APUSHContent Review
Periods 1-9[1491-2018]
This review was created in conjunction with Daniel Jocz’ APUSH Explained video series.
Videos can be accessed at: https://www.apushexplained.com
Due Dates:Progress Check #1 – _______
1 Period Complete (any period) (2 daily) _________
Progress Check #2 - _______2 Periods complete (any period) (2 daily) _________
Progress Check #3 - ________ All periods complete
Periods 1-3 (1/2 test grade) ________Periods 4-6 (1 test grade) _________Periods 7-9 (1/2 test grade) ________
APUSHContent Review
Volume I[1491-1898]
This review was created in conjunction with Daniel Jocz’ APUSH Explained video series.
Videos can be accessed at: https://www.apushexplained.com
Name:
Date:
Period:
Period 1 (1491-1607) and Period 2 (1607-1754)
• Go to http://www.apushexplained.com/periods-1--2-explained-1491-1754.html
• Scroll all the way down to the bottom until you see APUSH Period 1 and 2 Key Concepts Reviewed!
• Watch the video and complete the graphic organizers. Then, in this box, write a one paragraph summary of the time period.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. There were similarities and differences between Spanish, French, English and Dutch colonization of North America.2. The English colonies were mostly allowed to govern themselves (___________________________________________________)3. Native Americans and Europeans engaged in a variety of complex relationships.4. Slavery developed in the colonies during this period.
Period 1 (1491-1607) and Period 2 (1607-1754){ B i g I d e a s }
Spain sought to establish ________________ control over colonization in N. America and to _____________/______________ the Native population.
Important Vocabulary and Individuals:Christopher Columbus, Columbian Exchange, Treaty of Tordesillas, Spanish Conquistadores (Know Examples!), Encomienda System, Saint Augustine (1565), Mercantilism, Spanish Missionaries, Mestizos, Pueblo Revolt (Pope’s Rebellion)
Ways English colonizers were different from their European rivals:
1.
2.
3.
Diverse patterns of colonization emerged because:
1.
2.
3.
{ B i g I d e a }Regional differences existed between the British colonies.
3 Reasons that account for the regional differences:
1.
2.
3.
Colonial Region
Why was the colony founded? Give specifics on each colony if
mentioned.
Colonial Society and Demographics
Colonial Religion Colonial Economy
Important Vocabulary and Individuals (Listed – you know there will
be more!)
New England Colonies
Pilgrims, Mayflower Compact, William
Bradford, John Winthrop, Mass. Bay Co., Roger Williams,
Anne Hutchinson, Halfway Covenant, Salem Witch Trials
Middle Colonies
William Penn, Quakers
ChesapeakeColonies
Jamestown (KNOW THE DATE 1607),
Virginia Company, Starving Time, John Smith, John Rolfe, Bacon’s Rebellion,
Lord Baltimore, Act of Religious Toleration
Southern Colonies
D e v e l o p m e n t o f a C o l o n i a l I d e n t i t y
Religious Political
Directions: Use the Jocz video to describe the early religious and political developments in the English colonies.
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The British-American System developed out of the economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British controlled regions of the World.
European colonization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between colonizers and native peoples.
{ B i g I d e a }Interactions with European settlers caused tremendous demographic and cultural changes
amongst Native American and African communities.
Directions: After reviewing the Jocz Period 1 & 2 Review video, describe the pathway to slavery in the colonies (left) and the development of conflict with Native Americans and
colonists.
Period 3 [1754-1800]
• Go to http://www.apushexplained.com/period-3-explained-1754-1800.html
• Scroll all the way down to the bottom until you see APUSH Period 4 Key Concepts Reviewed!
• Watch the video. Then in this box write a one paragraph summary of the time period.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
After the turning point in 1763, Britain ends its period of _______________________ by instituting a number of
actions against the colonists.
British Actions Colonial Reactions
Directions: List the British actions below. Then list/ describe the colonist’s reactions. If you come to a term(s) you do not understand, be sure to define them!
The American Revolution (1763-1783)
Brief Timeline
1763 - Proclamation line of 17631764 - Sugar Act1765 - Stamp Act; Sons of Liberty formed1770 - Boston massacre1773 - Tea Act; Boston Tea Party1774 - Intolerable Acts; First Continental Congress1775 - Lexington and Concord; Battle of Bunker Hill1776 - Common Sense published by Thomas Paine; Declaration of Independence1777 - British surrender at Saratoga1781 - Articles of Confederation approved; General Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown1783 - Treaty of Paris ends war, grants American independence; Newburgh conspiracy of American army officers
Slow movement to the American Revolution
• Inspiration of ____________________ideas, colonial elites, and role of grassroots movements.
Reasons the colonies won the war• Home-field advantage, French assistance, superior leadership
Creation of new government structures.• Fear of strong centralized power, based upon Enlightenment principals
S O C I A L / P O L I T I C A L I M P A C T S O F T H E A M E R I C A N R E V O L U T I O N
• Political: colonial elite still in charge, some states eliminate property requirements for voting • International: France, Latin America, Haiti • Women: “republican motherhood”, Abigail Adams –“Remember the ladies”, lack of political rights • African Americans: gradual emancipation in the north (Penn. Gradual Emancipation Law), slavery
protected in Constitution • Native Americans: no protection from American settlers
Now we need a new, effective government!
New Government
Structure
Based upon these ideas:John Locke, Rousseau, Enlightenment, Thomas
Paine’s “Common Sense”, Declaration of Independence, etc.
Articles of Confederation: 1st national government of the United States
Government could:Conduct foreign policy, borrow money, make treaties
Created a WEAK central government with limited power• Unicameral congress • No executive branch or court • system • No power to tax • Could not regulate trade
Other Problems• 9 votes out of 13 to pass laws • All states regardless of size • had one vote • All 13 states must agree to amend the
Article Overall, just too weak!
• Shays Rebellion• Whiskey Rebellion
Constitutional Convention (1787) meets for the purpose of revising the 55 delegates sent “for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation”
• Very quickly they decided to create an entirely new stronger central government
Constitutional Compromises over Representation
James Madison introduced the __________________ Plan (Large State Plan) • Bicameral (2 house) legislature • Representation would be based
on population size
Roger Sherman introduced:
__________________________________________
• Bicameral legislature • Upper house (Senate) 2
reps per s tate • Lower house (House of
Reps) based on population
____________________ Plan was favored by the small s tates • Unicameral (1 house) legislature • Each s tate would have equal
representation
Constitutional Compromises over Slavery – Debate over whether slaves should be counted in state population
• 3/5th Compromise: slaves would be counted 3/5 of a person when deciding representation in the House of Reps.
• Slave trade allowed to continue unti l 1808 • Although the word “s lave” or “s lavery” was not used in the Constitution, the institution of s lavery was very much protected by the original document
Ratifying the Constitution
Federalists believed: Outcome:
Anti -Federalistsbel ieved:
Stuff You Should Know About the Constitution
• The Constitution set up a government based upon popular sovereignty
• Power i s in the hands of the people • Separation of powers between the 3 branches • The Constitution set up a division of power
between the national and state government (Federalism)
• Constitution would be “the supreme law of the land”
• Pres idents would not be elected directly by the voters : wanted to l imit excessive popular influence
• Feared too much democracy would lead to mob rule
• Created the electoral college
Important: Disagreements arose over the new nation’s political, economic, and social identity.
Domestic Disagreements Foreign Disagreements
AlexanderHamilton’s Financial Program1. Assumption
Plan2. Excise Taxes3. High Tariffs4. National
Bank
______________:• Favor a strong
central government
• Favor manufacturing
• Favor a “loose” interpretation of the Constitution Leads to the
establishment of POLITICALPARTIES
AND
FEDERAL v. STATE Governments
French Revolution (1789) • France’s War
with Europe • Proclamation of
Neutrality (1793)
• Citizen Genet • XYZ Affair • Quasi War • Convention of
1800
British Drama • Treaty of Paris
issues • Jay’s Treaty
(1794) • Spanish Drama
Pinckney’s Treaty
Washington’s Farewell Address • No Permanent
alliances • No Political
parties
Federalist Favored England
_____________________________:• Favor a weak
central government
• Favor agriculture
• Favor a “strict” interpretation of the Constitution
Democratic-Republicans
Favored France
Period ends with the REVOLUTION OF 1800: First peaceful transfer of political power between
parties
Period 4: 1800-1848
• Go to http://www.apushexplained.com/period-4-explained-1800-1848.html
• Scroll all the way down to the bottom until you see APUSH Period 4 Key Concepts Reviewed!
• Watch the video. Then in this box write a one paragraph summary of the time period.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reasons for WESTWARD EXPANSION1. Natural population growth2. Immigration ______________________ (Irish, German, English) 3. Transportation improvements
(______________________________________________________________________________________________)
4. Cotton production increases and slavery expands west. (______________________)
5.) Threats removed from the continent• French: _____________________________________________• Bri tish: _____________________________________________• Spain: ______________________________________________• Native American Defeats
• Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)• Firs t Seminole War (1816-1818)• Indian Removal Act (1830)• Worcester v. Georgia (1832)• Tra i l of Tears
PERIOD 4: BIG IDEAS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Key Concept: The United States will seek to expand its global presence by focusing its expansion on the North American continent and continuing to promote foreign trade. • _____________________________(1803) doubled size of U.S. without war • _____________________________(1801-1805) Rather than pay tribute-: war
• ___________________________ preserved American neutrality • ___________________________ (1817) Great Lakes disarmament agreement between England and US • ____________________________________ (1818) joint occupation of Oregon (US and England), Louisiana Territory northern limit to 49th parallel, shared Newfoundland
fishing • ____________________________________ (Florida Purchase Treaty) Spain sells _____________________ to the U.S. • ___________________________ (1823) no more colonization in Western Hemisphere and nonintervention in European affairs.
• ___________________________ (1836) Texas annexation controversy • ____________________________ (1844) James K. Polk and “Manifest Destiny”• Oregon “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight”, _____________ annexed • ______________________________ (1846-48) Ends with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Acquiring new territory needs to new __________ (PRIDE!)
CULTURAL NATIONALISM: Patriotic themes in artECONOMIC NATIONALISM: American System by Henry Clay
1. National Bank of the United States: 2. Protective Tariff of 1816: protect American industry and help fund transportation improvements 3. Internal Transportation Improvements (Erie Canal, Cumberland Road)
POLITICAL NATIONALISM: Only ONE political party Democratic-Republican – Era of _____________________________________– The party does adopt some Federalist ideas – There will be disputes during this period. (Tariff, slavery, etc.)
