The Great WestChapter 26

Tragedy for Native Americans

o President Andrew Jackson signs 1st Indian Removal Acto Worcester v. Georgia 1832

o “John Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it”o Open up land for farming

Cultures ClashDislocated tribes like Sioux and Cheyenne adapted to new

life on Plains quicklyWhite settlers bring hardships prior to Civil WarTreaties such as Fort Laramie 1851 and Fort Atkinson

1853 begin reservation systemWhy did treaties fail?

Promised Land• Given most of Oklahoma, “as long as grass shall grow

and rivers run.”• Provided $$$ from sale of Eastern lands

• $$$ later taken to pay for their care• Boomers pressured government to take away

promised land:• Railroad• Farming

• Increased amounts of settlers caused tension with existing Plains Indians

• Growing need for military protection (US Cavalry)

05,000,000

10,000,00015,000,00020,000,00025,000,00030,000,00035,000,00040,000,00045,000,00050,000,000

1850 1860 1890

185018601900

Systematic Destruction of Bison

1871 to 1875, the US supported the extermination of 11 million buffalo.

Vanishing Way Of Lifeo Settlers moving into the

West saw buffalo as a profitable resourceo killed them mainly for their

skinso Railroad crews slaughtered

buffalo for sporto Full-time hunters made

quick money: Billy Dixon and Bill Cody

Sand Creek Massacre

Gold discoveries in 1850’s and 1860s led to population growth in Colorado Territory

Violence against wagon trains, mining camps, and others Colorado Governor John Evans asked Colonel John Chivington to end Indian

attacks Black Kettle’s band of Cheyenne were destroyed Army killed over 200

~½ women and children"All we ask is that we have peace with the whites. We want to hold you by the hand. You are our father… These braves who are with me are willing to do what I say. We want to take good tidings home to our people, that they may sleep in peace. I want you to give all these chiefs of the soldiers here to understand that we are for peace, and that we have made peace, that we may not be mistaken by them for enemies.

Sand Creek Massacre

"THEY WERE SCALPED, THEIR BRAINS KNOCKED OUT; THE MEN USED THEIR KNIVES, RIPPED OPEN WOMEN, CLUBBED LITTLE CHILDREN, KNOCKED THEM IN THE HEAD WITH THEIR RIFLE BUTTS, BEAT THEIR BRAINS OUT, MUTILATED THEIR BODIES IN EVERY SENSE OF THE WORD."

-Testimony given against Col. Chivington during Congressional investigation

“Damn any man who sympathizes with Indians…’had come to kill Indians, and believed it to be honorable to kill Indians under any and all circumstances”

-Col. Chivington to a young officer questioning orders to kill +200

Battle of Little Big HornGeorge Armstrong Custer was sent to force the

Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho back to their reservations.

Commander of the 7th CalvaryJune 26, 1876He was heavily outnumbered and trapped.

Custer & all 220 of his men died“Custer’s Last Stand” outraged Americans and led

to govt. retribution. The Sioux and Cheyenne were crushed within a year

Reservation Lifeo Government promised

basic food and necessities in return for moving to reservations

o Bureau of Indian Affairs set up to manage supplies and their distribution

o Corrupt officials o $1,500 salary skimmed

$50,000 in 1yr.o Purchased sub-standard food

and supplies that often arrived spoiled

Ghost Dance

Religious ceremony performed on reservations

United various tribes who were suffering from mistreatment

Banned by Bureau of Indian Affairs Sioux still practiced Massacre at Wounded Knee

Ghost Dance

• Violence erupted, 300 Indians and 25 whites lay dead.

• This is the last of the Indian conflicts.

• Violence erupted, 300 Indians and 25 whites lay dead.

• This is the last of the Indian conflicts.

