APUSH MIDTERM 2014REVIEW, PERIODS 1-5

PERIOD 1: 1491-1607

Economic difficulties in Europe; the desire for geographic knowledge; the desire to acquire lands, riches, and raw materials; and the desire to spread Christianity all caused Europeans to become interested in the Americas.

Cortes and other Spanish conquistadores entered much of Central America, South America, the southeastern section of North America, and the area now known as Florida, conquering the Aztecs, the Incas, and other Native American tribes. Guns, horses, and diseases brought from Europe all aided the Spanish in their efforts to defeat the native tribes.

PERIOD 1: 1491-1607

The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of animals, plants, diseases, and ideas that took place between the Western Hemisphere and Europe as a result of initial Spanish and Portuguese exploration.

Time Line: 2500 BCE: Migration of Asians to the Americas across the

Bering Strait 1492: Voyage of Columbus to the Americas 1519: Cortes enters Mexico 1520-1530: Smallpox epidemic devastates Native American

population in many parts of South and Central America, virtually wiping out some tribes

1542: Spanish explorers travel through southwestern U.S.

Period 2: 1607-1754

Colonial America from 1607-1650French settlers in Canada were less oppressive to

natives than the Spanish. Jesuit priests converted thousands of Native Americans to Christianity. French settlers became increasingly interested in fur trading.

Puritans and other religious-minded peoples came to the Americas because they felt the Church of England was too close to Catholicism

The first English settlement in America was the Jamestown colony, founded in 1607. Tobacco became the main crop in Jamestown, and the first slaves arrived in 1619.

Period 2: 1607-1754

Colonial America from 1607-1650A group of religious separatists arrived in Plymouth,

Massachusetts, in 1620. The first year of settlement was difficult for these Pilgrims, who had to rely on help from the Native Americans in order to survive.

The Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. This colony was established as a “city upon a hill,” where the will of God could be manifested. A limited representative government was established. Religious dissent was not tolerated. Dissenters, such as Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams, were banished from the colony.

America’s ecosystem was radically altered by European settlement.

Period 2: 1607-1754

Colonial America from 1607-1650Timeline:

1607: Jamestown founded 1619: Virginia House of Burgesses founded 1620: Plymouth founded 1629: Massachusetts Bay Colony founded 1634: Maryland colony founded 1636: Connecticut founded

Period 2: 1607-1754

British Empire in America: Growth and Conflict (1650-1750)The dominant economic theory of the era was

mercantilism; British mercantilist measures, such as the Navigation Acts, created resentment in the American colonies.

The importation of African slaves became increasingly important for the continued economic growth of several southern colonies.

Eighteenth century European wars between the British and the French spilled over into the Americas, with British and French colonies becoming involved.

Period 2: 1607-1754

British Empire in America: Growth and Conflict (1650-1750) In the early 18th century, colonial assemblies became

increasingly powerful and independent in several colonies, including Massachusetts.

Even during the era of salutary neglect, the British attempted to increase their economic control over the colonies.

The religious revival called the Great Awakening caused some colonists to question many of the religious, social, and political foundations upon which colonial life was based.

Period 2: 1607-1754

British Empire in America: Growth and Conflict (1650-1750)Time Line

1651: First of several Navigation Acts passed by Parliament

1676: Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia 1739: Stono Rebellion in South Carolina 1730s and 1740: Great Awakening

Period 3: 1754-1800

Resistance, Rebellion, and Revolution (1750-1775):Tensions between the British and the French intensified

in the 1740s, when land speculators from English colonies began to acquire land in the Ohio Valley.

The Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) was between the English and colonial militias and the French; Native Americans fought on both sides.

The defeat of the French in the Seven Years’ War largely ended French influence in the Americas

After the Seven Years’ War, the British attempted to force the colonies to pay for a portion of the war effort.

Period 3: 1754-1800

Resistance, Rebellion, and Revolution (1750-1775):Parliamentary efforts during this era to produce

money for Great Britain by imposing various taxes and duties upon the colonies resulted in great unrest in the colonies.

The impact of the Stamp Act on the colonies was great. As a result, nine colonies met at the 1765 Stamp Act Congress, and the Sons of Liberty formed in Boston, Massachusetts.

Boston remained a center of opposition to British policy; the Boston Massacre in 1770 and the Boston Tea Party in 1773 helped to create resistance to Britain in other colonies, as well.

Period 3: 1754-1800

Resistance, Rebellion, and Revolution (1750-1775):The 1774 Intolerable Acts that closed the port of

Boston and curtailed freedom of speech in Massachusetts outraged many in the colonies.

