1314 AP Psych First Semester Final Study Guide

8/10/2019 1314 AP Psych First Semester Final Study Guide

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AP PsychWalenga/Kauffman/Vora1stSemester Final: Review Guie

VOCABULARY

Prologue: The Story of Psychology

!" #efinition of $sychology!!" Wilhelm Wunt!!!" %war &itchener an structuralism!V" William 'ames an functionalismV" Psychological $ers$ectives: neuroscience( evolutionary( )ehavior genetics( $sychoynamic *Sigmun Freu+( )ehavioral

*'ohn ," Watson an ,"F" S-inner+( cognitive *'ean Piaget+( social.cultural( an humanistic *arl Rogers an A)raham0aslow+

V!" A$$lie versus )asic researchV!!" Psychologists versus $sychiatristsV!!!" %nuring issues of $sychology: $ersons vs" situation( rationality vs" irrationality( min vs" )rain( nature vs" nurture( sta)ility

vs" change( an iversity!" ,io$sychosocial a$$roach

Ch 14: Social Psych

!" Social $sychologists!!" Attri)ution &heory

A" Funamental Attri)ution %rror

1. #avi 2a$olitano an George Goethals e3$eriment at Williams

2. When are we more li-ely to commit FA% with

!!!" AttituesA" When o our attitues guie our actions4

!V" Foot.in.the.oor V" Role $laying

A" Phili$ 5im)aro Prison %3$erimentV!" ognitive issonance theoryV!!" hameleon effectV!!!" onformity

A" Solomon Asch e3$eriment," What are conitions that strengthen conformity4

" 2ormative social influence#" !nformational social influence

!" 6)eienceA" Stanley 0ilgram e3$eriment," When is o)eience highest4

" Social facilitation!" Social loafing!!" #einiviuation!!!" Grou$ $olari7ation!V" Grou$thin-V" 0inority influenceV!" Pre8uice

A" What are the social roots of $re8uice4 Social ine9ualities( ingrou$ )ias( sca$egoating

," What are the cognitive roots of $re8uice4 ategori7ation( vivi cases( 8ust.worl $henomenon( other.race effectV!!" Stereoty$es: !m$licit( $rivate $u)licV!!!" Aggression

A" What are the )iological causes of aggression4 Genetic( neural( )iochemical influences," What are the $sychological causes of aggression4 Frustration.aggression $rinci$le( o)servational learning" %ffects: catharsis vs" s$ill.over effect

!" Social &ra$s" %nemy Perce$tions!" Pro3imity

A" 0ere e3$osure effect!!" Physical attraction

A" %ffects," Relationshi$ to self.esteem


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A" niversal as$ects!!!" Similarity

A" Rewar theory!V" Passionate love

A" &wo.factor theory of emotionV" om$anionate love

A. %9uity

," Self.isclosureV!" Altruism

A" ,ystaner !ntervention1. #arley an ;atane %3$eriment2. Genovese murer3. What increases os of getting hel$4

," Social e3change theory1. Reci$rocity norm

V!!" Social res$onsi)ility normV!!!" 0irror.image $erce$tions!" Su$erorinate goals" GR!& < %3am$le

Ch 1: Thining Critically !ith Psychological Science

!" !entify an escri)e the limits to intuition

A" =insight )ias," False consensus effect" 6verconfience effect#" !llusory correlation%" ,elief $erseveranceF" onfirmation )iasG" Ranom events

!!" Scientific 0ethoA" ritical &hin-ing," &heories

!!!" #escri$tive researchA" #escri)e an iscuss the avantages an isavantages of each of the following:

1" ase stuies

>" 2aturalistic o)servation?" Surveysa+ Woring effects / framing

@" %3$eriments!V" haracteristics of correlational stuies

A" orrelation coefficient," !entify e3am$les of $ositive an negative correlations *strength an irection+" Scatter$lots

V" #escri)e how scientific e3$eriments are conucteA" =y$othesis," 6$erational efinition" Ranom assignment#" Ranom sam$le%" Po$ulationF" #istinguish )etween ine$enent an e$enent varia)lesG" #istinguish )etween e3$erimental an control grou$s=" #escri)e an ientify confouning varia)les( single.)lin stuies( ou)le.)lin stuies( e3$erimenter )ias( $lace)o

effects( etc!" Re$lication

V!" haracteristics of escri$tive statisticsA" 0easures of entral &enency


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1" Arithmetic mean

>" 0oe

?" 0eian

@" S-ewe istri)ution

," 0easures of Variation

1" Range

>" Stanar eviation

?" 2ormal curve

V!!" haracteristics of inferential statisticsA" Statistical significance

V!!!" %thical Guielines: consent( e)riefing( harm( ece$tion

Ch ": Thining an# Language

!" haracteristics of &hin-ingA" ognition," once$ts" Prototy$es

!!" haracteristics of Solving Pro)lems#" Algorithm%" =euristicsF" !nsight

!!!" 6)stacles to Solving Pro)lemsA" onfirmation ,ias," Fi3ation" 0ental set#" Functional fi3eness

!V" 0a-ing #ecisions an Forming 'ugmentsA" Re$resentativeness =euristic," Availa)ility =euristic" 6verconfience#" Framing%" ,elief ,iasF" ,elief PerseveranceG" &he fear factor

H. &he $erils an $owers of intuition

V" &he ,rain an ;anguageA" A$hasia," ,rocas area" Wernic-es area#" Angular gyrus%" Parallel $rocessing

Cha$ter 1%: &ntelligence

A" 0oern &ests of 0ental A)ilities1" A$titue &est>" Achievement &ests

," &est onstruction1" Stanari7ation>" 2ormal urve

a+ Flynn %ffect?" Relia)ility@" Valiity

a+ Preictive Valiity)+ ontent Valiity

Ch ': Learning


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!" ;earning!!" Associative learning!!!" lassical conitioning

A" ,ehaviorism," Pavlov an his classic e3$eriment

1" S>" R ?" S@" R B" Ac9uisitionC" %3tinctionD" S$ontaneous recoveryE" Generali7ation" #iscrimination

" 'ohn ," Watson an ;ittle Al)ert#" ognitive Processes relate to classical conitioning

1" Preicta)ility%" ,iological Processes relate to classical conitioning

!V" 6$erant conitioningA" Res$onent )ehavior ," 6$erant )ehavior " ,"F" S-inner

1" ;aw of effect

>" 6$erant cham)er ?" S$acing

#" Reinforcement1" Primary reinforcers>" Seconary reinforcers?" Positive reinforcement@" 2egative reinforcementB" Positive $unishmentC" 2egative $unishment

a+ #isavantages of $unishmentD" ontinuous reinforcementE" Partial reinforcement" Fi3e ratio scheule

