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partnership excellence growth
Sustainable Intensification
Aquaculture
Bill Collis
Director, South Asia
WorldFish Center
Bangkok, 19 July 2012
partnership excellence growth
Intensification
• Drivers of Aquaculture Intensification
– Opportunities – due to new technologies,
Markets,
• Trends in South and SE Asia
• Impacts and Issues in Intensification-
– Participation by the poor
– Gender considerations
– Environmental impacts
partnership excellence growth
World Aquaculture
• FAO Estimates that :
– > 50% of all fish consumed come from Aquaculture
– > 60% Growth in aquaculture since 2000
– Estimates Aquaculture growth > 33% by 2020
– 1960’s 9 kg/capits- 2009 >18 kg/capita
– Fastest growing source of animal protein
partnership excellence growth
Aquaculture Intensification Terms (Intensification is linked to Inputs-feeds, fertilizers, fish densities, energy)
• Extensive Production : stocking + fertilization
(organic and/or inorganic) production. Low cost, risk
and lower production.
• Semi-Intensive: extensive + natural foods,
supplemental feeding/byproducts, (Carp Polyculture,
tilapia, shrimp and prawn. Slightly higher costs, low risk,
management intensive,
• Intensive: dependence on complete diets, higher
densities, high risk, more potential for environmental
risks, generally higher costs and profit.
• Very Intensive System: ~>20mt/ha. Advanced
technologies, limited species (biofloc, aquaponic
systems, shrimp, tilapia, catfish) Capital Intensive, high
risk, high energy, generally lower environmental risk.
partnership excellence growth
Drivers: Aquaculture
Intensification
Fish vs Livestock
• Fish float. Less energy spent in
fighting gravity, making skeletons.
• Fish will (almost) always convert
food to flesh better than other
livestock.
partnership excellence growth
Drivers: Aquaculture Intensification
Technologies Seed, Feeds, Production Systems
– Fish Seed and Domestication
• Carps - Induced breeding early 80’s-
• Shrimp hatchery technologies mid- 90’s
• Tilapia – commercial mono-sex late 90’s
• Pangasius- mid 90’s breeding
• Domestication and improved genetics –
( mid- 90’s tilapia, salmon, some shrimp,….)
– Feeds
• Quality feeds available East, South and SE Asia- late 90’s
• Commercial Research did not begin until the 70’s
partnership excellence growth
Intensification South and South-East Asia
Production
• Center of Aquaculture is Asia: 89% of production (China >60%)
• Smallholder culture predominates in Asia
• Main Cultured Species
– Tilapia: (Global Production > 2 M mt)
• 2012 5- 20mt/ha (used in cage culture 15-100 kg/m2)
– Carps: (Global Production >14 M mt )
• 2012 1- 15 mt/ha (used in environmentally effiecient poly culture systems)
– Shrimp: (Global Production ~ 4 M mt annually, prices have
dropped 50- 60% in last 15 years)
• 2012 ~ 10 - 20 Mt/ha (experimental >60 mt/ha)
– Pangasius Catfish: (Global Production ~ >2.5 M mt annually)
• 2012 ~ 350- 600 mt/ha (smallholders
partnership excellence growth
In 2000 60% of these fish (Pangas, Tilapia, Climbing Perch)
where not present in the market
Consumption of cultured fish by Dhaka consumers
(Market survey data – November 2010)
partnership excellence growth
Drivers: Aquaculture Intensification
• Capture Fisheries Declines: Most major
natural fisheries are either stagnant or in
decline- Aquaculture is filling the market
gap.
• Urbanization and Incomes: 55% of Asian
population will be urban by 2030 – ADB.
(2-5% annual increases)
• Asia - rising incomes have increased
demand for fish, meat and vegetables.
• Urban markets have changed the kinds of
fish markets require: regular deliveries and
larger quantities.
Markets
partnership excellence growth
Environmental Impacts (Pollution, Feeds, Invasive Species)
Pollution: Usually Excessive Nutrients
• Pond Culture:
– Not a issue for semi-intensive and extensive systems.
– Is a problem where water is exchanged or discharged : intensive
systems, poor quality feeds.
• Cage/Pen Culture – can be an issue large numbers of fed cages-
(Laguna de Baya- Philippines)
• Very Intensive - Usually not an issue in internationally traded very
intensive aquaculture. Recycled water, lined ponds
partnership excellence growth
Environmental Impacts (Pollution, Feeds, Invasive Species)
Feeds: Using fish to grow fish,
feed quality,
• Intensive predator production (salmon,
shrimp, ….) require animal protein-
fish meal, etc…
• Herbivorous fish species can utilize
plant protein- (tilapia, pangas, many
carps,…..).
• Poor quality feeds= poor FCR and
Invasive Species: Basically don’t import
a new species.
• Improved Lines: Disease risks
partnership excellence growth
WorldFish Bangladesh
Surveys - Impact of intensive, high value
aquaculture on livelihoods, employment
and growth.
Conducted May- August 2012
Looking at Pangas, Prawn/Shrimp, Tilapia,
Carp production
partnership excellence growth
Participation by the Poor
• Poor participate as producers or within production
value chains. Clear-cut positive impacts on income
and increased purchases of better food.
• High levels of poor entering intensive commercial
aquaculture in locations with dense clusters of
operations
• Upward mobility for some landless entrants, but also
some increased vulnerability related to high
dependence on credit
partnership excellence growth
Gender & Intensification
• Increased participation of women in aquaculture
but mainly close to home; poorer women work as
off farm wage labor (mainly for Hindus and
Adivasis, much lower among Muslims)
• Declining availability and consumption of wild fish;
some anecdotal reluctance to consume cultured
fish from own production for higher returns from
investment (IFPRI studies)
• Women have less control over production and
income in intensive as compared to small scale HH
aquaculture: depends on level of investments and
location.
partnership excellence growth
• Intensive commercial aquaculture is male
dominated; women’s participation depends
on proximity to home
• Income controlled by men in most cases
• In SA - Markets dominated by men; women
lack access to information, inputs,
services; mobility issues
GENDER
partnership excellence growth
Clusters
• Clusters of commercial aquaculture
operations appear to produce synergies in
the provision of goods, services and
employment.
• This may lower the costs of participating in
aquaculture. Also creates growth linkages
by raising demand for labor with
subsequent increases in wages and non-
farm activities
partnership excellence growth
Land ownership and access
• Major shift from share-based tenancy to
rental-based tenancy arrangements driven
by introduction of commercial aquaculture
• Little concentration of land ownership or
access despite extremely dynamic and
competitive land markets (Pond/gher sizes
getting smaller)