AP U.S. History Semester 1 Review (Part 2)

8/14/2019 AP U.S. History Semester 1 Review (Part 2)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-us-history-semester-1-review-part-2 1/4

AP U.S. History Semester 1 Review – Part 2

French Colonization

Quebec, Montreal, St. Louis, St. Lawrence River in 1608

The French traded fur with Indians, better relations & alliances with natives

They were mainly Catholic and Jesuit

Did not try to convert natives; intermarried with Indians

coureurs de bois – f r traders and trappers

First successful English settlement in N. America

Jamestown, Virginia 1607

When/where was it established?

Jamestown, Virginia 1607

Founded by the London Company (later to become the Virginia Company)

Indentured servants – worked under a contract for a 7 years exchange for

food, clothing, lodging, passage to America; after that, free and receive land

Headright system – 50 acres of land ranted to new settlers, colonists get 100

acres; encouraged families to migrate together = more heads = more land

New England

Longer live-expectancy, greater family (‘cos they migrated together),

population growth = natural reproduction

Females = inferior under paternalism

Organized town and church (English model); theocracy

Diverse econ like English

Chesapeake

Farm / plantation (tobacco); spread-out population, slow growth

Females = widowarchy = more freedom, since males died young (6 W : 1 M)

Mayflower Compact: 1st

social agreement, established civil government and

proclaimed allegiance to king; pilgrims arrived at Plymouth Rock Dec 21,

1620

Importance of First Great Awakening (freedom of religion, separation of

church and state, etc)

Separation of church and state, religious freedom and toleration,

establishment of Ivy League colleges

Enlightenment (long term impact on America)

John Locke impacted the American Declaration of IndependenceUndermined traditional authority, encouraged education, heightened

interest in politics; govt = between people and leader, not God

Reason & scientific inquiry; increased interest in scientific knowledge

Jonathan Edwards

“Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God” spread revival by preaching; instilled

fear into others so that they would become more religious

Religious tolerance/freedom:

Religious freedom/toleration was a legacy of the 1st

Great Awakening

Only Christian related religions were tolerated, some attempted to convert

Native Americans

George Whitefield

Succeeded John Wesley as leader of the Calvinistic Methodists in EnglandPromoted religious revivalism

Went on a missionary journey to New World that sparked the start of the

Great Awakening

The Triangle Trade – New England (rum) Africa (slaves) Caribbean /

West Indies (molasses) back to N.E.

Middle Passage – The passage Africans took from Africa to the New World as

part of the Atlantic Slave trade; any died because Africans were packed

tightly into the ships

Mercantilism – mother country using colonies as a source of raw materials

and market for finished goods

Boston Massacre

British soldiers = job competitions with colonists = angry, 3/5/1770 – British

soldiers vs. “Liberty Boys” = open fire

Led to Administration of Justice Act

Boston Tea Party

Colonists did not allow British ships to unload – Boston allowed – upset

colonists – dress up as Mohawks and dumped tea into Boston Harbor

Led to Intolerable Acts (Coercive + Quebec Act)

Non-importation associations

Stop all trade with Britain to hurt their economy

Thomas Paine

Common Sense, argue for independence from Britain

Declaration of Independence

Declared independence of colonies from British control

Written by Thomas Jefferson and was ratified on July 4, 1776

Constitution was adopted in 1788

Father of Constitution

James Madison, ‘cos he influenced it, e.g. Bill of Rights

Washington’s Farewell Address – Asked to maintain neutrality, warning of political factions

Revolution of 1800 – 1st

peaceful political transfer between 2 parties

Which reports of Hamilton were accepted?

The debt, mint, and currency

Which reports of Hamilton were not accepted?

Manufacturing, ‘cos of tariffs on imports

Virginia Dynasty – Jefferson – Madison – Monroe; all from VA

Northwest Ordinance

Guidelines for state admission to Union; prohibit slavery in NW territories

2nd Great Awakening Mormons – Joseph Smith; Shakers – Mother Ann Lee; Transcendentalists –

Henry David Thoreau

Horace Mann – “Father of Education” – children should be molded,

discouraged corporal punishment, established state teacher training program

– made it a profession

Dorothea Dix – “Dragon Lady” – more humane system for mentally ill people

humans are capable of self-improvement

Temperance Movement – no alcohol; Beecher Family, Frances Willard

Abolitionist Movement – get rid of slavery

Women’s Rights – Carrie Chapman Catt, Seneca Fall, 1848, gender equality

Paternalism: treat like children – going to church, curfew, dormitory, no

vulgar language (Lowell Factory)