Dawes Severalty Act 1887

o Helen Hunt Jackson writes A Century of Dishonor to expose the poor treatment of Native Americans by the U.S. government

o Sent copy to all members of Congress

o Sen. Henry Dawes gets act passed to mainstream Native Americans into white culture in order to “save” them

Dawes Act of 1887

• Quicker Americanization• Assimilate, mainstreamed and absorbed into US society• Adopt Christianity and White education • Individual land ownership• 1924 Voting rights granted

• Abandon tribe, culture and become farmers • Male claimed 160 acres of land

• Farm land for 25 years• Children would be sent to Indian schools

• Carlisle, PA• Failed policy

Mining Frontier

James Marshall and (John) Sutter’s Mill President Polk announces strike 49ersCalifornia statehood 1850

Thousands come to prospect for gold Others look to mine-miners

59ersNevada statehood 1864

Men outnumbered women 20x-1 in some places

Opportunities for women increased: Economically Socially Politically

"A smart woman can do

very well in this country. ... It is

the only country I ever was where a

woman received anything like a

just compensation

for work."

-- A woman pioneer

The Bronc BusterFrederick Remington

Solved problem of moving the cattle from Texas to cities of the East.

Post-Civil War boom in railroad construction connects east and west

Starting in 1867 cattle are loaded onto train cars in Abilene, Kansas and shipped back east…soon other towns begin to compete Cattle worth less than $5 in Texas might fetch $30 in

Kansas

Cattle needed to be driven in large numbers from Texas to railheads in Kansas

Trails utilized to drive cattle herds to marketLarge scale operation required several cowboys working

‘round the clock

Long Drives to Railheads

• Cattle shipped to slaughter houses.

• Rise of the beef and meatpacking industry.

• Development of the “Cowboy Culture”

Joseph Glidden invents barbed wire 1874

Harsh winter 1886-1887Over expansion of industry

Does This Look Like A Safety Valve?

Farmer’s Frontier

• The Homestead Act of 1862 gave the homesteaders 160 acres of land each (a quarter square mile plot)• Change in policy: revenue to stimulus “backbone of democracy”

• By 1900: 500,000 people took advantage• However: 5x more bought land from other sources

• Why?

Stimulus Plan

• Transported people and products to and from West

• Made land available

• Offered own financing

• Helped tame the West of Indians and Buffalo

The Role of the Railroad

• To sell their land the railroad companies sent agents across America and Europe to encourage people to buy their lands

• Many of the ads were gross exaggerations of the quality of the land

• Ads referred to the Plains with such phrases as ‘The Golden Belt of Kansas’ and ‘The Best Prairie Lands’ (Iowa and Nebraska)

• one company claimed that winter in Nebraska lasted less than one month, and that the growing season was over nine months!

Primary Sources: Letters and Diaries

What can we learn from Uriah Oblinger and his family about life as a homesteader?

Farmers Organize

People’s Party (a.k.a. Populist Party) Response to concerns over low prices and tight money

supply Comprised mostly of farmers Born out of Farmer’s Alliance (Granges)

Attacked railroad industry Formed co-op’s to reduce expenses

Populist Platform:Bi-metallic

SupportersDirect Election of

SenatorsLow TariffsGovernment

ownership of railroads, telephones, and telegraphs

Women’s suffragePublic Works

Projects during economic hardshipsCoxey’s Army

Graduated income tax

Ending Child Labor

http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Image:Coin.jpg

1896 Presidential Election

Country seems divided between “Gold Bugs” and “Silverites”

Republicans pick William McKinley

Democrats expected to pick Grover Cleveland

Both McKinley and Cleveland support Gold

Populist support William Jennings Bryan

William Jennings Bryan

Succeeded James Weaver as leader of party The Great

Commoner The Boy Orator

Appealed to Democrats and Populists

“Cross of Gold Speech” Bi-metallic plea

Populists :

FarmersWomenLabor UnionsReformers

Big Business Owners Steel Oil Railroad

Bankers

Republicans :

Demographic Support

1896 Election Impact

Voters sided with powerful campaign

McKinley and advisor Mark Hanna

Bryan spent $300,000 and handled his own campaign Outspent $20 to $1

Last agrarian versus urban battle

Nations move’s forward with Imperialist agenda

A C H A N G E I N F O R E I G N P O L I C Y A P P R O A C H

Imperialism

Under imperialism, stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations.

The late 1800s marked the peak of European imperialism, with much of Africa and Asia under foreign domination.

A policy of extending your rule over foreign countries A major departure of the US policy of “isolation” to

involvement in world affairs.

