APUSH Content Review Periods 1-9 [1491-2018] · APUSH Content Review Periods 1-9 [1491-2018] This review was created in conjunction with Daniel Jocz’ APUSH Explained video series

APUSHContent Review

Periods 1-9[1491-2018]

This review was created in conjunction with Daniel Jocz’ APUSH Explained video series.

Videos can be accessed at: https://www.apushexplained.com

Due Dates:Progress Check #1 – _______

1 Period Complete (any period) (2 daily) _________

Progress Check #2 - _______2 Periods complete (any period) (2 daily) _________

Progress Check #3 - ________ All periods complete

Periods 1-3 (1/2 test grade) ________Periods 4-6 (1 test grade) _________Periods 7-9 (1/2 test grade) ________

https://www.apushexplained.com/

APUSHContent Review

Volume I[1491-1898]


Videos can be accessed at: https://www.apushexplained.com

Name:

Date:

Period:


Period 1 (1491-1607) and Period 2 (1607-1754)

• Go to http://www.apushexplained.com/periods-1--2-explained-1491-1754.html

• Scroll all the way down to the bottom until you see APUSH Period 1 and 2 Key Concepts Reviewed!

• Watch the video and complete the graphic organizers. Then, in this box, write a one paragraph summary of the time period.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

http://www.apushexplained.com/periods-1--2-explained-1491-1754.html

1. There were similarities and differences between Spanish, French, English and Dutch colonization of North America.2. The English colonies were mostly allowed to govern themselves (___________________________________________________)3. Native Americans and Europeans engaged in a variety of complex relationships.4. Slavery developed in the colonies during this period.

Period 1 (1491-1607) and Period 2 (1607-1754){ B i g I d e a s }

Spain sought to establish ________________ control over colonization in N. America and to _____________/______________ the Native population.

Important Vocabulary and Individuals:Christopher Columbus, Columbian Exchange, Treaty of Tordesillas, Spanish Conquistadores (Know Examples!), Encomienda System, Saint Augustine (1565), Mercantilism, Spanish Missionaries, Mestizos, Pueblo Revolt (Pope’s Rebellion)

Ways English colonizers were different from their European rivals:

1.

2.

3.

Diverse patterns of colonization emerged because:

1.

2.

3.

{ B i g I d e a }Regional differences existed between the British colonies.

3 Reasons that account for the regional differences:

1.

2.

3.

Colonial Region

Why was the colony founded? Give specifics on each colony if

mentioned.

Colonial Society and Demographics

Colonial Religion Colonial Economy

Important Vocabulary and Individuals (Listed – you know there will

be more!)

New England Colonies

Pilgrims, Mayflower Compact, William

Bradford, John Winthrop, Mass. Bay Co., Roger Williams,

Anne Hutchinson, Halfway Covenant, Salem Witch Trials

Middle Colonies

William Penn, Quakers

ChesapeakeColonies

Jamestown (KNOW THE DATE 1607),

Virginia Company, Starving Time, John Smith, John Rolfe, Bacon’s Rebellion,

Lord Baltimore, Act of Religious Toleration

Southern Colonies

D e v e l o p m e n t o f a C o l o n i a l I d e n t i t y

Religious Political

Directions: Use the Jocz video to describe the early religious and political developments in the English colonies.

Earl

y C

on

flic

ts w

ith

En

glan

d

•M

erc

anti

list

Law

s: _

____

____

____

____

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

•N

avig

atio

n A

cts:

___

____

____

____

____

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

•__

____

____

____

____

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

_

•M

ola

sse

s A

ct: _

____

____

____

____

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

_

•D

om

inio

n o

f N

ew

En

glan

d (

16

86

): _

____

____

____

___

___

___

___

___

•__

____

____

____

____

___

___

___

___

___

___

_

•Si

r Ed

mu

nd

An

dro

s __

____

____

____

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

•O

vert

hro

wn

du

rin

g th

e __

____

____

____

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

__

•W

est

war

d E

xpan

sio

n

•Th

e En

glis

h c

olo

nis

ts w

ant

to s

ettl

e in

to a

ter

rito

ry t

hat

is d

isp

ute

d (

Engl

and

an

d

Fran

ce).

Th

is t

erri

tory

is t

he

____

____

____

____

___

___

.

•En

glan

d t

ries

to

res

tric

t co

lon

ial e

xpan

sio

n w

ith

th

e __

____

____

____

____

___

___

___

__!

The British-American System developed out of the economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British controlled regions of the World.

European colonization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between colonizers and native peoples.

{ B i g I d e a }Interactions with European settlers caused tremendous demographic and cultural changes

amongst Native American and African communities.

Directions: After reviewing the Jocz Period 1 & 2 Review video, describe the pathway to slavery in the colonies (left) and the development of conflict with Native Americans and

colonists.

Period 3 [1754-1800]

• Go to http://www.apushexplained.com/period-3-explained-1754-1800.html

• Scroll all the way down to the bottom until you see APUSH Period 4 Key Concepts Reviewed!

• Watch the video. Then in this box write a one paragraph summary of the time period.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

http://www.apushexplained.com/period-3-explained-1754-1800.html

{ B i g I d e a s f o r P e r i o d 3 }

1.

2.

3.

The French and Indian War (1756 – 1763)

After the turning point in 1763, Britain ends its period of _______________________ by instituting a number of

actions against the colonists.

British Actions Colonial Reactions

Directions: List the British actions below. Then list/ describe the colonist’s reactions. If you come to a term(s) you do not understand, be sure to define them!

The American Revolution (1763-1783)

Brief Timeline

1763 - Proclamation line of 17631764 - Sugar Act1765 - Stamp Act; Sons of Liberty formed1770 - Boston massacre1773 - Tea Act; Boston Tea Party1774 - Intolerable Acts; First Continental Congress1775 - Lexington and Concord; Battle of Bunker Hill1776 - Common Sense published by Thomas Paine; Declaration of Independence1777 - British surrender at Saratoga1781 - Articles of Confederation approved; General Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown1783 - Treaty of Paris ends war, grants American independence; Newburgh conspiracy of American army officers

Slow movement to the American Revolution

• Inspiration of ____________________ideas, colonial elites, and role of grassroots movements.

Reasons the colonies won the war• Home-field advantage, French assistance, superior leadership

Creation of new government structures.• Fear of strong centralized power, based upon Enlightenment principals

S O C I A L / P O L I T I C A L I M P A C T S O F T H E A M E R I C A N R E V O L U T I O N

• Political: colonial elite still in charge, some states eliminate property requirements for voting • International: France, Latin America, Haiti • Women: “republican motherhood”, Abigail Adams –“Remember the ladies”, lack of political rights • African Americans: gradual emancipation in the north (Penn. Gradual Emancipation Law), slavery

protected in Constitution • Native Americans: no protection from American settlers

Now we need a new, effective government!

New Government

Structure

Based upon these ideas:John Locke, Rousseau, Enlightenment, Thomas

Paine’s “Common Sense”, Declaration of Independence, etc.

Articles of Confederation: 1st national government of the United States

Government could:Conduct foreign policy, borrow money, make treaties

Created a WEAK central government with limited power• Unicameral congress • No executive branch or court • system • No power to tax • Could not regulate trade

Other Problems• 9 votes out of 13 to pass laws • All states regardless of size • had one vote • All 13 states must agree to amend the

Article Overall, just too weak!

• Shays Rebellion• Whiskey Rebellion

Constitutional Convention (1787) meets for the purpose of revising the 55 delegates sent “for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation”

• Very quickly they decided to create an entirely new stronger central government

Constitutional Compromises over Representation

James Madison introduced the __________________ Plan (Large State Plan) • Bicameral (2 house) legislature • Representation would be based

on population size

Roger Sherman introduced:

__________________________________________

• Bicameral legislature • Upper house (Senate) 2

reps per s tate • Lower house (House of

Reps) based on population

____________________ Plan was favored by the small s tates • Unicameral (1 house) legislature • Each s tate would have equal

representation

Constitutional Compromises over Slavery – Debate over whether slaves should be counted in state population

• 3/5th Compromise: slaves would be counted 3/5 of a person when deciding representation in the House of Reps.

• Slave trade allowed to continue unti l 1808 • Although the word “s lave” or “s lavery” was not used in the Constitution, the institution of s lavery was very much protected by the original document

Ratifying the Constitution

Federalists believed: Outcome:

Anti -Federalistsbel ieved:

Stuff You Should Know About the Constitution

• The Constitution set up a government based upon popular sovereignty

• Power i s in the hands of the people • Separation of powers between the 3 branches • The Constitution set up a division of power

between the national and state government (Federalism)

• Constitution would be “the supreme law of the land”

• Pres idents would not be elected directly by the voters : wanted to l imit excessive popular influence

• Feared too much democracy would lead to mob rule

• Created the electoral college

Important: Disagreements arose over the new nation’s political, economic, and social identity.

Domestic Disagreements Foreign Disagreements

AlexanderHamilton’s Financial Program1. Assumption

Plan2. Excise Taxes3. High Tariffs4. National

Bank

______________:• Favor a strong

central government

• Favor manufacturing

• Favor a “loose” interpretation of the Constitution Leads to the

establishment of POLITICALPARTIES

AND

FEDERAL v. STATE Governments

French Revolution (1789) • France’s War

with Europe • Proclamation of

Neutrality (1793)

• Citizen Genet • XYZ Affair • Quasi War • Convention of

1800

British Drama • Treaty of Paris

issues • Jay’s Treaty

(1794) • Spanish Drama

Pinckney’s Treaty

Washington’s Farewell Address • No Permanent

alliances • No Political

parties

Federalist Favored England

_____________________________:• Favor a weak

central government

• Favor agriculture

• Favor a “strict” interpretation of the Constitution

Democratic-Republicans

Favored France

Period ends with the REVOLUTION OF 1800: First peaceful transfer of political power between

parties

Period 4: 1800-1848




__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Reasons for WESTWARD EXPANSION1. Natural population growth2. Immigration ______________________ (Irish, German, English) 3. Transportation improvements

(______________________________________________________________________________________________)

4. Cotton production increases and slavery expands west. (______________________)

5.) Threats removed from the continent• French: _____________________________________________• Bri tish: _____________________________________________• Spain: ______________________________________________• Native American Defeats

• Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)• Firs t Seminole War (1816-1818)• Indian Removal Act (1830)• Worcester v. Georgia (1832)• Tra i l of Tears

PERIOD 4: BIG IDEAS

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Key Concept: The United States will seek to expand its global presence by focusing its expansion on the North American continent and continuing to promote foreign trade. • _____________________________(1803) doubled size of U.S. without war • _____________________________(1801-1805) Rather than pay tribute-: war

• ___________________________ preserved American neutrality • ___________________________ (1817) Great Lakes disarmament agreement between England and US • ____________________________________ (1818) joint occupation of Oregon (US and England), Louisiana Territory northern limit to 49th parallel, shared Newfoundland

fishing • ____________________________________ (Florida Purchase Treaty) Spain sells _____________________ to the U.S. • ___________________________ (1823) no more colonization in Western Hemisphere and nonintervention in European affairs.

