Name: ____________________ Period: _____

APWH WORKBOOK

Unit One: 8,000 BCE to 600 BCE

Due Date: _________ Score: ____/30

This packet will guide you through the first unit in AP World History and prepare you for the reading quiz, vocabulary quiz, first essay, and first unit test on September ___.

You must complete ALL of the pages in the packet by yourself to get credit; incomplete or incorrect work will result in a zero for the whole

packet.

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Unit 1: Technological and Environmental

Transformations

SAMPLE APWH Cornell Reading Notes

Chapter 1: From the Origins of Agriculture to the First River-Valley Civilizations, 8000 – 1500 B.C.E. Pages 4 - 34

Questions/Main Ideas Pay special attention to timelines, maps, images, “Diversity and Dominance” and “Environment + Technology” sections

How did plant and animal domestication set the scene for the emergence of civilization?

Why did the earliest civilizations arise in river valleys?

How did the organization of labor shape political and social structures?

How did metallurgy, writing, and monumental construction contribute to the power and wealth of elite groups?

How do religious beliefs reflect interactions with the environment?

p. 6: foragers mostly ate raw food but evidence of cooking ca. 12,500 years ago in East Asia. Bands of foragers only about 50 people; women mostly gathered, men hunted (evidence from cave paintings).p. 7: spent only 3 – 5 hrs/day securing food, clothing, shelter

p. 5: periodic flooding fertilized land with silt and provided water for agriculture

p. 4: wooden models from tomb ca. 2000 BCE shows Egyptian nobleman supervising herdsmen and other servants with cows

Key Terms:Civilization

p. 5: 1) cities as administrative centers, 2) a political system based on defined territory rather than kinship, 3) many people engaged in specialized non-food producing activities, 4) status distinctions based largely on accumulation of wealth, 5) monumental building, 6) a system for keeping permanent records, 7) long-distance trade, and 8) sophisticated interest in science and art

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APWH, Unit 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, Quiz 1, Chapters 1 & 2

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that best answers the question or completes the statement.

1. Which of the following was a key element of all of the earliest civilizations in the world?(A) Political systems based on kinship(B) A religious system for keeping track of holidays(C) Non-agricultural specialization of labor (D) Absence of social class divisions

2. About how many hours did it take foragers to gather food each day?1

A) One to twoB) Three to fiveC) Seven to nineD) Eleven to fifteen

1 P. 7

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Reading Questions for Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond. Limit your answers to the space provided though you may type the answers and attach to this page.

Prologue: “Yali’s Question”1. Why did Yali’s question (“Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to

New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own?”) motivate Diamond to write this book?

2. What are the other ways that Diamond asks or rephrases the same question?

3. What answers to Yali’s question have some historians given in the past? What is wrong with those answers according to Diamond? What kind of evidence does he use?

4. What do think makes it hard for historians to compare pre-modern societies?

Assignment for Chapter 6: “To Farm or Not to Farm”1. Where did food production first happen on a large scale?

2. Which events does Diamond cite for the transition from hunting-gathering to sedentary agriculture? Record his examples on the timeline below with a brief note explaining the importance of each event.

15,000 years ago 8,000 BCE

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3. What are the five factors that Jared Diamond gives for why sedentary farmers replaced hunter-gatherers in most parts of the world?

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Vocabulary to Ace Multiple-Choice!!

Directions: For each of the historical terms below, write a definition from your textbook or a dictionary and note the term’s historical significance during the time of the Agricultural Revolution and ancient civilizations. The quiz will be sentences taken from the textbook with blanks where you will write in the relevant historical term.

Memorize and Know the Meaning of these historical terms for Vocabulary Quiz #1 (the page numbers are from The Earth and Its Peoples)

1. Hunting-gathering/foraging (p. 6, 7)

_______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Neolithic Revolution (p. 8)

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Nomadic (p. 17) _______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Pastoralism/Pastoral nomads (p. 10)

_______________________________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. City-state (p. 16) _______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Deity (pp. 12, 16, 19)

_____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Pagan (p. 135) _______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Caste System (pp. 154-155)

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Priest (pp. 1, 14, 16, 19)

___________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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10.Nun (pp. 157, 163, 168)

__________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11.Monotheism (pp. 64, 80,

135)___________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12.Polytheism (pp. 138, 198)

___________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13.Scribe (p. 18)

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Transitions (chapter 1, pp. 5 - 14)Which of these pictures shows …

o individual humans surviving the most logical way? Why?o what was the most productive for a group of people living in a settled (sedentary) village? Why?o the way humans were the happiest? Why?