1" Varia)le ratio scheule11" Fi3e interval scheule1>" Varia)le interval scheule

%" ;atent learning1" ognitive ma$

F" 6ver8ustification effect1" !ntrinsic motivation>" %3trinsic motivation

G" ,iological $reis$ositionsV" 6)servational learning

A" 0oeling," 0irror neurons" ,anura < ,o)o #oll e3$eriment#" Positive o)servation learning

1" Prosocial )ehavior %" &elevision an meia

Ch (: The Biology of )in#

!" Fran7 Gall < $hrenology!!" ,iological $sychologists!!!" 2eural ommunication

A" 2eurons1" ;a)el neuron an unerstan functions: enrite( a3on( myelin sheath( cell )oy( a3on terminal )utton>" Action $otential: ions( resting $otential( selectively $ermea)le a3on( e$olari7ation( re$olari7ation(

hy$er$olari7ation( refractory $erio( e3citatory signals( inhi)itory signals( threshol( all.or.none res$onse," =ow 2eurons ommunicate


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1" Syna$tic transmission: syna$se( neurotransmitters( reu$ta-e" =ow 2eurotransmitters !nfluence s

1" nerstan chart: functions an e3am$les of malfunctions>" %nor$hins: o$iate rece$tors( runners high?" Agonists@" AntagonistsB" ,loo.)rain )arrier

!V" &he 2ervous SystemA" &he Peri$heral 2ervous System

1" Peri$heral 2Sa+ Somatic: sensory an motor neurons)+ Autonomic: sym$athetic an $arasym$athetic

," &he entral 2ervous System1" S$inal or

a+ Refle3es: $athway of han.withrawal refle3>" ,rain

a+ !nterneurons)+ 2eural networ-s

V" &he ,rainA" &he &ools of #iscovery

1" ;esion>" %lectrical stimulation H Iee$ )rain stimulationJ?" %%G@" &B" P%&C" 0R!D" f0R!

," ;ower.;evel ,rain Structures1" ,rain 0a$>" Stuies

a+ 0oru77i an 0agoun H reticular formation of cat)+ ;uver an ,ucy H amygala of rhesus mon-eyc+ 6ls an 0ilner H hy$othalamus of rats / $leasure center < rewar eficiency synrome

" &he ere)ral orte31" Structure of the corte3>" Glial cells?" Stuies

a+ Fritsch an =it7ig ma$$ing of motor corte3)+ Phineas Gage

@" ;anguagea+ A$hasia)+ =ow we use language: visual area( angular gyrus( Wernic-es area( ,rocas area

B" Plasticity < numerous stuies *hemis$herectomy+#" 6ur #ivie ,rains

1" S$it )rain stuies>" =emis$heric s$eciali7ation?" =aneness@" #isa$$earing south$aws

V!" &he %nocrine SystemA" =ormones," Arenal glans: e$ine$hrine an nore$ine$hrine" Pituitary glan

VII. #rugs an onsciousness *h ?: onsciousness+

A" #e$enence an Aiction1" &olerance>" Withrawal?" Physical e$enence@" Psychological e$enenceB" 0isconce$tions a)out aiction


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," Psychoactive #rugs1" #e$ressants: alcohol( )ar)iturates( o$iates>" Stimulants: am$hetamines( cocaine( ecstasy?" =allucinogens: ;S#( mari8uana

" !nfluences on #rug se1" ,iological influences>" Psychological an ultural influences

Ch 1(: Stress an# *ealth

!" ,ehavioral meicine!!" =ealth $sychology

III. Stress an stressors H )enefits an angers

A" Stress Res$onse System1" Stress hormones>" Res$onses H fight or flight withrawal give su$$ort?" General aa$tation synrome: alarm reaction( resistance( e3haustion@" Sym$athoarenomeullary system *SA0 H fast system+ an hy$othalamic.$ituitary arenocortical system

*=PA H slow system+B" Stressful ;ife %vents: catastro$hes significant life changes aily hassles $erceive control $overty an

ine9uality $sychological conflicts *a$$roach.a$$roach( avoiance.avoiance( a$$roach.avoiance+a+ &ransactional theory

)+ ognitive A$$raisal H $rimary a$$raisal seconary a$$raisal," Stress an the =eart

1" oronary heart isease>" &y$e A versus &y$e , an stuies

" Stress an Susce$ti)ility to #isease1" Psycho$hysiological illnesses

a+ !mmune system: lym$hocytes)+ A!#sc+ ancer + onitioning !mmune System

#" o$ing with Stress1" Pro)lem focuse co$ing vs" emotion focuse co$ing>" Perceive control

?" 6$timism@" Social su$$ort

%" 0anaging Stress1" Aero)ic e3ercise>" ,iofee)ac- an 0eitation?" S$irituality

Ch +: Consciousness an# the T!o,Trac )in#

!" onsciousness!!" ognitive 2euroscience!!!" #ual Processing: &he &wo &rac-e 0in

A" ,linsight," Visual Action &rac- versus Visual Perce$tion &rac-

" nconscious Parallel Processing versus Se9uential onscious Processing!V" Selective attentionA" oc-tail Party %ffect," Selective !nattention" !nattentional ,linness

1. hange ,linness

2. hoice ,linnessV" ircaian Rhythm

1. !nfluence of light H su$rachiasmatic nucleus( $ineal glan( melatoninV!" Slee$ Stages

A" Awa-e1. Al$ha Waves

," Stage 1


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1. =allucinations or =y$nagogic Sensations

" Stage >1. Slee$ S$inles

#" Stage ?1. #elta Waves

%" Stage @

F" R%01. #reams2. Genital Arousal

3. 0uscle ParalysisSlee$ Paralysis4. Parao3ical Slee$

V!!" Slee$ &heoriesA" Slee$ $rotects," Slee$ hel$s us recu$erate" Slee$ hel$s restore an re)uil our faing memories of the ays e3$eriences#" Slee$ fees creative thin-ing%" Slee$ su$$orts growthF" Slee$ an athletic $erformance

V!!!" %ffects of Slee$ ;oss: #e$ression( !m$aire Performance( 6)esity( Viruses( Slows Reactions!" 0a8or Slee$ #isorers

A" !nsomnia," 2arcole$sy

1. 6re3in" Slee$ A$nea#" 2ight &errors%" Slee$wal-ing an slee$tal-ing

" #reamsA" ommon themes," Why We #ream

1. Satisfy our own wishesa+ 0anifest content versus latent content

2. &o file away memories H information $rocessing3. &o evelo$ an $reserve neural $athways H $hysiological function

4. &o ma-e sense of neural static H activation.synthesis theory5. &o reflect cognitive evelo$ment6. R%0 re)oun