• ___________________________ (1836) Texas annexation controversy • ____________________________ (1844) James K. Polk and “Manifest Destiny”• Oregon “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight”, _____________ annexed • ______________________________ (1846-48) Ends with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Acquiring new territory needs to new __________ (PRIDE!)

CULTURAL NATIONALISM: Patriotic themes in artECONOMIC NATIONALISM: American System by Henry Clay

1. National Bank of the United States: 2. Protective Tariff of 1816: protect American industry and help fund transportation improvements 3. Internal Transportation Improvements (Erie Canal, Cumberland Road)

POLITICAL NATIONALISM: Only ONE political party Democratic-Republican – Era of _____________________________________– The party does adopt some Federalist ideas – There will be disputes during this period. (Tariff, slavery, etc.)

PERIOD 4: POLITICS

TURNING POINT! - ____________________________ 1st peaceful transi6on of power (political parties switch)• Era of Good Feelings (Election of 1816 to Panic of 1819): One political party, Federalist gone

• Factions within the Republican party reveal tensions • Election of 1824 – “_____________________________” John Quincy Adams becomes President following a disputed elec6on. • Age of the Common Man: new state suffrage laws allowed more WHITE MEN to vote • Election of 1828: Election of ____________________________• Rise of ___________________ two party system under Jackson: Democrats vs. Whigs (major disputes over the bank, veto power of Jackson)

L E F T O U T : WOMEN: ____________________________________Women’s place was in the domestic sphere. – ___________________________________________ women should raise good young ci6zens – ___________________________________________ (1848): Declaration of Rights and Sentiments • AFRICAN AMERICANS: Proslavery arguments, racism in North and South • NATIVE PEOPLE: Native resistance met by forced removal

State governments will resist the authority of the federal government at various times: • North: ______________________________ (1814): New England

Federalist consider possible secession• War was over, Federalist fade away

• South: ______________________________ (1828-1832): South Carolina votes to nullify the Tariff of 1828 & 1832

• Jackson orders federal troops & Compromise Tariff of 1833 (“Olive Branch and the Sword”)

Write down some of the important examples of sectionalism Joczdescribes:

SUPREME COURT ACTUALLY INCREASES POWER OF THE FED!• John Marshall – Federalist judge • Marbury v. Madison (1803) _____________________________• ________________________________: 2nd Bank of the U.S. is constitutional • ________________________________: state do not regulate interstate commerce, FEDERAL does!

Regional (Sectional) Identity of the South

Regional (Sectional) Identity of the North

PERIOD 4: SECTIONALISM

AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES• LIFE UNDER SLAVERY – Extended families, surrogate families – Slave spiritual and the importance of religion (2nd Great Awakening)

• SLAVERESISTANC E – Sabotage, runaway, slowdowns – Rebellions • Denmark Vesey (1822) betrayed • ________________________________________(1831) – Stricter slave codes passed • ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT IN NORTH

– Free Black population – David Walker “An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World” 1829 – American Colonization Society - send freed slaves to Africa – William Lloyd Garrison American Anti-Slavery Society, The Liberator

LASTLY: 2nd Great Awakening leads to Reform Movements we will see

continued into the Progressive Era!

Period 5: 1844 - 1877




__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Period 5 – Key Concept 5.1The idea of Manifest Destiny and the movement west will have a variety of

economic, political, and social consequences.

Nativism

Reasons:Took jobs from “native” AmericansWould outvote “native” AmericansRuin American Anglo cultureMany were Roman Catholics

Know-Nothing Party:NativistsAdvocated for immigration restrictions

America is becoming ethnically and culturally diverse

Large #’s of Immigrants in the 1840’s

Irish Germans

Manifest Destiny!

Nativist ideas go hand in hand with the enthusiasm for

territorial expansion.

Enthusiasm is based on:1.2.3.

Belief in the idea of Manifest Destiny:1.2.

Westward Expansion

Reasons People Moved West:

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ENNCOURAGED WESTWARD SETTLEMENT!How?• Pacific Railway Act:

• Homestead Act:

DRAMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF WESTWARD EXPANSIONDecline of Buffalo Population• Reasons why:Soil erosion and land degradation:

THE EXPANSION OF THE U.S. LED TO CONFLICT WITH NATIVE AMERICANSExamples:• Sand Creek Massacre (1864):• Battle of Little Big Horn (1876):

Native Americans were expected to assimilate into white society and/ or move to reservations• DAWES ACT:

THE END OF THE SECOND PARTY SYSTEM:

Conflict caused by territory expansion:

Impact of the Mexican-American War 1850’s Challenges to Territorial Expansion

Wilmot Proviso:

Compromise of 1850:1. CA was admitted as a free state2. No slave trade in Washington,

D.C.3. Popular sovereignty in rest of

territory on slavery issue4. Stricter Fugitive Slave Laws

Ostend Manifesto:

Gadsden Purchase:

Attempts at compromise over slavery ultimately fail to reduce sectional tensions

Compromise of 1850:____________________________________ sparks controversy in the North – Northerners didn’t want to have to comply with _______________________________________• Personal Liberty Laws• Vigilance Committees

Kansas - Nebraska Act

BREAKDOWN OF COMPROMISE________________________ hopes to spark a slave revolt in 1859 by seizing the federal arsenal at ____________________________ ______.• South is outraged and one of the immediate causes of secession

TURNING POINT: ___________________________ - why?

Period 5 – Key Concepts 5.2• The N and S will continue to develop into two distinct societies that will have difficulty trusting one

another.• The idea of Manifest Destiny and the movement West will once again bring up the divisive issue of

slavery in the territories.• Sectionalism will increasingly become a problem in the 1840’s and 1850’s.• Efforts to compromise will ultimately fail to decrease sectional tension.

Kansas - Nebraska Act (1854): ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________• Repeals the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by

potentially opening up slavery North of 36° 30’• HUGE OPPOSITION IN THE NORTH!

• Republican party forms; Whigs disappear

• GAVE SOUTH AN OPPORTUNITY TO EXPAND SLAVERY

Sectionalism Increases

Bleeding Kansas: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)• African Americans are not ___________________• Slaves are _______________________ and cannot be

taken away without due process• Congress could not ban slavery (MO compromise was

_________________________________________)

Distinct Societies

North South

Economy

Demographic

Cultural

Period 5 – Key Concepts 5.2The North and South will continue to develop into two distinct societies that will have difficulty trusting one another as a result of:

1. Regional economic changes2. Demographic changes3. Cultural differences

Northern Abolitionist Movement Southerners increasingly defended slavery as a positive good

Even in the 1840’s-1850’s abolitionists remained a minority in the North• However, the movement gradually became much more visible and

vocal • ______________________________________ was one of the

founders of the ________________________________________________ (1833) and published “The Liberator” (1831)

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852) increases support for the abolitionist movement in the North

• Calls for violence to the actual outbreak of violence• David Walker “Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World”

(1829) called for violent uprising to end slavery• ________________________________________ in 1831 kills

people in Virginia• _______________________________ at Harpers Ferry in

1859

• Pro-slavery argument by George Fitzhugh and John C. Calhoun1. ____________________________________________________

__________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________

__________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________

__________________________________________ • Racial Stereotyping

• Gag resolution (1836-1844): Ban on anti-slavery petitions being discussed in Congress

Tensions within the UnionEmphasis on _________________________________• Theory of nullification: _________________________

______________________________________________________• VA and Kentucky Resolutions (1798) attempt to ignore Alien

and Sedition Acts• South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) over the tariff in

1828

Northern Distrust of the South Southern Distrust of the North

•

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Civil War

Confederacy was initially successful• Southern advantages:

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Key Union Victories List and describe

1.

2.

3.

4.

Total War Strategy: destroy Southern environment and infrastructure!

Both the Union and Confederacy adopted Conscription laws• These were unfair to

the __________

Northern Laws: _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Both Union and Confederacy opposed Presidents in different ways.

Mobilizing for War

THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

CHANGED THE PURPOSE OF THE WAR

Impact:• Strengthened the __________ cause of the North• Not just a war against ____________________,

now against __________________• Helped keep Europe from giving full diplomatic

support to the Confederacy• Gave new African American soldiers for Union army

Limits:• North had no authority in the South and it did not

apply to border states

Beginning Reconstruction

The Civil War ends with General Lee’s surrender at Appomattox

Courthouse in April 1965.BUT! How will we pick up the pieces

and put the Union back together?

By 1866, Northern Republicans in Congress are angry when former Southern Confederate officials are returned to office. • They want a stricter vers ion of

Reconstruction (Congressional Reconstruction)

• Important to know transition of Reconstruction policy between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

.

Wartime Reconstruction by President Lincoln in 1863: Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction – Southern states may rejoin the Union once 10% of s tate voters (those who voted in election of 1860) pledge loyalty to Union – They must accept emancipation – Lenient policy: easy on south

Wade-Davis Plan – Required 50% of the voters from 1860 to take an “iron clad” oath of

al legiance – Tougher plan: excluded those who aided the Confederacy • Wade-Davis plan “pocket-vetoed” by Lincoln

What were the successes of Radical Reconstruction?

_______________________________________________ take over Reconstruction policy from Johnson• Johnson vetoes Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights Bill of 1866• Congress overrides Johnson’s vetoes – 1st time in U.S. History

• Changed the balance of power between Congress and the Pres idency

• Reconstruction Act of 1867: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Congress determines readmission requirements• New state constitutions and ratification of the 13th, 14th, and

15th amendments.

Congress is still at odds with President Johnson – this ultimately leads to his _______________________.

Per the Tenure of Office Act: the Senate must approve of any dismissal of a cabinet member or general.

• Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

• House votes for his impeachment – but ultimately are one vote short of conviction

LINCOLN IS ASSASSINATED

• Southern Senator from Tennessee, Democrat Andrew Johnson becomes president

• Recognizes the 10% Lincoln governments • Dis franchisement (loss of vote)

• Al l s tates must ratify the 13th Amendment (ratified Dec. 1865): abolished s lavery

• Johnson ends up pardoning most of the former Confederate leaders • Southern planters reestablish political control of southern politics

Ending Reconstruction

Reconstruction Falls Apart

Southern Resistance North’s Waning Resolve

Reconstruction Ends with the Election of 1876/ Compromise of 1877. What was the Compromise of 1877 and why does it end Reconstruction?

RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS

13TH

14TH

15TH

KEY IDEAS:

THE 13TH AMENDMENT ABOLISHED SLAVERY, BRINGING ABOUT THE CIVILWAR’S MOST DRAMATIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE, BUT THE EXPLOITATIVE AND SOIL-INTENSIVE SHARECROPPING SYSTEM ENDURED FOR SEVERAL

GENERATIONS

ALTHOUGH CITIZENSHIP, EQUAL PROTECTION AND VOTING RIGHTS WERE GRANTED TO AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE 14TH AND 15TH AMENDMENTS, THE RIGHTS OF AFRICAN AMERICASN WERE RESTRICTED:

Rights restricted:• Segregation: _________________ laws• Local political tactics: ______________________________________________________________ were used to

disenfranchise African American voters• Violence: KKK

Supreme Court decisions:• PLESSY V. FERUGSON (1896): segregation was constitutional as long as it was

____________________________________________________________• Civil Rights Cases (1883): discrimination was allowed if done by individuals or private businesses.

Period 6: 1865 - 1898



• Watch the video and complete the graphic organizers. Then in this box write a one paragraph summary of the time period.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


RISE OF BIG BUSINESSBusiness industry leaders such as ____________________ (steel)

and _____________________ (oil) sought to dominate their respective industries through a variety of techniques: ____________________________

_: Controlling all competition in a particular industry. Consolidating all competitors to monopolize a market.

__________________________: Control all aspects of manufacturing- from extracting raw materials to selling the finished product

In order to eliminate or reduce competition business leaders sought to establish ____________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Business leaders defended their wealth with ideas such as ___________________________• Advocated for laissez faire

policies

CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION AND

IMMIGRATION • Cities were often divided among classes, races,

ethnicities, and cultures

• Low wages and dangerous working conditions kept many

workers in extreme poverty

• Contrast between the poor and the wealthy who enjoyed

lives of “conspicuous consumption”

• _____________________________ housing was

common (documented by Jacob Riis “How the Other Half

Lives”)

• ______________________________ increasingly

became a problem

• Immigrants attempted to both

___________________________ (i.e. learn English) and

maintain their own unique cultural identities

• ___________________________ dominated city life by

exchanging welfare services and jobs for political support

• Ex.)

____________________________________

____________________________________

THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL

Internal: • Settlers seeking opportunities on the

frontier head west • Mass movement of people to

________________ areas (jobs!)

• African Americans moving out of the south into northern cities (“Great Migration”)

External: • Large scale immigration from China

(Chinese Exclusion Act 1883 will change

this) • Post 1880:

_________________________________ from southern and eastern Europe (Russia, Italy, Poland, etc.)

• Largely settle in urban areas

RESPONSE TO CHANGING IMMIGRATION As a result of these new immigrants there was a rise in __________________________

Attempts to limit immigration: • ____________________________(1882) • American Protective Association =

_______________________________

group made up of American Protestants • _______________________________

proposed to keep southern and eastern European immigrants out

INDUSTRIALIZATION • Large scale ________________________• Tremendous _______________________ change • Improved _________________________ networks • Business seeking to maximize the exploitation of a growing labor force and natural resources • Industrialization and urbanization brought new ______________________________________ for

immigrants and workers • New career opportunities developed (in spite of social prejudice) for African Americans and

women

WHILE INDUSTRIALIZATION BROUGHT NUMEROUS

OPPORTUNITIES TO WORKERS AND

DRAMATICALLY EXPANDED THE WORK FORCE, LOW

WAGES AND DANGEROUS WORKING CONDITIONS

CONTINUED TO BE A PROBLEM.

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES: “THE NEW SOUTH” • There was an attempt at _______________ the

southern economy • Increase in the number of ___________

factories • The south remained dependent on

____________________• Tenant farming and ___________________

continued to be the predominant labor system of the southern economy

• Especially _____________________________ laborers in post Reconstruction south

The lives of farmers was also changing as they had to adapt to mechanized

agriculture and dependence on powerful railroad companies.

Problems for farmers: 1) _________________________________2) _____________________________________

______________________________________________________________

3) __________________________________________________________________

4) _________________________________5) _________________________________

Farmers organize

_____________________________________: organized social and educational activities.

• Lobbied state legislatures for reforms

_____________________________________: • Founded in Texas

(1870s)

• Excluded blacks (Colored Farmers Alliance)

• Ignored tenant farmers

Significant 3rd Party: Populist Party

• ____________________________________ –Election of 1896

• Cross of Gold Speech• Platform:

1) Government ownership of railroads2) Free & unlimited coinage of silver (increase $$$ supply)3) Graduated income tax (rich pay more)4) Direct election of senators

5) Use of initiatives and referendums, secret ballot

While industrialization brought numerous opportunities to workers and dramatically expanded the work force,

low wages and dangerous working conditions continued to be a problem.

WORKERS ORGANIZE

________________________________ (1869)• ________________

______________op

ened the union to all workers (skilled & unskilled workers; women & African Americans)

• Decline following Haymarket Riot in 1886

___________________________________________________ (1886) • Under the

leadership of ______________________________

• Focused on skilled workers

• Focus on “bread & butter” issues-wages, working conditions

• By 1900, it was the

largest union

Evaluating the Labor Movement

Successes Failures

• Workers did form local and national unions that did directly

____________________________________________________________

• Beginning of a

national labor union movement and rise of union leadership (Eugene Debs, Mother Jones)

• ____________________________ (1892): Workers at Carnegie’s steel

plant are defeated • ________________

____________(1894): President Cleveland uses the

army and court injunction to defeat the strike.

• Divisions between skilled vs. unskilled

workers, ethnic and racial groups

• Hostility from corporations, ________________

_____________________________

Government Intervention

____________________ called the era the “Gilded Age”• Below the surface things are not as

good as they seem

Laissez faire philosophy prevented the government from actively

regulating the economy

Start of Government Regulation

• Grange Movement: Munn v. Illinois ruled that states could regulate railroads

• Wabash Case (1886) states cannot regulate interstate commerce

• Leads to passage of_________________________________________________ (1887)

• __________________________________

___________: Outlawed trusts & other monopolies that fix prices & restrained trade

• Used ______________ labor unions

The Gilded Age• Gilded = covered or highlighted with gold or something of a golden color; having a pleasing or

showy appearance that conceals something of little worth.• Industrialization looks good on the outside, but there are many problems underneath.

Addressing Social Challenges of the Gilded Age

• _________________________________: Belief that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help out those less fortunate – Andrew Carnegie “Wealth”

• __________________________________ movement sought to relieve urban poverty and provide assistance to immigrants – Jane Addams Hull House in Chicago

• _____________________________________challenged the dominant corporate ethic;Christians had a responsibility to deal with urban poverty

• Socialist Party and other organizations challenged capitalism • National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) sought to secure the right to vote

for women (suffrage) • Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt

• Various African American leaders sought to advance the cause of civil rights • ________________________________________: African Americans should acquire

vocational skills to gain self- respect and economic security; Established Tuskegee Institute

• ________________________________________: active in women’s rights movement and in the campaign against lynching

• ________________________________________: Complete equality, NAACP

EFFORT TO REFORM THESE PROBLEMS WILL EVENTUALLY LEAD TO A MOVEMENT KNOWN AS THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT IN THE 1890S

APUSHContent Review

Volume II[1890-1945]


https://www.apushexplained.com

Name:

Date:

Period:


Period 7: 1890 - 1945




__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Period 7: 1890 - 1945 [TURNING POINTS]

Era Foreign Affairs Domestic Affairs Era

1890s-1917: U.S.

Expansion abroad

1890:

1898:

1914:

1917:

1919:

1930’s:

1939:

1941:

1945:

1901:

1909:

1913:

1919-1920:

1920:

1929:

1935:

1942-1945:

1890s-1917: Progressive Era Reforms

1917-1919: WWI

1917-1919: WWI

1919-1941: Interwar

Years: U.S. somewhat isolationist

1920-1929: “RoaringTwenties”

1933-1938: New Deal

1941-1945: U.S. in WWII

1941-1945: U.S. in WWII

In the late 19th century some began to advocate for overseas expansion

REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM EXAMPLES

________________________________________________________________________________________

ECONOMIC:______________________________________________________________________________

POLITICAL: ________________________________________________________

STRATEGIC/ MILITARY: __________________________________________________________________

IDEOLOGICAL: __________ __________________________________________________________________

• U.S. annexation of _____________________ • After native________________________

________________________________was overthrown by American plantations owners and Sanford B. Dole

• ________________________in China (McKinley)• Helped ensure equal trading rights in China

• _________________________________ (1898)• Causes:

1. _________________________________2. _________________________________3. Economic motives4. _________________________________

[[1898: END OF WAR IS A TURNING POINT!]]

• U.S. acquires _________________________________________ _________________________________________

• Intervenes in Cuban Affairs, U.S. fight guerilla war in the ______________________ (Emilio Aguinaldo): very controversial

• Roosevelt’s_______________________________• Taft’s____________________________________

• Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” (Mexico)

Imperialism in China

• The United States was very interested in gaining

access to ________________________________________

• Problem: Other nations had carved up China into ________________________________________

• Area of ______________

trading privileges

• Secretary of State _____________ announces the ___________________ in 1899

• All nations should have _____________ trading privileges in China

• ____________________________was an attempt

to remove foreign ____________________

of China

• Put down by an international force

PresidentTheodore Roosevelt

• William McKinley is reelected in the Election of 1900

• Theodore Roosevelt becomes President when McKinley is _____________________________ in 1901

• Under Roosevelt there will be a dramatic rise in the ________________ of the Presidency

• He will pursue an expansionist foreign policy • _____________________________(Roosevelt Corollary to

the Monroe Doctrine) – Use force to accomplish foreign policy goals

• “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

______________________________________________ (1823): Europe must stay out of the western hemisphere

• Various Latin American countries owed money to countries such as England and Germany

• England sends warships to Venezuela in 1902

• Santo Domingo owed money

• Worried Europe would keep _________________

• Roosevelt responds by issuing the Roosevelt Corollary

• The U.S. has the right to ___________________

in Latin America • U.S. dramatically expanded

its role in Latin America

• Various Presidents send troops to Haiti, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, & Nicaragua

• ________________ relations between the U.S. and Latin America

Roosevelt in East AsiaRoosevelt wins noble prize for helping negotiate a peace agreement ending the ________________________________________(1905)

• Japan beat down Russia

• The U.S. increasingly _____________________ over the growing strength of Japan

_________________________________________(1908):Laws in California discriminated against _________ immigrants (nativism again!)

• San Francisco required Asian students attend segregated schools –Roosevelt and Japan reached a compromise

• Japan secretly agreed to ___________ the emigration of Japanese workers to the U.S.

• Roosevelt would pressure _____________________ to repeal its law

__________________________ (1907-1908): Roosevelt sends new fleet of U.S. battleships on trip around the world

• Demonstrates U.S. _____________________________________________

The Progressive MovementWHY:

________________________________________________________________________________

__________

Compare to other reform periods: Age of Jackson,

Populist, New Deal, Great

Society!