Early: fatherly relationship between workers and employees

French and Indian War

French + Natives vs. British over colonial disputes

British won; French lost West Indies land, Canada, and Mississippi (not new

Orleans) to Britain under Peace of Paris 1763

Constitutional Convention 1787

Aka Philadelphia Convention; attempted to amend Article of Confederation –

couldn’t ‘cos only 12 states showed up (must have 13/13)

Result: created new Constitution

Shay’s Rebellion – helped spark changes to Article of Confederation, led to

Constitution

XYZ Affair – French demanded bribery before they would negotiate




Alien and Sedition Acts

Alien – placed obstacles on aliens: longer time to neutralize, allowed

president to deport aliens out of country

Sedition – allowed govt to arrest those who opposed the govt.

Aimed to punish Democrat-Republicans

King Andrew – ‘cos of use of vetoes

Ostend Manifesto

Offered to buy Cuba from Spain as new slave state

Manifest Destiny

President Polk

God given rights for whites American to expand from “sea to shining sea”

54°40’ or Fight

Oregon Territory dispute with Britain (at border of Canada)

Resolved at 49th

Parallel at Treaty of 1846

Symbolized good relationship between U.S. and Brit.

War of 1812

Chesapeake Affair (impressments)

Indian disputes

War Hawks wanted expansion (Canada and West)

Causes and Results of Mexican American War

Long-term Causes

- Manifesto Destiny

- California (Polk wanted Pacific Ocean; West = cotton; trade with China)

Immediate Causes

- Texas Annexation 1845

- Failure of Slidell Mission

- Border Dispute – southern border at Rio Grande vs. Nueces River

Effects

- Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience

- Mexican Cession

- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

- Slavery Imbalance Civil War

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended Mexican War – Polk sent Nicholas TristFeb. 2

nd, 1848: Mexican ceded CA, NM, UT, NV (southwest territories)

Acknowledge TX border line at Rio Grande

U.S. paid $15 million to Mexico

Wilmot Proviso

Antislavery Democrat

Introduced amendment to the appropriation bill prohibiting slavery in

territories acquired from Mexico

Compromise of 1850 (who, what)

Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John Calhoun, Stephen Douglas

1. California is free state

2. Popular Sovereignty to decide issue of slavery in states

3. Abolish slave trade, not slavery, in D.C.

4. New fugitive laws: can’t hide slaves & police must return runaway slaves

Popular Sovereignty (what it was, who proposed it)

Let the people of each new state decide whether they wanted to be

admitted into the Union as free or slave state

Stephen A. Douglas

Immigrants

West – CA gold rush, Chinese males

New Stock – S/E Europe, Italian, Greek, German, Russian, Portugal, Bulgarian,

Turkish, Polish; Catholics; settled in North and Mid-West

Old – N/W Europe, British, Irish, French, Czech, Belgium, Swish, Dutch;

Protestants; settled NE and NW

Faced poverty, religious / political persecution

Henry Bessemer – inventor, manufacture of steel – open-hearth process

Thomas Edison – inventor, electric lightning, telephone = rapid industrializ.

Role of Railroad in industrialization and farming (steel, coal)

Railroads were used to transport finished goods and people west, use coals

as natural power source; railroad + steel = drive revolution 1800’s

New steel technique - Bessemer process converted iron to steel

Sherman Antitrust Act: July 1890, had no impact, not enforced, poorly

written; designed to regulate monopolies

Affect of industrialization on society (emergence of middle class,

emergence of unions, concentration of wealth, loss of certain jobs to

technology industry)

Industrialization- resulted in immigrants coming from Northern Europe,

Ireland, England as well as southern and eastern Europeans

Led to little job security and unsafe/ unhealthy working conditions

Women and children join the workforce—paid less

Unions were formed in an attempt to fight against poor work conditions

National Labor Union founded in 1866 by William H. Sylvis

Women were excluded from the Unions because they were thought to be

the cause of lowered wages

Social gap – really wealth or really poor

Unskilled + machines replaced skilled artisans

Horatio Alger (social mobility, rags to riches)A poor boy from a small town went to the big city to seek his fortune

Wounded Knee: The last major battle / massacre with Indians; between the

Sioux Indians and the US. December 29, 1890.