!" =y$nosisA" an anyone e3$erience hy$nosis4

1. Postural sway," =ighly hy$noti7a)le $eo$le" an hy$nosis enhance recall of forgotten events4

1. =y$notically refreshe memories#" an hy$nosis force $eo$le to act against their will4%" an hy$nosis hel$ $eo$le heal or relieve their $ain4

1. Posthy$notic suggestions H heaaches( asthma( an s-in isorers( $ain" 2ot alcohol or smo-ing!!" %3$laining the =y$noti7e State

A" =y$nosis as a Social Phenomenon," =y$nosis as #ivie onsciousness

1. #issociation

2. !ce ,ath Stuy

Ch -: Sensation an# Perce$tion

!" Sensation *)ottom.u$ $rocessing+ vs" Perce$tion *to$.own $rocessing+A" Proso$agnosia," Psycho$hysics" &ransuction

!!" ,asic Sensation Princi$les:A" A)solute threshol


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," #ifference threshol *'ust 2oticea)le #ifference+1. We)ers ;aw

2. Fechners ;aw" Signal etection theory#" Sensory aa$tation%" Su)liminal Perce$tion

1. Priming!!!" All of the iagrams for the senses: vision( hearing( taste( smell( touch( -inesthesia( vesti)ular

!V" &he $hysical energy( rece$tors( location of rece$tor( route of stimuli $rocessing( elements of stimulus an relate $erce$tion(

relate theories( e3am$les of sensory aa$tation an sensory interaction for each senseA" Vision1. Wavelength *hue+2. Am$litue *intensity+3. Parts of the eye: $u$il( iris( lens( retina *ros an cones+( o$tic nerve( )lin s$ot( fovea4. Accommoation

5. Feature etectors6. Parallel $rocessing

7. Loung.=elmholt7 trichromatic *three.color+ theory of color vision8. 6$$onent $rocess theory of color vision9. Gestalt $sychology an $rinci$les

a+ Figure.groun)+ Pro3imityc+ ontinuity+ losuree+ Similarityf+ onnecteness

10. #e$th $erce$tiona+ Visual cliff )+ ,inocular cues of e$th $erce$tion

*1+ Retinal is$arity*>+ onvergence

c+ 0onocular cues of e$th $erce$tion*1+ !nter$osition*>+ Relative height*?+ ;inear $ers$ective*@+ Relative motion *motion $aralla3+

*B+ Relative clarity*C+ &e3ture graient

11. 0otion Perce$tiona+ Phi $henomenon

12. Perce$tual onstancya+ olor onstancy

*1+ ,rightness *;ightness+ onstancy*>+ Sha$e an Si7e onstancies

13. Visual !nter$retation

a) Restore Vision an Sensory restriction)+ Perce$tual aa$tation

," =earing

1. Fre9uency *$itch+2. Am$litue *louness H eci)els+3. Parts of the ear: outer ear *$inna( auitory canal( earrum+( mile ear *hammer( anvil( stirru$+( inner ear

*cochlea( )asilar mem)rane+( auitory nerve4. =earing loss: sensorineural hearing loss( conuction hearing loss( tinnitus

a+ ochlear im$lant

5. Pitch Perce$tion: Place &heory( Fre9uency &heory( Volley Princi$le6. Auitory ;ocali7ation

" &ouch


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1. Pressure( Warmth( ol( an Pain

2. Gate.ontrol &heorya+ %nor$hins)+ Phantom ;im) Sensations

#" &aste1. Sweet( Salty( Sour( ,itter( mami

%" SmellF" Vesti)ular SenseG" Kinesthesis

V" Sensory !nteractionA" 0cGur- %ffect," %m)oie ognition" Synaesthesia

V!" 6ther Perce$tual Princi$lesA" Visual ca$ture," !llusions

1. Pon7o illusion2. 0uller.;yer illusion

" 6)server characteristics1. %3$erience an culture2. ognitive style: fiel.ine$enent an fiel.e$enent

3. %3$ectations: $erce$tual set( conte3t effects( schemas( stereoty$es4. Personality

5. %motion6. 0otivation7. Values

V!!" %SP

Ch .: )e/ory

!" What are Iflash)ul)J memories4!!" 0emory is usually efine )y three $rocesses" %3$lain each an give an e3am$le"

A" %ncoing," Storage" Retrieval

!!!" WhatMs the ifference )etween automatic $rocessing an effortful $rocessing4!V" =ermann %))inghaus was a $ioneer in the stuy of memory" ,riefly summari7e his finings"V" WhatMs the ifference )etween maintenance rehearsal an ela)orative rehearsal4 Which is )etter for long term memory4V!" %3$lain the following terms as they relate to memory

A" 2e3t.in.line effect," S$acing effect" Serial $osition effect

V!!" &here are a num)er of -ins of encoing" %3$lain themA" Semantic encoing," Acoustic encoing" Visual encoing

V!!!" %3$lain the following ways of organi7ing information for )etter encoing"A" hun-ing

," Forming hierarchies" 0nemonic evices!" &here are three stages of memory" %3$lain each an the su)categories:

A" Storage1" iconic memory>" echoic memory

," Short.term memory1" =ow many items can we hol in short term memory4>" =ow long oes short.term memory last4

" ;ong.term memory1" WhatMs the )est way to get information into long.term memory>" %3$lain %))inghausM famous Nforgetting curveN"


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" Why is the famous anaian neurosurgeon Wiler Penfiel im$ortant in the stuy of where memories are locate" What ihe fin an what inMt he fin" =ow i he o his research4

!" Actually( memory ta-es $lace on the neural level" %3$lain the conce$t of Nlong term $otentiation"N!!" =ow o stress an hormones affect memory4!!!" %3$lain the following insofar as they relate to memory:

A" !m$licit memories," %3$licit memories" Role of the hi$$ocam$us

!V" %3$lain the following insofar as they relate to the retrieval $rocessA" Recall," Recognition" Relearning#" Priming%" Retrieval cuesF" onte3t effectsG" #e8a vu e3$erience=" State.e$enent memory!" 0emories as moo.congruent

V" %3$lain the ifference )etween $roactive interference an retroactive interference"V!" Forgetting ta-es $lace for a num)er of reasons" %3$lain them:

A" #ecay," Re$ression" 0otivating forgetting

#" !nterferenceV!!" %li7a)eth ;oftus is the worlMs e3$ert on the relia)ility of eyewitness testimony" What i she fin4 %3$lain:

A" 0isinformation effect," Source amnesia" Why chilrenMs memory is $articularly inaccurate#" &hera$ists who Nhel$N $atients with Nrecovere memoriesN

V!!!" S$ea-ing of chilren( a)use an hel$ing them eal with their accusations against aults who allegely a)use them( whatguielines o all the ma8or $sychiatric associations rely on when soliciting testimony from chilren4

!" ;ist the strategies that serve as a way to remem)er information( es$ecially for acaemic learning"*PLEASE NOTE THAT I ADDED SOME TERMS IN PLACE OF THE ONES WE REOVED LAST WEEK FROM

