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Annex 2 Conel Buildings Energy Efficiency Improvements FURTHER READING
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PROJECT – CONEL ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT Student: John Bofarull Guix, 396047
[email protected] [email protected]
ANNEX 2: FURTHER READING The contents of this Annex is for reference and optional reading only. Energy production is a really interesting sector so I researched as much as possible before documentary delivery. I am keeping these details attached to the assignment in case they may be of any use to the interested reader, now or in the future.
A.2.1 H2 Hydrogen and Fuel CellsA.2.2 Direct Carbon CellA.2.3 Carbon FootprintA.2.4 Thermal imaging, Infrared IRA.2.5 DECC online calculator and Building Energy EfficiencyA.2.6 Sun Power Flux [W/m2] and Solar Power GenerationA.2.7 Solar ThermalA.2.8 More examples of buildings taking advantage of their large roofs to generate energyA.2.9 WindA.2.10 Electric VampiresA.2.11 BiofuelsA.2.12 U[W/(m2 K)] valuesA.2.13 about standards and regulationsA.2.14 Search on Nuclear PowerA.2.15 Energy Efficiency Light BulbsA.2.16 GB Current Deployment of Renewable Energies, mapA.2.17 Fossil Fuel TaxesA.2.18 Burning Urban WasteA.2.19 Additional Reading
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A.2.1 H2 HYDROGEN and FUELCELLSH Bank Technology Inc e-mail 3 Alley 403,sec 6, Zhongxiao E rd, Nagang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C tel +886 2 2653 3300.
www.h2bestpractices.org, www.h2incidents.org, www.hydrogen.energy.gov, www.udomi.com Market analyses (outdated) for all fuel cell types www.fuelcelltoday.com Short surveys, market reports tech summaries www.fuelcells.org Fuel cell reference charts (micro, portable, transport, etc.), Portable fuel cell market study www.hyweb.de, fuel cell reviews www.fuelcellseminar.com, www.h2bestpractices.org, www.h2incidents.org, www.hydrogen.energy.gov/biblio_database.html, www.h2labsafety.org, ucts Safetygram #10, Handling Gas Cylinders Airproducts, Matheson Tri-Gas Lab guide, Matheson Tri-Gas, Guide to Regulators, 2 market analysis documents (perhaps update required) SFT, UDOMI, for all fuel cell types www.fuelcelltoday.com, www.fuelcells.org, www.hyweb.de, www.fuelcellseminar.com Annual fuel cell seminar.books: CW Walker, R Jiang and D Chu, An overview of hydrogen generation and storage for low temperature, PEM fuel cells ARL‐TR‐2091, November 1999, handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA372504, E Jordanger, S Møller‐Holst, O Maurstad and DA Brevik, Hydrogen som enigibærer: Energi‐ogutslippsregnskap for utvalgte energikjeder, SINTEF, TR‐A5713, October 2002, Hayashi, K., O. Yamamoto, H. Minoura. (2000) Portable solid oxide fuel cells using butane gas as fuel. Solid State Ionics, BCH Steele, Running on natural gas, Nature , 1999. Fuel Cell Handbook DOE Nov2004 available at (423) 576-8401, fax: (423) 576-5725, E-mail: [email protected] available to the public from the National Technical Information Service.http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/h2fuelingstations.pdf.www.h2bestpractices.org www.h2incidents.org www.hydrogen.energy.gov/biblio_database.htmlwww.udomi.com Market analyses (outdated) for all fuel cell typeswww.fuelcelltoday.com Short surveys, market reports, tech summarieswww.fuelcells.org Fuel cell reference charts (micro, portable, transport, etc.) Monthly, Portable fuel cell market studywww.hyweb.de Monthly hydrogen and fuel cell reviewswww.fuelcellseminar.com DailyTech: Bloom Energy Servers kick off Purdue Chemistry of Petrol and other refreshments
John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency ANNEX 2 FURTHER READING A . 2 . 1
UltraCell XX25: micro fuel cell, manufacturer UltraCell, presented at the Intel Developer Forum in San Francisco March 2006. Methanol fuel cell technology, the UltraCell XX25 is a preproduction unit, designed for the military. Lap top non-stop powering for a couple of days without changing methanol cartridge. Hot-swappable
A.2.2 DIRECT CARBON CELL developing Fuel Cell , which converts fuel and air directly to electricity and CO2, without involving any water or steam turbines
A.2.3 CARBON FOOTPRINT: Global Footprint Network www.footprintnetwork.org, Sage www.sage.wisc.edu, Netherlands. Committee for IUCN www.nciucn.nl, WWF European policy office www.panda.org/epo, Norwegian School of Management www.bi.no
A.2.4 THERMAL IMAGING, INFRARED: from www.infraredcamerasinc.com/Medical Infrared Imaging is used in a variety of medical fields www.medicalir.comInfrared Training Institute offers Certification courses in a wide variety of locations
www.infraredtraininginstitute.com
Infrared Building Inspections online resource to infrared inspection guides, images, training, and camera systems.
