APWH chapter 26.notebook

APWH chapter 26.notebook

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Japan

• The Tokugawa Shogunate had a policy of almost complete isolation from Westerners. Japan's remote location and lack of natural resources had helped keep foreigners away, but they arrived after the Opium War.• 1853 A fleet of American ships, commanded by Matthew Perry, arrived in Tokyo, demanding the right to trade and that Japan establish diplomatic relations. Japan had to submit, since it could not resist Perry's superior weapons. Japan and the United States then signed the Treaty of Kanagawa(1854), an unequal treaty similar to those signed by China.• Japan was humiliated. Since Japan could not defend itself from superior Western militaries, some daimyos realized that Japan needed to change in order to avoid China's fate. They rebelled against the shogun in order to establish a strong, centralized government which could modernize Japan.• The Meiji Restoration (1868) began the modernization of Japan. Japan successfully industrialized in order to match the West's power and remain independent.• P Japan stopped being feudal. Emperor Mutsuhito (r. 18671912) (reign name: Meiji) was "restored" to power. A constitution was written modeled on Germany's which provided for an elected parliament (the Diet). The emperor retained substantial power, however. Japan needed a modern, powerful military, so the samurai were abolished and replaced with a conscripted army modeled on Germany's. A navy was established modeled on Britain's.


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• E Japan acquired modern technology and industrialized. Factories and railroads were built, and Western experts were brought to Japan. Japan was helped by its manufacturing and mercantile traditions.• S Japan established a public school system and created a skilled, literate population suitable for an advanced economy. Public schools created a sense of nationalism and of loyalty to the emperor. Universities were also established with foreign experts. The Japanese adopted Western dress.

Japanese imperialism• By the 1890s Japan saw itself as a great power, like the European powers and the United States. It had a powerful state and military, and had industrialized, just like the West. It felt it should expand its influence or control over neighboring areas, just as Western countries were doing in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Japan also needed natural resources.• SinoJapanese War (18941895) China and Japan clashed over influence in Korea, and Japan easily defeated China. Japan acquired Taiwan.• Russia and Japan then became rivals over influence in Korea and Manchuria. Japan wanted to control raw materials, build railroads, and control Port Arthur, a Chinese city leased by Russia.


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• RussoJapanese War (190405) Japan defeated Russia at sea and on land and captured Port Arthur. This was humiliating for Russia, the first European power to be defeated by an Asian one in modern times. Japan acquired the lease for Port Arthur, a sphere of influence in Korea and Manchuria, and islands north of Japan.• 1910 Japan annexed Korea.


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Europe 18501914• E and T Second Industrial Revolution. The first Industrial Revolution had been characterized by the steam engine, coal, textiles, and iron. The Second was characterized by electricity, oil, chemicals, and steel.• Electrical generation was invented, and electricity began to be used to power appliances and machines, light bulbs, and trains. Oil began to be used for electrical generation, lighting, and the internal combustion engine. The chemical industry developed oil refining, plastic, dyes, detergents, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, and explosives. Steel could now be mass produced and it became the basic material for construction and railroads. Steel production became the measure of how industrialized a country was.• Submarine telegraph cables connected every part of the world, intercontinental railroad networks were built, and steel steamships carried cargo and people between every port in the world quickly and reliably.• Industrialization led to a world dominated by the West. The United States had the world's largest industrial economy, and Germany was second. The West created a global economy which it dominated and controlled, thanks to the new technologies. Britain controlled the largest share of global trade and dominated global finance (banking, insurance, stock market). The pound sterling was the world's leading currency, and its value was tied to gold. It was an era of free trade and the free movement of people.


