europe 3.1%, Europe 3.1%, Latin America 4.4%, North America 0.4% and Oceania 2.6%

Aquaculture in Kenya

Features of aquaculture in Kenya

Freshwater fish account for close to 98% of Kenya’s reported aquaculture production.

The peak of aquaculture production reached its peak in 2014 (24,098 tons) before declining to 18,658 and 14,960 tons in 2015 and 2016 respectively.

Milk fish (Chanos chanos) represents the main farmed species in marine waters, followed by mullet (Mugil cephalus).

In regard to shellfish, its culture takes place in coastal Kenya and represented by mud crab and prawns Penaeus monodon and P. indicus.

The seaweed of the “spinosum” and “cottonii” are being cultured

Reference: Kenya’s aquaculture brief 2017. Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute

Features of aquaculture in Kenya

Earthen ponds are the main farming system in Kenya in which different levels of intensification are practiced.

Tilapia, catfish and common carp are often cultured in earthen ponds.

The raceway system (concrete or earthen) are used for trout farms

Cage culture for Nile tilapia has been increasingly adopted in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria

The size of the pond is 150 m2. The thickness of the liner is 0.5 mm

Credit: Jesee Maina Nyokabi (Kenya)

Credit: Mercy maiyo (Kenya)

Fish feed mills in Kenya

There are quite a few fish feed mills of different capacity and feed types producing sinking pellets, floating pellets and feed produced by hammer, mixer pelletizer. Feed produced have different sizes and protein contents.

About 700 tons of extruded feed have been imported by few fish feed importers in 2016

Capture fishery and aquaculture production in Kenya during the period 2010 – 2016 (ton)

Year Fin fish – crustacean - mollusks

Total Aquaculture: total (%)

Aquatic plants Capture

fishery Aquaculture Without plants

2010 140433 12154 152587 07.96 40

2011 181385 22135 203520 10.88 160

2012 158804 21488 180292 11.92 400

2013 163140 23501 186641 12.59 400

2014 168235 24098 192333 12.53 400

2015 165201 18658 183859 10.15 400

2016 171205 14960 186165 08.04 400

Source: FAO Yearbook 2016 - Aquatic plants/ seaweed in tons on wet weight basis

Contribution of capture fishery and aquaculture to total fish production in Kenya (2010-2016). Source: FAO

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Aquaculture

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Main fish groups contributing to aquaculture in Kenya during the period 2010 – 2016 (in tons). Source: FAO

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Freshwater fish 12032 21914 21273 23266 23855 18469 14780

Diadromous fish 122 221 215 235 243 189 180

Total 12154 22135 21488 23501 24098 18658 14798

Freshwater: total (%) 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.9

Species composition of aquaculture in Kenya in tons during the period 2010 – 2016. Source: FAO

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Nile tilapia 9115 16602 16115 17626 18072 13991 11180

African catfish 2188 3984 3869 4230 4337 3358 2700

Common carp 729 1328 1289 1410 1446 1120 900

Rainbow trout 122 221 215 235 241 187 176

Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 2 2 4

Total 12154 22135 21488 23501 24098 18658 14960

Nile tilapia: total (%) 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 74.7

Species composition of aquaculture in Kenya in 2016

11180

2700

900

176 4

Tilapia African catfish Common carp Rainbow trout Others

Aquaculture production in Kenya (ton) compared to African aquaculture. Source: FAO

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Kenya 12154 22135 21488 23501 24098 18658 14960

Africa 1285692 1395505 1484044 1616077 1712471 1771661 1981897

Kenya : Africa aquaculture (%)

0.95 1.59 1.45 1.45 1.41 1.05 0.75

Rationality for aquaculture development in Kenya

Present aquaculture production is far below the potential

Per capita fish consumption is much lower than the African average

In order to maintain the current level of fish consumption, fish imports of about 20,000 tons take place annually to fill the growing gap in the national fish supply

Considerable local and regional market is expected with growing populations and declining wild fish catches

All fish exports from Kenya belong to the capture fishery; no exports from aquaculture

Available natural resources, increasing fish demands, declining of capture fishery and before all the trained human resources are all in favor of a well-developed aquaculture in Kenya

Kenya has a highly developed fish processing sector and quality assurance laboratories that serve fish export

Quantity and value of imported fish in Kenya compared to that in Africa during the period 2012 – 2016. Source: FAO

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Kenya Imported quantity (ton) Value 1000 US$

25614

18731

18714

17800

26134

22884

24967

20640

23326

23417

Africa Imported quantity (ton) Value 1000 US$

3456431

5388856

3380482

5301577

4026385

5823308

3893286

5289896

3715155

4887837

Quantity of imported fish into Kenya in 2016 sorted into groups (in tons). Source: FAO

Group Tons % Notes

Frozen fish 19122 81.98 Includes tunas 152 t – diadromous 31 t – flounder 31 t

Fresh or chilled fish 332 1.42 includes tunas 59 t – diadromous 105 t

Frozen fish fillets 844 3.62 Nile perch fillets 403 t + tilapia fillets 441 t

Prepared/preserved fish 441 1.89

Dried – salted smoked fish

4 0.02

Fish meat (fresh – chilled – frozen)

1207 5.17

Crustaceans – mollusks – other invertebrates

1373 5.89

Live fish 3 0.01

Total 23326 100

Types of imported fish into Kenya

Frozen fish, 19122, 82%

Fresh or chilled fish, 332, 1%

Frozen fish Fresh or chilled fish

Frozen fish fillets Prepared/preserved fish

Dried - salted or smoked fish Fish meat (fresh - chilled - frozen)

Crustaceans - molluscs - aquatic invertebrates Live fish

Quantity and value of exported fish from Kenya compared to that in Africa during the period 2012 – 2016. Source: FAO

