Annual Report on US Wind Power Perfomance Trends-2007(Presentation)

8/7/2019 Annual Report on US Wind Power Perfomance Trends-2007(Presentation)

1/45

1

Annual Report on U.S. WindPower Installation, Cost, and

Performance Trends: 2007Ryan Wiser and Mark Bolinger

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

- Report Summary -

May 2008


2/45

2

Presentation Overview Introduction to 2007 edition of

U.S. wind market data report

Wind installation trends

Wind industry trends

Evolution of wind pricing Installed wind project costs

Wind turbine transaction prices

Wind project performance

O&M cost trends

Integration/transmission/policy Coming up in 2008


3/45

3

2007 Annual Market Data ReportPurpose, Scope, and Data:

With a focus on 2007, summarize trends in the U.S. wind power market,including information on wind installations, industry developments, powersales prices, project costs, performance, O&M costs, policy trends

Scope primarily includes wind turbines and projects over 50 kW in size

Data sources include AWEA, EIA, FERC, SEC, etc. (see full report)

Report Authors:

Primary Authors: R. Wiser and M. Bolinger, Berkeley Lab

Contributions from others at Berkeley Lab, AWEA, NREL, DOE, ExeterAssociates, George Washington University

Available at: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/


4/454

Record year for new U.S. wind capacity: 5,329 MW of wind added (more than doubleprevious record) Roughly $9 billion in investment

U.S. Wind Power Capacity Up 46% in 2007

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

AnnualCapacity(MW

)

0

3,000

6,000

9,000

12,000

15,000

18,000

CumulativeCapacity(M

W)Annual US Capacity (left scale)

Cumulative US Capacity (right scale)

Source: AWEA


5/455

Wind Power Contributed 35% of All NewGenerating Capacity in the US in 2007

Wind was the

2nd-largestresource addedfor the 3rd-straight year

Up from 19% in2006, 12% in

2005, and


6/456

U.S. Led the World in 2007 Wind CapacityAdditions; Second in Cumulative Capacity


7/457

U.S. Share of Global Wind Capacity:27% of 2007 Additions, 18% of Cumulative

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

US%of

WorldwideA

nnualGrowth

0

10

20

30

40

5060

70

80

90

100

Cum

ulativeCapa

city(GW)Cumulative Non-US Capacity (right scale)

Cumulative US Capacity (right scale)

US Proportion of Annual Growth (left scale)

Source: Earth Policy Institute, BTM Consult, AWEA


8/458

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%10%

12%

14%

16%

18%20%

22%

Denmark

Spain

Portugal

Ireland

Germany

Greece

Netherlands

Austria

India

UK

Italy

Sweden

U.S.

France

Australia

Canada

Norway

China

Japan

Brazil

TOTAL

ProjectedWindGeneration

a

s%ofElectric

ityConsumption

Approximate Wind Penetration, end of 2007

Approximate Wind Penetration, end of 2006

Source: Berkeley Lab estimates based on data

from BTM Consult and elsewhere

U.S Lagging Other Countries in Wind As aPercentage of Electricity Consumption

Note: Figure only includes the 20 countries with the most installedwind capacity at the end of 2007


9/459

Geographic Spread of Wind Projects in theUnited States Is Reasonably Broad


10/4510

Texas Easily Exceeded Other States inAnnual Capacity Growth

16 states had >100 MW of

wind capacity at the end of2007 (9 had >500 MW)

TX widened its lead over CA

in cumulative wind capacity

Neither TX nor CA was inthe top tier of states for wind

as a % of in-state generation 6 states have in-state wind

generation that exceeds 4%of total in-state generation:MN, IA, CO, SD, OR, NM


11/4511

Wind Now >10% of Some Utilities Sales

See full report for

the many

assumptions usedto generate the

data in this table


12/4512

>225 GW of Wind in Interconnection Queues

MISO (66 GW), ERCOT (41 GW), and PJM (35 GW) make up 2/3 of total

Twice as much wind as next largest resource (natural gas) in queues

Not all of this capacity will be built.