The 1774 First Continental Congress passed a resolution that stated that the colonies would resist measures that taxed them without their consent. The First Continental Congress also resolved that individual colonies should raise and train militias.

Period 3: 1754-1800

Resistance, Rebellion, and Revolution (1750-1775): Time Line:

1754: Representatives of colonies meet at Albany Congress 1756: Seven Years’ War begins 1763: Treaty of Paris, ending Seven Years’ War, signed 1764: Parliament passes Sugar Act, Currency Act 1765: Congress passes Stamp Act; Stamp Act Congress

formed; Sons of Liberty formed 1766: Stamp Act repealed; Declaratory Act passed 1767: Passage of Townshed Acts 1770: Boston Massacre 1773: Boston Tea Party 1774: Intolerable Acts; First Continental Congress

Period 3: 1754-1800

American Revolution and the New Nation (1775-1787):The first armed resistance to the British army occurred

at Lexington and Concord.The Second Continental Congress began to prepare

the American colonies for war against the British, but by passing the Olive Branch Petition, they tried to accommodate colonial interests with those of Britain.

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense was widely read throughout the colonies.

Many Loyalists lived in the colonies at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War; many were members of the economic elite.

Period 3: 1754-1800

American Revolution and the New Nation (1775-1787):Blacks and women played roles in the colonies’ war

effort.The defensive tactics of George Washington as leader

of the Continental forces proved decisive.French assistance to the Continental war effort proved

invaluable; the French navy proved to be especially critical as the war progressed.

The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War. In this treaty, the British recognized American independence, and large amounts of territory west of the Appalachian Mountains became American territory.

Period 3: 1754-1800

American Revolution and the New Nation (1775-1787):The Articles of Confederation created a weak

national government so as to avoid replicating the tyranny of Britain.

To many colonial observers, Shay’s Rebellion demonstrated that a stronger national government was needed.

Period 3: 1754-1800

American Revolution and the New Nation (1775-1787): Time Line:

1775: Battles of Lexington and Concord; Second Continental Congress meets

1776: Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense; Declaration of Independence approved; British surrender at Saratoga

1777: State constitutions drafted in 10 former colonies 1777-1778: Valley Forge; French begin to assist America in war

effort 1781: Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown; Articles of

Confederation ratified 1783: Treaty of Paris signed 1786-87: Shay’s Rebellion in Massachusetts 1787: Northwest Ordinance establishes regulations for territorial

settlement west of Appalachian Mountains

Period 3: 1754-1800

Establishment of new Political Systems (1787-1800)The 1787 meeting called to amend the Articles of

Confederation resulted in the drafting of the Constitution. James Madison was the Father of the Constitution.The format of the bicameral legislature, the separation of

powers, and federalism made the U.S. Constitution unique.The division between Federalists and Anti-Federalists

demonstrated that very different visions of America and the scope of the federal government existed in the U.S. at the time.

The Bill of Rights established Americans’ civil liberties.

Period 3: 1754-1800

Establishment of new Political Systems (1787-1800)During the Washington administration, very different

visions of America were expressed by Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. Hamilton’s ideas helped spur American economic growth during Washington’s administration.

The U.S. had a great deal of trouble convincing the British and the French that the U.S. was a major power during this era.

Many critics viewed the Alien and Sedition Acts during the Adams administration as gross overextensions of federal government power.

Period 3: 1754-1800

Establishment of new Political Systems (1787-1800) Time Line:

1787: Constitution ratified by Constitutional Convention 1789: Washington sworn in as first president 1790: Hamilton proposes economic plans 1791: Bank of the U.S. established; Bill of Rights ratified 1793: Democratic-Republican party forms 1794: Whiskey Rebellion 1795: Jay’s Treaty with England/Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain 1796: Adams elected president, Jefferson elected vice

president 1798: XYZ Affair; Sedition Act issued; Kentucky & Virginia

Resolves 1800: Jefferson elected president

Period 4: 1800-1848

Jeffersonian Revolution (1800-1820)The election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800 was called

the “Revolution of 1800,” as the new president had a completely different vision of America from the outgoing Federalists.

The role of the federal courts was greatly strengthened during John Marshall’s tenure as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; Marbury v. Madison: judicial review

The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of the United States

Period 4: 1800-1848

Jeffersonian Revolution (1800-1820)America entered the War of 1812 because President

Madison convinced the nation that America’s rights as a neutral power had been violated and because many in Congress believed that the British had been encouraging resistance by Native American tribes.

