AP US HistoryFebruary 24 -28 -2020

This week we will have the Unit Test on Imperialism and WWI. Last time both parts were at home. This week both parts will be completed in class on two back-to-back days. Multiple choice on Wednesday and Writing Sample (all classes) on Thursday.

You will also begin an Independent study unit starting this weekend as an overview of the 1920s (This will work like the Western Project) It will be due in class by WEDNESDAY March 4th Remember that this is an assessment score so it should be a good grade. If you do not have it that day, you will face the standard -30 late penalty.

You will have some time in class on Friday to work on the project (This can be typed or hand written in blue/black ink)

MONDAY and TUESDAY Examine U.S. involvement in WWI and the Home front Analyze sources on the Versailles Treaty and Wilson’s Fourteen Points (WOR-8)

Materials Strategy/FormatPPT/copies of the Fourteen Points Assessment and Review/text analysis

SL.CCR-1Student Skills/Activities1. Chronological Reasoning (1,3)2.Comparison and Context (5)3. Critical Thinking (6,7)4. Interpretation and Synthesis (8,9)

Introduction While the U.S. was only effectively in WWI for a few months, there were very important social changes

that impacted the nation. First, we will look at the impact of he war on the home front on certain groups. Then we will look at the peace settlement that Wilson hoped to fashion that would avoid war for all time.

The Impact on Women During the war, large numbers of women were recruited into jobs vacated by men who had gone to fight in

the war. New jobs were also created as part of the war effort, for example in munitions factories. The high

demand for weapons resulted in the munitions factories becoming the largest single employer of women during 1918. Though there was initial resistance to hiring women for what was seen as ‘men’s work’, the introduction of Selective Service in 1916 made the need for women workers urgent. Around this time, the government began coordinating the employment of women through campaigns and recruitment drives. The role played by American women was much smaller in this war than we will see in WWII largely because of the duration.

In some cases, women became active in the war close to the front. The American Red Cross nurses worked side by side with Army Nurse Corps members, doing the same work. They themselves often did not understand the difference in their status. Few Red Cross nurses realized that by not joining the Army Nurse Corps they were rendering themselves ineligible for benefits should they become disabled, and few Army nurses realized that they were committing themselves indefinitely, rather than for the two-year term common in the Red Cross. And, despite their own strenuous efforts for regularization, Army and Navy nurses held only a paramilitary status, since the military refused them the rank and benefits that their responsibilities justified.

Women physicians labored under similar difficulties. For the most part the American military refused to accept them, except eventually as civilian contract physicians, without rank. There can be little doubt that, despite the refusal to give many women military rank, their efforts in the war certainly aided the push for suffrage culminating in the passage of the 19th Amendment.

African-Americans in WWI There were already 2 infantry regiments and 2 cavalry regiments of African-America soldiers serving under

white officers that had been active in the Spanish American War. While still discriminatory, the Army was far more progressive in race relations than the other branches of the military. Blacks could not serve in the Marines, and could only serve limited and menial positions in the Navy and the Coast Guard. By the end of the war, African Americans served in cavalry, infantry, signal, medical, engineer, and artillery units, as well as serving as chaplains, surveyors, truck drivers, chemists, and intelligence officers.

Although technically eligible for many positions in the Army, very few blacks got the opportunity to serve in combat units. Most were limited to labor battalions. The combat elements of the U.S. Army were kept completely segregated. The four established all-black Regular Army regiments were not used in overseas combat roles but instead were diffused throughout American held territory. There was such a backlash from the African American community, however, that the War Department finally created the 92d and 93d Divisions, both primarily black combat units, in 1917.

During the Argonne Offensive, the 92nd Infantry division was sent into action. Although American commanders were dissatisfied with the unit’s performance, the French obviously had a different opinion–they decorated members of the 365th Infantry and 350th Machine Gun Battalion for their aggressiveness and bravery. The 369th regiment participated in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, and continued to fight well throughout the remainder of the war. The regiment fought in the front lines for a total of 191 days, five days longer than any other regiment in the AEF. France awarded the entire unit the Croix de Guerre, along with presenting 171 individual awards for exceptional gallantry in action.