Foraging (Hunting and gathering)

Farming

Timeline – Evolution of Sedentary SocietiesDirections: Highlight the biggest change; Circle the

continuities

9,000 BCEContinuity of gathering and Hunting (Foraging): evidence of cave painting, Venus statues, and baskets everywhere in the world

8,000 BCEAgricultural RevolutionEvidence of sedentary communities with domestication of plants and animals in Fertile Crescent (wheat and barley, sheep, goats, and cows)Farming in the Sahara

7,000 – 5,000 BCEAgriculture continues and sedentary communities expandNeolithic Villages: permanent buildings, connected houses with farming plots in Jericho and Catal Huyuk; no apparent class structure; traded obsidian tools, weapons, mirrors, ornaments, pottery, baskets, beads, and leather goods; religious shrines

4,000 BCEExpansion of organized communal work: Megaliths in Egypt and England (Stonehenge)

3,000 BCEUrban Revolution – Beginning of CivilizationWalled cities in Egypt and Mesopotamia with urban populations

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supported by rural agricultural surplus. Distinct class structure.

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Directions: Use the Word Bank at the bottom of the page to fill in the blanks below.

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION (also called the ___________________ Revolution)

I. Origin of the Agricultural Revolution

a. Prior to 8,000 B.C.E., humans survived by_______________, gathering wild plants and hunting animals. Earlier hominids scavenged animals killed by other predators.

b. Evidence appears clearly about 10,000 years ago in Middle Eastern area of _______________ _____________________ communities (villages) in Catal Hayuk (Turkey) and Jericho (Israel).

II. Effects of the Agricultural Revolution

a. _______________ increased

i. 5 - 10 million before 10,000 B.C.E.

ii. around 300 million in 1 C.E.

b. labor divided into food-producing and non-producing jobs = ________________ in economic and

political structures

c. social complexity increased = greater ________ differences

d. patriarchy increased = greater _______________ differences

e. diseases increased = need for ___________ birth rate

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Word Bank for Agricultural Revolution:

Increased, higher, gender, class, hierarchy, population, Neolithic, sedentary agricultural, foragingSeminar on Civilization or Civilizations

Directions: Use the following quotes to discuss the diverse interpretations of the term “civilization”. What are the issues involved in using “civilization” as an organizing principle in world history?

Quotes on Civilization

Professor Mark Kishlansky: “When civilization first entered the English language in the late eighteenth century, it was used to contrast the society and culture of Europe with what the British saw as the chaotic barbarity of much of the world.”

Professor Peter Stearns: “The perception that there are fundamental differences between civilized and “barbaric” or “savage” peoples is very ancient and widespread. For thousands of years the Chinese, the civilized inhabitants of the ‘Middle Kingdom’, set themselves off from neighboring peoples, including the pastoral or nomadic cattle and sheep-herding peoples of the vast plains or steppes to the north and west of China proper, whom they regarded as barbarians.”

Professor Lee Ralph: “Discussing the origins of cities is really the same as discussing the origins of civilization, which may be defined as the stage in human organization when governmental, social, and economic institutions have developed sufficiently to manage (however imperfectly) the problems of order, security, and efficiency in a complex society.”

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Professor Richard Bulliet: “The tendency of the Mesopotamians, like other peoples throughout history, to equate civilization with their own way of life should serve as a caution for us. What assumptions are hiding behind the frequently made claim that the ‘first’ civilizations, or the first ‘advanced’ or ‘high’ civilizations, arose in western Asia and northeastern Africa sometime before 3000 BCE?”

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What are some problems with using “civilizations” as the only way to organize the study world history? (Most world historians use the following definition of the term “civilization”:  a large group of people with an economic/agricultural surplus, extensive social stratification, labor specialization, and a centralized political system) [Hint: what kinds of people get left out of the story about ancient times if only civilizations are analyzed?]