Questions #1, #, !n" # !n" !""e" so$e in Question #%, #&, #, !n" #' ( I !$ sti)) usin t+e Oiin!) -uestions, .ut I

/!nte" to i0e ou t+ose te$s to +e)2 ou un"est!n" !n" !22) t+e$ in t+!t 3onte4t( It si$2) +e)2s ou /it+ ou

o0e!)) un"est!n"in o5 so$e tou+ te$s t+!t 3!n +e)2 ou on t+e MC !s /e))( A!in I !$ usin t+e oiin!) -uestions

!n" ou /i)) see !)) t+e oiin!) te$s STILL in t+ese -uestions( I 2)!3e" oiin!) ones !t t+e .otto$ o5 t+is Stu" 6ui"e(0SSAYS

irections: Pre$are for these 2ree Res$onse 3uestions O50 of the/ !ill 6e gi7en on your 2inal 08a/ ay

3uestion 91:

%llie( a new stuent at S-inner =igh School( is etermine to ma-e friens" When she attens the first $sychology clu)meeting( she fins herself in the room with twenty strangers who seem to -now each other well" She $lans to atten a fewmore meetings )efore eciing whether she will 8oin" She will have to atten at least five meetings in orer to $artici$atein the $sychology clu)s 8eo$ary tournament at the en of the semester" =owever( the su)8ect of $sychology oes notcome easy to her( an she worries that the time commitment will interfere with her stuies

A" #efine each following conce$t an then emonstrate how each conce$t coul =%;P $lay a role in %llies 9uest forfrienshi$" Lou may use a ifferent e3am$le for each conce$t"

1" &he mere e3$osure effect>" 0nemonic evice?" Su$erorinate goals@" 0irror neurons

," #efine each following conce$t an then emonstrate how each conce$t coul =!2#%R %llies 9uest forfrienshi$" Lou may use a ifferent e3am$le for each conce$t"

1" !n.grou$ )ias>" &y$e A Personality?" Funamental attri)ution error@" Amygala

" #efine each following conce$t an then emonstrate how each conce$t will etermine whether she will )ecome afull.time mem)er of the $sychology clu) an $artici$ate in the 8eo$ary tournament"


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B" Flynn effectC" ircaian rhythmD" Presentation of a conitione stimulus *S+ an unconitione stimulus *S+ in classical conitioningE" Slee$ ycle" Sym$athoarenomeullary system *SA0+ of stress

1" Soun locali7ation11" S$ontaneous recovery1>" Fre9uency theory of $itch $erce$tion

3uestion 9:

6ne of the most useful generali7ations in $sychology is that I)ehavior is aa$tiveJ" !n other wors( organisms )ehave inways that foster survival or hel$ them )etter function in their environment" #efine an then escri)e how each $rinci$leemonstrates this generali7ation"

1" Pruning an $roliferation of )rain evelo$ment>" ,iological $re$areness of classical conitioning?" Re$ression@" #rug toleranceB" Stereoty$esC" 'ust.worl $henomenonD" Sensory aa$tationE" R%0 re)oun" Gate.control theory of $ain1" Parallel $rocessing11" Functions of slee$1>" Autonomic nervous system

3uestion 9-:

A researcher esigns a stuy to investigate the effect of misleaing information into ones memory of an event" !n thestuy( researchers show $artici$ants a $hotogra$h of a woman staning near a man who is seate on a $ar- )ench with achil" &he woman a$$ears to )e shouting at the man" Partici$ants in the first grou$ are e3$ose to the I$u)lic $ar-J$hotogra$h for ten secons an then are shown( each for ten secons( several other $hotogra$hs of $eo$le interacting"Partici$ants in the secon grou$ are e3$ose to the I$u)lic $ar-J $hotogra$h an nothing else" Afterwars( the$artici$ants are as-e a)out what they saw in the I$u)lic $ar-J $hotogra$h" &he researcher com$ares the mean num)er ofmista-es )etween the two grou$s an fins that the $artici$ants in the first grou$ ma-e more mista-es than the secongrou$ when trying to recall the etails of the I$u)lic $ar-J $hotogra$h" S$ecifically( a significant num)er of $artici$antsin the first grou$ escri)e the man as )eing an aggressor in an a$$arent isagreement with the woman"

#efine an then e3$lain how the following elements a$$ly to the esign of the research stuy an/or the conclusions thatcan )e rawn )ase on the research:

1" ontrol grou$>" Ranom assignment?" Statistical significance@" #e)riefingB" #ou)le.)lin stuyC" 6)server haracteristics *onte3t %ffects+D" Perce$tual Set

#efine an then e3$lain how each of the following terms influences the $erce$tion an memory of the $artici$ants:E" Retroactive interference


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,+ moo.congruent memory"

+ the self.reference effect"

#+ $roactive interference"

QQQ B" After )eing tol that his $arents have 8ust )een involve in a serious automo)ile accient( ,ill is li-ely toe3$erience an out$ouring of

A+ serotonin"

,+ o$amine"

+ e$ine$hrine"

#+ lym$hocytes"

QQQ C" Scientists who efen the use of animals in e3$erimental research ty$ically claim thatA+ the well.)eing of humans shoul )e $lace a)ove the well.)eing of animals"

,+ com$etent scientists have no 8ustifia)le reason to en the lives of animals"

+ animals shoul )e use only in research that irectly )enefits the animals involve"

#+ allegations that la)oratory animals are sometimes e3$ose to stress are sim$ly untrue"

QQQ D" &he $arasym$athetic nervous system is to the sym$athetic nervous system as QQQQQQQQ is to QQQQQQQQ"A+ $u$il ilation $u$il contraction

,+ raising )loo $ressure lowering )loo $ressure

+ inhi)ition of igestion stimulation of igestion

#+ lowering of )loo sugar raising of )loo sugar

QQQ E" &he final e3am in a calculus course woul )e an e3am$le of a*n+ QQQQQQQQ test"A+ a$titue

,+ achievement

+ stanari7e

#+ general intelligence

QQQ " A loss of $hysical coorination an )alance is most li-ely to result from amage to the

A+ hy$othalamus"

,+ cere)ellum"

+ cor$us callosum"

#+ amygala"

QQQ 1" &he area of the retina where the o$tic nerve leaves the eye is calle theA+ )lin s$ot"


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,+ visual corte3"

+ cornea"

#+ lens"

QQQ 11" #r" 5immer has esigne a test to measure golfersM -nowlege of their s$ortMs history" &o inter$ret scores on it(he is $resently aministering the test to a re$resentative sam$le of all golfers" #r" 5immer is clearly in the

$rocess ofA+ esta)lishing the testMs valiity"

,+ conucting a factor analysis of the test"