0

50

100

150

200

250

Wind Natural Gas Coal Nuclear Solar Other

Nameplate

Capacity(GW) Entered Queue in 2007

Total in Queue at end of 2007

Source: Exeter Associates review of interconnection queues


13/45

13

Interest in Offshore Wind Continues in theU.S., but No Such Projects Are Yet Online

All wind projects installed in theU.S. to date are land-based

Some interest exists in offshorewind in several parts of the U.S.

Several projects were put at riskin 2007 due to concerns abouthigh and uncertain costs

Projects presented in table toright are in various stages ofdevelopment

State Proposed OffshoreWind Capacity

Massachusetts 783 MW

Delaware 450 MW

New Jersey 350 MW

New York 160 MW

Texas 150 MWOhio 20 MW

Georgia 10 MW

TOTAL 1,923 MW


14/45

14

GE Remained the Dominant Turbine Vendor

Although the three largest

vendors lost U.S. marketshare in 2007

all vendors saw U.S.

installations of their turbinesgrow in 2007

Vestas

29%

GE Wind

60%

Mitsubishi

8%

Other0.1%

Suzlon

1%

Clipper0.1%

Gamesa

2%

Source: AWEA project database

2005

Gamesa

2%

Suzlon

4%

Mitsubishi

5%

Other0.1%

GE Wind

47%

Siemens

23%Vestas

19%

2006Mitsubishi

7%

Suzlon4%

Clipper

1%

Nordex0.05%

Gamesa

11%

Vestas

18%Siemens

16%

GE Wind

44%

2007


15/45

15

Soaring Demand Spurs Expansion of U.S.Wind Turbine Manufacturing

Note: Map is

not intended to

be exhaustive


16/45

16

Average Turbine Size Continued to Grow

40% of turbines installed in 2007 were larger than 1.5 MW, upfrom 34% in 2006 and 24% in 2004/2005

0.71 MW

0.88 MW

1.21 MW

1.42 MW

1.60 MW 1.65 MW

0.0

0.2

0.40.6

0.8

1.0

1.21.4

1.6

1.8

1998-99 2000-01 2002-03 2004-05 2006 2007

1,425 turbines 1,987 turbines 1,757 turbines 1,960 turbines 1,532 turbines 3,230 turbines

1,018 MW 1,758 MW 2,125 MW 2,776 MW 2,454 MW 5,329 MW

AverageTurbineSize(MW)

Source: AWEA project database


17/45

17

Average Project Size Approached 120 MW

Average project size has doubled since 2004-2005, and tripledsince 1998-1999

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1998-99 2000-01 2002-03 2004-05 2006 2007

29 projects 27 projects 46 projects 44 projects 35 projects 45 projects

Nameplat

eCapacity(M

W)

Average project size, by COD (excludes projects < 2 MW)

Source: Berkeley Lab analysis of AWEA project database


18/45

18

Developer Consolidation Continued at aTorrid Pace Acquisition and investment activity

continued strong trend that began in2005

2007: 11 deals = 37 GW of wind

development pipeline2006: 12 deals = 34 GW

2005: 8 deals = 12 GW

2002-04: 4 deals = 4 GW

A number of large, foreigncompanies have entered the U.S.

wind development business inrecent years


19/45

19

Comfort With and Use of InnovativeFinancing Structures Increased IRS Revenue Procedure 2007-65 provides safe harbor guidelines

for wind projects using institutional investor flip structure

More than a dozen institutional tax investors active in 2007

Some tax investors becoming comfortable with project-level debt

2007 also saw a first-of-its-kind tax equity structure geared towardsmunicipal utilities and cooperatives (White Creek)

Butgrowing dependence on 3rd

-party tax investors has left the U.S.wind sector vulnerable to the global credit crisis

Institutional tax investors lately have fewer profits to shelter

Demand for affordable housing tax credits drying up, driving yieldssharply higher will this spillover into wind?