PERIOD 4: POLITICS
TURNING POINT! - ____________________________ 1st peaceful transi6on of power (political parties switch)• Era of Good Feelings (Election of 1816 to Panic of 1819): One political party, Federalist gone
• Factions within the Republican party reveal tensions • Election of 1824 – “_____________________________” John Quincy Adams becomes President following a disputed elec6on. • Age of the Common Man: new state suffrage laws allowed more WHITE MEN to vote • Election of 1828: Election of ____________________________• Rise of ___________________ two party system under Jackson: Democrats vs. Whigs (major disputes over the bank, veto power of Jackson)
L E F T O U T : WOMEN: ____________________________________Women’s place was in the domestic sphere. – ___________________________________________ women should raise good young ci6zens – ___________________________________________ (1848): Declaration of Rights and Sentiments • AFRICAN AMERICANS: Proslavery arguments, racism in North and South • NATIVE PEOPLE: Native resistance met by forced removal
State governments will resist the authority of the federal government at various times: • North: ______________________________ (1814): New England
Federalist consider possible secession• War was over, Federalist fade away
• South: ______________________________ (1828-1832): South Carolina votes to nullify the Tariff of 1828 & 1832
• Jackson orders federal troops & Compromise Tariff of 1833 (“Olive Branch and the Sword”)
Write down some of the important examples of sectionalism Joczdescribes:
SUPREME COURT ACTUALLY INCREASES POWER OF THE FED!• John Marshall – Federalist judge • Marbury v. Madison (1803) _____________________________• ________________________________: 2nd Bank of the U.S. is constitutional • ________________________________: state do not regulate interstate commerce, FEDERAL does!
Regional (Sectional) Identity of the South
Regional (Sectional) Identity of the North
PERIOD 4: SECTIONALISM
AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES• LIFE UNDER SLAVERY – Extended families, surrogate families – Slave spiritual and the importance of religion (2nd Great Awakening)
• SLAVERESISTANC E – Sabotage, runaway, slowdowns – Rebellions • Denmark Vesey (1822) betrayed • ________________________________________(1831) – Stricter slave codes passed • ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT IN NORTH
– Free Black population – David Walker “An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World” 1829 – American Colonization Society - send freed slaves to Africa – William Lloyd Garrison American Anti-Slavery Society, The Liberator
LASTLY: 2nd Great Awakening leads to Reform Movements we will see
continued into the Progressive Era!
Period 5: 1844 - 1877
• Go to http://www.apushexplained.com/period-5-explained-1844-1877.html
• Scroll all the way down to the bottom until you see APUSH Period 5 Key Concepts Reviewed!
• Watch the video. Then in this box write a one paragraph summary of the time period.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Period 5 – Key Concept 5.1The idea of Manifest Destiny and the movement west will have a variety of
economic, political, and social consequences.
Nativism
Reasons:Took jobs from “native” AmericansWould outvote “native” AmericansRuin American Anglo cultureMany were Roman Catholics
Know-Nothing Party:NativistsAdvocated for immigration restrictions
America is becoming ethnically and culturally diverse
Large #’s of Immigrants in the 1840’s
Irish Germans
Manifest Destiny!
Nativist ideas go hand in hand with the enthusiasm for
territorial expansion.
Enthusiasm is based on:1.2.3.
Belief in the idea of Manifest Destiny:1.2.
Westward Expansion
Reasons People Moved West:
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ENNCOURAGED WESTWARD SETTLEMENT!How?• Pacific Railway Act:
• Homestead Act:
DRAMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF WESTWARD EXPANSIONDecline of Buffalo Population• Reasons why:Soil erosion and land degradation:
THE EXPANSION OF THE U.S. LED TO CONFLICT WITH NATIVE AMERICANSExamples:• Sand Creek Massacre (1864):• Battle of Little Big Horn (1876):
Native Americans were expected to assimilate into white society and/ or move to reservations• DAWES ACT:
THE END OF THE SECOND PARTY SYSTEM:
Conflict caused by territory expansion:
Impact of the Mexican-American War 1850’s Challenges to Territorial Expansion
Wilmot Proviso:
Compromise of 1850:1. CA was admitted as a free state2. No slave trade in Washington,
D.C.3. Popular sovereignty in rest of
territory on slavery issue4. Stricter Fugitive Slave Laws
Ostend Manifesto:
Gadsden Purchase:
Attempts at compromise over slavery ultimately fail to reduce sectional tensions
Compromise of 1850:____________________________________ sparks controversy in the North – Northerners didn’t want to have to comply with _______________________________________• Personal Liberty Laws• Vigilance Committees
Kansas - Nebraska Act
BREAKDOWN OF COMPROMISE________________________ hopes to spark a slave revolt in 1859 by seizing the federal arsenal at ____________________________ ______.• South is outraged and one of the immediate causes of secession
TURNING POINT: ___________________________ - why?
Period 5 – Key Concepts 5.2• The N and S will continue to develop into two distinct societies that will have difficulty trusting one
another.• The idea of Manifest Destiny and the movement West will once again bring up the divisive issue of
slavery in the territories.• Sectionalism will increasingly become a problem in the 1840’s and 1850’s.• Efforts to compromise will ultimately fail to decrease sectional tension.
Kansas - Nebraska Act (1854): ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________• Repeals the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by
potentially opening up slavery North of 36° 30’• HUGE OPPOSITION IN THE NORTH!
• Republican party forms; Whigs disappear
• GAVE SOUTH AN OPPORTUNITY TO EXPAND SLAVERY
Sectionalism Increases
Bleeding Kansas: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)• African Americans are not ___________________• Slaves are _______________________ and cannot be
taken away without due process• Congress could not ban slavery (MO compromise was
_________________________________________)
Distinct Societies
North South
Economy
Demographic
Cultural
Period 5 – Key Concepts 5.2The North and South will continue to develop into two distinct societies that will have difficulty trusting one another as a result of:
1. Regional economic changes2. Demographic changes3. Cultural differences
Northern Abolitionist Movement Southerners increasingly defended slavery as a positive good
Even in the 1840’s-1850’s abolitionists remained a minority in the North• However, the movement gradually became much more visible and
vocal • ______________________________________ was one of the
founders of the ________________________________________________ (1833) and published “The Liberator” (1831)
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852) increases support for the abolitionist movement in the North
• Calls for violence to the actual outbreak of violence• David Walker “Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World”
(1829) called for violent uprising to end slavery• ________________________________________ in 1831 kills
people in Virginia• _______________________________ at Harpers Ferry in
1859
• Pro-slavery argument by George Fitzhugh and John C. Calhoun1. ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________ • Racial Stereotyping
• Gag resolution (1836-1844): Ban on anti-slavery petitions being discussed in Congress
Tensions within the UnionEmphasis on _________________________________• Theory of nullification: _________________________
______________________________________________________• VA and Kentucky Resolutions (1798) attempt to ignore Alien
and Sedition Acts• South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) over the tariff in
1828
Northern Distrust of the South Southern Distrust of the North
•
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Civil War
Confederacy was initially successful• Southern advantages:
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Key Union Victories List and describe
1.
2.
3.
4.
Total War Strategy: destroy Southern environment and infrastructure!
Both the Union and Confederacy adopted Conscription laws• These were unfair to
the __________
Northern Laws: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
Both Union and Confederacy opposed Presidents in different ways.
Mobilizing for War
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
CHANGED THE PURPOSE OF THE WAR
Impact:• Strengthened the __________ cause of the North• Not just a war against ____________________,
now against __________________• Helped keep Europe from giving full diplomatic
support to the Confederacy• Gave new African American soldiers for Union army
Limits:• North had no authority in the South and it did not
apply to border states
Beginning Reconstruction
The Civil War ends with General Lee’s surrender at Appomattox
Courthouse in April 1965.BUT! How will we pick up the pieces
and put the Union back together?
By 1866, Northern Republicans in Congress are angry when former Southern Confederate officials are returned to office. • They want a stricter vers ion of
Reconstruction (Congressional Reconstruction)
• Important to know transition of Reconstruction policy between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
.
Wartime Reconstruction by President Lincoln in 1863: Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction – Southern states may rejoin the Union once 10% of s tate voters (those who voted in election of 1860) pledge loyalty to Union – They must accept emancipation – Lenient policy: easy on south
Wade-Davis Plan – Required 50% of the voters from 1860 to take an “iron clad” oath of
al legiance – Tougher plan: excluded those who aided the Confederacy • Wade-Davis plan “pocket-vetoed” by Lincoln
What were the successes of Radical Reconstruction?
_______________________________________________ take over Reconstruction policy from Johnson• Johnson vetoes Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights Bill of 1866• Congress overrides Johnson’s vetoes – 1st time in U.S. History
• Changed the balance of power between Congress and the Pres idency
• Reconstruction Act of 1867: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Congress determines readmission requirements• New state constitutions and ratification of the 13th, 14th, and
15th amendments.
Congress is still at odds with President Johnson – this ultimately leads to his _______________________.
Per the Tenure of Office Act: the Senate must approve of any dismissal of a cabinet member or general.
• Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton
• House votes for his impeachment – but ultimately are one vote short of conviction
LINCOLN IS ASSASSINATED
• Southern Senator from Tennessee, Democrat Andrew Johnson becomes president
• Recognizes the 10% Lincoln governments • Dis franchisement (loss of vote)
• Al l s tates must ratify the 13th Amendment (ratified Dec. 1865): abolished s lavery
• Johnson ends up pardoning most of the former Confederate leaders • Southern planters reestablish political control of southern politics
Ending Reconstruction
Reconstruction Falls Apart
Southern Resistance North’s Waning Resolve
Reconstruction Ends with the Election of 1876/ Compromise of 1877. What was the Compromise of 1877 and why does it end Reconstruction?
RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS
13TH
14TH
15TH
KEY IDEAS:
THE 13TH AMENDMENT ABOLISHED SLAVERY, BRINGING ABOUT THE CIVILWAR’S MOST DRAMATIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE, BUT THE EXPLOITATIVE AND SOIL-INTENSIVE SHARECROPPING SYSTEM ENDURED FOR SEVERAL
GENERATIONS
ALTHOUGH CITIZENSHIP, EQUAL PROTECTION AND VOTING RIGHTS WERE GRANTED TO AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE 14TH AND 15TH AMENDMENTS, THE RIGHTS OF AFRICAN AMERICASN WERE RESTRICTED:
Rights restricted:• Segregation: _________________ laws• Local political tactics: ______________________________________________________________ were used to
disenfranchise African American voters• Violence: KKK
Supreme Court decisions:• PLESSY V. FERUGSON (1896): segregation was constitutional as long as it was
____________________________________________________________• Civil Rights Cases (1883): discrimination was allowed if done by individuals or private businesses.