WHAT: ______________________________________________________• Rejection of laissez

faire ideologyNot a radical movement- reject ideas such as socialism

• Saving and improving capitalism

WHO: Many of the Progressive Era reformers

were middle class men and women

But very diverse group of reformers! • Protestant church leaders

demanding ______________• Politicians regulating

monopolies / ___________• _________________

addressing workers rights• Women demanding right to

______________• _______________demanded

greater equality

The MuckrakersDefinition:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Named by Theodore Roosevelt

Important examples:

__________________

“History of Standard Oil Company”

published in McClure’s Magazine (1902)

__________________

“How the Other Half Lives”

exposed the horrors of life in the slums of NY (1890)

__________________

“The Shame of the Cities” (1904)

exposed corruption in city politics (political machines)

__________________

“The Jungle” exposed unsanitary/ unsafe working conditions in the meat packing industry

Progressive Era ReformsDirections: Use the review video and your prior knowledge to complete the chart below. Match the issues to the muckraker, then match the muckraker to the reform.

Lastly, explain how that progressive reform impacted American society.

Problem Muckraker Reform Impact of the Reforms on American Society

Economic

- Monopolies and trusts

- Banks

- Laissez-faire government

Ida Tarbell:

Theodore Roosevelt:

William H. Taft:

Woodrow Wilson:

Business Regulation• Interstate Commerce Act:• Sherman Anti-Trust Act:• Clayton Anti-Trust:

• Elkins Act:• Hepburn Act:

Federal Reserve Act:

16th Amendment:

Social

- Civil Rights

- Suffrage

- Working conditions

- Living conditions

- Consumer safety

Ida B. Wells:

W.E.B. DuBois:

Elizabeth Cady Stanton:

Susan B. Anthony:

Jane Addams:

Jacob Riis:

Booker T. Washington:

Upton Sinclair:

Frances Willard (WCTU):

NAACP, anti-lynching, civil rights movement

18th Amendment:

19th Amendment:

Settlement Houses, education, shed light onliving conditions

Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act:

Labor Unions:

Political

- Gov’t corruption

- Amendments

Lincoln Steffens:

Robert Lafollette:

Initiative:

Recall:

Referendum:

Direct Primary:

17th Amendment:

Civil Service Reform:

Secret Ballot:

Environment

• Abuse of natural resources/ environment

National Park Service Act: Protected public parks and monuments

National Park System

Sierra Club, Forest Reserve

Teddy Roosevelt:

John Muir:

Reasons for U.S. Entry into WWI(1917 - 1918)

• Sussex Pledge:

• Lusitania Sank:

• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare:

• Ties to Allies:

• Zimmerman Note:

UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE IS PRIMARY REASON FOR OUR INVOLVEMENT!

Spring 1917: Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare

April 1917: Congress declares war against Germany

Mobilizing for WWI

The United States was entirely unprepared for war

• ____________________________: organizes a draft for soldiers to fight in the war

• _______________________________________________________________________________________ headed by General John J. Pershing

Total War effort: all aspects of the country mobilizes for the war effort

• War was financed by ___________________ and _____________________________ from the _________ amendment

Federal Agencies:

• National War Labor Board: help mediate labor disputes and prevent ______________

• AFL supported the war effort / IWW opposes the war

• ____________________________: set production priorities for war

• U.S. ________ Administration: Headed by Herbert Hoover encouraged Americans to conserve food for war effort

WWI boosted _________________ for the 18th Amendment (prohibited sale, consumption, manufacture, or transport of alcohol)

1. Conserve resources

2. Also due to Anti -German sentiment in the U.S.

____________________________________________________headed by George Creel: promote the

U.S. war effort with propaganda

_________________________ (1917): prohibited interference with the draft or war effort

_________________________ (1918): banned anybody from criticizing the government

Anti-German sentiment increases • Nativists attack all things

German• Hamburgers = Liberty

Sandwiches, Prohibition

of Beer

Limiting Constitutional Rights during WWI

We see over and over -the gov’t

does suspend our 1st

amendment rights in

periods of crisis!

WWI: Social Changesat Home

Changes for Women:

Changes for African-Americans:

Ending WWI (Allies Win!)

Wilson’s 14 Points Treaty of VersaillesDebating the Treaty of

Versaillesin the U.S.

What was it?

List the major ideas/ provisions below.

Much of Wilson’s 14 Point proposals were rejected by the allied powers because the Allies

(Great Britain and France)

W A N T E D T OP U N I S H

G E R M A N Y !

• War Guilt Clause• Reparations• Military Reduction• Loss of Territories

W i l s o n d i d g e t t h e L e a g u e o f N a t i o n s

i n c l u d e d .

BUT he had to get it approved by the Republican controlled Congress • Republicans in Congress

hated the idea of the U.S. joining the League of Nations

• Henry Cabot Lodge leads the opposition to the treaty

________________________________________________________________________________________________• G e o r g e

W a s h i n g t o n warned about permanent foreign alliances. (Farewell Address)

• Opposition over Article X (nations would have to help other nations out)

• Fear the League would force U.S. to deal with foreign issues around the world

Desire amongst many to be isolationist following World War I

Congress rejects the

treaty!

The Treaty of Versailles will eventually lead to...

T h e R o a r i n g T w e n t i e sPOLITICAL

“Return to Normalcy” — President Harding’s Plan to reduce the role of U.S. government / laissez-faire policies

Harding & Teapot Dome Scandal:

Dies and Coolidge takes over. Continues pro-business policies.

Amendments:

CULTURE AND IDENTITY

M o d e r n i s m v . T r a d i t i o n a l i s m

Know cultural icons Ex.) Charles Lindbergh, Babe

Ruth, etc.

Changing Role of Women

- Flappers

- Frances Willard — Temperance Movement

- Women’s Rights (Suffrage) Movement

Cultural Values

- Prohibition Increased Organized Crime

- Scopes “Monkey” Trial— clash between

traditionalism and modernism over teaching

evolution.

o Clarence Darrow:

o William Jennings Bryan:

Art, Music & Literature

• Great Migration influenced culture

• Jazz Age – birth of new music

Harlem Renaissance

o Langston Hughes, Bessie Smith, Louis

Armstrong, etc.

o Marcus Garvey

Lost Generation

• F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby; Ernest

Hemingway; Sinclair Lewis

• How did they criticize 1920’s prosperity and

culture?

ECONOMIC

• Economic Boom times!

• Scientific Management

• Mass Production/Assembly Line:

• Increased consumption and advertising

• Henry Ford:

• Laissez-Faire:

• Buying-on-Credit

SOCIAL

1st Red Scare/Sacco-Vanzetti:

Rise of Nativism

Immigration Quota/Citizenship Acts of 1921 and 1924:

Sacco and Vanzetti Case:

Resurgence of the KKK

Eugenics:

Social Darwinism:

G r e a t D e p r e s s i o n t o N e w D e a lA m e r i c a ’ s R o a d t o R e c o v e r y

Review this information by completing the blanks and questions.

1920

’s

Causes of the Great Depression

• Overproduction

• Speculation and _________________________ on margin

• Buying on credit

• Bad banking practices

• International economic trouble and restrictive trade policies

1929

Why is it a TURNING POINT?

What was Black Tuesday?

1930

’s

Immediate Effects

Hoover

• Rugged ____________________________

• Passed the _______________________________ Tariff – highest peacetime tariff ever – does it work?

• Believed government involvement should be limited

• Reconstruction Finance Corp:

• Mexican Repatriation Act:

• Bonus Army:

Effects of the Great Depression—no safety net at the time

• Widespread unemployment

• Business failures

• Foreclosures/ Homelessness/ Hoovervilles

• Americans looked to government to solve economic problems

Dust Bowl

• Where?

• Why?

• Impact?

• Dorothea Lange: photographer who captured the difficulties, John Steinbeck: Grapes of Wrath

FDR is elected (1932)

• Promised a New Deal - turning point in government involvement in the economy

• “_____________________________________________” reassured Americans

• Eleanor Roosevelt - political activist

• Frances Perkins – 1st female U.S. Cabinet member as Secretary of Labor

• He communicated with Americans via radio – “fireside chats” – and gave them reassurance

New Deal provided:

• Relief, Recovery, Reform – 1st 100 Days

• Relief: bank holiday—CCC, PWA, WPA, (Alphabet Soup) programs, Recovery: support production and businesses, Reform: FDIC;

Security Exchange Commission; Social Security Act

Opposition

• A number of people were critical of FDR’s New Deal including constitutional challenges that the federal government was

overstepping its power

FDR’s Court-Packing

• FDR plan to add appointed justices to the Supreme Court to vote in favor of New Deal

• Viewed as challenge to separation of powers

Impact - - -

Rise of Dictators Appeasement Start of WWII

In the 1930’s, new totalitarian regimes sprung up in response to economic and political trouble. Ex.) Hitler in Germany because of the Treaty of Versailles.• Hitler – Nazism – Germany• Mussolini – Fascism – Italy• Stalin – Communism – USSR• Tojo – Militarism – Japan

• These countries will try to expand and build up their empires.

The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh punishments on Germany for WWI. What were some of those punishments?

How did Hitler openly violated the Treaty of Versailles during the 1930’s?

Munich Conference: Leaders (G.B. and France) agree to hand over the ____________________ to Germany • Hitler agrees not to demand any more

land • Munich Conference comes to

symbolize the failed policy of appeasement

Germany and the Soviet Union sign a Non-Aggression Pact on August 23, 1939 • This allows Hitler to attack Poland without

having to worry about a two front war • Hitler and Stalin secretly agree to

divide Poland between them

September 1st, 1939 – Germany invades Poland. This starts WWII because it violates the Munich Agreement. G.B. and France see

Hitler will not stop.

By June 1940, Hitler had quickly conquered most of

Europe

The U.S. remains neutral But we did not want the Axis powers to win

U.S. Slowly Gets Involved U.S. Involvement Increases Conflict with Japan

Faced with the prospect of Hitler taking over all of Europe Congress amends the Neutrality legislation

• Neutrality Act (1939): Countries could buy weapons as long as they paid for them in ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

IS this action truly neutral?

Sept. 1940: the 1st peace time _____________________________ (draft) law is adopted

Germany begins bombing England (Battle of Britain, Aug. 1940) [Blitzkrieg]

Huge debate in the U.S. regarding what policy to pursue

Sept. 1940: the U.S. would give England U.S. destroyers in exchange for military bases in the Western Hemisphere.

_________ Election: FDR breaks_________________________ of Washington and wins an unprecedented 3rd term

FDR worried about threat of Axis power victory • _________________________ (March 1941)

eliminated the cash-carry requirements • The U.S. would _______________________

to countries that were the victim of aggression.