In yet another sad chapter of American History, most veterans hoped to come home heroes, black soldiers received a rude awakening upon their return. Back home, many whites feared that African Americans would return demanding equality and would try to attain it by employing their military training. As the troops returned, there was an increase of racial tension. During the summer and fall of 1919, anti-black race riots erupted in twenty-six cities across America. The lynching of blacks also increased from fifty-eight in 1918 to seventy-seven in 1919. At least ten of those victims were war veterans, and some were lynched while in uniform. Despite this treatment, African American men continued to enlist in the military, including veterans of World War I that came home to such violence and ingratitude. They served their county in the brief period of peace after the World War I, and many went on to fight in World War II.

One of the most important results of the war for African-Americans was known as the Great Migration. Great Migration was the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest and West from about 1916 to 1970. Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationist laws, many blacks headed north, where they took advantage of the need for industrial workers that first arose during the First World War. During the Great Migration, African Americans began to build a new place for themselves in public life, actively confronting racial prejudice as well as economic, political and social challenges to create a black urban culture that would exert enormous influence in the decades to come

Civil Rights Issues During WWI As we have discussed there were many similarities between WWI and the led up to the War of 1812. One

of the most striking similarities was the 1917 Espionage Act that allowed the government nearly unlimited abilities to suppress civil liberties in the name of national security (remember the Alien and Sedition Acts that were issued during the Quasi-War with France). This is actually a byproduct of the Red Scare though the Russians had dropped out of the war before we ever became involved, the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution did spawn fears of post-war communism. A famous example was the case Schenk v. U.S. (1919). In this case the Supreme Court invented the famous "clear and present danger" test to determine when a state could constitutionally limit an individual's free speech rights under the First Amendment. In reviewing the conviction of a man charged with distributing provocative flyers to draftees of World War I, the Court asserted that, in certain contexts, words can create a "clear and present danger" that Congress may constitutionally prohibit. While the ruling has since been overturned, Schenck is still significant for creating the context-based balancing tests used in reviewing freedom of speech challenges.

Woodrow Wilson Off to Save The World With the conclusion of WWI President Wilson planned to embark on a mission to save the world from

future wars armed with his Fourteen Points. He believed that if he could convince the European powers to accept these points that war would be a thing of the past. Georges Clemenceau the French President quipped that "the Lord only had Ten Commandments and Wilson had fourteen." This illustrates the reaction that many of the Big Four Had to Wilson's moralistic plans.

The Big Four: Wilson, Clemenceau of France, Lloyd George of Britain, and Orlando Vittorio of Italy met to decide the fate of the world. It seems obvious that this meeting was mostly about revenge in the minds of the European powers. As evidence of this here were some of the problems1. The Germans, Austrians, Hungarians, Ottoman Empire were not allowed to voice true opposition2. Russia (now the Soviet Union) was not at the meeting at all.

Punishing Germany (There were a total of 440 clauses in the final treaty. The first 26 clauses dealt with the establishment of the League of Nations. The remaining 414 clauses spelled out Germany's punishment)

No military with offensive capabilities (tonnage of ships limited (No subs at all), no air force, limits on the army in both men and materials)

Stripped of all overseas possessions mostly in Africa but also some islands like Samoa) The Germans were forced to pay reparations: 1,189,560,417,773 USD in current figures. This was to be

paid in gold mostly to Britain and France. Territorial readjustments (Alsace-Lorraine and Saar and Rhur Valley) Germany lost land to a number of

other countries. Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France, Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium, North Schleswig was given to Denmark. Land was also taken from Germany and given to Czechoslovakia and Poland. The League of Nations took control of Germany's colonies. As we will see, this will give considerable weight to Hitler’s claims that he would reunite Germany.

Mineral resources to France particularly in coal rich Ruhr and Saar Valleys. In the 1920s the French will physically invade these places claiming that Germany was reneging on their payments. The Rhineland was demilitarized (This will be the first place that Nazi Germany will retake; without firing a single shot).

Finally, and perhaps most importantly Germany was forced to sign a War Guilt Clause claiming that they were responsible for this war. Was this true?