Period 6: 1865 - 1898
• Go to http://www.apushexplained.com/period-6-explained-1865-1898.html
• Scroll all the way down to the bottom until you see APUSH Period 6 Key Concepts Reviewed!
• Watch the video and complete the graphic organizers. Then in this box write a one paragraph summary of the time period.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
RISE OF BIG BUSINESSBusiness industry leaders such as ____________________ (steel)
and _____________________ (oil) sought to dominate their respective industries through a variety of techniques: ____________________________
_: Controlling all competition in a particular industry. Consolidating all competitors to monopolize a market.
__________________________: Control all aspects of manufacturing- from extracting raw materials to selling the finished product
In order to eliminate or reduce competition business leaders sought to establish ____________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Business leaders defended their wealth with ideas such as ___________________________• Advocated for laissez faire
policies
CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION AND
IMMIGRATION • Cities were often divided among classes, races,
ethnicities, and cultures
• Low wages and dangerous working conditions kept many
workers in extreme poverty
• Contrast between the poor and the wealthy who enjoyed
lives of “conspicuous consumption”
• _____________________________ housing was
common (documented by Jacob Riis “How the Other Half
Lives”)
• ______________________________ increasingly
became a problem
• Immigrants attempted to both
___________________________ (i.e. learn English) and
maintain their own unique cultural identities
• ___________________________ dominated city life by
exchanging welfare services and jobs for political support
• Ex.)
____________________________________
____________________________________
THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
Internal: • Settlers seeking opportunities on the
frontier head west • Mass movement of people to
________________ areas (jobs!)
• African Americans moving out of the south into northern cities (“Great Migration”)
External: • Large scale immigration from China
(Chinese Exclusion Act 1883 will change
this) • Post 1880:
_________________________________ from southern and eastern Europe (Russia, Italy, Poland, etc.)
• Largely settle in urban areas
RESPONSE TO CHANGING IMMIGRATION As a result of these new immigrants there was a rise in __________________________
Attempts to limit immigration: • ____________________________(1882) • American Protective Association =
_______________________________
group made up of American Protestants • _______________________________
proposed to keep southern and eastern European immigrants out
INDUSTRIALIZATION • Large scale ________________________• Tremendous _______________________ change • Improved _________________________ networks • Business seeking to maximize the exploitation of a growing labor force and natural resources • Industrialization and urbanization brought new ______________________________________ for
immigrants and workers • New career opportunities developed (in spite of social prejudice) for African Americans and
women
WHILE INDUSTRIALIZATION BROUGHT NUMEROUS
OPPORTUNITIES TO WORKERS AND
DRAMATICALLY EXPANDED THE WORK FORCE, LOW
WAGES AND DANGEROUS WORKING CONDITIONS
CONTINUED TO BE A PROBLEM.
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES: “THE NEW SOUTH” • There was an attempt at _______________ the
southern economy • Increase in the number of ___________
factories • The south remained dependent on
____________________• Tenant farming and ___________________
continued to be the predominant labor system of the southern economy
• Especially _____________________________ laborers in post Reconstruction south
The lives of farmers was also changing as they had to adapt to mechanized
agriculture and dependence on powerful railroad companies.
Problems for farmers: 1) _________________________________2) _____________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3) __________________________________________________________________
4) _________________________________5) _________________________________
Farmers organize
_____________________________________: organized social and educational activities.
• Lobbied state legislatures for reforms
_____________________________________: • Founded in Texas
(1870s)
• Excluded blacks (Colored Farmers Alliance)
• Ignored tenant farmers
Significant 3rd Party: Populist Party
• ____________________________________ –Election of 1896
• Cross of Gold Speech• Platform:
1) Government ownership of railroads2) Free & unlimited coinage of silver (increase $$$ supply)3) Graduated income tax (rich pay more)4) Direct election of senators
5) Use of initiatives and referendums, secret ballot
While industrialization brought numerous opportunities to workers and dramatically expanded the work force,
low wages and dangerous working conditions continued to be a problem.
WORKERS ORGANIZE
________________________________ (1869)• ________________
______________op
ened the union to all workers (skilled & unskilled workers; women & African Americans)
• Decline following Haymarket Riot in 1886
___________________________________________________ (1886) • Under the
leadership of ______________________________
• Focused on skilled workers
• Focus on “bread & butter” issues-wages, working conditions
• By 1900, it was the
largest union
Evaluating the Labor Movement
Successes Failures
• Workers did form local and national unions that did directly
____________________________________________________________
• Beginning of a
national labor union movement and rise of union leadership (Eugene Debs, Mother Jones)
• ____________________________ (1892): Workers at Carnegie’s steel
plant are defeated • ________________
____________(1894): President Cleveland uses the
army and court injunction to defeat the strike.
• Divisions between skilled vs. unskilled
workers, ethnic and racial groups
• Hostility from corporations, ________________
_____________________________
Government Intervention
____________________ called the era the “Gilded Age”• Below the surface things are not as
good as they seem
Laissez faire philosophy prevented the government from actively
regulating the economy
Start of Government Regulation
• Grange Movement: Munn v. Illinois ruled that states could regulate railroads
• Wabash Case (1886) states cannot regulate interstate commerce
• Leads to passage of_________________________________________________ (1887)
• __________________________________
___________: Outlawed trusts & other monopolies that fix prices & restrained trade
• Used ______________ labor unions
The Gilded Age• Gilded = covered or highlighted with gold or something of a golden color; having a pleasing or
showy appearance that conceals something of little worth.• Industrialization looks good on the outside, but there are many problems underneath.
Addressing Social Challenges of the Gilded Age
• _________________________________: Belief that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help out those less fortunate – Andrew Carnegie “Wealth”
• __________________________________ movement sought to relieve urban poverty and provide assistance to immigrants – Jane Addams Hull House in Chicago
• _____________________________________challenged the dominant corporate ethic;Christians had a responsibility to deal with urban poverty
• Socialist Party and other organizations challenged capitalism • National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) sought to secure the right to vote
for women (suffrage) • Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt
• Various African American leaders sought to advance the cause of civil rights • ________________________________________: African Americans should acquire
vocational skills to gain self- respect and economic security; Established Tuskegee Institute
• ________________________________________: active in women’s rights movement and in the campaign against lynching
• ________________________________________: Complete equality, NAACP
EFFORT TO REFORM THESE PROBLEMS WILL EVENTUALLY LEAD TO A MOVEMENT KNOWN AS THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT IN THE 1890S
APUSHContent Review
Volume II[1890-1945]
This review was created in conjunction with Daniel Jocz’ APUSH Explained video series.
https://www.apushexplained.com
Name:
Date:
Period:
Period 7: 1890 - 1945
• Go to http://www.apushexplained.com/period-7-explained-1890-1945.html
• Scroll all the way down to the bottom until you see APUSH Period 7 Key Concepts Reviewed!
• Watch the video. Then in this box write a one paragraph summary of the time period.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Period 7: 1890 - 1945 [TURNING POINTS]
Era Foreign Affairs Domestic Affairs Era
1890s-1917: U.S.
Expansion abroad
1890:
1898:
1914:
1917:
1919:
1930’s:
1939:
1941:
1945:
1901:
1909:
1913:
1919-1920:
1920:
1929:
1935:
1942-1945:
1890s-1917: Progressive Era Reforms
1917-1919: WWI
1917-1919: WWI
1919-1941: Interwar
Years: U.S. somewhat isolationist
1920-1929: “RoaringTwenties”
1933-1938: New Deal
1941-1945: U.S. in WWII
1941-1945: U.S. in WWII
In the late 19th century some began to advocate for overseas expansion
REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM EXAMPLES
________________________________________________________________________________________
ECONOMIC:______________________________________________________________________________
POLITICAL: ________________________________________________________
STRATEGIC/ MILITARY: __________________________________________________________________
IDEOLOGICAL: __________ __________________________________________________________________
• U.S. annexation of _____________________ • After native________________________
________________________________was overthrown by American plantations owners and Sanford B. Dole
• ________________________in China (McKinley)• Helped ensure equal trading rights in China
• _________________________________ (1898)• Causes:
1. _________________________________2. _________________________________3. Economic motives4. _________________________________
[[1898: END OF WAR IS A TURNING POINT!]]
• U.S. acquires _________________________________________ _________________________________________
• Intervenes in Cuban Affairs, U.S. fight guerilla war in the ______________________ (Emilio Aguinaldo): very controversial
• Roosevelt’s_______________________________• Taft’s____________________________________
• Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” (Mexico)
Imperialism in China
• The United States was very interested in gaining
access to ________________________________________
• Problem: Other nations had carved up China into ________________________________________
• Area of ______________
trading privileges
• Secretary of State _____________ announces the ___________________ in 1899
• All nations should have _____________ trading privileges in China
• ____________________________was an attempt
to remove foreign ____________________
of China
• Put down by an international force
PresidentTheodore Roosevelt
• William McKinley is reelected in the Election of 1900
• Theodore Roosevelt becomes President when McKinley is _____________________________ in 1901
• Under Roosevelt there will be a dramatic rise in the ________________ of the Presidency
• He will pursue an expansionist foreign policy • _____________________________(Roosevelt Corollary to
the Monroe Doctrine) – Use force to accomplish foreign policy goals
• “Speak softly and carry a big stick”
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
______________________________________________ (1823): Europe must stay out of the western hemisphere
• Various Latin American countries owed money to countries such as England and Germany
• England sends warships to Venezuela in 1902
• Santo Domingo owed money
• Worried Europe would keep _________________
• Roosevelt responds by issuing the Roosevelt Corollary
• The U.S. has the right to ___________________
in Latin America • U.S. dramatically expanded
its role in Latin America
• Various Presidents send troops to Haiti, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, & Nicaragua
• ________________ relations between the U.S. and Latin America
Roosevelt in East AsiaRoosevelt wins noble prize for helping negotiate a peace agreement ending the ________________________________________(1905)
• Japan beat down Russia
• The U.S. increasingly _____________________ over the growing strength of Japan
_________________________________________(1908):Laws in California discriminated against _________ immigrants (nativism again!)
• San Francisco required Asian students attend segregated schools –Roosevelt and Japan reached a compromise
• Japan secretly agreed to ___________ the emigration of Japanese workers to the U.S.
• Roosevelt would pressure _____________________ to repeal its law
__________________________ (1907-1908): Roosevelt sends new fleet of U.S. battleships on trip around the world
• Demonstrates U.S. _____________________________________________
The Progressive MovementWHY:
________________________________________________________________________________
__________
Compare to other reform periods: Age of Jackson,
Populist, New Deal, Great
Society!