+ stanari7ing the test"

#+ esta)lishing the testMs relia)ility"

QQQ 1>" #amage to the QQQQQQQQ woul most li-ely interfere with a $ersonMs a)ility to form new memories of a familyvacation tri$"A+ )asal ganglia

,+ hi$$ocam$us

+ cere)ellum

#+ amygala

QQQ 1?" Seals in an a9uarium will re$eat )ehaviors( such as sla$$ing an )ar-ing( that $rom$t $eo$le to toss them aherring" &his )est illustratesA+ res$onent )ehavior"

,+ s$ontaneous recovery"

+ o)servational learning"

#+ o$erant conitioning"

QQQ 1@" Some scientists have suggeste that mirror neurons most clearly $rovie us with the ca$acity forA+ s$ontaneous recovery"

,+ intrinsic motivation"

+ intermittent reinforcement"

#+ imitation"

QQQ 1B" &he tenency to )elieve that $eo$le get what they eserve an eserve what they get is calleA+ the reci$rocity norm"

,+ the sca$egoat theory"

+ the 8ust.worl $henomenon"

#+ the funamental attri)ution error"


16/35

QQQ 1C" Punishment is a $otentially ha7arous way for teachers to control young chilrenMs )ehaviors )ecauseA+ the more severely chilren are $unishe for unesira)le )ehaviors( the more li-ely they will e3hi)it those

)ehaviors",+ chilren will forget how to $erform $unishe )ehaviors even when the )ehaviors may )e 8ustifie an

necessary"+ the use of $unishment coul conition chilren to fear the teachers an avoi school"

#+ $unishment cannot even tem$orarily restrain unesira)le )ehaviors"

QQQ 1D" Accoring to the fre9uency theoryA+ most soun waves are a com$le3 mi3ture of many fre9uencies"

,+ high.fre9uency souns trigger a wave of activity that $ea-s near the )eginning of the )asilar mem)rane"

+ the rate at which im$ulses travel u$ the auitory nerve matches the fre9uency of the tone )eing hear"

#+ fre9uent or $rolonge stimulation of a sensory rece$tor causes that rece$tor to )ecome less sensitive"

QQQ 1E" After watching a scary television movie( 'ulie $erceive the noise of the win rattling her front winows asthe soun of a )urglar )rea-ing into her house" =er mista-en inter$retation )est illustrates the influence of

A+ $erce$tual set"

,+ inter$osition"

+ $erce$tual aa$tation"

#+ )ottom.u$ $rocessing"

QQQ 1" A ramatic increase in chilrenMs violent $lay immeiately after they viewe a vieo of the IPower RangersJillustrates the role of television as a source ofA+ res$onent )ehavior"


+ negative reinforcement"

#+ o)servational learning"

QQQ >" Which $roceure hel$s to ensure that the $artici$ants in a survey are re$resentative of a larger $o$ulation4A+ ranom assignment

,+ re$lication

+ naturalistic o)servation

#+ ranom sam$ling

QQQ >1" When she misse her morning )us rie to wor-( ShellyMs )loo $ressure rose an she e3$erience a thro))ingheaache" =er $hysical res$onses to missing the )us wereA+ stressors"

,+ stress a$$raisals"

+ stress reactions"


17/35

#+ emotion.focuse co$ing res$onses"

QQQ >>" !nformation is carrie from the )oyMs tissues an sensory rece$tors to the central nervous system )yA+ interneurons"

,+ sensory neurons"

+ motor neurons"

#+ enocrine glans"

QQQ >?" Framing refers toA+ a methoical ste$.)y.ste$ $roceure for solving $ro)lems"

,+ the way in which a $ro)lem or issue is $hrase or wore"

+ the grou$ing of similar o)8ects( events( ieas( or $eo$le into a category"

#+ a sim$le thin-ing strategy for solving $ro)lems efficiently"

QQQ >@" 0r" an 0rs" ,erry have five chilren ages >( ?( D( ( an " &he meian age of the ,erry chilren isA+ C"

,+ D"

+ E"

#+ "

QQQ >B" 0any $eo$le $erceive car8ac-ings as more serious threats to their lives than failing to use seat )elts )ecausecar8ac-ings are so much more memora)le" &his )est illustrates the im$ortance ofA+ )elief $erseverance"

,+ a universal grammar"

+ confirmation )ias"

#+ the availa)ility heuristic"

QQQ >C" Some researchers )elieve that aictive isorers such as alcohol e$enence may )e lin-e toA+ neurogenesis"

,+ hemis$herectomy"

+ Ah antagonists"

#+ a rewar eficiency synrome"

QQQ >D" 6$inion change resulting from inciental cues such as a s$ea-erMs attractiveness illustratesA+ informational social influence"

,+ $eri$heral route $ersuasion"

+ su$erorinate goals"


18/35


19/35

+ your $rofessor gave a )oring lecture"

#+ the college aministration ecie to raise ne3t yearMs tuition costs"

QQQ ?@" &he $rinci$les of continuity an closure )est illustrate the im$ortance ofA+ $erce$tual aa$tation"

,+ retinal is$arity"

+ $erce$tual constancy"

#+ to$.own $rocessing"

QQQ ?B" Which theory suggests that altruistic )ehavior is governe )y calculations of rewars an costs4A+ attri)ution theory

,+ social e3change theory

+ cognitive issonance theory

#+ the two.factor theory of emotion

QQQ ?C" ;uana eits manuscri$ts for a $u)lisher an is $ai >B for every three $ages she eits" ;uana is reinforce ona QQQQQQQQ scheule"A+ fi3e.interval

,+ fi3e.ratio

+ varia)le.interval

#+ varia)le.ratio

QQQ ?D" 0yra has such low self.esteem that she is often on the loo-out for critical comments a)out her a$$earance an$ersonality" 0yraMs )ehavior )est illustrates the angers ofA+ confirmation )ias"

,+ the framing effect"

+ trial an error"

#+ algorithms"

QQQ ?E" &he chemical messengers of the enocrine system are calleA+ neurotransmitters"

,+ hormones"

+ agonists"

#+ genes"

QQQ ?" &he nee to use a rug sim$ly to relieve negative emotions rather than to relieve $hysical withrawalsym$toms is an inication ofA+ $sychological e$enence"


20/35

,+ )linsight"

+ rug tolerance"

#+ issociation"

QQQ @" Although 0anuel was sitting right ne3t to his $arents( he smelle a s-un- minutes )efore they i" A$$arently(0anuel has a lower QQQQQQQQ for s-un- oor than his $arents have"

A+ critical $erio

,+ tolerance level

+ a)solute threshol

#+ sensory aa$tation

QQQ @1" !f a neurosurgeon irectly stimulate $arts of your sensory corte3( which of the following woul you mostli-ely e3$erience4A+ inistinct oors