Henry Clay’s American System outlined a plan for broad economic growth

The Missouri Compromise temporarily solved the issue of the number of slave states versus the number of free states

Period 4: 1800-1848

Jeffersonian Revolution (1800-1820)Time Line:

1800: Thomas Jefferson elected president in “Revolution of 1800”

1803: Louisiana Purchase; Marbury v. Madison 1804: Thomas Jefferson reelected; Lewis and Clark

expedition begins 1807: Embargo Act greatly harms foreign trade 1808: James Madison elected president; international

slave trade outlawed 1812: War of 1812 begins 1814: Treaty of Ghent formally ends War of 1812

Period 4: 1800-1848

Jeffersonian Revolution (1800-1820)Time Line:

1814-1815: Hartford Convention (meeting of Federalists)

1815: Battle of New Orleans (after War of 1812 was officially over; led by Andrew Jackson); Clay proposes American System

1816: James Monroe elected president 1816-1823: “Era of Good Feelings” 1820: Missouri Compormise

Period 4: 1800-1848

Rise of Manufacturing and the Age of Jackson (1820-1845)A new production system developed in textile mills,

such as those that existed in Lowell, Massachusetts, in the early 19th century.

The Monroe Doctrine boldly proclaimed that the Western Hemisphere was off limits to European intrusion.

Beginning in 1824, it was official U.S. policy to move Native American tribes west of the Mississippi.

The Second Great Awakening influenced many to become involved in reform movements, including the abolitionist movement.

Period 4: 1800-1848

Rise of Manufacturing and the Age of Jackson (1820-1845)Andrew Jackson’s presidency is celebrated as an era

when the “common man” reigned supreme. Jackson greatly expanded the powers of the

presidency. Jackson’s tariff policy caused a renewal of interest in

the policy of nullification in several Southern state legislatures.

In the 1830s, the Whig party emerged as the major party opposing Jackson’s Democratic party.

Period 4: 1800-1848

Rise of Manufacturing and the Age of Jackson (1820-1845)Time Line:

1790s: Beginning of Second Great Awakening 1816: Second Bank of the U.S. chartered; Tariff of 1816

imposed substantial import tariffs; election of James Monroe

1819: Panic of 1819 1820: Missouri Compromise; reelection of James Monroe 1820s: growth of new England textile mills 1823: Monroe Doctrine 1824: Proposal by President Monroe for Native American

removal west of the Mississippi River

Period 4: 1800-1848

Rise of Manufacturing and the Age of Jackson (1820-1845)Time Line:

1825: John Quincy Adams elected president by House of Representatives after no candidate wins majority of electoral college

1828: Andrew Jackson elected president 1830: Congress passed Indian Removal Act 1830s: Growth of the Whig party 1831: Cherokee Nation v. Georgia; first issue of William

Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator published

Period 4: 1800-1848

Rise of Manufacturing and the Age of Jackson (1820-1845)Time Line:

1832: Jackson reelected; nullification crisis after South Carolina nullifies tariffs

1836: Martin Van Buren (Democrat) elected president 1840: William Henry Harrison (Whig) elected president

Period 5: 1848-1877

Union Expanded and Challenged (1835-1860)The concept of Manifest Destiny spurred American

expansion into Texas and the far West.American settlers much more loyal to the U.S. than

to Mexico entered Texas in large numbers and encouraged Texas to break away from Mexico and eventually become a U.S. state.

The issue of slavery in the territories came to dominate American political debate more and more in the 1840s and 1850s.

Period 5: 1848-1877

Union Expanded and Challenged (1835-1860)California entered the Union as a free state under

the Missouri Compromise, upsetting the balance between free and slave states and intensifying the conflict between them.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act created violence in these territories as they “decided” on whether they would be slave or free; both abolitionists and proslavery forces shipped in supporters to help sway the elections in these territories.

The Dred Scott v. Sandford decision intensified sectionalism.

Period 5: 1848-1877

Union Expanded and Challenged (1835-1860)The election of 1860 was seen as an insult to many

in the South, and after its results were announced, the Deep South states seceded.