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Basic Characteristics of Early Civilizations

Definition of Civilization All social organizations like the early civilizations have a coherent set of values, institutions, and practices. Historians agree that civilizations had three main common characteristics: economic surpluses, greater social hierarchy, and greater labor specialization.  Foraging and pastoral nomadic groups usually did not have these features.

Some historians add to the characteristics of civilizations:  formal states or governments, large cities whose urban populations were a minority of the total, and recording technologies.  Monumental architecture is an example of what a formal state was able to accomplish with its economic, political, and cultural leadership.

DIRECTION: Identify each of the four civilizations whose writing system is shown below:

___________________________ ______________________ _________________ _______________

Sources for the images of ancient writings systems:http://www.international.ucla.edu/calendar/showevent.asp?eventid=3356

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http://www.accd.edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/India8.jpghttp://www.denison.edu/campuslife/museum/pictogramtocuneiform.jpghttp://etc.usf.edu/clipart/27000/27010/hieroglyphic_27010_lg.gif

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DO THE FOUR STEPS AND DANCE YOUR WAY TO AN ‘A’ ON YOUR FIRST ESSAY!!

Directions: 1. Use information from class discussions and your textbook to fill in the chart for ALL of the civilizations.

Characteristics of Early Civilizations

(Bulliet, pp. 14 – 23)Mesopotamia (Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, Phoenicians, Hebrews)

Beginning and Ending dates for this civilization:

______________________________

(Bulliet, pp. 23 – 29)Egypt (various dynasties, Hykkos, Kush, Axum, Nubia)

Beginning and Ending dates for this civilization:

______________________________

(Bulliet, pp. 29 – 33)India (Harrapa, Indus Valley region)

Beginning and Ending dates for this civilization:

______________________________

(Bulliet, pp 38 – 48)China (Shang and Zhou Dynasties)

Beginning and Ending dates for this civilization:

______________________________Social hierarchyCities (name the cities, explain their economic and political purposes, and identify the social classes in the cities and rural areas)Labor specialization Political Structures (identify the type of political system, ideology, rules for succession, role of soldiers)Labor specialization Writing (identify the name of the writing system, the materials used, and who used writing and for what purpose)

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Economic Surplus (identify the types of crops and trade goods)

Labor specialization Type of belief system, name(s) of deities and ritual leaders’ roles?

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2. Put the beginning dates for ALL four civilizations on the timeline below.

8,000 BCE 5,000 BCE 3,500 BCE 3,000 BCE 1600 BCE

3. Put your evidence from the chart in STEP 1 on page 10 for two of the civilizations in the Venn diagram below.

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Reasons for the differences between the civilizations:

Reasons for the similarities between the civilizations:

4. Comparative Question: Compare the characteristics of two of the early river valley civilizations.

Directions: YOUR THESIS MUST INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING:

_____ FULLY ADDRESS THE QUESTION

_____ TAKE A POSITION AND PROVIDE ORGANIZATIONAL CATEGORIES (WERE THERE MORE SIMILARITIES OR MORE DIFFERENCES? WHICH CHARACTERISTICS SHOW SIMILARITIES AND WHICH SHOW DIFFERENCES?)

_____ WHAT ARE THE MAIN REASONS WHY THE CIVILIZATIONS ARE MORE SIMILAR OR MORE DIFFERENT?

Thesis Statement: (The thesis can be more than one sentence.)

________________________________________________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Objectives:Compare the political and social structures of two early civilizations. (Preparation for essay.)Analyze and discuss primary sources to compare the values in two early civilizations. *You also can find these primary sources on the web though they’re a bit longer than in the source readers in the classroom. Hammurabi’s Code: http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_1/hammurabi.html Negative Confession: http://www.mircea-eliade.com/from-primitives-to-zen/110.html

Instructions:1. Read the texts of the Mesopotamian Judgments of Hammurabi (pp. 13 – 17) and the Egyptian The Negative Confession (pp. 17-18/intro and pp. 21-22) in The Human Record, vol. I: to 1700, 5th ed, 2005.*2. Use the following graphic organizer to capture notes from the two texts. 3. Discuss the values you discovered in the two texts in a group of four students.4. Determine if the values are more similar or more different and identify some of the causes for the similarities and differences (Hint: the environment).