20/45

20

IPP Project Ownership Remained Dominant

Utility ownership (both IOU and POU) gained some ground

Community wind lost market share

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Cumu

lative

Ins

talle

dCapacit

y(GW)

Community

Publicly Owned Utility (POU)

Investor-Owned Utility (IOU)

Independent Power Producer (IPP)

Source: Berkeley Lab estimates based on AWEA project database

Community:50 MW (1%)

IPP: 4,414 MW

(83%)

IOU:

598 MW

(11%)

POU:268 MW (5%)

2007 Capacity by

Owner Type


21/45

21

Contracted Sales to Utilities Remained theMost Common Off-Take Arrangement

But sales to power marketers are becoming more prevalent So are merchant plants primarily in TX and NY

02

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Cum

ulative

Ins

tal

ledCapac

ity(G

W)

On-Site

Merchant/Quasi-Merchant

Power Marketer

Publicly Owned Utility (POU)

Investor-Owned Utility (IOU)

Source: Berkeley Lab estimates based on AWEA pro ject database

Merchant:

799 MW

(15%)

IOU:

2,558 MW

(48%)

POU:

919 MW

(17%)

2007 Capacity by

Off-Take Category

Marketer:

1,052 MW

(20%)


22/45

22

Upward Pressure on Wind Power PricesContinued in 2007

Berkeley Lab maintains a database of wind power salesprices; next few slides present data from that database

Sample includes 128 wind projects installed from 1998-2007,

totaling 8,303 MW (55% of total added capacity over thattimeframe)

Prices reflect price of electricity as sold by project owner (i.e.,

busbar energy prices) Prices reduced by receipt of state/federal incentives (e.g., the PTC) and

by any value gained through separate sale of RECs (though only 10 of128 projects appear to receive additional REC revenue)

As a result, prices do not reflect wind energy generation costs; priceswould be higher were state/federal incentives and RECs not available


23/45

23

Cumulative Average Sales Price for Sampleof Projects Built After 1997 Remains Low

Small increases in 2006 and 2007 are due to rising prices from newly builtprojects, but cumulative nature of graphic mutes degree of price increase

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

7 projects 10 projects 20 projects 36 projects 53 projects 66 projects 87 projects 107 projects 128 projects

450 MW 562 MW 701 MW 1,582 MW 2,466 MW 3,267 MW 4,396 MW 5,801 MW 8,303 MW

W

indPowerPrice(2007$/M

Wh)

Cumulative Capacity-Weighted Average Wind Power Price (+/- 1 standard deviation)

Source: Berkeley Lab database

Sample includes projects built from 1998-2007


24/45

24

Binning by Commercial Operation DateShows that Prices Have Increased Recently

Graphic shows prices in 2007 from projects built from 1998-2007

Prices will likely rise further to more fully reflect turbine price increases

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1998-99 COD 2000-01 COD 2002-03 COD 2004-05 COD 2006 COD 2007 COD

14 projects 22 projects 31 projects 26 projects 14 projects 21 projects

624 MW 901 MW 1,793 MW 1,717 MW 766 MW 2,502 MW

Capacity-Weighted Average 2007 Wind Power Price (by commercial operation date)

Individual Project 2007 Wind Power Price (by commercial operation date)

2007W

indPowerPrice(2007$/M

Wh)



25/45

25

Regional Differences Explain Some of theUnderlying Variability in Wind Sales Prices

Texas and the Heartland are lower-price regions, while California and theEast are higher-price regions (sample size is problematic in many regions)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Texas Heartland Mountain Great Lakes Northwest New England California East

1 project 15 projects 6 projects 3 projects 4 projects 1 project 2 projects 3 projects

161 MW 868 MW 926 MW 413 MW 530 MW 42 MW 188 MW 141 MW

Capacity-Weighted Average 2007 Wind Power Price

Individual Project 2007 Wind Power Price

200

7WindPower

Price(2007$/

MWh)


Sample includes projectsbuilt in 2006 and 2007


26/45


27/45

27

Wind Has Been Competitive with WholesalePower Prices in Recent Years

Wholesale price range reflects flat block of power across 23 pricing nodes (see previous map)