Early Imperial Efforts

o American Purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1866. o “Seward’s Icebox or “Seward’s Folly”o $7.2 Million

o Midway Islands-1867o Uninhabitedo $1 Million

o Samoa-1872 Pacific island with port at Pago Pago.o Coaling station

GeoPolitical DarwinismRoosevelt and LodgeScramble for colonies

CommerceJames Blaine-Big Sister Policy with Latin AmericaAgrarian needsCanal

Nationalistic Hearst and PulitzerNew sense of power

Why did America become imperial?

MilitaryBases and refueling stationsCanal

HumanitarianMissionariesWhite Man’s Burden

The New Manifest Destiny

• Trade into Asia & Latin America • Keep up with Europe• Annex strategic islands in the S. Pacific

and Caribbean Sea.• Trade center of the world• Build a canal • International policeman• Large naval presence

Anti-Expansion Arguments

Pro-ImperialistsTheodore Roosevelt

William Mckinley

William Randolph Hearst

Joseph Pulitzer

Anti-Imperialist LeagueMark Twain

Andrew Carnegie

William Jennings Bryan

Susan B. Anthony

AGAINST EXPANSIONAmerica’s vastness provided enough of an outlet for the country’s energiesAmerica should not rule over other peoples

Scramble For Colonies

Expanding Navy All steel navies led to arms race, Alfred Thayer Mahan.

The Influence of Sea Power upon History Influenced among others

Theodore Roosevelt Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge Sen. Albert Beveridge

Caused all countries to start focusing on their naval resources, including the US.

Led to US to desire naval bases around the world and an isthmian canal

Rudyard Kipling: The White Man’s Burden

Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis…

“It seems to me that God, with infinite wisdom and skill, is training the Anglo-Saxon race for an hour sure to come in the world’s future….The unoccupied arable lands of the earth are limited, and will soon be taken. Then will the world enter upon a new stage of its history----the final competition of races, for which the Angle-Saxon is being schooled….” Then this race of unequalled energy, with all the majesty of numbers and the might of wealth behind it----the representative, let us hope, of the largest liberty the purest Christianity, the highest civilization…will spread itself over the earth…. If I read not amiss, this powerful race will move down upon Mexico, down Central and South America, out upon the islands of the sea, over upon Africa and beyond. And can any one doubt that the result of this competition of races will be the “survival of the fittest”?

Venezuela

Olney LetterMonroe Doctrine

1823Brits adopt a

policy of “patting the eagle’s head”

Annexation of Hawaii Economy dominated by foreign

workers Sugar industry Duty free until McKinley Tariff

1890 Pearl Harbor 1887 1891 Queen Liliuokalani

“Hawaii for Hawaiians” Overthrown by group with

Sanford Dole President Cleveland recognized

Republic of Hawaii President McKinley annexes Hawaii

1897 Congress approves 1898

Steps-

to -

War

• Spanish brutality towards Cubans• The Butcher---Valeriano Weyler

• Yellow Press/Journalism----Sensational• Spanish Ambassador de Lôme insulted President

McKinley.• The USS Maine exploded, and the American public

blamed Spain.• Congress recognized Cuban independence and

authorized force against Spain.• Teller Amendment: US was fighting this war to

help Cuba gains its independence and would not seek any land gains from Cuba.

• War is declared April 17, 1898

• Spain controlled Cuba since 1500’s.

• Cuban people were fighting a revolution

against Spanish brutality

• Cubans wanted their independence from

Spain• 90 miles from U.S.• Protect our trade

Cuba

Valeriano Weyler and reconcentration policy Aimed at Jose Marti and insurrectos

• American citizens threatened by revolution in

Cuba.• Pres. McKinley sent USS Maine to rescue US citizens.

McKinley’s Dilemma Mounts

“McKinley is: weak and catering to the rabble, and,

besides, a low politician, who desires to leave a door

open to me”DuPuy de Lome

USS Maine---260 US sailors killedSpain accused of blowing up the Maine…..Polarized Americans to support the war against Spain.

William Randolph Hearst “you furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war”

Joseph Pulitzer

Yellow Journalism

Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst

• May 1, 1898: The United States launched a surprise attack in Manila Bay and destroyed Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in seven hours.

• July 1: Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill.

• July 3: The United States Navy sank the remaining Spanish ships.

“A Splendid

Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

• Captured San Juan Hill which led to the end of the war once Santiago was surrendered by the Spanish.

