AP BIO Ecology Review

Chap 51-55

http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html

All the organisms that live in a place

PLUS their non-living environment

ecosystem

Another name for autotrophs

producers

The portion of the Earth in which all life exists

biosphere

Make a food chain out of the following:

herbivore omnivore autotroph

autotroph → herbivore → omnivore

Energy moves through ecosystemsin ______________

food chains/webs biogeochemical cycles

Food chains

Which of these is a decomposer?

↑ Fungi and SOME bacteria are decomposers

Organism that eats both plants and

meat omnivore

Process in which water from plant leaves evaporates into the atmosphere

transpiration

Give an example of a decomposer

Bacteria or fungi

Which group of organisms is alwaysfound in the first trophic level of every food chain or web?

Autotrophs or producers

Primary consumers are eaten by__________________Secondary consumers

Camouflage is called ____________ colorationcryptic

How much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next? Where do you think the rest of the energy goes?

Some is used by organism for life processes such as movement, transport, metabolism, growth, reproduction, and rest is lost as HEAT

Give an example of an ABIOTIC factorClimate, temperature, precipitation, wind, soil type, water availability, sunlight

Who is it?

Heterotroph that obtains energy by eating only plants ___________________

Heterotroph that eats both plants andanimals _____________________

Heterotroph that breaks down organicmatter (Ex: Fungi & bacteria) __________________

Heterotroph that eats only meat ___________________

DECOMPOSER

HERBIVORE

OMNIVORE

CARNIVORE

Primary producers are eaten by________________Primary consumers

Which of these is an herbivore?

↑ Zebras are herbivores

An organism that eats both meat and plants

omnivore

Name a limiting factor that could cause a population to decrease

Competition- for food, shelter, territoryPredationDisease/ParasitismDrought/climate changeHuman disturbance

The portion of the Earth in which all life exists

biosphere

Organism that captures and eats another

predator

What is the difference between a

BIOTIC and ABIOTIC factor?

Biotic factors are living;Abiotic factors are the non-living

parts of an ecosystem

BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

This diagram shows a ____________

Which of the organisms above is:a primary producer ? ___________

How many trophic levels are shown?

food chain

algae

5

Symbiotic relationship in which

both organisms benefit from their close

associationmutualism

An “organism’s job” that includes what it eats, what eats it, where in the habitat it lives, how it acts, and when & how it reproduces?

niche

A group of individuals that belong to the

same species that live together in an area

population

Another name for heterotrophs

consumers

Organisms that are able to take in energy from their environment and make their own carbohydrates are called ___________________________autotrophs

Which of these is a carnivore?

↑ Lions are carnivores

Group of different populations that live together in an area

community

All the living things an ecosystem that an organism might interact with

Biotic factors

Which of the organisms above is:a secondary consumer?

BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

Small fish

Principle that states no two organisms can share the same niche at the same time in the same place

Animals that display bright warning colorslike yellow and black stripes on wasps are examples of _____________ colorationaposematic

Competitive exclusion principle

Which of the organisms above is:a tertiary consumer? _____________

BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

squid

Group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring

species

An organism that is captured and eaten by another

prey

Symbiotic relationship in which oneorganism benefits but the other isneither harmed nor helped

commensalism

The scientific study of interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment

ecology

Any necessity for life such as water, food, light, or space

resource

Relationship in which organismsattempt to use the same resource at the same time and place

competition

_____________ mimicry is when aharmless species displays similarcoloration as a harmful one.

Batesian

Each step in a food chain or web

trophic level

Which of the organisms above is: a quaternary consumer? __________

BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

shark

The maximum population size anenvironment can support is called

Carrying capacity

?

_____________ mimicry is when atwo unpalatable/dangerous species look alike, like bees and wasps orMonarch and Viceroy butterflies

Müllerian

parasitism

A tick sucking a dog’s blood is an example of which kind of symbiosis?

The study of past and present distribution of individual speciesBiogeography

The movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin

Dispersion

Groups of different species that live together in an area make up a

__________________community

Which of these is an omnivore?

↑ Most humans are omnivores

Process in which green plants useenergy from sunlight to producecarbohydrates

photosynthesis

Another name for a living thing

organism

Tell the group of organisms that all the cycles have in common which keeps matter cycling between living (organic) and nonliving (inorganic) parts of the ecosystem.

decomposers

Keystone

In the bottom-up model of community organization, where does biomass need to be altered in order to change the community structure?

Mineral nutrients in the soil

_____________ species are not necessarily abundant, yet exert a strong control on community structure

The type of dispersion pictured at left is _________.

______________ is the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time

Ammonifying

clumped

Demography

A _____________ species is the one that is most abundant or has the most biomass in the community

dominant

List biotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms.

CompetitionInteractions with other speciesPredation

An organism that eats ONLY meat

carnivore

What is the shape of an exponential growth curve? A logistical growth curve?