Wind prices are capacity-weighted averages from cumulative project sample

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

53 projects 66 projects 87 projects 107 projects 128 projects

2,466 MW 3,267 MW 4,396 MW 5,801 MW 8,303 MW

200

7$/MWh

Nationwide Wholesale Power Price Range (for a flat block of power)

Cumulative Capacity-Weighted Average Wind Power Price

Source: FERC 2006 and 2004 "State of the Market" reports, Berkeley Lab database, Ventyx

Wind project sample includesprojects built from 1998-2007


28/45

28

Wind Built After 1997 Was Competitive withWholesale Prices in Most Regions in 2007

Note: Even within a region there are a range of wholesale power pricesbecause multiple wholesale price hubs exist in each area (see earlier map)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Texas Heartland Mountain Northwest California Great Lakes East New England Total US

4 projects 65 projects 15 projects 13 projects 12 projects 6 projects 12 projects 1 project 128 projects

476 MW 2,857 MW 1,757 MW 1,219 MW 691 MW 547 MW 714 MW 42 MW 8,303 MW

2007$/MWh

2007 Average Wholesale Power Price Range By Region

2007 Capacity-Weighted Average Wind Power Price By Region

Individual Project 2007 Wind Power Price By Region

Source: Berkeley Lab database, Ventyx

Wind project sample includes projects built from 1998-2007


29/45

29

Focusing Just on Wind Projects Built in2006 and 2007 Tells a More Cautious Story

The recent rise in wind prices is making wind somewhat less competitivein wholesale markets throughout the U.S., though wind prices remain atthe lower end of the wholesale price range

0

10

20

30

40

50

6070

80

Texas Heartland Mountain Great Lakes Northwest New England California East Total US

1 project 15 projects 6 projects 3 projects 4 projects 1 project 2 projects 3 projects 35 projects

161 MW 868 MW 926 MW 413 MW 530 MW 42 MW 188 MW 141 MW 3,268 MW

2007

$/MWh

2007 Average Wholesale Power Price Range By Region

Individual Project 2007 Wind Power Price By Region

2007 Capacity-Weighted Average Wind Power Price By Region

Source: Berkeley Lab database, Ventyx

Wind project sample includes projects built in 2006 and 2007


30/45

30

REC Markets Remain Fragmented andVolatile

Renewable energycertificate (REC) marketshave experienced significant

price variations by: market type: compliance vs.

voluntary

geographic region specific design of state RPS

policies

$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

Jun-02

Sep-02

Dec-02

Mar-

03

Jun-03

Sep-03

Dec-03

Mar-

04

Jun-04

Sep-04

Dec-04

Mar-

05

Jun-05

Sep-05

Dec-05

Mar-

06

Jun-06

Sep-06

Dec-06

Mar-

07

Jun-07

Sep-07

Dec-07

CT Class I DC Class IMA MD Class INJ Class I PARI New TX

Avg

Mon

thlyRECPr

ice

(2007$/MWh)

Source: Evolution Markets

Compliance Markets

$0

$5

$10

$15

$20

Jun-0

3

Sep-0

3

Dec-0

3

Mar-

04

Jun-0

4

Sep-0

4

Dec-0

4

Mar-

05

Jun-0

5

Sep-0

5

Dec-0

5

Mar-

06

Jun-0

6

Sep-0

6

Dec-0

6

Mar-

07

Jun-0

7

Sep-0

7

Dec-0

7

West

National

Midwest/SPP

Avg

Mon

thlyRECPrice

(2007

$/MWh)

Source: Evolution Markets

Voluntary Markets


31/45

31

Wind Power Sales Prices Are Affected byInstalled Project Costs...