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Kenya Exported quantity (ton) Value 1000 US$

18257

64291

12670

40528

16223

49639

11768

37697

6368

19984

Africa Exported quantity (ton) Value 1000 US$

2002287

5773359

2040521

6001287

2185104

6341303

2344017

5942900

2567034

6335492

Quantity of exported fish from Kenya in 2016 sorted into groups (in tons). Source: FAO

Group Qty

(ton) US$ 1000

Crustaceans (frozen) 284 1837 All shrimp and prawn

Fresh or chilled fish 85 195

Frozen fish 680 1528

Frozen fish fillets 1300 5712 Includes 1250 t Nile perch and 25 t tilapia

Fresh/chilled fish fillets/meat 864 4295 Only 1 t of Nile perch

Frozen fish meat 21 163

Fish prepared/frozen 47 82

Dried – salted smoked fish 1411 1096

Crustaceans – mollusks – other invertebrates

1295 4883

Live fish 381 193 51 t for ornamental and culture

Total (tons) 6368 19984

Composition of consumed fish products in Kenya (kg/person/year). Source: FAO FISHSTAT

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Total per capita fish consumption

3.32 3.43 4.52 4.40 4.28

Composition

Freshwater fish 3.19 3.22 4.35 4.23 4.12

Demersal fish 0.07 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.08

Marine fish 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.04

Pelagic fish 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03

Crustaceans 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Daily protein intake from non-animal protein sources in Kenya (g/person/day). Source: FAO

Source G Source G

Wheat 7.73 Roots & tuber 3.31

Rice - maize – millet – oat - barley 22.55 Bananas – pineapples - plantains 0.75

Sorghum 0.67 Dates 0.01

Cassava – potatoes – sweet potatoes - yams

3.28 Oranges- mandarins – Lemons – limes – grapefruit

0.10

Sugar cane 0.25 Other fruits 0.33

Beans – peas – other pulses 9.33 Coffee - tea (including mate) 0.51

Groundnuts (in shell + shelled) 0.72 Nuts - coconuts 0.31

Vegetables, other 1.22 Pimento – other spices 0.03

Tomatoes 0.27 Beverages, Fermented 0.09

Sunflower seed – soyabeans – other oil crops

0.44 Miscellaneous 0.04

Onions 0.06 Total 51.99

Daily protein intake from animal protein sources in Kenya (g/person/day). Source: FAO

Sources G

Bovine Meat 3.85

Mutton & Goat Meat 0.73

Poultry Meat 0.16

Pigmeat 0.07

Offals, Edible 0.78

Butter – Ghee – fats – cheese – cream - honey 0.06

Eggs 0.52

Milk - Excluding Butter/ milk whole 14.82

Freshwater Fish 1.19

Marine Fish – pelagic fish – demersal fish 0.89

Total 23.07

Typical indicators on fish consumption in Kenya in 2013 compared to those in Africa and in the world. Source: FAO

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Kenya 4.1 51.99 23.07 75.06 1.2 5.2 1.6

Africa 10.1 63.75 16.0 66.6 2.9 18.4 4.4

World 19.8 48.91 32.1 80.8 5.4 16.9 6.7

Production of field crops (ton) possibly related to aquaculture in Kenya. Source: FAOSTAT

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Millet 73396 138204 138829 126000 99000 54000

Yams 9635 10143 13569 20028 18719 12388

Sorghum 159877 166627 168857 177553 189000 117000

Cotton seed 14400 7600 8400 8900

Sesame seed 11705 12000 12200 12364 11226 11135

Maize 3376862 3749880 3592688 3513171 3825000 3339000

Sunflower seed 14000 14000 14000 14000 14000 13378

Rice, paddy 111229 138204 125256 112263 116473 118150

Wheat 268482 441944 449641 228900 238600 222400

Barely 65235 72726 57671 65402 51396 56084

Production of field crops (ton) possibly related to aquaculture in Kenya. Source: FAOSTAT (Cont.)

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Ground nuts (with shell) 12803 24639 94072 56149 28574 32955

Dry peas 577674 622759 714492 615992 765000 728160

Cassava 679167 930922 935089 858461 709926 571848

Dry cow peas 81534 112948 133756 138673 173057 146807

Soybeans 2181 2866 2497 2463 2603 2007

Linseed 960 1000 1000 954 951 949

Oats 3500 4000 4000 3890 3656 3658

Consumed animal protein rather than fish in Kenya – in tons (Source: FAOSTAT)

Source 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Cattle meat 410600 425000 442571 487176 528990

Camel meat 64500 65100 59908 65926 70362

Goat meat 56399 57928 68190 68016 50468

Sheep meat 40236 42000 43559 42308 42172

Pig meat 12950 17445 17877 26001 10768

Chicken meat 21650 23754 25446 29574 30926

Rabbit meat 3000 3060 2997 3504 2902

Hen eggs 83229 81823 71325 77406 84132

Camel milk (whole) 910846 870864 747934 811634 848939

Cow milk (whole) 3732960 3686431 3424954 3444214 4115473

Goat milk (whole) 267904 268543 224655 212131 221591

Sheep milk (whole) 61564 62408 84054 82579 89342

Challenges to fisheries and aquaculture development in Kenya

Sources of the information:

• Country reports and round table discussions held during the training courses hosted by the Egyptian International Center for Agriculture (EICA) - Egypt

• Published publications addressing this subject matter

Compiled list of constraints

Inadequate supply of quality and reliable aquaculture inputs especially

seed and feed

High cost of fish production to the level that discourages the investors

Inadequate investment in research and technology development

Low funding to the aquaculture sub sector

Lack of credit facilities and insurance schemes for fish farmers

Conflict in water resource management

Less effective research – extension – farmer linkages

Inadequate market information available for fish farmers

End of this part