• “The great arsenal of democracy”

U.S. factories shift to all out war production and the

_________________________________ ends

June 22,1941 Hitler invades the _____________________________

Allied Convoy System: U.S. begins ________________________ lend-lease supplies across the Atlantic ocean • Atlantic Conference: FDR & Churchill secretly

met off the coast of Newfoundland • Atlantic Charter outlined postwar

goals• self determination• free trade• no territorial gains • new collective security

organization

The U.S. was _______________ in trying to check Japanese expansion in Asia • Roosevelt orders an __________________

against Japan (steel, iron, etc.) • Japan occupies French Indochina (July

1941) • Roosevelt orders all Japanese assets

_________________ and a ban on ______ sales

Negotiations occur between the U.S. and Japan

December 7th, 1941– attack on Pearl Harbor –

brings the United States into WWII

NEUTRALITY IS DEAD.

Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts (1935, 36, 37) designed to keep the U.S. neutral in the event of a conflict • No American citizen could sail on the ships of

belligerent nations • Outlawed arms(weapons) sales • No loans to nations at war • The U.S. could not help out even if a country was

the innocent victim of aggression.

WWII (1939-1945)

WO

RLD

WA

R II

Pac

ific

Th

eat

re

Tota

lita

ria

n R

egim

e

Hid

eki

Tojo

:M

ilita

ry l

ead

er/

dic

tato

r o

f Ja

pan

.

Stra

teg

y

Isla

nd

-Ho

pp

ing:

Nav

ajo

Co

de

Talk

ers:

Wo

rks

mo

st o

f th

e ti

me!

B

attl

e o

f M

idw

ay:

Lo

ss o

f th

e P

hili

pp

ines

–B

ataa

n D

eath

Mar

ch

B

attl

e o

f Iw

o J

ima:

Imp

ort

an

t P

eop

le

Ch

este

r N

imit

z:A

dm

iral

of

U.S

. N

aval

Fle

et i

n t

he

Pac

ific

Oce

an.

Do

ugl

as M

acA

rth

ur:

Co

mm

and

er

of

U.S

. A

rmy

in t

he

Pac

ific

Oce

an;

isla

nd

-ho

pp

ing.

Geo

rge

Mar

shal

l:“O

rgan

izer

of

the

War

”; a

lso

cam

e u

p w

ith

th

e

Mar

shal

l P

lan

to

hel

p E

uro

pea

n c

ou

ntr

ies

reco

ver

thei

r

eco

no

my

afte

r W

WII.

End

of

the

Wa

r

A

tom

ic b

om

bs

dro

pp

ed:

Bef

ore

We

Ente

r W

WII:

Neu

tral

ity

Act

s/Le

nd

Lea

se A

ct:

Fran

klin

D. R

oo

seve

lt:U

.S. P

resi

den

t dur

ing

Gre

at D

epre

ssio

n a

nd

mo

st o

f W

WII.

Die

d ri

ght

bef

ore

th

e w

ar e

nd

ed. V

P H

arry

Tru

man

too

k

ove

r fo

r h

im.

Ap

pea

sem

ent:

givi

ng

in t

o d

eman

ds to

ple

ase

som

eon

e; e

x. G

B a

nd

Fra

nce

giv

ing

Hit

ler

part

o

f C

zech

osl

ovak

ia k

now

n a

s th

e Su

dete

nla

nd

P

earl

Ha

rbor

:

Wa

r M

ob

iliza

tio

n:

War

Pro

du

ctio

ns B

oar

d:

Off

ice

of

Res

earc

h &

Dev

elo

pm

ent:

Man

hat

tan

Pro

ject

(194

2):

Off

ice

of

War

Info

rmat

ion

+ P

rop

agan

da:

War

bo

nd

s, r

atio

nin

g, v

icto

ry g

arde

ns:

Imp

act

on

Afr

ica

n-A

mer

ica

ns

2n

d G

reat

Mig

rati

on:

Exec

uti

ve O

rder

88

02

issu

ed b

y FD

R:

Do

ub

le V

icto

ry C

ampa

ign

:

Ver

no

n J

. Bak

er:A

fric

an-A

mer

ican

wh

o w

as

awar

ded

th

e M

edal

of

Ho

nor;

his

bra

very

hel

ped

des

egre

gate

th

e m

ilita

ry

Mex

ica

n A

mer

ica

ns

& N

ativ

e A

mer

ica

ns

New

job

s in

def

ense

ind

ustr

ies

gave

new

op

po

rtu

nit

ies

for

bot

h r

aces

Bra

cero

Pro

gram

(19

42):

“Zo

ot

Suit

Rio

ts”

in 1

943

:

____

____

____

____

___

___

___

___

___

___

__

use

d t

he

ir n

ativ

e la

ngu

age

to

com

mun

icat

e

in t

he

Pac

ific

th

eat

er

of t

he

war

Wo

men

at

ho

me:

New

op

po

rtu

nit

ies:

Ro

sie

the

Riv

eter

Jap

an

ese

Am

eric

an

s

Exec

uti

ve O

rder

90

66

+ In

tern

men

t Ca

mp

s:

Ko

rem

atsu

v. U

.S.:

Euro

pe

an T

he

atre

Tota

lita

ria

n R

egim

es

Ad

olf

Hit

ler:

Fasc

ist/

Naz

i d

icta

tor

of

Ger

man

y;

cam

e u

p w

ith

th

e “F

inal

So

luti

on

” to

elim

inat

e Je

ws.

Ben

ito

Mu

sso

lini:

Fasc

ist

dic

tato

r o

f It

aly;

ver

y cl

ose

to

Hit

ler.

Jose

ph

Sta

lin:

Co

mm

un

ist

lead

er o

f th

e So

viet

Un

ion

; ori

gin

ally

sid

ed w

ith

Hit

ler

in

WW

II u

nti

l N

azis

tri

ed t

o i

nva

de

the

USS

R.

At

that

po

int

he

bec

ame

allie

s w

ith

th

e

U.S

.

Win

sto

n C

hu

rch

ill:

Pri

me

Min

iste

r o

f G

reat

Bri

tain

; C

hie

f al

ly o

f th

e U

.S.

Alli

es

focu

s fi

rst

on

th

e E

uro

pe

an t

he

ate

r o

f th

e w

ar

Sovi

ets

sto

p G

erm

an a

dva

nce

at

____

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

Alli

es f

ocu

s fi

rst

on

No

rth

Afr

ica

into

Ital

y

•O

per

atio

n T

orc

h –

led

th

e A

llied

in

vasi

on

s o

f Si

cily

an

d A

fric

a u

sin

g h

is t

ank

exp

erti

se. •

Tusk

egee

A

irm

en:

•

D-D

ay In

vasi

on

& N

orm

and

y (6

/6/4

4):

mas

sive

sec

on

d f

ron

t o

pen

ed i

n

Euro

pe

–N

ow

Hit

ler

is s

urr

ou

nd

ed

•D

wig

ht

Eise

nh

ow

er:

Sup

rem

e C

om

man

der

o

f A

LL A

LLIE

D t

roo

ps

du

rin

g D

-Day

Inva

sio

n.

•O

mar

Bra

dle

y:A

rmy

Gen

eral

w

ho

led

U.S

. tr

oo

ps

on

No

rman

dy

bea

ch u

nd

er t

he

dir

ecti

on

of

Eise

nh

ow

er.

The

Big

3 m

et t

o d

iscu

ss m

ilita

ry s

tra

teg

y &

pla

n f

or

po

st w

ar

wo

rld

•__

____

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

_ (J

an. 1

94

3):

FD

R &

Ch

urc

hill

mee

t. 1

) U

nco

nd

itio

nal

su

rren

der

2)

inva

de

Sici

ly /

Ital

y fi

rst

•__

____

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

_ (N

ov.

19

43

) B

ig t

hre

e m

eet

for

the

1st

tim

e. 1

) O

pen

ing

of

2n

d f

ron

t p

lan

ned

2)

fate

of

East

ern

Eu

rop

e

•__

____

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

_ (1

94

5)

1)

Ger

man

y w

ill b

e

div

ided

2)

free

ele

ctio

ns

in E

aste

rn E

uro

pe

3)

Sovi

ets

will

hel

p a

gain

st J

apan

4)

Cre

ate

U.N

.

Hit

ler

com

mit

s su

icid

e,

Ge

rman

y su

rre

nd

ers

Ho

loca

ust

: Li

ber

atio

n o

f co

nce

ntr

atio

n c

amp

s:

APUSHContent Review

Volume III[1945-1980]



Name:

Date:

Period:


Period 8: 1945 - 1980


• For the Period 8 review, you will watch each video by topic and complete the study guides based on the topic.

• Create a summary of Period 8 in the space below.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Post WWII - Truman and Eisenhower Years

Truman Administration(1945 – 1953)

• 1st President to challenge racial discrimination• Committee on Civil Rights• Executive Order 9981

• Republican controlled Congress passes the ___________________________________

• Made “closed shops” i l legal• Truman unexpectedly wins the Election of

1948• Truman’s domestic reforms were

known was the __________________• Called on extending programs and

progress of the __________________• Conservatives blocked most

of Truman’s proposals

Eisenhower Administration(1953 – 1961)

Republican Dwight Eisenhower was a moderate Republican elected in 1952 • Hardcore anticommunist Richard Nixon was his

VP His political moderate stance can be seen in his acceptance of many of the New Deal programs • Largest public works project adopted:

___________________________________ (1956) – Provided for the building of 42,000 miles of interstate highways – Justified as necessary for ____________________________________– Impact: ____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

America in the

Postwar World

Unlike in the Post World War I period, the United States will play a key role in post World War II affairs - Following WWII the U.S. is NO longer_____________ _____________________

- The U.S. joins the _______________ in 1945

- Member of the permanent U.N. Security Council

- International finance agreements established at the ______________in 1944 sought to establish a stable global economy

- IMF & World Bank was intended to help rebuild war-torn worldand help promoteinternational trade

- Soviets viewed it as a tool to promote capitalism and rejected membership

Yalta Conference

The Big Three met in Yalta in early 1945 to discuss the post war plan • FDR and Churchill

___________ Stalin agrees to allow representative government

• FDR wanted to get Stalin to agree to help out in the war against Japan

-Fear that the allieswould have to invade Japan to defeat them (no atomic bomb yet)

• Stalin wants a ___________________________ in Eastern Europe

• Soviets suffered nearly half of deaths in World War II

• Stalin refused to remove the “red army” from Eastern Europe and rigged elections brought pro-Soviet govt’s into power

• Pro-Soviet puppet governments in the name of preserving Soviet security

China

• Chinese Civil War between

Nationalist under Chiang

Kai-shek vs. Chinese

Communists led by Mao

Zedong

• The U.S. provided lots of aid

to nationalist forces

Two Chinas: • 1949 Mao declares China to

be a communist country (People’s Republic of China)

• Nationalist flee to Taiwan

Republicans blame Truman for the “loss of China” to communism • Contributes to growing

domestic fear

Containment in

Action Truman Doctrine (1947):

Marshall Plan:

Crisis in Germany

Germany was divided and controlled by ________________________________________________________________________

Stalin places a blockade around Berlin

__________________: provides the city of Berlin with supplies for nearly a year

Germany is divided between East (USSR) and West (Allies)

Korean WarFollowing WW2 Korea was divided at the ___________________________• North of 38th: Soviets

occupied • South of 38th: U.S. occupied

• By 1949 both countries withdrew their troops

• June 1950 ____________________ invades South Korea

In order to ___________ the spread of communism, the U.S. (under the U.N.) comes to the defense of South Korea

The war goes back and forth • MacArthur called for

expanding the war and criticized the “limited war” strategy

• Truman fires the popular general

___________________ eventually reached in 1953: Korea remained divided at 38th parallel

Outcome: Containment worked! • Critics charged “soft on

communism” – U.S. increases defense spending

Cold War At Home

Arms Race:

2nd Red-Scare:

Smith Act (1940)

Federal Employee Loyalty Boards

HUAC:

Alger Hiss:

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg:

Venona Papers: confirmed the Rosenbergs were

guilty

Joseph McCarthy:

The Fate of Europe: CONTAINMENT

• March 1946 former PM Winston Churchill gives the ______________________ speech in Fulton, Missouri

• Wanted western democratic nations to stop Soviet expansion together

• George Kennan develops the containment policy in ________________________Feb. 1946

• The U.S. should work to stop Soviet expansion

Containment would guide U.S. policy

throughout the Cold War

The 1960’s - JFK

JFK’s DomesticPrograms

were called

“The New Frontier”

List and describe the programs below:

The

Co

ld W

ar C

on

tin

ue

s U

nd

er

JFK

List, date, and describe the Cold War events below.

Describe the arms race events below.

Alliance for Progress

Bay of Pigs Invasion

The Berlin Wall is Constructed

Cuban Missile Crisis

Kennedy administration moved away from the Dulles idea of

____________________________ and “New Look” policy of reliance on ____________________________

Problem was nuclear weapons could not be used in ___________________ conflicts in countries such as Vietnam

____________________________ (Secretary of Defense Robert

McNamara): increased spending on conventional weapons and maintain a

variety of options

_______________________ spending continued to rise under JFK

The 1960’s - LBJ - 1963 -1969

LBJ wanted to expand social reforms and

called his plan:

The Great Society

The Great Society would dramatically increase the ___________________________________________________

_________________________________________

In our history, the Great Society is most comparable/ similar to the _____________________.

There are 4 major areas of focus for LBJ’s Great Society:

1.

2.

3.

4.

The Great Society

List and describe Johnson’s Great Society Programs in the space below.

Legislation/Landmark Court Cases

Civil War Amendments:

• 13th :

• 14th :

• 15th :

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) :

Mendez v. Westminster (1947) : made

it illegal to segregate Mexican-

American students in California

Executive Order 9981 (1948) :

Delgado v. Bastrop I.S.D. (1948) : made

it illegal to segregate Mexican-

American students in Texas

Sweatt v. Painter (1950) : Made it

illegal to segregate college students

based on race

Legislation (cont.)

Hernandez v. Texas (1954) : prohibited

Mexican-Americans from being

excluded from juries “fair trial by jury

of your peers”

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) :

Civil Rights Act of 1957 : created

national committee to investigate civil

rights issues

Civil Rights Act of 1964 :

24th Amendment : prohibited poll

taxes in federal elections

1965 Voting Rights Act :

Affirmative Action (1965) :

Edgewood ISD v. Kirby (1984) :

required changes in school finance to

increase funding for students in poorer

school districts

Events

Founding of NAACP (1909) : W.E.B.

DuBois

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56) :

Little Rock Nine (1957) :

Sit-Ins (1960-61) :

Freedom Rides (1961) :

James Meredith (1962) : first African-

American to attend the University of

Mississippi (Ole Miss)

Letter from Birmingham Jail/

Birmingham Campaign (1963) :

March on Washington (1963) :

Selma March (1965) :

Watts Riots (1965) broke out following

an arrest of a black motorist by white

police officers

INSTRUCTIONS:

Review the events

by providing the

importance of each.

Civil Rights MovementINSTRUCTIONS: Review the different approaches and leadership of various reform efforts by completing the organizer.

African Americans Women Hispanic Americans American Indian

Martin Luther King,

Jr.

Civil Disobedience:

Influenced by:

Gathered

widespread

support by:

Famous

Quotes/Speeches:

Assassinated 1968

Malcolm X

Views:

Influenced by:

Assassinated

1965

Black Panthers/

SNCC

Views:

Community-

based political

organization

Leaders:

Leader of

SNCC: Stokely

Carmichael

called for

“Black Power”

(economic

power, racial

separatism)

Betty Friedan

She wrote the

_____________

_____________

National

Organization for

Women (NOW):

Gloria Steinem

- Ms. Magazine:

Roe v. Wade

(1973)

- This legalized

_____________

Equal Pay Act:

Title IX (1972):

Cesar Chavez and

Dolores Huerta

- led the

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

(UFW)

o Boycotted

grape industry

o Non-violent

Hector P. Garcia

- started GI Forum for

_______________

rights.

La Raza Unida:

Chicano Mural

Movement:

American Indian

Movement (AIM)

Alcatraz:

Wounded Knee:

Introduced term

Native American and

brought attention to

discrimination and

bias

The Warren Court_________________________ such as expanding democracy and individual freedoms were realized in the decisions of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren

_____________________(1957): 1st amendment protects radical / revolutionary speech

_____________________(1961): Illegally seized evidence cant be used in court

_____________________(1962): cant require prayer in public schools (violated 1st amendment)

_______________________________________________(1965): citizen has right to privacy, thus birth control cannot be prohibited

_____________________(1966): right to remain silent & speak with attorney

Critics: Many conservatives did not like these decisions and favored a “___________” interpretation of the Constitution

Numerous other Supreme Court decisions regarding individual and civil rights.

Ex.) Brown v. Board of Education

Know the major cases he presided over!

Vietnam1954: France lost the battle at Dien Bien Phu & abandoned Vietnam. Communism in the North, Democracy in the South.

U.S. involvement started under Eisenhower

U.S. supported unpopular leader of South Vietnam named Ngo Dien Diem

JFK increased military advisors & troops in Vietnam

1964: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Led to Congress issuing a “blank check” for LBJ to send ground troops into Vietnam. LBJ ESCALATES THE WAR IN VIETNAM

_______________________(1968): surprise attack by North Vietnam during the Vietnamese New Year

• Anti-war opposition intensifies in 1968

• “Hawks v. Doves”, SDS

• Kent State Massacre

U.S. involvement ends in 1972 after the Vietnamization policy is put into action by __________________________

The 1970’sThe 3 Presidents you need to know in this decade are:

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

So lets start with Nixon…

Election of 19681968 was a political mess:

1. __________________________________________2. __________________________________________3. __________________________________________4. __________________________________________5. __________________________________________

• Democratic convention in Chicago (1968) were plagued by riots • LBJ’s VP Hubert Humphrey gets the nomination

• George Wallace runs as the American independent party candidate • Opposed to federal desegregation, antiwar protests, and Great Society.

Conservative candidate, “SEGREGATION NOW, SEGREGATION TOMORROW, SEGREGATION FOREVER”.

• Republicans nominated Richard Nixon

Nixon wins the Presidency in1968 as many Americans turned away from

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__ _______________________________

Nixon and the End of VietnamNixon & Henry Kissinger had promised to end the war in Vietnam:

________________________________________________

• Appeals to the “________________________________________” (Nixon claims majority of Americans supported the war)

Since the _____________________________ in 1968 the debate over the Vietnam War intensified

• News of the My Lai Massacre (1968) surfaces in 1970.

• What happened in the massacre? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Nixon Doctrine – what is it? ______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________

• Nixon also began secret bombing of neutral _________________________ and in April 1970 U.S. troops invaded in an effort to destroy Vietnamese communist bases in ___________________________.

• In response to the bombing of Cambodia protests erupted across the country on college campuses • 4 students killed at ____________________ in

Ohio • 2 students killed at

___________________________ in Miss.Henry Kissinger held secret negotiations with North Vietnam

(Tried diplomacy) • 1972: Nixon orders massive bombing of North

Vietnam when negotiations stalled

Nixon’s policy of “_________________________________” called for the U.S. to gradually withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam (Nixon Doctrine)

What does this mean?

With Nixon’s strategy of:

1.

2.

3.

______________________: cease fire signed Jan. 1973

U.S. Troops withdrew

• Free elections were suppose to take place

The cease fire with the U.S. did not permanently end the fighting between North and South Vietnam!

April 1975 - the U.S. supported government of South Vietnam fell to Communist rule – “Fall of Saigon”

Vietnam became a ______________________________________________

Nixon’s Most Important Foreign Policy Achievement: Detente

What does détente mean?

• Nixon & Kissinger sought to take advantage of the distrust & rivalry between China and the Soviet Union

• Nixon with a reputation as a anticommunist figure could negotiate without being accused of being “soft on communism”

• Nixon visits China February 1972 to met with Mao Zedong

• Keep in mind – we have not had diplomatic relations with China since the Communist revolution in 1949!

• We resume formal diplomatic relations 1979

• Relationship with China put pressure on the Soviets

• Treaty signed between the U.S. & Soviets limiting antiballistic missiles (ABMs)

• _______________________________________________________(SALT) limited nuclear weapons

Thus, Nixon was able to reduce the arms race and Cold War tensions (detente)!

BIG IDEA: The expansion of the role of the executive branch and issues/

scandals that arose in the 1960’s and 1970’s led Americans to DISTRUST their government.

Examples:

1.

2.

3.

____________________________________

revealed that the U.S. government from

JFK onward

___________________________________

the American people about the Vietnam War

• ___________________________________ passed by Congress that sought to reduce war powers of the president

• What expanded the war powers of the President at the start of the Vietnam War? _____________________________________________ (Think back!)

• Provisions of this Act:

• President must tell Congress within 48 hours of sending troops into conflict

• Congress would have to approve any military mission that lasted longer than 60 days

And then you have Watergate...

Nixon administration had a group called Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP) [LOL no irony here ☺]

June 1972: group of men working for Nixon’s reelection were caught breaking into Democratic HQ in Watergate

Even before this, Nixon’s people had:

• ordered wiretaps on gov’t employees & reporters to stop “leaks”

• “plumbers” were created to stop leaks and discredit opponents

• Government agencies such as the IRS were used to investigate opponents of Nixon &/or the Vietnam War

No concrete proof that Nixon ordered these illegal activities!