WHAT: ______________________________________________________• Rejection of laissez
faire ideologyNot a radical movement- reject ideas such as socialism
• Saving and improving capitalism
WHO: Many of the Progressive Era reformers
were middle class men and women
But very diverse group of reformers! • Protestant church leaders
demanding ______________• Politicians regulating
monopolies / ___________• _________________
addressing workers rights• Women demanding right to
______________• _______________demanded
greater equality
The MuckrakersDefinition:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Named by Theodore Roosevelt
Important examples:
__________________
“History of Standard Oil Company”
published in McClure’s Magazine (1902)
__________________
“How the Other Half Lives”
exposed the horrors of life in the slums of NY (1890)
__________________
“The Shame of the Cities” (1904)
exposed corruption in city politics (political machines)
__________________
“The Jungle” exposed unsanitary/ unsafe working conditions in the meat packing industry
Progressive Era ReformsDirections: Use the review video and your prior knowledge to complete the chart below. Match the issues to the muckraker, then match the muckraker to the reform.
Lastly, explain how that progressive reform impacted American society.
Problem Muckraker Reform Impact of the Reforms on American Society
Economic
- Monopolies and trusts
- Banks
- Laissez-faire government
Ida Tarbell:
Theodore Roosevelt:
William H. Taft:
Woodrow Wilson:
Business Regulation• Interstate Commerce Act:• Sherman Anti-Trust Act:• Clayton Anti-Trust:
• Elkins Act:• Hepburn Act:
Federal Reserve Act:
16th Amendment:
Social
- Civil Rights
- Suffrage
- Working conditions
- Living conditions
- Consumer safety
Ida B. Wells:
W.E.B. DuBois:
Elizabeth Cady Stanton:
Susan B. Anthony:
Jane Addams:
Jacob Riis:
Booker T. Washington:
Upton Sinclair:
Frances Willard (WCTU):
NAACP, anti-lynching, civil rights movement
18th Amendment:
19th Amendment:
Settlement Houses, education, shed light onliving conditions
Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act:
Labor Unions:
Political
- Gov’t corruption
- Amendments
Lincoln Steffens:
Robert Lafollette:
Initiative:
Recall:
Referendum:
Direct Primary:
17th Amendment:
Civil Service Reform:
Secret Ballot:
Environment
• Abuse of natural resources/ environment
National Park Service Act: Protected public parks and monuments
National Park System
Sierra Club, Forest Reserve
Teddy Roosevelt:
John Muir:
Reasons for U.S. Entry into WWI(1917 - 1918)
• Sussex Pledge:
• Lusitania Sank:
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare:
• Ties to Allies:
• Zimmerman Note:
UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE IS PRIMARY REASON FOR OUR INVOLVEMENT!
Spring 1917: Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare
April 1917: Congress declares war against Germany
Mobilizing for WWI
The United States was entirely unprepared for war
• ____________________________: organizes a draft for soldiers to fight in the war
• _______________________________________________________________________________________ headed by General John J. Pershing
Total War effort: all aspects of the country mobilizes for the war effort
• War was financed by ___________________ and _____________________________ from the _________ amendment
Federal Agencies:
• National War Labor Board: help mediate labor disputes and prevent ______________
• AFL supported the war effort / IWW opposes the war
• ____________________________: set production priorities for war
• U.S. ________ Administration: Headed by Herbert Hoover encouraged Americans to conserve food for war effort
WWI boosted _________________ for the 18th Amendment (prohibited sale, consumption, manufacture, or transport of alcohol)
1. Conserve resources
2. Also due to Anti -German sentiment in the U.S.
____________________________________________________headed by George Creel: promote the
U.S. war effort with propaganda
_________________________ (1917): prohibited interference with the draft or war effort
_________________________ (1918): banned anybody from criticizing the government
Anti-German sentiment increases • Nativists attack all things
German• Hamburgers = Liberty
Sandwiches, Prohibition
of Beer
Limiting Constitutional Rights during WWI
We see over and over -the gov’t
does suspend our 1st
amendment rights in
periods of crisis!
Ending WWI (Allies Win!)
Wilson’s 14 Points Treaty of VersaillesDebating the Treaty of
Versaillesin the U.S.
What was it?
List the major ideas/ provisions below.
Much of Wilson’s 14 Point proposals were rejected by the allied powers because the Allies
(Great Britain and France)
W A N T E D T OP U N I S H
G E R M A N Y !
• War Guilt Clause• Reparations• Military Reduction• Loss of Territories
W i l s o n d i d g e t t h e L e a g u e o f N a t i o n s
i n c l u d e d .
BUT he had to get it approved by the Republican controlled Congress • Republicans in Congress
hated the idea of the U.S. joining the League of Nations
• Henry Cabot Lodge leads the opposition to the treaty
________________________________________________________________________________________________• G e o r g e
W a s h i n g t o n warned about permanent foreign alliances. (Farewell Address)
• Opposition over Article X (nations would have to help other nations out)
• Fear the League would force U.S. to deal with foreign issues around the world
Desire amongst many to be isolationist following World War I
Congress rejects the
treaty!
The Treaty of Versailles will eventually lead to...
T h e R o a r i n g T w e n t i e sPOLITICAL
“Return to Normalcy” — President Harding’s Plan to reduce the role of U.S. government / laissez-faire policies
Harding & Teapot Dome Scandal:
Dies and Coolidge takes over. Continues pro-business policies.
Amendments:
CULTURE AND IDENTITY
M o d e r n i s m v . T r a d i t i o n a l i s m
Know cultural icons Ex.) Charles Lindbergh, Babe
Ruth, etc.
Changing Role of Women
- Flappers
- Frances Willard — Temperance Movement
- Women’s Rights (Suffrage) Movement
Cultural Values
- Prohibition Increased Organized Crime
- Scopes “Monkey” Trial— clash between
traditionalism and modernism over teaching
evolution.
o Clarence Darrow:
o William Jennings Bryan:
Art, Music & Literature
• Great Migration influenced culture
• Jazz Age – birth of new music
Harlem Renaissance
o Langston Hughes, Bessie Smith, Louis
Armstrong, etc.
o Marcus Garvey
Lost Generation
• F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby; Ernest
Hemingway; Sinclair Lewis
• How did they criticize 1920’s prosperity and
culture?
ECONOMIC
• Economic Boom times!
• Scientific Management
• Mass Production/Assembly Line:
• Increased consumption and advertising
• Henry Ford:
• Laissez-Faire:
• Buying-on-Credit
SOCIAL
1st Red Scare/Sacco-Vanzetti:
Rise of Nativism
Immigration Quota/Citizenship Acts of 1921 and 1924:
Sacco and Vanzetti Case:
Resurgence of the KKK
Eugenics:
Social Darwinism:
G r e a t D e p r e s s i o n t o N e w D e a lA m e r i c a ’ s R o a d t o R e c o v e r y
Review this information by completing the blanks and questions.
1920
’s
Causes of the Great Depression
• Overproduction
• Speculation and _________________________ on margin
• Buying on credit
• Bad banking practices
• International economic trouble and restrictive trade policies
1929
Why is it a TURNING POINT?
What was Black Tuesday?
1930
’s
Immediate Effects
Hoover
• Rugged ____________________________
• Passed the _______________________________ Tariff – highest peacetime tariff ever – does it work?
• Believed government involvement should be limited
• Reconstruction Finance Corp:
• Mexican Repatriation Act:
• Bonus Army:
Effects of the Great Depression—no safety net at the time
• Widespread unemployment
• Business failures
• Foreclosures/ Homelessness/ Hoovervilles
• Americans looked to government to solve economic problems
Dust Bowl
• Where?
• Why?
• Impact?
• Dorothea Lange: photographer who captured the difficulties, John Steinbeck: Grapes of Wrath
FDR is elected (1932)
• Promised a New Deal - turning point in government involvement in the economy
• “_____________________________________________” reassured Americans
• Eleanor Roosevelt - political activist
• Frances Perkins – 1st female U.S. Cabinet member as Secretary of Labor
• He communicated with Americans via radio – “fireside chats” – and gave them reassurance
New Deal provided:
• Relief, Recovery, Reform – 1st 100 Days
• Relief: bank holiday—CCC, PWA, WPA, (Alphabet Soup) programs, Recovery: support production and businesses, Reform: FDIC;
Security Exchange Commission; Social Security Act
Opposition
• A number of people were critical of FDR’s New Deal including constitutional challenges that the federal government was
overstepping its power
FDR’s Court-Packing
• FDR plan to add appointed justices to the Supreme Court to vote in favor of New Deal
• Viewed as challenge to separation of powers
Impact - - -
Rise of Dictators Appeasement Start of WWII
In the 1930’s, new totalitarian regimes sprung up in response to economic and political trouble. Ex.) Hitler in Germany because of the Treaty of Versailles.• Hitler – Nazism – Germany• Mussolini – Fascism – Italy• Stalin – Communism – USSR• Tojo – Militarism – Japan
• These countries will try to expand and build up their empires.
The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh punishments on Germany for WWI. What were some of those punishments?
How did Hitler openly violated the Treaty of Versailles during the 1930’s?
Munich Conference: Leaders (G.B. and France) agree to hand over the ____________________ to Germany • Hitler agrees not to demand any more
land • Munich Conference comes to
symbolize the failed policy of appeasement
Germany and the Soviet Union sign a Non-Aggression Pact on August 23, 1939 • This allows Hitler to attack Poland without
having to worry about a two front war • Hitler and Stalin secretly agree to
divide Poland between them
September 1st, 1939 – Germany invades Poland. This starts WWII because it violates the Munich Agreement. G.B. and France see
Hitler will not stop.
By June 1940, Hitler had quickly conquered most of
Europe
The U.S. remains neutral But we did not want the Axis powers to win
U.S. Slowly Gets Involved U.S. Involvement Increases Conflict with Japan
Faced with the prospect of Hitler taking over all of Europe Congress amends the Neutrality legislation
• Neutrality Act (1939): Countries could buy weapons as long as they paid for them in ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
IS this action truly neutral?
Sept. 1940: the 1st peace time _____________________________ (draft) law is adopted
Germany begins bombing England (Battle of Britain, Aug. 1940) [Blitzkrieg]
Huge debate in the U.S. regarding what policy to pursue
Sept. 1940: the U.S. would give England U.S. destroyers in exchange for military bases in the Western Hemisphere.
_________ Election: FDR breaks_________________________ of Washington and wins an unprecedented 3rd term
FDR worried about threat of Axis power victory • _________________________ (March 1941)
eliminated the cash-carry requirements • The U.S. would _______________________
to countries that were the victim of aggression.