Record your notes from the texts here:MesopotamiaJudgments of Hammurabi(pp. 13 – 17)

Egypt The Negative Confession (pp. 17-18/intro and pp. 21-22)

Social Values: Attitudes toward property? Roles of women?Attitudes toward children?

Compare social values: more similar or more different? Why?

Political ValuesWho should have power? How is justice achieved?Role of leaders?

Compare political values: more similar or more different? Why?

Religious ValuesRole of deities? Life after death? Human responsibilities for gods?Compare religious values: more similar or more different? Why?

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Overall comparison: Decide how similar or different these civilizations were.

more similar more different

Explain Why:

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Essay Test on Civilizations

The time allotted for this essay is 40 minutes, 5 minutes of which should be spent planning and/or outlining the answer.

Directions: You are to answer the following question. You should spend 5 minutes organizing or outlining your essay. Write an essay that: Has a relevant thesis. Supports that thesis with at least eight (8) pieces of relevant and accurate historical evidence. Addresses all parts of the question. Makes direct, relevant comparisons. Analyzes at least four (4) reasons for the similarities and differences.

3. All early civilizations shared basic characteristics that show their similar development from sedentary agricultural communities. Compare and contrast the characteristics of TWO (2) of the early civilizations.

(Circle the two you will compare) Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India

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http://www.harappa.com/indus2/oldworld.html

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Outline for Comparison Essay on CivilizationsThesis Addresses all parts of the question: identifies the two civilizations to be compared. Takes a position: Are the two civilizations more different or more similar in their characteristics? Creates categories for comparison: Why are the two civilizations more similar or more different? Which of

their characteristics show similarities? Which characteristics show differences?

Example of thesis statement for when you want to prove that the civilizations were MORE DIFFERENTAlthough Civilization X and Civilization Y both built cities for religious and economic purposes, their dissimilar writing and political systems reveal how different their values were.

Example of thesis statement for when you want to prove that the civilizations were MORE SIMILARDespite the differences in writing systems and a few types of economic surplus, Civilization X and Civilization Y both created political systems based on patriarchy and reverence for the monarchs who had divine connections.

BODY PARAGRAPHS (You need two – one about similarities and one about differences) Restate the position you stated in your thesis for body paragraph #1. For body paragraph #2 address

the other position – “Although the two civilizations were more similar, there are some important differences, such as X and Y, to discuss.”

Use at least four pieces of evidence to prove that the civilizations were more similar or more different. Analyze at least two reasons for the similarities or differences.

Example of ACCEPTABLE evidence and analysis:While the Nile flooded regularly in Egypt, creating a comfortable sense of order for the Egyptians, the Tigris and the Euphrates flooded unpredictably making the Mesopotamians fearful of what might happen in life. These different flooding patterns not only affected the productivity of their agricultural systems, but also contributed to the development of their religious beliefs.

Example of UNACCEPTABLE evidence and analysis:The Chinese and the Mesopotamians both used divination. Divination is a way to predict the future. Sometimes the Mesopotamians used astrology too.

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CONCLUSION Summarize main points Connect to global process of the development of early civilizations

Unit I Quest – Review Questions

1. When and why did humans shift from foraging to sedentary agriculture?

2. Why do historians call the shift from foraging to a combination of domesticated plants and animals the “Agricultural or Neolithic Revolution”?

3. How did the practices and technology of sedentary agriculture affect the environment?

4. How did the larger production of food possible from sedentary agriculture affect demography and labor systems?

5. What kind of climate and topography is best for agriculture and for pastoralism (identify the unique plants and animals for each hemisphere)?

6. How did settled agricultural life change gender roles and communal labor relationships?

7. What kind of evidence do historians use to date and analyze early agricultural communities and early civilizations?

8. Where and when did the early civilizations begin?

9. Why did most early civilizations develop writing systems? What are the different types of writing systems?

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10.How were the rulers of each early civilization viewed by their people? What kind of power did they have and why? What effect did their law codes have?

11.How does the interaction between Nubia and Egypt show interactions in the broader region of the Middle East and North Africa?

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