AP Biology Study Guide- 1st Semester Final Unit 1- Chemistry and Biochemistry- Chapters 1-5

Matter:

Be able to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons using a periodic table.

Isotope:

Compare covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, nonpolar covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds:

Explain REDOX reactions and give an example (think OILRIG):

List the unique properties of water:

What type of molecule does carbon make?

Fill in the definition of each isomer.

STRUCTURAL ISOMERS

Cis = groups on same side Trans = groups on

opposite sides

GEOMETRIC ISOMERS

SUBATOMIC

PARTICLE

Electric

charge

Mass Location

Proton

Neutron

Electron

ENANTIOMERS

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS- Fill in the class name

STRUCTURE

Non-ionized Ionized

EXAMPLE

CLASS NAME

HYDROXYL

• Polar

• Hydrophilic

• Found in

SUGARS

X

ETHANOL

GLYCEROL

Alcohols

CARBOXYL

• Polar

• weak acid

• hydrophilic

ACETIC ACID

AMINO ACIDS

SUGARS

FATTY ACIDS

AMINO

• Polar

• Weak base

• hydrophilic

UREA AMINO ACIDS

SULFHYDRYL

• Form disulfide

bridges

• Help stabilize

tertiary

structure

of proteins

X

Cysteine

PHOSPHATE

• Polar

• Acid

• hydrophilic

• Important in

energy transfer

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

DNA

CARBONYL

• Polar

• Hydrophilic

at end of C

chain

X

FORMALDEHYDE

SUGARS

in middle of

Cchain

X

ACETONE SUGARS

METHYL

• Non-polar

• Hydrophobic

X

FATTY ACIDS

OILS

WAXES

List the four macromolecules, their elements ratio, and their function.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Unit 2- Metabolism (labs completed: Enzyme Lab, Osmosis/Diffusion Lab)- Chapter 7 and 8

Membrane Structure and Function

COMPARE/CONTRAST

the kinds of transport

Active

or

Passive

USES:

NO HELP ?

MEMBRANE

PROTEINS ?

VESICLES ?

WHAT HAPPENS?

DIFFUSION

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

CARRIER PROTEINS

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

AQUAPORINS (0SMOSIS)

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

CHANNEL PROTEINS

Na+ - K+ PUMP

PROTON PUMP

COTRANSPORT

ENDOCYTOSIS

(Phagocytosis)

ENDOCYTOSIS

(Pinocyotosis)

RECEPTOR MEDIATED

ENDOCYTOSIS

EXOCYOTOSIS

Sketch the U-TUBE whenever equilibrium is reached. Be sure to include the correct water level for each tube and the

correct solute concentration illustrated with dots.

Hypertonic vs. hypotonic vs. Isotonic Solutions: Characteristics of a Plasma Membrane: Plasma Membranes are composed of: Metabolism and Enzymes Metabolism: Catabolic Pathway: Anabolic Pathway: What is the difference between kinetic, potential, and chemical energy? State the 1st Law of Thermodynamics: State the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Explain the variables in the following equation: G= H-T S

Exergonic Reaction:

Endergonic Reaction:

What does ATP stand for and what is it used for?

Activation Energy: Catalyst: Enzymes:

Explain what is occurring the in graph to the left in regard to an enzyme. What else can effect the rate of a reaction?

What is the difference between Negative Feedback and Positive Feedback?

Unit 3- Energy (Labs completed: Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration)- Chapters 9 and 10 Define Cellular Respiration and give the formula: Mitochondria:

Process Starts With Ends With Summary of Process Location

Glycolysis

Alcoholic Fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Electron Transport Chain

Define photosynthesis and give the formula: What’s the difference between autotroph and heterotroph and give an example of each? Chloroplast:

Explain how the electromagnetic spectrum relates to light and pigment.

Explain the process of the light dependent reaction: Explain the process of the light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle):

Unit 4- Molecular Genetics (Labs completed: DNA Transformation and DNA Fingerprinting)-Chapters 16, and 17)

NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA & RNA)

CHARGAFF’S RULES:

A = T and G = C

A Purine always bonds to a Pyrimidine

Compare and Contrast DNA and RNA

NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS

SUGAR = Ribose (RNA)

OR Deoxyribose (DNA)

NITROGEN BASES:

DNA RNA

Adenine Adenine

Guanine Guanine

Cytosine Cytosine

Thymine Uracil

RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

Antiparallel molecule because…….

Explain the process of DNA Replication (DNA to DNA) (reads in 3’ → 5’ direction but builds a new strand in 5’→3’

direction)

What is responsible for proofreading and repair in DNA Replication?

Process Location Summary of process Transcription

Translation

What is the role of the following? Messenger RNA (mRNA): Transfer RNA (tRNA): Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Mutations (Point, Silent, Missense, Nonsense, and Frameshift): Be able to determine the correct amino acid when given either a DNA sequence or mRNA sequence.

Unit 1 Chemistry and Biochemistry Unit-10 (4) Unit 2 Metabolism 10 (8) Unit 3 Energy (cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis)-16 (8) Unit 4 Molecular Genetics—16 (13) 53 questions 5 grid in answers- 90 minutes 8 essay- 90 minutes 2 long (1 genetics, 3 short (2 diffusion, 2 molecular genetics) AP Biology Final Exam- 1st Semester 2016

27. Which of the following statements best explains why there are fewer colonies on plate IV than on plate III?

a. Plate IV is the positive control. b. Not all E. coli cells are successfully transformed. c. The bacteria on plate III did not mutate. d. The plasmid inhibits E. coli growth.

5. Which of the following correctly matches the class of RNA with its function?

a. mRNA transfers a message from DNA in the nucleus to the tRNA in the cytoplasm. b. tRNA transfers a message mRNA in the nucleus to the rRNA in the cytoplasm. c. mRNA transfers a message from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. d. tRNA transfers a message from rRNA in the nucleus to mRNA in the cytoplasm.