• “The great arsenal of democracy”
U.S. factories shift to all out war production and the
_________________________________ ends
June 22,1941 Hitler invades the _____________________________
Allied Convoy System: U.S. begins ________________________ lend-lease supplies across the Atlantic ocean • Atlantic Conference: FDR & Churchill secretly
met off the coast of Newfoundland • Atlantic Charter outlined postwar
goals• self determination• free trade• no territorial gains • new collective security
organization
The U.S. was _______________ in trying to check Japanese expansion in Asia • Roosevelt orders an __________________
against Japan (steel, iron, etc.) • Japan occupies French Indochina (July
1941) • Roosevelt orders all Japanese assets
_________________ and a ban on ______ sales
Negotiations occur between the U.S. and Japan
December 7th, 1941– attack on Pearl Harbor –
brings the United States into WWII
NEUTRALITY IS DEAD.
Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts (1935, 36, 37) designed to keep the U.S. neutral in the event of a conflict • No American citizen could sail on the ships of
belligerent nations • Outlawed arms(weapons) sales • No loans to nations at war • The U.S. could not help out even if a country was
the innocent victim of aggression.
WWII (1939-1945)
WO
RLD
WA
R II
Pac
ific
Th
eat
re
Tota
lita
ria
n R
egim
e
Hid
eki
Tojo
:M
ilita
ry l
ead
er/
dic
tato
r o
f Ja
pan
.
Stra
teg
y
Isla
nd
-Ho
pp
ing:
Nav
ajo
Co
de
Talk
ers:
Wo
rks
mo
st o
f th
e ti
me!
B
attl
e o
f M
idw
ay:
Lo
ss o
f th
e P
hili
pp
ines
–B
ataa
n D
eath
Mar
ch
B
attl
e o
f Iw
o J
ima:
Imp
ort
an
t P
eop
le
Ch
este
r N
imit
z:A
dm
iral
of
U.S
. N
aval
Fle
et i
n t
he
Pac
ific
Oce
an.
Do
ugl
as M
acA
rth
ur:
Co
mm
and
er
of
U.S
. A
rmy
in t
he
Pac
ific
Oce
an;
isla
nd
-ho
pp
ing.
Geo
rge
Mar
shal
l:“O
rgan
izer
of
the
War
”; a
lso
cam
e u
p w
ith
th
e
Mar
shal
l P
lan
to
hel
p E
uro
pea
n c
ou
ntr
ies
reco
ver
thei
r
eco
no
my
afte
r W
WII.
End
of
the
Wa
r
A
tom
ic b
om
bs
dro
pp
ed:
Bef
ore
We
Ente
r W
WII:
Neu
tral
ity
Act
s/Le
nd
Lea
se A
ct:
Fran
klin
D. R
oo
seve
lt:U
.S. P
resi
den
t dur
ing
Gre
at D
epre
ssio
n a
nd
mo
st o
f W
WII.
Die
d ri
ght
bef
ore
th
e w
ar e
nd
ed. V
P H
arry
Tru
man
too
k
ove
r fo
r h
im.
Ap
pea
sem
ent:
givi
ng
in t
o d
eman
ds to
ple
ase
som
eon
e; e
x. G
B a
nd
Fra
nce
giv
ing
Hit
ler
part
o
f C
zech
osl
ovak
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now
n a
s th
e Su
dete
nla
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P
earl
Ha
rbor
:
Wa
r M
ob
iliza
tio
n:
War
Pro
du
ctio
ns B
oar
d:
Off
ice
of
Res
earc
h &
Dev
elo
pm
ent:
Man
hat
tan
Pro
ject
(194
2):
Off
ice
of
War
Info
rmat
ion
+ P
rop
agan
da:
War
bo
nd
s, r
atio
nin
g, v
icto
ry g
arde
ns:
Imp
act
on
Afr
ica
n-A
mer
ica
ns
2n
d G
reat
Mig
rati
on:
Exec
uti
ve O
rder
88
02
issu
ed b
y FD
R:
Do
ub
le V
icto
ry C
ampa
ign
:
Ver
no
n J
. Bak
er:A
fric
an-A
mer
ican
wh
o w
as
awar
ded
th
e M
edal
of
Ho
nor;
his
bra
very
hel
ped
des
egre
gate
th
e m
ilita
ry
Mex
ica
n A
mer
ica
ns
& N
ativ
e A
mer
ica
ns
New
job
s in
def
ense
ind
ustr
ies
gave
new
op
po
rtu
nit
ies
for
bot
h r
aces
Bra
cero
Pro
gram
(19
42):
“Zo
ot
Suit
Rio
ts”
in 1
943
:
____
____
____
____
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
use
d t
he
ir n
ativ
e la
ngu
age
to
com
mun
icat
e
in t
he
Pac
ific
th
eat
er
of t
he
war
Wo
men
at
ho
me:
New
op
po
rtu
nit
ies:
Ro
sie
the
Riv
eter
Jap
an
ese
Am
eric
an
s
Exec
uti
ve O
rder
90
66
+ In
tern
men
t Ca
mp
s:
Ko
rem
atsu
v. U
.S.:
Euro
pe
an T
he
atre
Tota
lita
ria
n R
egim
es
Ad
olf
Hit
ler:
Fasc
ist/
Naz
i d
icta
tor
of
Ger
man
y;
cam
e u
p w
ith
th
e “F
inal
So
luti
on
” to
elim
inat
e Je
ws.
Ben
ito
Mu
sso
lini:
Fasc
ist
dic
tato
r o
f It
aly;
ver
y cl
ose
to
Hit
ler.
Jose
ph
Sta
lin:
Co
mm
un
ist
lead
er o
f th
e So
viet
Un
ion
; ori
gin
ally
sid
ed w
ith
Hit
ler
in
WW
II u
nti
l N
azis
tri
ed t
o i
nva
de
the
USS
R.
At
that
po
int
he
bec
ame
allie
s w
ith
th
e
U.S
.
Win
sto
n C
hu
rch
ill:
Pri
me
Min
iste
r o
f G
reat
Bri
tain
; C
hie
f al
ly o
f th
e U
.S.
Alli
es
focu
s fi
rst
on
th
e E
uro
pe
an t
he
ate
r o
f th
e w
ar
Sovi
ets
sto
p G
erm
an a
dva
nce
at
____
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
Alli
es f
ocu
s fi
rst
on
No
rth
Afr
ica
into
Ital
y
•O
per
atio
n T
orc
h –
led
th
e A
llied
in
vasi
on
s o
f Si
cily
an
d A
fric
a u
sin
g h
is t
ank
exp
erti
se. •
Tusk
egee
A
irm
en:
•
D-D
ay In
vasi
on
& N
orm
and
y (6
/6/4
4):
mas
sive
sec
on
d f
ron
t o
pen
ed i
n
Euro
pe
–N
ow
Hit
ler
is s
urr
ou
nd
ed
•D
wig
ht
Eise
nh
ow
er:
Sup
rem
e C
om
man
der
o
f A
LL A
LLIE
D t
roo
ps
du
rin
g D
-Day
Inva
sio
n.
•O
mar
Bra
dle
y:A
rmy
Gen
eral
w
ho
led
U.S
. tr
oo
ps
on
No
rman
dy
bea
ch u
nd
er t
he
dir
ecti
on
of
Eise
nh
ow
er.
The
Big
3 m
et t
o d
iscu
ss m
ilita
ry s
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APUSHContent Review
Volume III[1945-1980]
This review was created in conjunction with Daniel Jocz’ APUSH Explained video series.
https://www.apushexplained.com
Name:
Date:
Period:
Period 8: 1945 - 1980
• Go to http://www.apushexplained.com/period-8-explained-1945-1980.html
• For the Period 8 review, you will watch each video by topic and complete the study guides based on the topic.
• Create a summary of Period 8 in the space below.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Post WWII - Truman and Eisenhower Years
Truman Administration(1945 – 1953)
• 1st President to challenge racial discrimination• Committee on Civil Rights• Executive Order 9981
• Republican controlled Congress passes the ___________________________________
• Made “closed shops” i l legal• Truman unexpectedly wins the Election of
1948• Truman’s domestic reforms were
known was the __________________• Called on extending programs and
progress of the __________________• Conservatives blocked most
of Truman’s proposals
Eisenhower Administration(1953 – 1961)
Republican Dwight Eisenhower was a moderate Republican elected in 1952 • Hardcore anticommunist Richard Nixon was his
VP His political moderate stance can be seen in his acceptance of many of the New Deal programs • Largest public works project adopted:
___________________________________ (1956) – Provided for the building of 42,000 miles of interstate highways – Justified as necessary for ____________________________________– Impact: ____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
America in the
Postwar World
Unlike in the Post World War I period, the United States will play a key role in post World War II affairs - Following WWII the U.S. is NO longer_____________ _____________________
- The U.S. joins the _______________ in 1945
- Member of the permanent U.N. Security Council
- International finance agreements established at the ______________in 1944 sought to establish a stable global economy
- IMF & World Bank was intended to help rebuild war-torn worldand help promoteinternational trade
- Soviets viewed it as a tool to promote capitalism and rejected membership
Yalta Conference
The Big Three met in Yalta in early 1945 to discuss the post war plan • FDR and Churchill
___________ Stalin agrees to allow representative government
• FDR wanted to get Stalin to agree to help out in the war against Japan
-Fear that the allieswould have to invade Japan to defeat them (no atomic bomb yet)
• Stalin wants a ___________________________ in Eastern Europe
• Soviets suffered nearly half of deaths in World War II
• Stalin refused to remove the “red army” from Eastern Europe and rigged elections brought pro-Soviet govt’s into power
• Pro-Soviet puppet governments in the name of preserving Soviet security
China
• Chinese Civil War between
Nationalist under Chiang
Kai-shek vs. Chinese
Communists led by Mao
Zedong
• The U.S. provided lots of aid
to nationalist forces
Two Chinas: • 1949 Mao declares China to
be a communist country (People’s Republic of China)
• Nationalist flee to Taiwan
Republicans blame Truman for the “loss of China” to communism • Contributes to growing
domestic fear
Containment in
Action Truman Doctrine (1947):
Marshall Plan:
Crisis in Germany
Germany was divided and controlled by ________________________________________________________________________
Stalin places a blockade around Berlin
__________________: provides the city of Berlin with supplies for nearly a year
Germany is divided between East (USSR) and West (Allies)
Korean WarFollowing WW2 Korea was divided at the ___________________________• North of 38th: Soviets
occupied • South of 38th: U.S. occupied
• By 1949 both countries withdrew their troops
• June 1950 ____________________ invades South Korea
In order to ___________ the spread of communism, the U.S. (under the U.N.) comes to the defense of South Korea
The war goes back and forth • MacArthur called for
expanding the war and criticized the “limited war” strategy
• Truman fires the popular general
___________________ eventually reached in 1953: Korea remained divided at 38th parallel
Outcome: Containment worked! • Critics charged “soft on
communism” – U.S. increases defense spending
Cold War At Home
Arms Race:
2nd Red-Scare:
Smith Act (1940)
Federal Employee Loyalty Boards
HUAC:
Alger Hiss:
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg:
Venona Papers: confirmed the Rosenbergs were
guilty
Joseph McCarthy:
The Fate of Europe: CONTAINMENT
• March 1946 former PM Winston Churchill gives the ______________________ speech in Fulton, Missouri
• Wanted western democratic nations to stop Soviet expansion together
• George Kennan develops the containment policy in ________________________Feb. 1946
• The U.S. should work to stop Soviet expansion
Containment would guide U.S. policy
throughout the Cold War
The 1960’s - JFK
JFK’s DomesticPrograms
were called
“The New Frontier”
List and describe the programs below:
The
Co
ld W
ar C
on
tin
ue
s U
nd
er
JFK
List, date, and describe the Cold War events below.