,+ flashes of light+ re$etitive souns

#+ a sense of )eing touche

QQQ @>" A $atient who ha long feare going into elevators was tol )y his thera$ist to force himself to enter >elevators a ay" &he thera$ist most li-ely wante to encourage the QQQQQQQQ of the $atientMs fear"A+ generali7ation

,+ latent learning

+ sha$ing

#+ e3tinction

QQQ @?" After stuying )iology all afternoon( Alon7o is having ifficulty remem)ering etails of the organic chemistrymaterial he memori7e that morning" Alon7oMs ifficulty )est illustratesA+ retroactive interference"

,+ the s$acing effect"

+ $roactive interference"

#+ source amnesia"

QQQ @@" Pigs traine to $ic- u$ large wooen coins su)se9uently elaye receiving a foo reinforcer )ecause theywoul re$eately ro$ an $ush the coins with their snouts" &his )est illustratesA+ s$ontaneous recovery"

,+ higher.orer conitioning"

+ instinctive rift"

#+ latent learning"


21/35

QQQ @B" Accoring to the o$$onent.$rocess theory( cells that are turne IonJ )y QQQQQQQQ light are turne IoffJ )yQQQQQQQQ light"A+ re )lue

,+ )lue green

+ yellow green

#+ yellow )lue

QQQ @C" %vience that reams reflect the )rain maturation an style of thin-ing associate with a reamerMs age an lifee3$erience woul )est su$$ort the QQQQQQQQ theory of ream content"A+ wish.fulfillment

,+ neural activation

+ )ehavioral

#+ cognitive evelo$ment

QQQ @D" !ncorrectly inter$reting a correlation )etween two factors as evience of causation is )est avoie )y ma-inguse ofA+ e3$eriments"

,+ survey research"

+ case stuies"

#+ naturalistic o)servation"

QQQ @E" 0oney is to foo as QQQQQQQQ is to QQQQQQQQ"

A+ elaye reinforcer immeiate reinforcer

,+ seconary reinforcer $rimary reinforcer

+ iscrimination generali7ation

#+ $artial reinforcement continuous reinforcement

QQQ @" 2eurogenesis refers toA+ the initiation of an action $otential"

,+ the formation of new neurons"

+ the release of neurotransmitters into the syna$tic ga$"

#+ the rea)sor$tion of neurotransmitters )y a sening neuron"

QQQ B" An overwhelming esire for harmony in a ecision.ma-ing grou$ increases the $ro)a)ility ofA+ social facilitation"

,+ the mere e3$osure effect"

+ grou$thin-"


22/35


23/35


24/35

,+ generali7ation"

+ latent learning"

#+ seconary reinforcement"

QQQ C?" Souns an wors that are not immeiately attene to can still )e recalle a cou$le of secons later )ecauseof our QQQQQQQQ memory"

A+ flash)ul)

,+ echoic

+ $roceural

#+ iconic

QQQ C@" &he a)ility to $ay attention to only one voice at a time is calleA+ ual $rocessing"

,+ change )linness"

+ neuroaa$tation"

#+ the coc-tail $arty effect"

QQQ CB" !f researchers foun that $eo$le ta-e longer to ientify wors such as assertivean boldas IstrongJ when thewors are associate with female faces rather than with male faces( this fining woul illustrateA+ einiviuation"

,+ im$licit $re8uice"

+ cognitive issonance"

#+ the funamental attri)ution error"

QQQ CC" 2asee) isagrees with his classmates on an issue" #uring a class iscussion of the issue( 2asee) is 06S&li-ely to conform to his classmatesM o$inion if heA+ has a high level of self.esteem"

,+ oes not have to reveal his $ersonal o$inion at the close of the class iscussion"

+ )elieves the rest of the class is unanimous in their $osition"

#+ ver)ally e3$resses his own uni9ue o$inion early in the class iscussion"

QQQ CD" ini $refers to ta-e e3ams in the late afternoon rather than uring the morning( )ecause her energy level ana)ility to concentrate are )etter at that time" =er e3$erience most li-ely reflects the influence of theA+ R%0 re)oun"

,+ menstrual cycle"

+ circaian rhythm"

#+ hy$nagogic state"


25/35

QQQ CE" !n a istri)ution of test scores( which measure of central tenency woul li-ely )e the most affecte )y acou$le of e3tremely high scores4A+ meian

,+ moe

+ stanar eviation

#+ mean

QQQ C" #r" 6choa evelo$s tests to accurately ientify the most 9ualifie 8o) a$$licants in a large manufacturing firm"Which $sychological s$ecialty oes #r" 6choaMs wor- )est re$resent4A+ evelo$mental $sychology

,+ inustrial.organi7ational $sychology

+ )iological $sychology

#+ clinical $sychology

QQQ D" &he first $hase of the general aa$tation synrome isA+ stress a$$raisal"

,+ resistance"

+ alarm"

#+ a8ustment"

QQQ D1" &ests esigne to assess what a $erson has learne are calle QQQQQQQQ tests"A+ factor analysis

,+ a$titue

+ stanari7e

#+ achievement

QQQ D>" After giving in to her friensM re9uest that she rin- alcohol with them( 1C.year.ol 'essica foun that shecoulnMt resist the $ressure they e3erte on her to try cocaine" =er e3$erience )est illustratesA+ ingrou$ )ias"

,+ the mere e3$osure effect"

+ the foot.in.the.oor $henomenon"

#+ the )ystaner effect"

QQQ D?" A ranom sam$le of females was o)serve to e3hi)it a lower average level of self.esteem than a ranomsam$le of males" &o assess the li-elihoo that this o)serve ifference reflects a real ifference in the averageself.esteem of the total $o$ulation of males an females( you shoulA+ construct a scatter$lot"

,+ calculate a correlation coefficient"


26/35

+ $lot the istri)ution of self.esteem levels among all males an females"

#+ conuct a test of statistical significance"

QQQ D@" With her eyes close an her nose $lugge( hanra was una)le to taste the ifference )etween an onion an a$ear" =er e3$erience )est illustrates the im$ortance ofA+ sensory interaction"

,+ the 0cGur- effect"

+ retinal is$arity"

#+ synaesthesia"

QQQ DB" 2atassia )elieves that )oys learn to )e more aggressive than girls $rimarily )ecause )oys are more fre9uently$ressure to efen themselves with fists" 2atassiaMs )elief is )est escri)e as an e3am$le of the QQQQQQQQ$ers$ective"A+ )ehavioral

,+ cognitive

+ $sychoynamic

#+ neuroscience

QQQ DC" After getting a slight )urn from the s$ar- of a flic-ering cam$fire( 'ulie )ecame afrai of getting close tolighte gas stoves" &his )est illustrates the aa$tive value ofA+ latent learning"


+ generali7ation"

#+ sha$ing"