The League of NationsSpeaking before the U.S. Congress on January 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson enumerated the last of his Fourteen Points, which called for a “general association of nations…formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.” Many of Wilson’s previous points would require regulation or enforcement. In calling for the formation of a "general association of nations," Wilson voiced the wartime opinions of many diplomats and intellectuals on both sides of the Atlantic who believed there was a need for a new type of standing international organization dedicated to fostering international cooperation, providing security for its members, and ensuring a lasting peace. With

Europe’s population exhausted by four years of total war, and with many in the United States optimistic that a new organization would be able to solve the international disputes that had led to war in 1914.

Wilson’s Return to the U.S.When President Woodrow Wilson presented his negotiated Treaty of Versailles to the Senate in 1919, the agreement faced immediate Senate opposition. At issue was a controversial proposal establishing a League of Nations to assure peace through collective action. Article X of the League’s proposed covenant required each participating nation to “respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members.”

Some senators sought to amend the treaty through reservations, but one group of senators–“The Irreconcilables”–opposed the treaty in any form. Led by William Borah of Idaho, the group also included Wisconsin’s Robert Lafollett and California’s Hiram Johnson.

Wilson’s articulation of a League of Nations was wildly popular. However, it proved exceptionally difficult to create, and Wilson left office never having convinced the United States to join it. The effort

HomeworkStudy for the Unit Test (In class MCQ)Writing Sample due on Thursday (Feel Free to work ahead) It is posted on the class website.

WEDNESDAY MCQ Unit Test Imperialism and WWI

Materials Strategy/FormatScantron Assessment and Review

Student Skills/Activities1. Chronological Reasoning (1,3)2.Comparison and Context (5)3. Critical Thinking (6,7)4. Interpretation and Synthesis (8,9)

InstructionsTake Test….Make an A…..

Don’t forget your LEQ-DBQ is Due TomorrowNo Typing (blue-black ink)

Thursday and Friday (Book Needed) Examine the causes of the Great Depression 1929 – 1938 (WXT-6,8) (WOR-7) Examine early actions by the Hoover Administration to stem the disaster. (WXT6,8) Analyze primary sources on the 1920s (Friday)

Materials Strategy/FormatPpt and primary sources Lecture-discussion L.CCR.4

Analysis of sources R.CCR.1and 3Student Skill TypesChronological Reasoning (1,2,3)Comparison and Context (4)Historical Arguments (6)Historical Interpretation (8)

Introduction The crash of the stock market on Black Tuesday October 24, 1929 was merely the most obvious symbol of

a greater problem. The nation’s economy and indeed those of the industrialized west had been teetering on the brink since 1919. Indeed, the impact of WWI went a long way in explaining why the Depression occurred. Many European markets had never recovered from the war. Germany was saddled with tremendous reparation payments in the trillions. France and to a lesser degree Britain had budgeted their national economies based upon the payments in gold. As Germany defaulted so did France. Britain had wisely budgeted far less for the income of revenue from Germany.

The Coolidge Administration had refused to reschedule loan repayment from our allies further deepening their problems. Hoover would forgive some debt and reschedule payments under the Dawes Plan but it was too little too late. The idea was to reduce German reparations to only that amount necessary for Britain and France to repay their American loans.

To understand the series of events that created a global depression we have to look at key economic indicators. Many of these still today are part of a checklist that defines the health of our economy. You will see several examples of why our current recession occurred.

ProcedureThe Agricultural sector

You will recall that since the Wilson administration there had been some bipartisan support for farm aid. These measures had been blocked by Coolidge under the McNairy-Haugan Act. The farm sector had been stalling for a while. Once again WWI played a role.

A study in contrasts: The Roaring 20s and the Great Depression of the 1930s

There was an unnatural economy of the war years and early 1920s. American farm products flowed overseas while Europe was at war. The American farmer received a higher price for their goods from 1914 – 1918. In addition, the Federal government purchased millions of tons of food. Then suddenly the war ended and so did favorable market. The result was overproduction and falling prices. However, at the same instant, farmers had taken out new loans for seed and equipment.

The inability to pay back loans and the driving up of other farm related businesses weakened an important sector of the economy. There will be no true bounce back until World War Two.

In the Midwest, small farmers were forced to sell out to corporate farms and banks repossessed homes and land that had been for generation in the same families (This is what the book Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck was all about). Part of the culprit here was man-made and natural disasters resulting in huge dust storms known as “black blizzards” (more on this later).