Describe the arms race events below.
Alliance for Progress
Bay of Pigs Invasion
The Berlin Wall is Constructed
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy administration moved away from the Dulles idea of
____________________________ and “New Look” policy of reliance on ____________________________
Problem was nuclear weapons could not be used in ___________________ conflicts in countries such as Vietnam
____________________________ (Secretary of Defense Robert
McNamara): increased spending on conventional weapons and maintain a
variety of options
_______________________ spending continued to rise under JFK
The 1960’s - LBJ - 1963 -1969
LBJ wanted to expand social reforms and
called his plan:
The Great Society
The Great Society would dramatically increase the ___________________________________________________
_________________________________________
In our history, the Great Society is most comparable/ similar to the _____________________.
There are 4 major areas of focus for LBJ’s Great Society:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Legislation/Landmark Court Cases
Civil War Amendments:
• 13th :
• 14th :
• 15th :
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) :
Mendez v. Westminster (1947) : made
it illegal to segregate Mexican-
American students in California
Executive Order 9981 (1948) :
Delgado v. Bastrop I.S.D. (1948) : made
it illegal to segregate Mexican-
American students in Texas
Sweatt v. Painter (1950) : Made it
illegal to segregate college students
based on race
Legislation (cont.)
Hernandez v. Texas (1954) : prohibited
Mexican-Americans from being
excluded from juries “fair trial by jury
of your peers”
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) :
Civil Rights Act of 1957 : created
national committee to investigate civil
rights issues
Civil Rights Act of 1964 :
24th Amendment : prohibited poll
taxes in federal elections
1965 Voting Rights Act :
Affirmative Action (1965) :
Edgewood ISD v. Kirby (1984) :
required changes in school finance to
increase funding for students in poorer
school districts
Events
Founding of NAACP (1909) : W.E.B.
DuBois
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56) :
Little Rock Nine (1957) :
Sit-Ins (1960-61) :
Freedom Rides (1961) :
James Meredith (1962) : first African-
American to attend the University of
Mississippi (Ole Miss)
Letter from Birmingham Jail/
Birmingham Campaign (1963) :
March on Washington (1963) :
Selma March (1965) :
Watts Riots (1965) broke out following
an arrest of a black motorist by white
police officers
INSTRUCTIONS:
Review the events
by providing the
importance of each.
Civil Rights MovementINSTRUCTIONS: Review the different approaches and leadership of various reform efforts by completing the organizer.
African Americans Women Hispanic Americans American Indian
Martin Luther King,
Jr.
Civil Disobedience:
Influenced by:
Gathered
widespread
support by:
Famous
Quotes/Speeches:
Assassinated 1968
Malcolm X
Views:
Influenced by:
Assassinated
1965
Black Panthers/
SNCC
Views:
Community-
based political
organization
Leaders:
Leader of
SNCC: Stokely
Carmichael
called for
“Black Power”
(economic
power, racial
separatism)
Betty Friedan
She wrote the
_____________
_____________
National
Organization for
Women (NOW):
Gloria Steinem
- Ms. Magazine:
Roe v. Wade
(1973)
- This legalized
_____________
Equal Pay Act:
Title IX (1972):
Cesar Chavez and
Dolores Huerta
- led the
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
(UFW)
o Boycotted
grape industry
o Non-violent
Hector P. Garcia
- started GI Forum for
_______________
rights.
La Raza Unida:
Chicano Mural
Movement:
American Indian
Movement (AIM)
Alcatraz:
Wounded Knee:
Introduced term
Native American and
brought attention to
discrimination and
bias
The Warren Court_________________________ such as expanding democracy and individual freedoms were realized in the decisions of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren
_____________________(1957): 1st amendment protects radical / revolutionary speech
_____________________(1961): Illegally seized evidence cant be used in court
_____________________(1962): cant require prayer in public schools (violated 1st amendment)
_______________________________________________(1965): citizen has right to privacy, thus birth control cannot be prohibited
_____________________(1966): right to remain silent & speak with attorney
Critics: Many conservatives did not like these decisions and favored a “___________” interpretation of the Constitution
Numerous other Supreme Court decisions regarding individual and civil rights.
Ex.) Brown v. Board of Education
Know the major cases he presided over!
Vietnam1954: France lost the battle at Dien Bien Phu & abandoned Vietnam. Communism in the North, Democracy in the South.
U.S. involvement started under Eisenhower
U.S. supported unpopular leader of South Vietnam named Ngo Dien Diem
JFK increased military advisors & troops in Vietnam
1964: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Led to Congress issuing a “blank check” for LBJ to send ground troops into Vietnam. LBJ ESCALATES THE WAR IN VIETNAM
_______________________(1968): surprise attack by North Vietnam during the Vietnamese New Year
• Anti-war opposition intensifies in 1968
• “Hawks v. Doves”, SDS
• Kent State Massacre
U.S. involvement ends in 1972 after the Vietnamization policy is put into action by __________________________
The 1970’sThe 3 Presidents you need to know in this decade are:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
So lets start with Nixon…
Election of 19681968 was a political mess:
1. __________________________________________2. __________________________________________3. __________________________________________4. __________________________________________5. __________________________________________
• Democratic convention in Chicago (1968) were plagued by riots • LBJ’s VP Hubert Humphrey gets the nomination
• George Wallace runs as the American independent party candidate • Opposed to federal desegregation, antiwar protests, and Great Society.
Conservative candidate, “SEGREGATION NOW, SEGREGATION TOMORROW, SEGREGATION FOREVER”.
• Republicans nominated Richard Nixon
Nixon wins the Presidency in1968 as many Americans turned away from
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__ _______________________________
Nixon and the End of VietnamNixon & Henry Kissinger had promised to end the war in Vietnam:
________________________________________________
• Appeals to the “________________________________________” (Nixon claims majority of Americans supported the war)
Since the _____________________________ in 1968 the debate over the Vietnam War intensified
• News of the My Lai Massacre (1968) surfaces in 1970.
• What happened in the massacre? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Nixon Doctrine – what is it? ______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
• Nixon also began secret bombing of neutral _________________________ and in April 1970 U.S. troops invaded in an effort to destroy Vietnamese communist bases in ___________________________.
• In response to the bombing of Cambodia protests erupted across the country on college campuses • 4 students killed at ____________________ in
Ohio • 2 students killed at
___________________________ in Miss.Henry Kissinger held secret negotiations with North Vietnam
(Tried diplomacy) • 1972: Nixon orders massive bombing of North
Vietnam when negotiations stalled
Nixon’s policy of “_________________________________” called for the U.S. to gradually withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam (Nixon Doctrine)
What does this mean?
With Nixon’s strategy of:
1.
2.
3.
______________________: cease fire signed Jan. 1973
U.S. Troops withdrew
• Free elections were suppose to take place
The cease fire with the U.S. did not permanently end the fighting between North and South Vietnam!
April 1975 - the U.S. supported government of South Vietnam fell to Communist rule – “Fall of Saigon”
Vietnam became a ______________________________________________
Nixon’s Most Important Foreign Policy Achievement: Detente
What does détente mean?
• Nixon & Kissinger sought to take advantage of the distrust & rivalry between China and the Soviet Union
• Nixon with a reputation as a anti- communist figure could negotiate without being accused of being “soft on communism”
• Nixon visits China February 1972 to met with Mao Zedong
• Keep in mind – we have not had diplomatic relations with China since the Communist revolution in 1949!
• We resume formal diplomatic relations 1979
• Relationship with China put pressure on the Soviets
• Treaty signed between the U.S. & Soviets limiting antiballistic missiles (ABMs)
• _______________________________________________________(SALT) limited nuclear weapons
Thus, Nixon was able to reduce the arms race and Cold War tensions (detente)!
BIG IDEA: The expansion of the role of the executive branch and issues/
scandals that arose in the 1960’s and 1970’s led Americans to DISTRUST their government.
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
____________________________________
revealed that the U.S. government from
JFK onward
___________________________________
the American people about the Vietnam War
• ___________________________________ passed by Congress that sought to reduce war powers of the president
• What expanded the war powers of the President at the start of the Vietnam War? _____________________________________________ (Think back!)
• Provisions of this Act:
• President must tell Congress within 48 hours of sending troops into conflict
• Congress would have to approve any military mission that lasted longer than 60 days
And then you have Watergate...
Nixon administration had a group called Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP) [LOL no irony here ☺]
June 1972: group of men working for Nixon’s reelection were caught breaking into Democratic HQ in Watergate
Even before this, Nixon’s people had:
• ordered wiretaps on gov’t employees & reporters to stop “leaks”
• “plumbers” were created to stop leaks and discredit opponents
• Government agencies such as the IRS were used to investigate opponents of Nixon &/or the Vietnam War
No concrete proof that Nixon ordered these illegal activities!
• Investigation revealed that Nixon did participate in a ____________________ of these illegal activities
• It was discovered that Nixon had secretly _____________________ conversations in the Oval Office
• Investigators wanted access to the tapes to prove that Nixon was involved in a cover-up
• Nixon claimed “______________________________________________”, but eventually the Supreme Court ruled he must turn over tapes in 1974
Impeachment charges:1. ___________________
___________________
2. ______________________________________
3. ______________________________________
Nixon _________________________________• Gerald Ford becomes 1st
_______________________ President in U.S. History
Watergate demonstrated once again the increasing loss of faith in the federal government!