Time Line: 1836: Texas territory rebels against Mexico;

independent republic of Texas created 1841: Beginning of expansion into Oregon territory 1844: James K. Polk (Democrat) elected president 1845: Texas becomes a state 1846: Oregon Treaty with Britain gives most of Oregon

to U.S.; War with Mexico begins; Wilmot Proviso passed

Period 5: 1848-1877

Union Expanded and Challenged (1835-1860)Time Line:

1848: Gold discovered in California; beginning of California gold rush; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; Free Soil party forms; Zachary Taylor (Whig) elected president

1850: Compromise of 1850 1852: Franklin Pierce (Democrat) elected president;

Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act passed; Republican party

formed 1856: James Buchanan (Democrat) elected president;

“Bleeding Kansas” 1857: Dred Scott v. Sandford decision

Period 5: 1848-1877

Union Expanded and Challenged (1835-1860)Time Line:

1858: Lincoln-Douglas debates; Stephen Douglas issued Freeport Doctrine

1859: John Brown’s Harper’s Ferry raid 1860: Abraham Lincoln (Republican) elected president;

South Carolina seceded from Union

Period 5: 1848-1877

Union Divided: The Civil War (1861-1865)By 1861, various social, political, economic, and

cultural factors made conflict between the North and the South inevitable.

The North had numerous industrial, transportation, and financial advantages that it utilized throughout the Civil War.

The Confederate States of America was created in February 1861.

Success for the Confederacy depended upon European aid; Southerners overestimated Europe’s dependence upon Southern crops.

Period 5: 1848-1877

Union Divided: The Civil War (1861-1865)Confederate generals proved much more competent

than their Union counterparts in the first years of the war.

By late 1862, the war had produced severe effects on the home fronts. Food shortages occurred in the South, and President Lincoln imposed martial law in several locations.

Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus in the cases of some of his political opponents.

The Emancipation Proclamation provided a moral justification for Northerners to continue the war.

Period 5: 1848-1877

Union Divided: The Civil War (1861-1865)The war shifted decisively in favor of the North in

1863, with the battles at Gettysburg and Vicksburg proving to be critical victories for the North.

The Confederacy’s surrender in April 1865 was caused by a severe lack of morale, manpower, and economic stability in the South.

Period 5: 1848-1877

Union Divided: The Civil War (1861-1865)Time Line:

1860: Lincoln elected president; South Carolina seceded 1861: Confederate States of America formed; attack on Fort

Sumter; Union blockade of Southern ports 1862: Union navy captured New Orleans; Conscription

began in Confederate states; Battle of Antietam; British refuse to aid Confederate States

1863: Emancipation Proclamation; Conscription begins in North; Gettysburg; Vicksburg; New York City draft riots

1864: Abraham Lincoln reelected; General Sherman’s “march to the sea”

1865: General Lee surrendered at Appomattox; Lincoln assassinated

Period 5: 1848-1877

Era of Reconstruction (1865-1877)Any plan to assimilate the Southern states back into

the Union after the Civil War would have had major difficulties; determining the appropriate post-war status of former Confederate supporters was problematic.

There was tension between presidential plans for Reconstruction versus Congressional plans for Reconstruction.

Radical Republicans instituted policies to improve the political and economic status of former slaves; their plans caused huge resentment in the South.

Period 5: 1848-1877

Era of Reconstruction (1865-1877)President Andrew Johnson’s impeachment went

forward because of major disagreements between Johnson and Congressional Radical Republicans.

The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments outlawed slavery, established Blacks’ rights, and established the framework by which Southern states could reenter the Union.

Many in the South, including Ku Klux Klan members, felt great resentment toward carpetbaggers and scalawags and toward the political and economic powers which some Southern blacks then held.

Period 5: 1848-1877

Era of Reconstruction (1865-1877)The Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the

South. As Union troops left the South, Blacks were again reduced to second-class citizens’ status.

Time Line: 1865: Andrew Johnson proposes his plan for

Reconstruction; Black Codes passed by Southern legislatures

1866: Civil Rights Act passed; Freedmen’s Bureau Act approved by Congress (Johnson vetoed it); Fourteenth Amendment passed; riots in New Orleans and Memphis; Radical Republicans win congressional elections, effectively ending Johnson’s ability to institute his Reconstruction plans

Period 5: 1848-1877

Era of Reconstruction (1865-1877)Time Line:

1867: Congress passed Tenure of Office Act; Congress passed Reconstruction Act; Johnson tries to remove Secretary of War Stanton, in violation of Tenure of Office Act

1868: Johnson impeached by House of Representatives; falls one vote short of conviction in the Senate; Southern states return to Union under Congressional Reconstruction policies; Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) elected president

1870: Many Blacks elected in Southern state legislatures 1872: Former Confederates permitted to hold office;

Ulysses S. Grant reelected

Period 5: 1848-1877

Era of Reconstruction (1865-1877)Time Line:

1876: Disputed presidential election between Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Tilden (Democrat)

1877: Compromise of 1877: Hayes elected president; Reconstruction ends in South