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

$800 $1,000 $1,200 $1,400 $1,600 $1,800 $2,000 $2,200 $2,400

Installed Cost (2007 $/kW)

Sample includes 89 projects built from 1998-2007, totaling 7,272 MW


2007WindPowerPrice(2007$/MW

h)


32/45

32

...and by Project Performance

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

2007 Capacity Factor (%)

Sample includes 101 projects built from 1998-2006, totaling 5,778 MW


2007WindPowerPri

ce(2007$/MW

h)


33/45

33

$0

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

$2,500

$3,000

$3,500$4,000

$4,500

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

InstalledProject

Cost(2007$/kW)

Individual Project Cost (227 online projects totaling 12,998 MW)

Average Project CostPolynomial Trend Line

Source: Berkeley Lab database (some data points suppressed to protect confidentiality)

Installed Project Costs Are On the Rise,After a Long Period of Decline

Projects proposed for construction in 2008 (not shown in graphic) are~$210/kW higher still (averaging ~$1,920/kW)

Increase of ~$370/kW


34/45

34

Regional Differences in Wind Project CostsAre Apparent

Heartland low-cost region, East and New England high-cost

$0

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

$2,500

$3,000

Heartland Great Lakes Mountain Texas Northwest California East New England

38 projects 7 projects 7 projects 14 projects 12 projects 6 projects 9 projects 5 projects

2,496 MW 500 MW 905 MW 1,584 MW 1,531 MW 283 MW 575 MW 47 MW

Inst

alledProjectC

ost(2007$/kW

) Average Project Cost

Individual Project Cost

Average Cost, Total U.S.




35/45

35

$0

$200

$400

$600

$800

$1,000

$1,200

$1,400

$1,600$1,800

$2,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Announcement Date

Orders 300 MWPolynomial Trend Line


TurbineTransactionPrice(2007$/

kW)

Since turbines are often ordered 12 or more months in advance,further project cost increases are expected

~$600/kW

increase

since2001

Project Cost Increases Are a Function ofWind Turbine PricesFigure depicts reported transaction prices from

49 U.S. wind turbine orders totaling 16.6 GW


36/45

36

Wind Project Performance Is Improving

Of the projects installed prior to 2004, 3.6% had capacity factors in excess of 40%; of

the projects installed from 2004-2006, 25.9% had capacity factors in excess of 40%

Note: Sample consists of 170 wind projects built from 1983-2006, totaling 10,564 MW

(91% of nationwide capacity at end of 2006)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Pre-1998 1998-99 2000-01 2002-03 2004-05 2006

20 projects 23 projects 34 projects 35 projects 34 projects 24 projects936 MW 914 MW 1,778 MW 1,938 MW 2,723 MW 2,275 MW

2007CapacityFac

tor

Capacity-Weighted Average 2007 Capacity Factor

Individual Project 2007 Capacity Factor, by COD



37/45

37

Regional Performance Differences AreApparent

Sample size is problematic in several regions (New England, Great Lakes, Hawaii)

Texas relatively low average is heavily influenced by a single large project

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

New England Great Lakes East Texas Northwest Mountain California Heartland Hawaii

3 projects 2 projects 6 projects 9 projects 11 projects 8 projects 9 projects 43 projects 2 projects

3 MW 105 MW 535 MW 1,602 MW 1,077 MW 868 MW 605 MW 2,100 MW 41 MW

2007Capac

ityFactor

Capacity-Weighted Average 2007 Capacity Factor

Individual Project 2007 Capacity Factor




38/45

38

Average Wind Project O&M Costs from2000-07 Are Affected By Year of Installation

Capacity-weighted average 2000-07 O&M costs for projects built in 1980s equal $30/MWh,

dropping to $20/MWh for projects built in 1990s, and to $9/MWh for projects built in 2000sNote: Sample is limited, and consists of 95 wind projects totaling 4,319 MW; few projects insample have complete records of O&M costs from 2000-07

$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Last Year of Equipment Installation

AverageAnn

ualO&MCosts

2000-07(2

007$/MWh)

Projects with no 2007 O&M data

Projects with 2007 O&M data

Source: Berkeley Lab database; five data pointssuppressed to protect confidentiality.