The Industrial Sector Similarly, with the agricultural sector there was serious overproduction in major industries. Some of this

was war related but much more of it came from a new modern day form of financing, credit and installment plans. Here is why this was a problem: In the 1920s the middle class exploded in growth. Cars, houses, and appliances became more affordable because of installment plans. This is not new today and the problem of credit is a constant threat to your future if you are not careful.

After a meteoric rise in the early 1920s there was a general decline in durable goods demands. Many people had already purchased these items and needed no more for a while. Yet factories continued to produce. By the later 1920s unemployment was rising and demand for big ticket items was falling.

Demand for American goods in overseas markets dwindled also as Europe got back to work and could compete with the U.S. again. The fears of the old imperialists were being realized.

International Trade Policies As said above war repayments and failure to renegotiate loan payments created a major problem as

European powers could not both pay off debt and grow their own economies which were now globalized. In 1924, some understanding seemed to exist that trade limitations hurt the global economy. In 1924, the Dawes and Young Plans did reduce German debt payments to Britain and France in 1:1 ratio. This was supposed to also allow Britain and France flexibility in loan repayment. This did in fact help increase global trade but Republicans in Congress would not remove tariff restrictions.

To make matters worse tariffs returned. At precisely the moment that Europeans need a cash stream from selling in America, Republicans shut off the faucet with restrictive tariff measures.

Banking and Finance A familiar story……speculation and bad loaning practices were a major cause of the depression. The

Federal Reserve and Federal Trade Commission both turned a blind eye to unsound banking practices. The boom of the early 1920s was simply too irresistible. There were some warnings that the economy was superheating and that interest rates should be raised. Belatedly the Federal Reserve did realize the problem. But in move similar to the old “specie circular” of the 1837 Panic, here too the brakes were stomped and this panicked investor.

There were a few banks in trouble even before the Depression because they had made unsecured loans. Soon, there would be a phenomenon known as a “run on the bank” when investors, upon hearing rumors of a bank’s insolvency, rushed to remove their money before all was lost. (There was not yet deposit insurance).

Housing Starts One of the most critical economic indicators is housing starts and new building in general. This is so crucial

because vast segments of the economy are tied to this. There was a post war housing boom in the early 1920s as soldiers returned. This will be even more

remarkable after WWII. However, just as we have seen with other sectors, the market started slowing down by the mid-late 1920s. Just like our current recession banks had played a role in the earlier frenzy offering cheap rates with almost no collateral.

Personal Finance and Unemployment

Personal savings were going down as consumers leveraged their future against a materialistic present. Advertising and other cultural factors ramped up credit buying. But then, as the unemployment rate rose, people faced repossessions.

There was a growing gap between wealthy and poor was growing. The modern day Republican idea of “trickle-down” or “supply side economics” calls for job creation by low taxes which encourage the business sector to create jobs. But, if that sector instead pockets the revenue instead of making capital investments, then the trickle becomes a slow drip.

Unemployment was not surprisingly rising as producers laid off workers which of course led to a decline in consumer spending, declining from early 1920s.

The Stock Market And so we return to the crash of the stock market in 1929. There had been several small declines in the

1920s already known as “corrections.” Fluctuations in stock values are common but in the 1920s a new crop of buyers were in the market, the small investor.

In the early 1920s the idea of Margin lending developed. There was an up and down side to this process. Loans from brokers stimulate buying from small investors. The brokers got loans from banks and the whole idea floated on a sea of credit. Of course, this brought greater wealth to the market and increased to overall strength of the economy. But the speculation on margin was made worse by the constant presence of “Watered stock” offerings. The “correction” that came on Black Tuesday was deep. Wise and wealthy investors had already sold and gotten out. But, the small investor, the greedy, and the incredulous were left to freak out. And freak they did! The frenzied sell-off dropped the market to all time lows.

The Hoover administration tried to convince wealthy Americans like JP Morgan to restore public confidence by buying large sums of stock.

Hoover Takes Action…..Sort of The president appealed to industry to keep wages high in order to maintain consumer purchasing power.

Nevertheless, while businesses did maintain wages for skilled workers, it cut hours and wages for unskilled workers and installed restrictive hiring practices that made it more difficult for under qualified younger and older workers to get a job. By April 1, 1933, U.S. Steel did not have a single full-time employee.