• Investigation revealed that Nixon did participate in a ____________________ of these illegal activities

• It was discovered that Nixon had secretly _____________________ conversations in the Oval Office

• Investigators wanted access to the tapes to prove that Nixon was involved in a cover-up

• Nixon claimed “______________________________________________”, but eventually the Supreme Court ruled he must turn over tapes in 1974

Impeachment charges:1. ___________________

___________________

2. ______________________________________

3. ______________________________________

Nixon _________________________________• Gerald Ford becomes 1st

_______________________ President in U.S. History

Watergate demonstrated once again the increasing loss of faith in the federal government!

Watergate Investigation

Politics for the rest of the 1970’s

Nixon wanted to l imit the size of the federal government

1970s saw a combination of economic slowdown (stagnation) and high inflation = ________________

Nixon removes the U.S. for the Gold Standard

Gerald Ford (VP) _________________ Nixon in 1974; his approval rating sharply decreases afterward

Election of 1976 Democrat ____________________________is elected President

Carter sought to pursue a humanitarian foreign policy:

• Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979 (hurt improving U.S.-Soviet relations)

• U.S. boycotted the Olympic games that were held in Moscow

During Yom Kippur War, Syria and Egypt suddenly attacked Israel (1973)

• The U.S. provides their ally _____________ with economic and military aid.

• Israel successfully defended itself

__________________________ is imposed upon the United States by the oil rich Arab nations in __________

In 1978 President Carter helps negotiate the ___________________________________

Israel and Egypt sign a peace agreement with one another

U.S. supported __________________________ was ______________________ by Islamic fundamentalist in

Iranian Revolution of 1979

Another ___________________________________________

________________________________:

• Situation gets worse when in 1979 more than 50 people are taken hostage at the American embassy in Tehran

• Huge embarrassment for the U.S.; hurts Carter’s legacy

APUSHContent Review

Part 4 (Period 9)[1980-Present]



Name:

Date:

Period:


Period 9 (1980-2018)



• Watch the video and complete the graphic organizers. Then, in this box, write a one paragraph summary of the time period.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


The 1980’s: Rise of ConservativismRise of Barry Goldwater in the election of 1964 was a reaction to:

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________He believed that these issues undermined: ______________________________________

Moral Majority movement founded by Reverend Jerry Falwell – Rise of the Religious Right.

Election of

_________________

_________________

in 1980 was an

important milestone

for the conservative

movement

• New right: opposed to

______________

• Conservatives argued

against

______________

programs

• Opposed government

entitlement spending

• Felt counterproductive

in fighting poverty and

stimulating economic

growth.

HOWEVER: Many

programs remained

popular with voters

(Social Security and

Medicare)

Reagan at Home• Reagan favored supply-side economics

(_________________)

• Enacted significant tax cuts for the _______________

• Idea of ____________________________

economics

• Supported deregulation of many industries

• Union membership continued to decline

• Loss of manufacturing jobs

• Anti-union policies

Federal budget WAS NOT balanced under Reagan due to _________________________________

Reagan has a Conservative Supreme Court

• Sharp contrast with decisions of the Warren

Court (1953 – 1969)• Reagan appointed Conservation

___________________________________ to

the Supreme Court in 1981 (1st Woman!)

• States were allowed to place restrictions on

abortion• Affirmative Action was rolled back

Reagan AbroadReagan reasserted U.S. opposition to communism through:

1. ________________________ evil empire speech

2. _____________________________________Grenada

3. Diplomatic efforts: Relationship with _______________ led to a relaxation of tensions

4. _____________________________________

Proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or STAR WARS)

• 1979: Nicaragua Marxist group led a revolt against the Pro-American right-wing dictatorship.

• Reagan administration provided aid to the _______ in their fight against the Sandistas

• Boland amendment (1985) prevented further aid to the contras

• Grenada: Pro-Cuban regime came to power after a coup

• 1983: Reagan sent a small group of marines to return the pro-U.S. government to power

• ___________________ weapon sales to Iran funded Contras in Nicaragua (Iran-Contra Affair)

• Illegal since it violated the Boland Amendment

• Embarrassed the Reagan Administration

END OF THE COLD WAR!Some of the Cold War tensions increased under Reagan, BUT...

Mikhail Gorbachev (1985) began a series of reforms:

• __________________ openness, greater political freedom.

• __________________: slowly implemented capitalist reforms

• Soviets pulled back in places such as Eastern Europe.

• Arms control agreements

• 1987: ________________________________________________ (INF Treaty)

THE COLD WAR ENDED

DUE TO:

✓ Political and economic changes in the Soviet

Union and Eastern Europe

✓ Increased U.S. military spending

✓ Reagan’s diplomatic initiatives

• Symbol: _________________ is taken down in 1989

• Finally, Soviet Union dissolves in __________

End of the Cold War required the U.S. to

redefine its role in the world.Following the attacks on September 11, 2001, focus became fighting ___________________

Modern Presidents (1989 - 2017)

George H. W. Bush

(1989-1993)

Bill Clinton(1993 – 2001)

George W. Bush

(2001-2009)

Barack Obama

(2009 -2017)

Foreign Affairs• Invasion of

Panama• Persian Gulf War

(Desert Storm, 1991)

• In 1990, Iraq under the leadership of Saddam Hussein invaded neighboring Kuwait

• U.S. led coalition removed Iraqi troops and liberated Kuwait

Foreign Affairs• Balkans Crisis:

• Participation in- NAFTA- GATT (Later

WTO)- UN- NATO- SEATO- APEC- OAS

• Controversial 2000 election:

• 9/11• War on Terror• Osama Bin

Laden and the Taliban

• Department of Homeland Security

• TSA• Patriot Act

(CONTROVERSIAL):

• Financial crisis of 2008

• Hurricane Katrina

• Historic 2008 election – 1st

African-American President

• American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

• Healthcare Reform

• Appointed the 1st Hispanic-American Supreme Court Justice

• Osama Bin Laden is killed

Domestic Affairs• Economic recession

and Rust Belt• Rodney King• Passed the

Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990

Domestic Affairs• Computer and

economic boom• Impeachment –

Monica Lewinski Scandal

Cold War Presidents and PoliciesHarry Truman

Hiroshima and Nagasaki (World War II decision or

Cold War decision?), 1945

Truman Doctrine (George Kennan and the policy of

containment), 1947

Marshall Plan, 1947

Berlin Airlift, 1948

Chinese Revolution. 1949

Soviet Union tests an atomic bomb, 1949

Korean War began, 1950

Dwight Eisenhower

Korean War ended, 1953

Nikita Khrushchev became leader of the Soviet Union after Joseph Stalin died,

1953

(“peaceful coexistence” began)

Suez Canal crisis, 1956

Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957

U-2 incident, 1960 (“peaceful coexistence”

ended)

John Kennedy

Bay of Pigs, 1961

Alliance for Progress, 1961

Berlin Wall, 1961

Cuban missile crisis, 1962

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963

Lyndon Johnson

Escalation of the Vietnam War, 1965

Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968

Richard Nixon

Vietnamization began, 1969

Nixon Doctrine, 1970

SALT and the policy of detent, 1972

Nixon visited China, 1972

U.S. pulls troops out of Vietnam, 1973

Arab-Israeli War leads to confrontation with Soviet

Union, 1973

Jimmy Carter

Human Rights Policy announced, 1977

SALT II, 1979

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the Carter

Doctrine, 1979

U.S. boycott of Summer Olympics in Moscow, 1980

Ronald Reagan

Reagan Doctrine, 1981

“Evil Empire” speech (SDI introduced), 1981

Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet

Union (glasnost, perestroika),

Geneva Summit, 1985

Iceland Summit, 1986

INF Treaty, 1987

Washington Summit, 1987

Moscow Summit, 1988

George H. W. Bush

Berlin Wall came down, 1989

Soviet Union disbanded, 1991

Religious History of the United States

1600s and 1700s

• New England Puritans

• Calvinist beliefs of Predestination, profit as a sign of salvation, both church and state serve God

• City Upon a Hill

• Community of Saints

• Congregationalists

• Halfway covenant

• Harvard, 1639

• John Winthrop

• Salem Witch Trials

• Quakers

• Inward Light

• William Penn

• Pennsylvania, 1681

• Holy Experiment

• Society of Friends

• Anglicans

• Catholics

• Maryland; Act of Toleration

• Great Awakening, 1730s-1760s

• Johnathan Edwards

• George Whitefield

• Old lights/ New lights

• Characteristics: human sinfulness leads to eternal damnation unless humans surrender to God and accept Jesus as their savior

• Emotion is more important than intellect

• Importance: religious freedom, separation of church and state, individualism

• Deism

1800s

• Second Great Awakening, early 1800s

• Charles Finney

• Importance: inspired several reform movements

• Education – Horace Mann

• Utopian Socialism –Brooke Farm, Oneida

• Temperance

• Abolitionist

• Women’s suffrage

• Josiah Strong, Our Country

• Social Gospel Movement, late 1800s and early 1900s

• Characteristics: Christian desire to improve the world through charity

• Middle class women, Progressives

1900s

• Fundamentalism v. Modernism

• Scopes Trial, 1925

• Charles Coughlin, 1930s

• Rise of the religious right 1970s through early 2000s

• Phyllis Schlafly, Oat Robertson, Jerry Falwell (Moral Majority)

• Beliefs: pro-life, anti-evolution, prayer in schools, views U.S. as a Christian nation, traditional family life.

Economic History of the United StatesEconomic Terms

mercantilism

laissez faire

tariff (revenue and protective)

recession (depression)

recovery (prosperity)

inflation (cheap money)

deflation (hard money)

specie

supply

Demand

1607-1776

Jamestown and the London Company, 1607

Calvinism (achieving grace through profit and wealth)

Triangular Trade

Navigation Acts

Salutary Neglect

American Revolution

Sugar Act, 1764

Stamp Act, 1765-66

Declaratory Act, 1766

Townshend Acts, 1767

1776-1840

Economic problems stemming from the Articles of Confederation, 1787-1789

Shay’s rebellion, 1786-87

Alexander Hamilton’s financial program

raise revenue to assume state debts and fund the national debt at par

sale of western land

excise tax

revenue tariff

First Bank of the United States, 1781-1811

Embargo of 1807

Henry Clay’s American System, 1815

Second Bank of the United States, 1816-1836

protective tariff, 1816

internal improvements at federal expense (not funded)

South Carolina Tariff Crisis, 1832-33

Destruction of the Bank of the United States, 1833

Panic of 1837

Independent Treasury System, 1840

1840-1901

Development of a national economy

turnpikes

canals

steamboats

railroads

Economic advantages and disadvantages of North and South during the Civil War

Sharecropping, post-Civil War

Industrial Take-Off, 1865-1900

improved standard of living

U.S. became a world power

problems: monopolies, uneven distribution of wealth, crime, corruption

The Gilded Age

trusts and monopolies

J.P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.J. Hill, Jay Gould,

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Growth of labor unions

fought for collective bargaining to deal with the problems of long hours, low, pay, and unsafe working conditions