QQQ DD" 6rville thin-s his girlfrien erives more )enefits from their relationshi$ than he oes( even though hecontri)utes more to the relationshi$" 6rville most clearly )elieves that their relationshi$ lac-sA+ self.isclosure"

,+ romantic love"

+ e9uity"

#+ su$erorinate goals"

QQQ DE" Which of the following is a mnemonic that ma-es effective use of vivi imagery4A+ long.term $otentiation

,+ the s$acing effect

+ the $eg.wor system

#+ echoic memory


27/35

QQQ D" &he reu$ta-e of a neurotransmitter such as serotonin woul involve the rea)sor$tion of serotonin into a*n+A+ a3on terminal"

,+ receiving neuron"

+ myelin sheath"

#+ glial cell"

QQQ E" !f Professor Kosi)a surgically remove the amygala of a la)oratory rat( the rat woul most li-ely )ecomeA+ hungry"

,+ se3ually arouse"

+ $hysically uncoorinate"

#+ less aggressive"

QQQ E1" &he )ehavior genetics $ers$ective woul )e most irectly concerne with assessing the relative influences ofA+ )ehavior an mental $rocesses"

,+ conscious an unconscious motives"

+ nature an nurture"

#+ s$ace $ractice an masse $ractice"

QQQ E>" &y$e A is to QQQQQQQQ as &y$e , is to QQQQQQQQ"A+ realistic iealistic

,+ introverte e3traverte

+ har.riving easygoing

#+ o$timistic $essimistic

QQQ E?" hronic slee$ e)t is most li-ely to $romoteA+ slee$ a$nea"

,+ o)esity"

+ insomnia"

#+ night terrors"

QQQ E@" 6ne o$tion for ealing with stress( which is more common among women than men( isA+ withrawal"

,+ the fight.or.flight reaction"

+ the ten.an.)efrien res$onse"

#+ the general aa$tation synrome"


28/35

QQQ EB" #amage to the association areas in the frontal lo)e is most li-ely to interfere with the a)ility toA+ formulate $lans"

,+ recogni7e familiar faces"

+ unerstan wor meanings"

#+ recogni7e familiar voices"

QQQ EC" hristmas is to holiay as QQQQQQQQ is to QQQQQQQQ"A+ category $rototy$e

,+ heuristic algorithm

+ algorithm heuristic

#+ $rototy$e category

QQQ ED" &he $art of the left tem$oral lo)e that is involve in unerstaning language is -nown asA+ ,rocaMs area"

,+ the motor corte3"

+ Wernic-eMs area"

#+ the sensory corte3"

QQQ EE" Avocates of the social influence theory of hy$nosis are li-ely to argue thatA+ hy$nosis is a uni9ue state of consciousness"

,+ hy$noti7e $eo$le are sim$ly enacting the role of Igoo hy$notic su)8ects"J

+ most hy$noti7e $eo$le are consciously fa-ing hy$nosis"

#+ hy$notic susce$ti)ility is $ositively correlate with alcohol e$enence"

QQQ E" ;ong.term $otentiation refers toA+ the im$act of ee$ $rocessing on retention"

,+ an automatic tenency to recall emotionally significant events"

+ an increase in a neuronMs firing $otential"

#+ the $rocess of learning something without any conscious memory of having learne it"

QQQ " Fre9uency is to $itch as am$litue is toA+ rhythm"

,+ louness"

+ hue"

#+ wavelength"


29/35

QQQ 1" &o stuy some effects of alcohol consum$tion( #r" hu teste the $hysical coorination s-ills of >1.year.olmen who ha 8ust run- either @( >( or ounces of alcohol" !n this stuy( the ine$enent varia)le consiste ofA+ the age of the research $artici$ants"

,+ the $hysical coorination s-ills of the research $artici$ants"

+ the amount of alcohol consume"

#+ the effects of alcohol consum$tion"

QQQ >" !n Alous =u3leyMsBrave New World( infants evelo$ a fear of roses after roses are $resente with electricshoc-" !n this fictional e3am$le( the $resentation of the roses is theA+ conitione stimulus"

,+ unconitione stimulus"

+ unconitione res$onse"

#+ conitione res$onse"

QQQ ?" &he e$olari7ation of an a3on is most li-ely to occur whenA+ $ositively charge ions rush into the a3on"

,+ negatively charge ions rush into the a3on"

+ $ositively charge ions rush out of the a3on"

#+ negatively charge ions rush out of the a3on"

QQQ @" While reaing highly familiar wors at a very ra$i s$ee( 0egan effortlessly unerstans almost every wor"&his a)ility highlights the im$ortance ofA+ flash)ul) memory"

,+ automatic $rocessing"

+ the s$acing effect"

#+ the $eg.wor system"

QQQ B" 2erve cells in the )rain receive life.su$$orting nutrients an insulating myelin fromA+ glial cells"

,+ neurotransmitters"

+ motor neurons"

#+ hormones"

QQQ C" &he tragic ecision to launch the s$ace shuttle Challengerresulte in $art from the minimal e3$ression ofissenting views among 2ASA $ersonnel an avisors" &his )est illustrates the angers ofA+ social facilitation"

,+ einiviuation"

+ grou$thin-"


30/35

#+ the )ystaner effect"

QQQ D" Re$eating someoneMs name several times shortly after )eing introuce to that $erson is an effective strategyforA+ chun-ing"

,+ rehearsal"

+ im$licit memory"

#+ automatic $rocessing"

QQQ E" #istant trees were locate closer to the to$ of the artistMs canvas than were the near)y flowers" &he artist wasclearly using the istance -nown asA+ linear $ers$ective"

,+ closure"

+ relative height"

#+ inter$osition"

QQQ " !n 0ilgramMs o)eience e3$eriments( IteachersJ were ;%AS& li-ely to eliver the highest levels of shoc-whenA+ the e3$eriment was conucte at a $restigious institution such as Lale niversity"

,+ the e3$erimenter )ecame too $ushy an tol hesitant $artici$ants( ILou have no choice( you must go on"J

+ the IteachersJ o)serve other $artici$ants refuse to o)ey the e3$erimenterMs orers"

#+ the IlearnerJ sai he ha a heart conition"

QQQ 1" &o assess the effectiveness of flu vaccine for county resients( 0r" arlson wants to aminister vaccinein8ections to all county resients rather than give half of them a $lace)o in8ection" 0r" arlson is most clearlyunerestimating the im$ortance ofA+ testing a large sam$le"

,+ o$erationally efining his $roceures"

+ re$licating o)servations of other researchers"

#+ creating a control grou$"


31/35

Ans!er ;ey

1" #>" #?" @" AB" C" A

D" #E" ," ,

1" A11" 1>" ,1?" #1@" #1B" 1C" 1D" 1E" A1" #>" #>1" >>" ,>?" ,>@" ,>B" #>C" #>D" ,>E" ,>" #?" #?1" ?>" A??" A?@" #?B" ,?C" ,?D" A?E" ,?" A@" @1" #@>" #@?" A