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• P By 1900 Europe's countries were all bureaucratic, centralized states with constitutional governments and universal manhood suffrage(except for Russia) and large militaries.• The most influential ideology in 19th century Europe was nationalism. Some nations wanted independence (for example, Poles, Irish, Hungarians, Czechs) or national unification (Germans and Italians).• Italian unification was led by the Kingdom of PiedmontSardinia which first fought a war against Austria (18591860) in alliance with France (Austria ruled part of northern Italy). Piedmont then absorbed Lombardy, the smaller Italian states, and after Giuseppe Garibaldi's invasion, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in the south. Garibaldi was a liberal nationalist revolutionary who had long sought Italian unification. The Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861.• The pope opposed Italian unification because he lost the Papal States and his control over Rome.


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• German unification was led by Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of the Kingdom of Prussia. Bismarck believed Germany could only be unified through "blood and iron," meaning war.• The chief obstacle to German unification was Austria, which saw itself as the leader of the German states. Austria's population, however, was too ethnically mixed to join a unified Germany. Prussia had a superior military and easily defeated Austria in a war in 1866.• Prussia then led the German states in a war against France in 1870, which they easily won. The German Empire was proclaimed in 1871, with the King of Prussia named Germany's first emperor (Kaiser).• Germany became the most powerful European state. It had the largest army, the most productive and technologically advanced industrial economy, and the best universities. It was a leader in scientific research.


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• Russia remained a conservative absolute monarchy until 1905. After its defeat in the war with Japan, Russia experienced a revolution. The tsar was forced to grant a constitution and he allowed for elections to a parliament. Russia had many ethnic minorities.• Austria faced an even more severe problem due to increasing nationalism among its many minorities. In 1867, after being defeated in two wars, Austria was forced to grant selfgovernment to its most rebellious national group, the Hungarians. The Austrian Empire became a Dual Monarchy, AustriaHungary.


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• S Urbanization: Most people in the industrialized West lived in cities, which grew enormously in size. Some cities had millions of inhabitants by 1900. Cities were transformed in appearance through the construction of sewer and water systems, underground train networks, wide avenues, monuments, opera houses, theaters, museums, hotels, department stores, and train stations. Cities were far more sanitary and attractive than they had been in the early industrial period.• Migration: Millions of people moved from rural to urban areas. Millions of Europeans migrated abroad, mostly to the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Southern Cone, Cuba, and South Africa. Railroads and steamships made this mass migration possible.• Gender: Gender roles reflected Victorian values. Bourgeois men and women lived in separate spheres. Men were strong and rational and responsible for work, voting, and war. Women were delicate, gentle, emotional, and nurturing, and responsible for managing the home, raising children, and religion. Married women rarely worked. Higher education was rarely available to women, and no country allowed women to vote before 1900. The only professions typically open to women were teaching and nursing. Single working class women typically worked as domestic servants or in textile factories.• Population: There was massive population growth due to medical discoveries about infectious diseases, which led to widespread vaccinations and sanitation.• Public elementary education became universal.


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• Industrial workers were the majority of the population in industrialized countries. Workers formed labor unions in order to defend their interests, and workers' parties were formed to participate in elections. Typically workers' parties were socialist.• I Socialism opposed private property and inequality in wealth. Socialists wanted collective or state ownership of the means of production and statesponsored welfare. Some socialists, like the British Labour Party, supported democracy and peaceful, legal evolution toward socialism. Other socialists believed in the necessity of a violent revolution against capitalism.• Karl Marx (18181883), a German philosopher, believed history moved in stages, each of which was defined by its dominant mode of production. Each stage is characterized by class struggle which ultimately leads to violent revolution. In the industrial capitalist stage there were workers (the proletariat) and the propertyowning class (the bourgeoisie) which exploited them. In a capitalist economy goods are sold at a profit, but that surplus value is "stolen" from the worker, because according to Marx a good's only true value comes from the labor put into it.• The coming proletarian revolution would lead to communism, although communism was only possible after society had reached a technologically advanced and economically productive stage under capitalism. In communism there would be no more exploitation, inequality, or social classes. "From each according to his ability and to each according to his need."


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APWH chapter 26.notebook