A Century of Dishonor

Helen Hunt Jackson, book on how American never keep compromises /

treaties with natives, exposed injustice

Radical Republicans / Abolitionists (who, what did they want, economic &

societal goal)

R.R.: Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Benjamin Wade

Abol.: Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, William Garrison

Freedman’s Bureau – help blacks

13th

Amendment

Industrialize South

Tallmadge Amendment

Prohibit further introduction of slaves into Missouri & gradual emancipation

when Missouri applied to become state

Population dynamics from 1800:

What areas were growing: Northeast/Northwest

Immigrants: German & Irish, Germans: Midwest (farms), Irish (Northeast,

manufacturing factories)

Redeemers

Powerful, wealthy class in South tried to return South to antebellum

Carpetbaggers

Northern Republicans sent to reconstruct South

Scalawags

Poor white southerners who helped with reconstruction; tried to overturn

social status

Exodusters

Slaves who went to Kansas ‘cos of Homestead Act

Why Ex-slaves Did Not Move Far After the War

Be with family, not wanted in North, no money

Booker T. Washington & Atlanta Compromise

Education, rights, and privileges of citizenship for blacks, but they must

struggle for econ gains & self-improvement (econ-equality = pol-equality)




Seward's Folly:

Purchase of Alaska 1867, Seward bought Alaska from Russia; criticized ‘cos

Rocky Mt. hadn’t been filled yet

Taylorism

Frederick Taylor – division of labor = allowed unskilled to replace skilled

Ford and the assemble line

Henry Ford – automobile, efficient means of mass production, parts move

from person to person, people could afford what they made now

Knights of labor

Founded by Uriah S. Stephens, let everyone in (blacks and women), 1st

successful national labor movement, wanted an 8 hr day, equal pay for men

and women, no child and prison labor; disorganized

AFL (American Federation of Labor)

Most enduring and important labor group in the country, an association of

craft unions that represented skilled workers, opposition to female

employment, concentrated on the relationship between labor &

management

NLU (National Labor Union)

Founded by William H. Sylvis, association that had a variety of reform groups

having little direct relationship with labor, excluded women, disintegratedafter panic of 1873, wasn't succesful because it was too varied

IWW (Industrial Workers of the World)

Led by William "Big Bill" Haywood, wanted a single union for all workers,

abolish "wage slave" system; Eugene V. Debs

Samuel Gompers

Founder of AFL, represented workers in national legislation, only accept skill

workers

Labor Unrest

Workers had no job security, few were safe from poverty, and industrial

accidents were frequent & severe

Immigration Restriction League - immigrants should go through screening

tests

Chinese Exclusion Act – Congress passed 1882, denied entry to all

“undesirables” and placed small tax on immigrants

Gentlemen’s Agreement 1908

Deny Japanese people to work for US

Segregated school at San Francisco

U.S. not impose restriction on Japanese immigrants

Rise of Urban

Push – reasons to leave: overpopulation, unsanitary (no sewage system),

crimes, violence, corruption, pollution, transportation (to suburbs), cheaper

housing, education, tenement (affordable houses, cheap, overcrowded)

Pull – reasons to come: industrial / service jobs, department stores,

entertainmentMajor cities: NY, Chicago, Boston

Skyscrapers – move up cause no room to move sideways, cities were

growing upward & outward

Women – white collar jobs: clerks, secretaries-telephone operators,

department stores (Macys)

WCTU – Women’s Christian Temperance Union

Women Rights Movement 1848, Seneca Fall, Carrie Chapman Catt

Margaret Sanger – mother of birth control & family planning

Technology for expansion – cast iron & steel beams = transportation,

buildings, skyscrapers

Schools and Assimilation of Immigrants

Children = compulsory schooling to prevent child labor; high demand for

education ‘cos to get specialized skills & scientific knowledge

Jane Addams and Hull house

Shelter for poor, 1889 in Chicago, model for other institutions, sought to help

immigrant families adapt to language and customs of new country

Initiative – petition for desirable bill by people

Referendum – people decide whether a bill by govt to be passed or not

Recall – voters petition to remove an officer from office through population

Amendments [Progressive]