@@" @B" #@C" #@D" A@E" ,@" ,B" B1" #B>" ,B?" B@" #


32/35

BB" ,BC" ABD" #BE" ,B" ,C" C1" ,C>" C?" ,

C@" #CB" ,CC" CD" CE" #C" ,D" D1" #D>" D?" #D@" ADB" A

DC" DD" DE" D" AE" #E1" E>" E?" ,E@" EB" AEC" #ED"

EE" ,E" " ,1" >" A?" A@" ,B" AC" D" ,E" "

1" #Original 2ree res$onse 3uestions 6eing use# on 2inal

3uestion 91:

%llie( a new stuent at S-inner =igh School( is etermine to ma-e friens" When she attens the first $sychology clu)meeting( she fins herself in the room with twenty strangers who seem to -now each other well" She $lans to atten a fewmore meetings )efore eciing whether she will 8oin" She will have to atten at least five meetings in orer to $artici$atein the $sychology clu)s 8eo$ary tournament at the en of the semester" =owever( the su)8ect of $sychology oes notcome easy to her( an she worries that the time commitment will interfere with her stuies

#" #efine each following conce$t an then emonstrate how each conce$t coul =%;P $lay a role in %llies 9uest forfrienshi$" Lou may use a ifferent e3am$le for each conce$t"

1" &he mere e3$osure effect


33/35

>" 0nemonic evice?" Su$erorinate goals@" %motional intelligenceB" 6)server haracteristics *Values+

%" #efine each following conce$t an then emonstrate how each conce$t coul =!2#%R %llies 9uest forfrienshi$" Lou may use a ifferent e3am$le for each conce$t"

1" !n.grou$ )ias>" &y$e A Personality?" !maginary auience

@" Funamental attri)ution errorB" 6)server haracteristics *%3$ectations+

F" #efine each following conce$t an then emonstrate how each conce$t will etermine whether she will )ecome afull.time mem)er of the $sychology clu) an $artici$ate in the 8eo$ary tournament"

1" Availa)ility heuristic>" 2egative reinforcement?" A$$roach.avoiance conflict@" onformity

3uestion 9(:

'ames is in a rivers eucation course $re$aring to ta-e his riving test" &he course inclues )oth )oo- wor- an riving

on the roa to $re$are stuents for a written test an a roa test"#" #efine an then escri)e how each of the following conce$ts might influence his a)ility to rive a car uring the

roa test" #efinitions without a$$lication o not score"1" ognitive ma$>" Reticular formation?" 6)servational learning@" Proceural memoryB" Somatic nervous systemC" ;inear Pers$ective

%" #efine an then escri)e how each of the following conce$ts relates to the results of the written test" #efinitionswithout a$$lication o not score"

1" Preictive valiity

>" G.factor ?" Formal o$erational stage of cognitive evelo$ment@" Semantic memoryB" 6)server haracteristics *%3$erience an ulture+

F" After the written an roa tests( 'ames tells his family( who ha full confience in him from the )eginning( that he)elieves he $asse an will receive his rivers license" =e cant )elieve how much time he s$ent stuying)ecause he thought )oth tests were so easy" =owever( )efore he ta-es a 8oy rie aroun town( he will go home tota-e a na$ )ecause he is e3hausteO #efine an then escri)e how each of the following conce$ts may haveaffecte his confience an feelings" #efinitions without a$$lication o not score"

1" =insight )ias>" General Aa$tation Synrome?" Self.fulfilling $ro$hecy

3uestion 9 +:

For each of the $airs )elow( use an e3am$le to show how the first term in each $air affects or is relate to the secon"#efinitions alone without e3am$les will not score"

1@" Functional fi3eness $ro)lem solving1B" 6$erational efinition re$lication1C" Reinforcement over8ustification effect1D" 0eian s-ewe istri)ution1E" Varia)le interval scheulee3tinction1" Role $laying attitues>" Serial $osition effect recall


34/35

>1" Presence of others $erformance>>" Agonist neurotransmitter>?" A)solute &hreshol " Sensation

3uestion 94:

&ime is an im$ortant varia)le in many $sychological conce$ts" #efine each conce$t an escri)e a s$ecific e3am$le that

clearly emonstrates an unerstaning of how each of the following conce$ts relates to or is affecte )y time" se aifferent e3am$le for each conce$t"

1?" Refractory $erio in neural firing1@" Fi3e.interval scheules1B" !conic memory1C" Grou$ $olari7ation1D" %))inghaus forgetting curve1E" Flynn effect1" Sensory aa$tion>" Presentation of a conitione stimulus *S+ an unconitione stimulus *S+ in classical conitioning

3uestion 9:

6ne of the most useful generali7ations in $sychology is that I)ehavior is aa$tiveJ" !n other wors( organisms )ehave inways that foster survival or hel$ them )etter function in their environment" #efine an then escri)e how each $rinci$leemonstrates this generali7ation"

1?" Pruning an $roliferation of )rain evelo$ment1@" ,iological $re$areness of classical conitioning1B" Stranger an3iety1C" Re$ression1D" #rug tolerance

1E" Stereoty$es1" 2atural selection>" 'ust.worl $henomenon>1" Sensory Aa$ta$tion

3uestion 9-:

A researcher esigns a stuy to investigate the effect of misleaing information into ones memory of an event" !n thestuy( researchers show $artici$ants a $hotogra$h of a woman staning near a man who is seate on a $ar- )ench with achil" &he woman a$$ears to )e shouting at the man" Partici$ants in the first grou$ are e3$ose to the I$u)lic $ar-J$hotogra$h for ten secons an then are shown( each for ten secons( several other $hotogra$hs of $eo$le interacting"Partici$ants in the secon grou$ are e3$ose to the I$u)lic $ar-J $hotogra$h an nothing else" Afterwars( the$artici$ants are as-e a)out what they saw in the I$u)lic $ar-J $hotogra$h" &he researcher com$ares the mean num)er of

mista-es )etween the two grou$s an fins that the $artici$ants in the first grou$ ma-e more mista-es than the secongrou$ when trying to recall the etails of the I$u)lic $ar-J $hotogra$h" S$ecifically( a significant num)er of $artici$antsin the first grou$ escri)e the man as )eing an aggressor in an a$$arent isagreement with the woman"

#efine an then e3$lain how the following elements a$$ly to the esign of the research stuy an/or the conclusions thatcan )e rawn )ase on the research:

1@" ontrol grou$1B" Ranom assignment1C" Statistical significance1D" #e)riefing1E" #ou)le.)lin stuy


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1314 AP Psych First Semester Final Study Guide