Watergate Investigation
Politics for the rest of the 1970’s
Nixon wanted to l imit the size of the federal government
1970s saw a combination of economic slowdown (stagnation) and high inflation = ________________
Nixon removes the U.S. for the Gold Standard
Gerald Ford (VP) _________________ Nixon in 1974; his approval rating sharply decreases afterward
Election of 1976 Democrat ____________________________is elected President
Carter sought to pursue a humanitarian foreign policy:
• Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979 (hurt improving U.S.-Soviet relations)
• U.S. boycotted the Olympic games that were held in Moscow
During Yom Kippur War, Syria and Egypt suddenly attacked Israel (1973)
• The U.S. provides their ally _____________ with economic and military aid.
• Israel successfully defended itself
__________________________ is imposed upon the United States by the oil rich Arab nations in __________
In 1978 President Carter helps negotiate the ___________________________________
Israel and Egypt sign a peace agreement with one another
U.S. supported __________________________ was ______________________ by Islamic fundamentalist in
Iranian Revolution of 1979
Another ___________________________________________
________________________________:
• Situation gets worse when in 1979 more than 50 people are taken hostage at the American embassy in Tehran
• Huge embarrassment for the U.S.; hurts Carter’s legacy
APUSHContent Review
Part 4 (Period 9)[1980-Present]
This review was created in conjunction with Daniel Jocz’ APUSH Explained video series.
https://www.apushexplained.com
Name:
Date:
Period:
Period 9 (1980-2018)
• Go to http://www.apushexplained.com/period-9-explained-1980-2016.html
• Scroll all the way down to the bottom until you see APUSH Period 9 Key Concepts Reviewed!
• Watch the video and complete the graphic organizers. Then, in this box, write a one paragraph summary of the time period.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The 1980’s: Rise of ConservativismRise of Barry Goldwater in the election of 1964 was a reaction to:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________He believed that these issues undermined: ______________________________________
Moral Majority movement founded by Reverend Jerry Falwell – Rise of the Religious Right.
Election of
_________________
_________________
in 1980 was an
important milestone
for the conservative
movement
• New right: opposed to
______________
• Conservatives argued
against
______________
programs
• Opposed government
entitlement spending
• Felt counterproductive
in fighting poverty and
stimulating economic
growth.
HOWEVER: Many
programs remained
popular with voters
(Social Security and
Medicare)
Reagan at Home• Reagan favored supply-side economics
(_________________)
• Enacted significant tax cuts for the _______________
• Idea of ____________________________
economics
• Supported deregulation of many industries
• Union membership continued to decline
• Loss of manufacturing jobs
• Anti-union policies
Federal budget WAS NOT balanced under Reagan due to _________________________________
Reagan has a Conservative Supreme Court
• Sharp contrast with decisions of the Warren
Court (1953 – 1969)• Reagan appointed Conservation
___________________________________ to
the Supreme Court in 1981 (1st Woman!)
• States were allowed to place restrictions on
abortion• Affirmative Action was rolled back
Reagan AbroadReagan reasserted U.S. opposition to communism through:
1. ________________________ evil empire speech
2. _____________________________________Grenada
3. Diplomatic efforts: Relationship with _______________ led to a relaxation of tensions
4. _____________________________________
Proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or STAR WARS)
• 1979: Nicaragua Marxist group led a revolt against the Pro-American right-wing dictatorship.
• Reagan administration provided aid to the _______ in their fight against the Sandistas
• Boland amendment (1985) prevented further aid to the contras
• Grenada: Pro-Cuban regime came to power after a coup
• 1983: Reagan sent a small group of marines to return the pro-U.S. government to power
• ___________________ weapon sales to Iran funded Contras in Nicaragua (Iran-Contra Affair)
• Illegal since it violated the Boland Amendment
• Embarrassed the Reagan Administration
END OF THE COLD WAR!Some of the Cold War tensions increased under Reagan, BUT...
Mikhail Gorbachev (1985) began a series of reforms:
• __________________ openness, greater political freedom.
• __________________: slowly implemented capitalist reforms
• Soviets pulled back in places such as Eastern Europe.
• Arms control agreements
• 1987: ________________________________________________ (INF Treaty)
THE COLD WAR ENDED
DUE TO:
✓ Political and economic changes in the Soviet
Union and Eastern Europe
✓ Increased U.S. military spending
✓ Reagan’s diplomatic initiatives
• Symbol: _________________ is taken down in 1989
• Finally, Soviet Union dissolves in __________
End of the Cold War required the U.S. to
redefine its role in the world.Following the attacks on September 11, 2001, focus became fighting ___________________
Modern Presidents (1989 - 2017)
George H. W. Bush
(1989-1993)
Bill Clinton(1993 – 2001)
George W. Bush
(2001-2009)
Barack Obama
(2009 -2017)
Foreign Affairs• Invasion of
Panama• Persian Gulf War
(Desert Storm, 1991)
• In 1990, Iraq under the leadership of Saddam Hussein invaded neighboring Kuwait
• U.S. led coalition removed Iraqi troops and liberated Kuwait
Foreign Affairs• Balkans Crisis:
• Participation in- NAFTA- GATT (Later
WTO)- UN- NATO- SEATO- APEC- OAS
• Controversial 2000 election:
• 9/11• War on Terror• Osama Bin
Laden and the Taliban
• Department of Homeland Security
• TSA• Patriot Act
(CONTROVERSIAL):
• Financial crisis of 2008
• Hurricane Katrina
• Historic 2008 election – 1st
African-American President
• American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
• Healthcare Reform
• Appointed the 1st Hispanic-American Supreme Court Justice
• Osama Bin Laden is killed
Domestic Affairs• Economic recession
and Rust Belt• Rodney King• Passed the
Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990
Domestic Affairs• Computer and
economic boom• Impeachment –
Monica Lewinski Scandal
Cold War Presidents and PoliciesHarry Truman
Hiroshima and Nagasaki (World War II decision or
Cold War decision?), 1945
Truman Doctrine (George Kennan and the policy of
containment), 1947
Marshall Plan, 1947
Berlin Airlift, 1948
Chinese Revolution. 1949
Soviet Union tests an atomic bomb, 1949
Korean War began, 1950
Dwight Eisenhower
Korean War ended, 1953
Nikita Khrushchev became leader of the Soviet Union after Joseph Stalin died,
1953
(“peaceful coexistence” began)
Suez Canal crisis, 1956
Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957
U-2 incident, 1960 (“peaceful coexistence”
ended)
John Kennedy
Bay of Pigs, 1961
Alliance for Progress, 1961
Berlin Wall, 1961
Cuban missile crisis, 1962
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963
Lyndon Johnson
Escalation of the Vietnam War, 1965
Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968
Richard Nixon
Vietnamization began, 1969
Nixon Doctrine, 1970
SALT and the policy of detent, 1972
Nixon visited China, 1972
U.S. pulls troops out of Vietnam, 1973
Arab-Israeli War leads to confrontation with Soviet
Union, 1973
Jimmy Carter
Human Rights Policy announced, 1977
SALT II, 1979
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the Carter
Doctrine, 1979
U.S. boycott of Summer Olympics in Moscow, 1980
Ronald Reagan
Reagan Doctrine, 1981
“Evil Empire” speech (SDI introduced), 1981
Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet
Union (glasnost, perestroika),
Geneva Summit, 1985
Iceland Summit, 1986
INF Treaty, 1987
Washington Summit, 1987
Moscow Summit, 1988
George H. W. Bush
Berlin Wall came down, 1989
Soviet Union disbanded, 1991
Religious History of the United States
1600s and 1700s
• New England Puritans
• Calvinist beliefs of Predestination, profit as a sign of salvation, both church and state serve God
• City Upon a Hill
• Community of Saints
• Congregationalists
• Halfway covenant
• Harvard, 1639
• John Winthrop
• Salem Witch Trials
• Quakers
• Inward Light
• William Penn
• Pennsylvania, 1681
• Holy Experiment
• Society of Friends
• Anglicans
• Catholics
• Maryland; Act of Toleration
• Great Awakening, 1730s-1760s
• Johnathan Edwards
• George Whitefield
• Old lights/ New lights
• Characteristics: human sinfulness leads to eternal damnation unless humans surrender to God and accept Jesus as their savior
• Emotion is more important than intellect
• Importance: religious freedom, separation of church and state, individualism
• Deism
1800s
• Second Great Awakening, early 1800s
• Charles Finney
• Importance: inspired several reform movements
• Education – Horace Mann
• Utopian Socialism –Brooke Farm, Oneida
• Temperance
• Abolitionist
• Women’s suffrage
• Josiah Strong, Our Country
• Social Gospel Movement, late 1800s and early 1900s
• Characteristics: Christian desire to improve the world through charity
• Middle class women, Progressives
1900s
• Fundamentalism v. Modernism
• Scopes Trial, 1925
• Charles Coughlin, 1930s
• Rise of the religious right 1970s through early 2000s
• Phyllis Schlafly, Oat Robertson, Jerry Falwell (Moral Majority)
• Beliefs: pro-life, anti-evolution, prayer in schools, views U.S. as a Christian nation, traditional family life.