39/45

39

O&M Costs Appear to Decrease forRecently Constructed Projects, andIncrease with Project Age

Note: Sample size is extremely limited; figure only includes projects over 5MW in size and built from 1998-2006

$0

$5

$10

$15

$20

$25

$30

$35

1 2 3 4 5 6

Number of Years Since the Last Year of Equipment Installation

Ann

ualO&MCost(

2007$/MWh)

1998-2000 (Average +/- Std. Dev.)

2001-2003 (Average +/- Std. Dev.)

2004-2006 (Average +/- Std. Dev.)

Last Year of Equipment Installation(projects >5 MW only):

n=6 n=10 n=10n=19 n=3 n=3n=5n=18n=21

Source: Berkeley Lab database; averages shown

only for groups of three or more projects

n=6


40/45

40

Smaller Projects Appear to ExperienceHigher O&M Costs, on a $/MWh Basis

Note: Sample size is extremely limited

$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

50 MW

Project Size (MW)

AverageAnnua

lO&MCosts

2000-07(200

7$/MWh)

Pre-1998 (Average +/- Std. Dev.)1998-2000 (Average +/- Std. Dev.)

2001-2003 (Average +/- Std. Dev.)

2004-2006 (Average +/- Std. Dev.)

Last Year of Equipment Installation:

n=11n=4n=6n=15 n=11 n=17 n=10n=3 n=7

Source: Berkeley Lab database; averages shown only for groups

of three or more projects

n=5


41/45

41

Studies Find that the Cost of IntegratingWind into Power Systems Is Manageable

Wind integration costs are < $10/MWh for capacity penetrations of up to ~30%

Regulation impacts are small, load-following and unit commitment larger

Larger balancing areas and use of wind forecasts ease integration challenges


42/45

42

Solutions to Transmission Barriers Beganto Emerge in 2007, but Constraints Remain U.S. DOE National Electric Transmission Congestion Reportdesignated two

national interest corridors, in Southwest and Mid-Atlantic FERC issued Order 890 in February 2007

Adopts cost-based energy imbalance policy

Requires transmission providers to participate in local/regional planning process

Requires transmission providers to examine re-dispatch and conditional firm service

FERC approved California ISO proposal for new interconnection category forlocation-constrained resources (e.g., Tehachapi wind)

Several states began to proactively develop transmission infrastructure for wind

Texas PUC designated 5 Competitive Renewable Energy Zones (CREZ), with a potential23 GW of wind, to which transmission could be built in advance of generation

Colorado initiated a similar process to identify Energy Resource Zones (ERZ)

Likewise, California launched the Renewable Energy Transmission Initiative (RETI) to

identify renewable energy zones and prepare transmission plans to them

Large number of transmission projects planned that include wind


43/45

43

Federal and State Policy Efforts in 2007Continued to Drive Wind Development

Federal PTC currently in place through 2008

$170 million of Clean Renewable Energy Bonds to 102 windprojects

$2.7 million of USDA 9006 grant awards to 7 large windprojects (8.2 MW)

Four new state RPS policies (IL, NH, NC, OR), and many

revisions to existing state RPS policies (additional state RPSactivity has occurred in 2008)

State renewable funds, tax incentives, utility planning, green

power, and growing interest in carbon regulation all alsoplayed a role in 2007


44/45

44

Coming Up in 2008 Rising wind power prices, transmission availability, siting

and permitting conflicts, and other barriers to wind

development remain

Nonetheless, 2008 is expected to be another banner year

for the U.S. wind industry, with >5,000 MW projected Drivers include rising cost of fossil generation, mounting

possibility of carbon regulation, increasing state support

for wind, and looming PTC expiration

Unless the PTC is soon extended beyond 2008, 2009could be a year of retrenchment


45/45

45

For More Information...See full report for additional findings, a discussion of the

sources of data used, etc. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/

To contact the primary authors

Ryan Wiser, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory510-486-5474, [email protected]

Mark Bolinger, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

603-795-4937, [email protected]

To contact the U.S. Department of Energys Wind Program

Drew Ronneberg, [email protected] Steve Lindenberg, [email protected]

Documents

Annual Report on US Wind Power Perfomance Trends-2007(Presentation)