Exponential: J-shaped

Logistical: S-shaped (sigmoid)

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits by living on or inside another which is harmed

parasitism

How do temperature extremes affect the organisms living in the environment?Extremely high temp: denature proteinsExtremely low temp: slows metabolism

The scientific study of how animals behave

Ethology

All the non-living things such as climate, temperature, weather, soil type, or sunlight in an ecosystem that impact an organism

Abiotic factors

Organism that can’t make its own food and get energy from consuming other organisms

heterotrophs or consumers

Any relationship in which two specieslive closely together

symbiosis

Interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another.

predation

Network of complex interactions linking all the food chains in an ecosystem food web

Organism that eats only plants

herbivore

The most important factor limiting plant growth

Sunlight intensity

Organism that eats only meat

carnivore

Process in which liquid water changes into a gas

evaporation

Click here , scroll down, and complete the food web matching activity

List the four abiotic components of climate

TemperatureWaterSunlightWind

Which type of organism is always on the first trophic level of every food chain

A producer

What happens as the size of the population moves toward the carrying capacity of the environment?

The population growth rate decreases; size of population grows but a lot slower

taxis

A change in direction in movement toward or away from a stimulus is called _____________

Learning at a specific critical time that is involved in forming social attachments which has both learning & innate components

imprinting

A species (usually introduced by humans) that takes hold outside its native range which has few natural predators/diseases to control its numbers and out competes native species

Invasive species

A group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are dead

Cohort

A ____________________ is a sequence of behaviors that are essentially unchangeable and usually conducted to completion once started

Fixed action pattern

An ________ behavior is inherited or developmentally fixed

innate

A male stickleback fish that exhibitsaggressive behavior when it sees any object with a red underside is an exampleof a ____________________Fixed action pattern

_________ behaviors develop during animal’s lifetime and are modified by experience

Learned

The releaser that triggers a fixed action pattern is called a _____________________ sign stimulus

Explain each type of survivorship curve.

Type I: Newborns survive; sharp curve where older generation starts dying

Type II: Constant death rate

Type III: Juvenile offspring perish quickly but curve levels off as these offspring survive to old age

A change in the rate of movement in response to a stimulus is called _____________kinesis

chemical signal that stimulates a response from other individuals

_________________ is the rate at which plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce organic compounds in an ecosystempheromones

Primary productivity

Compare and contrast macroclimate and microclimate.

_________________ is the rate at which plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce organic compounds in an ecosystemMacroclimate consists of patterns on the global, regional, and local level

Microclimate consists of very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log

Primary productivity

What determines the seasons?

List abiotic factors that affect microclimate.The tilt of Earth on its axis

Casting shadeAffecting evaporation from soilChanging wind patterns

What’s the difference between innate and learned behavior?

List examples of FAPs that we discussed.innate = inherited or developmentally fixed

learned = develop during animal’s lifetime

Birds pecking at red spot to make mother regurgitateMating dance Baby grasping reflexYawning Stickleback fishGoose rolling egg

_____________ questions focus on environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior, as well as the genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying a behavioral act

_____________ questions: address the evolutionary significance of a behavior.

Proximate

Ultimate

_________ conditioning: trial-and-error learning

Operant

______________ conditioning: connect reflex behavior to associated stimulusClassical

Loss of response to a stimulus; “cry-wolf”

Social ranking within a group; pecking orderHabituation

Threatening and submissive rituals that are usually symbolic, with no harm done

Agnostic behavior

Dominance hierarchy

Reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of recipient; selflessness behavior

Altruistic behavior

___________________is the study of populations in relation to environment, including environmental influences on density and distribution, age structure, and population size

Population ecology

__________ is the number of individuals per unit area or volume

Density

_____________ is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

Dispersion

Which of the populations shown above will experience population decline? The last pyramid

The type of dispersion pictured at left is _________.

______________ is the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time

Ammonifying

uniform

Demography

What three basic variables affect life histories?

When do you see zero population growth?When reproduction beginsHow often the organism reproducesHow many offspring are produced

When birth and death rates are equal

If a population of 100 individuals and a population of 10,000 individuals have the same per capita growth rate, which one will experience more births?

____________________is the maximum population size the environment can support

The larger population

Carrying capacity

________________, or density-dependent selection, selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density

________________, or density-independent selection, selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction

K-selection

R-selection

List some factors that affect density-dependent population regulation.

Competition for resourcesTerritorialityHealthPredationToxic wastesIntrinsic factors

________________are groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration

Explain how boom-and-bust cycles of population cycling works.

Metapopulations

Population numbers go in cycles—they increase for several years and drop suddenly over and over again in a predictable pattern

Which of the populations shown above will experience rapid growth?

The first pyramid

What relationship is it?

Species compete for a resource in short supply ___________________

Refers to interaction where one species kills and eats the other _____________________

An interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga _____________________

One organism, derives nourishment from another organism, which is harmed in the process ______________________

An interspecific interaction that benefits both species _____________________

Herbivory

Competition

Predation

Parasitism

Mutualism

________________ is the total number of different species in the community

__________________is the proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community

Species richness

Relative abundance

In a food web, where do the arrows point?

How many links are typically found in a food web? Why?

To where the energy is moving

Five or less; since only 10% of all energy in a community is past to the next trophic level, the community can’t support large amounts of big predators. There simply isn’t enough energy.

List the two hypotheses related to food chain length and describe what each states. Which one is most supported by evidence?

The energetic hypothesis suggests that length is limited by inefficient energy transfer.

The dynamic stability hypothesis proposes that long food chains are less stable than short ones

Most data supports the energetic hypothesis.