Economic History of the United StatesEconomic Terms
mercantilism
laissez faire
tariff (revenue and protective)
recession (depression)
recovery (prosperity)
inflation (cheap money)
deflation (hard money)
specie
supply
Demand
1607-1776
Jamestown and the London Company, 1607
Calvinism (achieving grace through profit and wealth)
Triangular Trade
Navigation Acts
Salutary Neglect
American Revolution
Sugar Act, 1764
Stamp Act, 1765-66
Declaratory Act, 1766
Townshend Acts, 1767
1776-1840
Economic problems stemming from the Articles of Confederation, 1787-1789
Shay’s rebellion, 1786-87
Alexander Hamilton’s financial program
raise revenue to assume state debts and fund the national debt at par
sale of western land
excise tax
revenue tariff
First Bank of the United States, 1781-1811
Embargo of 1807
Henry Clay’s American System, 1815
Second Bank of the United States, 1816-1836
protective tariff, 1816
internal improvements at federal expense (not funded)
South Carolina Tariff Crisis, 1832-33
Destruction of the Bank of the United States, 1833
Panic of 1837
Independent Treasury System, 1840
1840-1901
Development of a national economy
turnpikes
canals
steamboats
railroads
Economic advantages and disadvantages of North and South during the Civil War
Sharecropping, post-Civil War
Industrial Take-Off, 1865-1900
improved standard of living
U.S. became a world power
problems: monopolies, uneven distribution of wealth, crime, corruption
The Gilded Age
trusts and monopolies
J.P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.J. Hill, Jay Gould,
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Growth of labor unions
fought for collective bargaining to deal with the problems of long hours, low, pay, and unsafe working conditions
Knights of Labor, 1869
Railroad Strike of 1877
American Federation of Labor founded (founded by Samuel Gompers), 1886
Homestead Strike, 1892
Pullman Strike (led by Eugene Debs), 1894
Farmers’ organizations
problems for farmers: railroad monopolies, high tariffs, deflation
Grange, 1867
Populist Party, 1889
Monetary policy
Greenback Party
Crime of ’73 (Panic of 1873)
Bland-Allison Act of 1878 and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
Grover Cleveland and the gold standard
Panic of 1893 (caused by the McKinley Tariff and the return to the gold standard)
Free Silver movement
Klondike gold rush, 1896
1901-1945
Progressive Era, 1901-1917, created a regulated capitalism
Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft broke up monopolies using the
Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
Election of 1912: Wilson’s New Freedom vs. T. Roosevelt’s New Nationalism
Federal Reserve System, 1913
16th Amendment, 1913
Underwood-Simmons Tariff, 1913
Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1914
Warren Harding and the Return to Normalcy, 1921-23
protective tariffs
deregulation of business
Calvin Coolidge, 1923-29 (“the business of America is business”)
The Great Depression, 1929-1941
cause: too much supply, too little demand
The Fed tightened the money supply
Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 1930
stock market crash, 1929
Herbert Hoover, 1929-1933
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
public works programs
Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1933-45
relief, recovery and reform
Keynesian economics (“priming the pump”)
New Deal programs: Agricultural Adjustment Act, Civilian Conservation Corps,
Public Works Administration, Works Progress Administration, Social Security,
Wagner Act, Tennessee Valley Authority
1945-Present
Post-World War II inflationary spiral
Dwight Eisenhower and Keynesian economics, 1957
Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society, 1963-69
“War on Poverty”
Great Society programs: Medicare, Medicaid, Office of Economic Opportunity,
Job Corps, Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), Food Stamps
Richard Nixon: “We are all Keynesians now,” 1971
OPEC and the energy crisis of the 1970s
Stagflation, 1970s
Ronald Reagan, 1981-89
supply-side economics
tax cuts and deregulation
Bill Clinton and the “Third Way,” 1993-2001
Economic History of the United States
Brief History of African Americans in the U.S.Colonial America
• First Africans brought to Virginia, 1619
• First Africans were treated as indentured servants
and released after a number of
• years.
• Reasons slavery was imposed on African
Americans: freed servants became
• competition for resources, released servants had
to be replaced, racism
• Massachusetts became the first colony to legalize
slavery, 1641 (slavery legal in all
• colonies by the early 1700s)
Late 1700s
• Constitutional Convention, 1787: Three-Fifths
Compromise, Slave Trade Compromise
• Invention of the cotton gin helped make slavery
profitable, 1793
• Toussaint L’Ouverture’s rebellion in Haiti led to
stronger Slave Codes in the US, 1797
Early 1800s
• African slave trade outlawed, 1808
• Slave population increased due to increase in
native born population
• Majority of white southerners owned no slaves
• Denmark Vesey’s failed rebellion, 1822
• Nat Turner’s rebellion, 1831
• Abolitionists: Benjamin Lundy, William Lloyd
Garrison, The Liberator, Frederick Douglass, The
North Star, Sojourner Truth, Elijah P. Lovejoy
• Abolitionist Groups: American Colonization
Society, Free Soil Party, American Anti-Slavery
Society
Civil War and Reconstruction
• Dred Scott v. Sandord, 1857
• Emancipation Proclamation, 1863
• 13th Amendment
• 14th Amendment
• 15th Amendment
• Black Codes
• Sharecropping
• Northern troops pulled out of the South, 1877
Late 1800s
• Voting rights taken away from African Americans
after Reconstruction
• Jim Crow laws adopted by southern states, 1876-
1965
• Booker T. Washington and the Atlanta
Compromise, 1895
• Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
Early 1900s
• W.E.B. DuBois and the Niagara Movement, 1905
• National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP), 1909
• Birth of a Nation, 1915
• African Americans migrated to northern cities
during World War I and World War II
• Harlem Renaissance and the New Negro, 1920s
• Marcus Garvey
Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1968
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas ,
1954
• Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-56
• Rosa Parks
• Martin Luther King, Jr.
• SCLC founded, 1957
• Integration of Little Rock High School, 1957
• Civil Rights Act of 1957 created a commission to
investigate cases of discrimination
• Sit-ins at Greensboro, NC, lunch counter, 1960
• Freedom Riders, 1961
• March on Washington, 1963
• Mississippi Summer Project, 1964
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Malcolm X assassinated, 1965
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Watts, CA, 1965 (Riots)
• Stokely Carmichael replaced John Lewis as
leader of SNCC, 1966 (Carmichael
• helped ignite the Black Power movement)
• Black Panthers founded, 1966
• Race Riots, 1965-68
• Kerner Commission Report, 1968
• Martin Luther King assassinated, 1968
• Poor People’s March, 1968
Brief History of Native Americans in the U.S.1600s and 1700s
• Smallpox epidemic in New England killed 90% of Indians, 1600s
• King Philip’s War, 1675-78
• The Iroquois, the Albany Plan of Union, Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution
• Pontiac’s Rebellion and the Proclamation of 1763
• President Washington (1789-1797) encouraged a “civilizing process” (based on a belief that Native Americans were equal, but their society was inferior
Early 1800s
• Tecumseh and his brother The Prophet
• Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811
• Seminole War
• Indian Removal
• Worcester v. Georgia 1832
• Trail of Tears, 1838
1865-1890: Indian Wars
• Extermination of the buffalo in late 1800s helped defeat Plains Indians
• Custer defeated by Sioux and Cheyenne at Little Big Horn, 1876
• Chief Joseph (Nez Perce) surrendered, 1877
• Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 1881
• Geronimo surrendered (Apache), 1886
• Dawes Severalty Act (Kill the Indian, save the man), 1887
• Sioux massacred at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, 1890
1900s
• Snyder Act, 1924
• Wheeler Howard Act, 1934
• Dennis Banks and the American Indian Movement (AIM), 1968
• The Trail of Broken Treaties and the Twenty Points, 1972
• Occupation of Wounded Knee, 1972
Brief History of Women in the U.S.American Revolution
• Republican motherhood
• Abigail Adams “Remember the Ladies”
Early 1800s
• Cult of Domesticity
• Seneca Falls Convention, 1848
• Declaration of Sentiments
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton (“all men and women are created equal”
• Lucretia Mott
Late 1800s
• Susan B. Anthony
• Victoria Woodhull
• Fight to include women’s suffrage in the 15th amendment
• Wyoming grants women’s suffrage, 1870
Early 1900s
• National Women’s Party, 1916
• 19th Amendment, 1920
• Margaret Sanger
• Flapper (greater freedom in fashion and behavior), 1920s
• “Rosie the Riveter” and WWII
Late 1900s
• Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, 1963
• Equal Pay Act, 1963
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• National Organization for Women, 1966
• Equal Rights Amendment (passed by Congress in 1972, not ratified by enough states)
• Title IX, 1972
• Roe v. Wade, 1973
History of Immigration in the United States
• Before 1880, immigrants came primarily from northern Europe.
• Great Migration of English Puritans, 1630s and 1640s
• Scots-Irish and Germans, 1700s, Irish, 1840s
• After 1880, immigrants began coming from southern and eastern Europe.
• Ellis Island
• New Immigrants
• Moved to cities
• Provided unskilled labor
• Faced more nativism than their predecessors
• Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
• Gentlemen’s Agreement, 1907
• National Origins Acts, 1920s
• Bracero Program, 1930s
• McCarran-Walter Act, 1952
• Immigration Act, 1965
• Immigration Reform and Control Act, 1986
Important Supreme Court Cases
• Marbury v. Madison, 1803
• McCullough v. Maryland, 1819
• Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824
• Worcester v. Georgia, 1832
• Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857
• Munn v. Illinois, 1876
• Wabash v. Illinois, 1886
• Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
• Schenck v. U.S., 1935
• Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
• Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963
• Miranda v. Arizona, 1966
• Tinker v. De Moines, 1969
• New York Times v. U.S., 1971
• Roe v. Wade, 1973
• U.S. v. Nixon, 1974
Wars/ Dates to Remember
1. _____________ French and Indian War
2. _________________American Revolution
3. __________________War of 1812
4. _____________ Mexican-American War
5. _______________________ Civil War
6. _____________ Spanish-American War
7. ____________________ World War I
8. ___________________ World War II
9. _____________________ Korean War
10. _____________________ Vietnam War
11. _________________ Persian Gulf War
12. ________________ War on Terror
Dates to Remember
1.___________ Christopher Columbus sailed to the Americas
2.___________ Jamestown established
3.___________ French and Indian War ended
4.___________ Declaration of Independence
5.___________ Constitutional Convention
6.___________ George Washington became president
7._______________ Era of Good Feelings
8._____________________ Reconstruction Era
9._____________________ Progressive Era
10.______________ Great Depression
11.__________________ Cold War
Primary Sources to NoteBooks and Writings
Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1876
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist, 1787
Joseph Smith, The Book of Mormon, 1830
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 1835-1840
Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, 1845
Henry David Thoreau, Resistance to Civil Government, 1849
Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852
Henry George, Progress and Poverty, 1879
Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 1881
Josiah Strong, Our Country, 1885
Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, 1888
Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, 1890
Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” 1893
Charles Sheldon, In His Steps, 1896
Booker T. Washington, Up From Slavery, 1901
Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities, 1904
Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, 1905
Charles Austin Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution, 1913
Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, 1962
Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, 1963
Speeches
George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796
Thomas Jefferson, Inaugural Address, 1801
Daniel Webster, Second Reply to Hayne, 1830
Abraham Lincoln, “House Divided” Speech, 1858
Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, 1863
William Jennings Bryan, “Cross of Gold” Speech, 1896
Woodrow Wilson, Call for Declaration of War against Germany, 1917
Franklin Roosevelt, Inaugural Address, 1933
Martin Luther King, “I Have a Dream,” 1963
Compromises Territory Expansion and Treaties
Compromises
Great Compromise, 1787
Missouri Compromise, 1820
Compromise of 1833
Compromise of 1850
Crittenden Compromise, 1860
Compromise of 1877
Atlanta Compromise, 1895
Territorial Expansion
Louisiana Purchase, 1803
Florida, 1819
Oregon, 1846
Mexican Cession, 1848
Gadsden Purchase, 1853
Treaties
Treaty of Paris, 1763
Treaty of Paris, 1783
Jay’s Treaty, 1794
Pinckney’s Treaty, 1795
Treaty of Ghent, 1814
Adams-Onís Treaty, 1819
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
Treaty of Paris, 1898
Treaty of Versailles, 1919
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 1954