• Became a hero of the Spanish American War.

• With Spain’s defeat their government recognized Cuba’s independence.

• Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the US in return for $20 million.

• The island nations then became unincorporated territories of the United States.

• President McKinley installed a military government to protect American business interests.

The Treaty

of Paris, 1898

Puerto Rico

and

Cuba

• Puerto Rico strategic post in Caribbean, for protection of future canal

• 1900, Foraker Act sets up civil government - president appoints governor, upper house

• 1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens; elect both houses

• President McKinley installed a military government to protect American business interests.

• Cuba drafted a constitution in 1900 that did not allow for U.S. involvement.

• The U.S. government only agreed to remove its troops if Cuba included the Platt Amendment.• Remained in place until 1934. • Allowed for U.S. naval bases on the island and

intervention whenever necessary.

Why did we keep the Philippines?

Our “Little Brown Brothers”

Filipino Revolution led by Emilio Aguinaldo.

Erupted between the nationalists and U.S. troops Anti-Imperialist League strongly opposes

Filipinos adopted guerilla tactics. U.S. troops declared entire areas

battle zones No distinctions were made between

combatants and civilians. 4,200 American and 16,000 Filipino

soldiers are thought to have been killed in the fighting.

US captured Aguinaldo in March 1901

Open Door Policy

• Secretary of State John Hay, proposed the Open Door Notes

• Respect the territorial integrity of China

• Equal trade rights

Uncle Sam to the European powers….”Gentlemen, you may cut up the map as much as like; but remember that I’m here to stay and that you

can’t divide me up into spheres of influence”.

Spheres of

Influence Areas in a

country where a foreign nation

claims sole rights to trade and

invest.

Why is China considered so vital to American interests?

America wants to end spheres of influence that existed and prevented our access to Chinese markets Open Door Policy…not rejected, therefore accepted China not consulted as to what they want

Boxer Rebellion in China attempting to rid nation of foreign “devils” Group called Fists of Righteous Harmony use their martial arts skills and

mystical beliefs to guide them in defending nation from outside influence “Support China and kill the foreigner”

Boxers fail due to lack of weapons and manpower China billed $333 million; $24.5 to USA for damages

¨ quick access to Atlantic & Pacific

¨ military protection of territories

¨ trade & economic value would increase

• A concession is a grant for a piece of land in exchange for a promise to use the land for a specific purpose.

• Defeated by yellow fever and mismanagement, the company abandoned the project and offered its remaining rights to the United States for $100 million.

• Americans needed a shorter route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

• A French company had bought a 25-year concession from Colombia to build a canal across Panama.

Panama Canal

Panama Canal

Negotiations with Columbia failed

President Roosevelt helped instigate the Panamanian Revolution to overthrow the Colombian government USA recognizes Panama as an

independent nation Denied involvement for long time…

see next slideUS negotiated Hay-Bunau-

Varilla Treaty which gave us the land for the canal. We paid Panama $10 million for the

strip of land to build the canal and $250,000 yearly rental

“Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far.” Roosevelt

used this old African proverb to guide his foreign policy.

• The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine — The United States will act as “an international police power” in the Western Hemisphere and intervene to prevent intervention by other powers.

• Roosevelt in Latin America — Under Roosevelt, the United States often intervened in Latin America.

• Roosevelt in Asia — Roosevelt wanted to preserve an Open Door policy to trade with China. He won a Nobel peace prize for negotiating a peace settlement between Russia and Japan.

Build on relations after negotiating end to Russo-Japanese War (won Nobel Peace Prize in 1906)

Countries feared Japan because they were the power in the Pacific along with the US.

TR entered into two diplomatic agreements with Japan to prevent the possibility of war.

Gentlemen’s Agreement: 1907• Because Japanese children were discriminated against and

segregated in San Francisco elementary schools TR negotiated that discrimination and segregation would stop and in return, Japan agreed to stop the flow of Japanese immigrants to the US.

Root-Takahira Agreement: 1908• Both governments agreed to maintain the status quo in the

Pacific, defend the Open Door policy and the integrity and independence of China. They resolved to develop their commerce in East Asia and to respect each other's territorial possessions there.

Foreign Relations with Japan

Anti-Imperialist

League resistance to

the Philippine War.