16th

: income tax

17th

: direct election of senators

18th

: prohibition of alcohol

19th

: women's suffrage 1920

Muckrakers – exposed corruption of business and govt to public

The Jungle 1906 – by Upton Sinclair; led to Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food

and Drug Act

How the Other Half Lives – Jacob Riis, exposed the poor life conditions,

especially of children

Muller vs. Oregon - justified sex discrimination and usage of labor laws as

protecting women's health

NAWSA - National American Woman Suffrage Association, Wyoming was 1st

state to let them vote, leads to 19th amendment; founders: Anna Shaw and

Susan B. Anthony; leader: Carrie Chapman Catt

Teddy Roosevelt and square deal

Fair econ and social opportunity, attacked trusts, protected businesses

Conservation

Restrict private development on govt land; expanded National Park System

to protect natural lands and wilderness

Gifford Pinchot – 1st

director of National Forest Service, promoted policies to

protect land for carefully managed development; leaked info that Sec of

Interior Richard Ballinger sold public lands in Alaska for personal profit

fired by Taft, progressive alienated

Trust Busting – destroyed trusts that Teddy didn’t agree with, only bad ones

Election of 1912 – Taft (republican) vs. Theodore Roosevelt (progressive);

Roosevelt upset ‘cos Taft fired Pinchot – split votes, Democrat Wilson ended

up winning

William Jennings Bryant

“Cross of Gold,” speech to support free silver, he lost, focus on silver, did not

form alliance

Bi-metallism

Gold and silver basis for the dollar; populists & democrats wanted coinage of

silver = farmers easier to pay off debt; republicans wanted gold (McKinley)

Coxey’s Army

Unemployed marched to Washington D.C. 1894, demanded jobs from govt

Eugene V. Debs

Head of RR Unions; one of the best-known Socialist – govt regulate

commerce in favor of people; founder of IWW

Alfred Mahan




Wrote “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History” (1890) – all great nations

need strong navy, influenced U.S. to build 1st

great modern navy

Need sea power to: foreign commerce, merchant marine, defend routes,

obtain colonies for raw materials and bases (Pacific Islands, HI Asia)

Frederick Turner

Historian, believed that frontier / westward expansion = country’s spirit and

success, start life anew, restore ideals of democracy

Imperialism Arguments

For: investment, military / strategic (Mahan’s), social Darwinism (strong

nations ctrl weak), religious / missionary interests, closing of frontier,

keeping up with Europe

Against: hurt democracy, immigrants take jobs & dirty society, fear of mass

immigration

Yellow Journalism – using sensational headlines to attract attention to

issues; Joseph Pullitzer & William Randolph Hearst (“Provide pictures I’ll give

you war”)

Spanish-American War (“A Splendid Little War”)

Puerto Rico, Guam, Guantanamo Bay, Philippines (Manila)

Alaska and Hawaii

Alaska: Seward’s Folly, U.S. buy from Russia before British does

Hawaii: annexed 1898; wanted Pearl Harbor as navy base and sugar exports

Platt and Teller

Teller Amendment 1898: U.S. would not take Cuba, only want to help fight

for its independence

Platt Amendment 1903: U.S. took Cuba and Guantanamo Bay; gave U.S. right

to intervene

Occupation of Philippines

Strengthened U.S. interest in Asia and Chinese trade – stopping point

Insular Cases: 1901-1903

Question of “Does the Constitution follow the flag?” Supreme Court ruled

that “citizenship does not follow the flag” = no full constitutional rights to

areas under American control = treated as colonies

Open Door policyPres McKinley sent Sec of State John Hay – forced China to open – equal

foreign trade in Chinese market

Boxer Rebellion

Uprising against foreigners in China and imperialist expansion

Panama Canal

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty 1903: construction of Panama Canal, reserved for

U.S. for war; building from 1903-1914

Roosevelt Corollary

Big Stick = navy fleet, 1904 justified U.S. intervention in Latin America and

foreign affairs as policeman to correct wrongdoings

Response to dispute in Venezuela

Roosevelt = 1

st

modern president

Dollar Diplomacy

Pres William Taft – use econ power to further foreign policy in Latin America

Moral Diplomacy

Pres Wilson – be nice to foreign countries

Wilson Idealism

State should make its internal political philosophy the goal of its foreign

policy

Documents

AP U.S. History Semester 1 Review (Part 2)