Hoover persuaded local and state governments to sharply increase public works spending. However, the practical effect was to exhaust state and local financial reserves, which led government by 1933 to slash unemployment relief programs and to impose sales taxes to cover their deficits.

In much the same way that FDR’s New Deal would do during the early days of the Great Depression, Hoover launched the largest public works projects. The Hoover Dam (named after the President) later was one of the largest publicly sponsored building projects in American History. Yet, he continued to believe that problems of poverty and unemployment were best left to "voluntary organization and community service." He feared that federal relief programs would undermine individual character by making recipients dependent on the government. He did not recognize that the sheer size of the nation's economic problems had made the concept of "rugged individualism" meaningless.

By 1932 Hoover seemed finally to understand the enormity of the problem. created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) to help save the banking and railroad systems. Loans offered under the program funded public works projects and the first federally-supported housing projects. Originally intended to combat the Depression, the RFC lasted 21 years and was authorized to finance public works projects, provide loans to farmers and victims of natural disasters, and assist school districts

Hoover’s Darkest Days It’s hard to imagine now that Hoover would want to be re-elected but he announced that he would in 1932.

Misery was everywhere though. People lived in camps because they had lost their homes or were wandering the countryside looking for work. These camps were sometimes called “Hoovervilles.” Perhaps the worst point of his Presidency came in 1932 about 6 months before the election.

In May of 1932, some 15,000 veterans, many unemployed and destitute, descended on Washington, D.C. to demand immediate payment of their wartime pensions promised ironically for the year 1945. They proclaimed themselves the Bonus Expeditionary Force but the public dubbed them the "Bonus Army."

Raising ramshackle camps at various places around the city, they waited. The veterans made their largest camp at Anacostia Flats across the river from the Capitol. Approximately 10,000 veterans, women and children lived in the shelters built from material

By July 28, Attorney General Mitchell ordered the evacuation of the veterans from all government property, entrusted with the job, the Washington police met with resistance, shots were fired and two marchers killed. Learning of the shooting at lunch, President Hoover ordered the army to clear out the veterans. Infantry

and cavalry supported by six tanks were dispatched with Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur in command. Major Dwight D. Eisenhower (future Allied commander in WWII and 2 term President) served as his liaison with

Washington police and Major George Patton (future general in WWII African, Italian, and French campaigns) led the cavalry.

By 4:45 P.M. the troops were massed on Pennsylvania Ave. below the Capitol. Thousands of Civil Service employees spilled out of work and lined the streets to watch. The veterans assuming the military display was in their honor, cheered. Suddenly Patton's troopers turned and charged. "Shame, Shame" the spectators cried. Soldiers with fixed bayonets followed, hurling tear gas into the crowd.

This was a public relations disaster for Hoover made worse by the fact that two babies among the crowd were killed from inhaling tear gas. In the minds of the electorate almost anyone was better than Hoover.

Another Republican mistake that Hoover made was the signing of yet another tariff. The Hawley Smoot Tariff of 1931 brought immediate retaliation from Europe. This may have largely doomed farmers while Republicans thought that they were protecting them

The 1932 Presidential ElectionFranklin Roosevelt, who like his cousin Theodore was the former governor of New York. He proposed a "New Deal" for Americans, a program with emphasis on states' rights, opposition to too powerful central government, opposition to big government which should be cut down to its proper size, opposition to high taxes, unbalanced budgets, and government debts. In pre-election speeches, Roosevelt stressed the rights of the states so much so as to urge that public welfare relief, old age pensions and unemployment insurance should be administered by the states, and that the federal government would merely aid the states with relief funds and serve as collection agent for social insurance. Above all Roosevelt decried the shocking spending habits of the Republicans and the mounting public debt. He called Herbert Hoover "the greatest spender in history." He said of the Republican Party : "It has piled bureau on bureau, commission on commission ... at the expense of the taxpayer." He told the people: "For three long years I have been going up and down this country preaching that government, federal, state and local, costs too much. I shall not stop that preaching."

Weekend HomeworkComplete-Work on the 1920s Independent study

Troops prepare to evacuate theBonus ArmyJuly 28, 1932