Knights of Labor, 1869

Railroad Strike of 1877

American Federation of Labor founded (founded by Samuel Gompers), 1886

Homestead Strike, 1892

Pullman Strike (led by Eugene Debs), 1894

Farmers’ organizations

problems for farmers: railroad monopolies, high tariffs, deflation

Grange, 1867

Populist Party, 1889

Monetary policy

Greenback Party

Crime of ’73 (Panic of 1873)

Bland-Allison Act of 1878 and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

Grover Cleveland and the gold standard

Panic of 1893 (caused by the McKinley Tariff and the return to the gold standard)

Free Silver movement

Klondike gold rush, 1896

1901-1945

Progressive Era, 1901-1917, created a regulated capitalism

Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft broke up monopolies using the

Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890

Election of 1912: Wilson’s New Freedom vs. T. Roosevelt’s New Nationalism

Federal Reserve System, 1913

16th Amendment, 1913

Underwood-Simmons Tariff, 1913

Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1914

Warren Harding and the Return to Normalcy, 1921-23

protective tariffs

deregulation of business

Calvin Coolidge, 1923-29 (“the business of America is business”)

The Great Depression, 1929-1941

cause: too much supply, too little demand

The Fed tightened the money supply

Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 1930

stock market crash, 1929

Herbert Hoover, 1929-1933

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

public works programs

Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1933-45

relief, recovery and reform

Keynesian economics (“priming the pump”)

New Deal programs: Agricultural Adjustment Act, Civilian Conservation Corps,

Public Works Administration, Works Progress Administration, Social Security,

Wagner Act, Tennessee Valley Authority

1945-Present

Post-World War II inflationary spiral

Dwight Eisenhower and Keynesian economics, 1957

Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society, 1963-69

“War on Poverty”

Great Society programs: Medicare, Medicaid, Office of Economic Opportunity,

Job Corps, Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), Food Stamps

Richard Nixon: “We are all Keynesians now,” 1971

OPEC and the energy crisis of the 1970s

Stagflation, 1970s

Ronald Reagan, 1981-89

supply-side economics

tax cuts and deregulation

Bill Clinton and the “Third Way,” 1993-2001

Economic History of the United States

Brief History of African Americans in the U.S.Colonial America

• First Africans brought to Virginia, 1619

• First Africans were treated as indentured servants

and released after a number of

• years.

• Reasons slavery was imposed on African

Americans: freed servants became

• competition for resources, released servants had

to be replaced, racism

• Massachusetts became the first colony to legalize

slavery, 1641 (slavery legal in all

• colonies by the early 1700s)

Late 1700s

• Constitutional Convention, 1787: Three-Fifths

Compromise, Slave Trade Compromise

• Invention of the cotton gin helped make slavery

profitable, 1793

• Toussaint L’Ouverture’s rebellion in Haiti led to

stronger Slave Codes in the US, 1797

Early 1800s

• African slave trade outlawed, 1808

• Slave population increased due to increase in

native born population

• Majority of white southerners owned no slaves

• Denmark Vesey’s failed rebellion, 1822

• Nat Turner’s rebellion, 1831

• Abolitionists: Benjamin Lundy, William Lloyd

Garrison, The Liberator, Frederick Douglass, The

North Star, Sojourner Truth, Elijah P. Lovejoy

• Abolitionist Groups: American Colonization

Society, Free Soil Party, American Anti-Slavery

Society

Civil War and Reconstruction

• Dred Scott v. Sandord, 1857

• Emancipation Proclamation, 1863

• 13th Amendment

• 14th Amendment

• 15th Amendment

• Black Codes

• Sharecropping

• Northern troops pulled out of the South, 1877

Late 1800s

• Voting rights taken away from African Americans

after Reconstruction

• Jim Crow laws adopted by southern states, 1876-

1965

• Booker T. Washington and the Atlanta

Compromise, 1895

• Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

Early 1900s

• W.E.B. DuBois and the Niagara Movement, 1905

• National Association for the Advancement of

Colored People (NAACP), 1909

• Birth of a Nation, 1915

• African Americans migrated to northern cities

during World War I and World War II

• Harlem Renaissance and the New Negro, 1920s

• Marcus Garvey

Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1968

• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas ,

1954

• Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-56

• Rosa Parks

• Martin Luther King, Jr.

• SCLC founded, 1957

• Integration of Little Rock High School, 1957

• Civil Rights Act of 1957 created a commission to

investigate cases of discrimination

• Sit-ins at Greensboro, NC, lunch counter, 1960

• Freedom Riders, 1961

• March on Washington, 1963

• Mississippi Summer Project, 1964

• Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Malcolm X assassinated, 1965

• Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Watts, CA, 1965 (Riots)

• Stokely Carmichael replaced John Lewis as

leader of SNCC, 1966 (Carmichael

• helped ignite the Black Power movement)

• Black Panthers founded, 1966

• Race Riots, 1965-68

• Kerner Commission Report, 1968

• Martin Luther King assassinated, 1968

• Poor People’s March, 1968

Brief History of Native Americans in the U.S.1600s and 1700s

• Smallpox epidemic in New England killed 90% of Indians, 1600s

• King Philip’s War, 1675-78

• The Iroquois, the Albany Plan of Union, Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution

• Pontiac’s Rebellion and the Proclamation of 1763

• President Washington (1789-1797) encouraged a “civilizing process” (based on a belief that Native Americans were equal, but their society was inferior

Early 1800s

• Tecumseh and his brother The Prophet

• Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811

• Seminole War

• Indian Removal

• Worcester v. Georgia 1832

• Trail of Tears, 1838

1865-1890: Indian Wars

• Extermination of the buffalo in late 1800s helped defeat Plains Indians

• Custer defeated by Sioux and Cheyenne at Little Big Horn, 1876

• Chief Joseph (Nez Perce) surrendered, 1877

• Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 1881

• Geronimo surrendered (Apache), 1886

• Dawes Severalty Act (Kill the Indian, save the man), 1887

• Sioux massacred at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, 1890

1900s

• Snyder Act, 1924

• Wheeler Howard Act, 1934

• Dennis Banks and the American Indian Movement (AIM), 1968

• The Trail of Broken Treaties and the Twenty Points, 1972

• Occupation of Wounded Knee, 1972

Brief History of Women in the U.S.American Revolution

• Republican motherhood

• Abigail Adams “Remember the Ladies”

Early 1800s

• Cult of Domesticity

• Seneca Falls Convention, 1848

• Declaration of Sentiments

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton (“all men and women are created equal”

• Lucretia Mott

Late 1800s

• Susan B. Anthony

• Victoria Woodhull

• Fight to include women’s suffrage in the 15th amendment

• Wyoming grants women’s suffrage, 1870

Early 1900s

• National Women’s Party, 1916

• 19th Amendment, 1920

• Margaret Sanger

• Flapper (greater freedom in fashion and behavior), 1920s

• “Rosie the Riveter” and WWII

Late 1900s

• Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, 1963

• Equal Pay Act, 1963

• Civil Rights Act of 1964

• National Organization for Women, 1966

• Equal Rights Amendment (passed by Congress in 1972, not ratified by enough states)

• Title IX, 1972

• Roe v. Wade, 1973

History of Immigration in the United States

• Before 1880, immigrants came primarily from northern Europe.

• Great Migration of English Puritans, 1630s and 1640s

• Scots-Irish and Germans, 1700s, Irish, 1840s

• After 1880, immigrants began coming from southern and eastern Europe.

• Ellis Island

• New Immigrants

• Moved to cities

• Provided unskilled labor

• Faced more nativism than their predecessors

• Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

• Gentlemen’s Agreement, 1907

• National Origins Acts, 1920s

• Bracero Program, 1930s

• McCarran-Walter Act, 1952

• Immigration Act, 1965

• Immigration Reform and Control Act, 1986

Important Supreme Court Cases

• Marbury v. Madison, 1803

• McCullough v. Maryland, 1819

• Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824

• Worcester v. Georgia, 1832

• Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

• Munn v. Illinois, 1876

• Wabash v. Illinois, 1886

• Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

• Schenck v. U.S., 1935

• Brown v. Board of Education, 1954

• Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963

• Miranda v. Arizona, 1966

• Tinker v. De Moines, 1969

• New York Times v. U.S., 1971

• Roe v. Wade, 1973

• U.S. v. Nixon, 1974

Wars/ Dates to Remember

1. _____________ French and Indian War

2. _________________American Revolution

3. __________________War of 1812

4. _____________ Mexican-American War

5. _______________________ Civil War

6. _____________ Spanish-American War

7. ____________________ World War I

8. ___________________ World War II

9. _____________________ Korean War

10. _____________________ Vietnam War

11. _________________ Persian Gulf War

12. ________________ War on Terror

Dates to Remember

1.___________ Christopher Columbus sailed to the Americas

2.___________ Jamestown established

3.___________ French and Indian War ended

4.___________ Declaration of Independence

5.___________ Constitutional Convention

6.___________ George Washington became president

7._______________ Era of Good Feelings

8._____________________ Reconstruction Era

9._____________________ Progressive Era

10.______________ Great Depression

11.__________________ Cold War

Primary Sources to NoteBooks and Writings

Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1876

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist, 1787

Joseph Smith, The Book of Mormon, 1830

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 1835-1840

Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, 1845

Henry David Thoreau, Resistance to Civil Government, 1849

Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852

Henry George, Progress and Poverty, 1879

Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 1881

Josiah Strong, Our Country, 1885

Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, 1888

Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, 1890

Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” 1893

Charles Sheldon, In His Steps, 1896

Booker T. Washington, Up From Slavery, 1901

Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities, 1904

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, 1905

Charles Austin Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution, 1913

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, 1962

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, 1963

Speeches

George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796

Thomas Jefferson, Inaugural Address, 1801

Daniel Webster, Second Reply to Hayne, 1830

Abraham Lincoln, “House Divided” Speech, 1858

Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, 1863

William Jennings Bryan, “Cross of Gold” Speech, 1896

Woodrow Wilson, Call for Declaration of War against Germany, 1917

Franklin Roosevelt, Inaugural Address, 1933

Martin Luther King, “I Have a Dream,” 1963

Compromises Territory Expansion and Treaties

Compromises

Great Compromise, 1787

Missouri Compromise, 1820

Compromise of 1833

Compromise of 1850

Crittenden Compromise, 1860

Compromise of 1877

Atlanta Compromise, 1895

Territorial Expansion

Louisiana Purchase, 1803

Florida, 1819

Oregon, 1846

Mexican Cession, 1848

Gadsden Purchase, 1853

Treaties

Treaty of Paris, 1763


Jay’s Treaty, 1794

Pinckney’s Treaty, 1795

Treaty of Ghent, 1814

Adams-Onís Treaty, 1819

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848


Treaty of Versailles, 1919

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 1954

Documents

APUSH Content Review Periods 1-9 [1491-2018] · APUSH Content Review Periods 1-9 [1491-2018] This review was created in conjunction with Daniel Jocz’ APUSH Explained video series