www.infrared-buildinginspections.com
Used Infrared Cameras - At Infrared Cameras Inc. www.usedinfraredcameras.comthermography in chiropractic practice. www.chiropractic-thermography.comThe American Society for Non-destructive Testing helps create a safer world
www.asnt.org
The National Association of Certified Thermographers www.mynact.orgMaintenance World is a site devoted to the maintenance management industry. Articles cover a wide range of topics
www.maintenanceworld.com
Stockton Infrared Thermographic Services provides comprehensive infrared services and is an industry recognized resource on infrared thermography
www.stocktoninfrared.com
hand held hardware tools and testers, including thermal cameras for buildings electrical mechanical maintenance
www.fluke.com
American Society for Testing and Materials100 Barr Harbor DriveWest Conshocken, PA 19428
Telephone:Fax:Website:
610.832.9585.610.832.9555www.astm.org
C 1060 Thermographic Inspection of Insulation Installations in Envelope Cavities of Frame Buildings C 1153 Standard Practice for the Location of Wet Insulation in Roofing Systems Using Infrared Imaging D 4788 Standard Test Method for Detecting Delaminations in Bridge Decks Using Infrared Thermography E 1186 Standard Practice for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Retarder Systems E 1934 Standard Guide for Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment with Infrared Thermography
ANSI11 West 42nd StreetNew York, NY 10006
Telephone:Fax:
212.642.4900212.302.1286
ISO 6781 Thermal Insulation - Qualitative Detection of Thermal Irregularities in Building Envelopes - Infrared Metho
Danish Technology InstituteDepartment of Energy Technology GrefersensvejP. O. Box 141DK-2630Taastrup, Denmark
Telephone:Fax:
45.43.50.45.0045.43.50.72.22
TTCTRAN.015 Guideline for Thermographic Inspection in Electrical Installations
Infraspection Institute425 Ellis StreetBurlington, NJ 08016
Telephone:Fax:Website:
609.239.4788609.239.4766www.infraspection.com
Standard for Infrared Inspection of Electrical Systems and Rotating Equipment Standard for Infrared Inspection of Building Envelopes Standard for Infrared Inspection of Insulated Roofs Standard for Infrared Inspection to Detect Pests and Pest Related Damage Standard for Infrared Inspection of Recreational Yachts & Small Craft Constructed of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic and Composite Materials
InterNational Electrical Testing Association
John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency ANNEX 2 FURTHER READING A . 2 . 2
P. O. Box 687106 Stone StreetMorrison, CO 80465-0687
Telephone:Fax:Website:
303.697.8441303.697.8431www.netaworld.org
NETA MTS-2001 Maintenance Testing Specification for Electrical Power Distribution Equipment and Systems NETA ATS-1999 Acceptance Testing Specification for Electrical Power Distribution Equipment and Systems
International Organization for StandardizationCase Postale 56CH-1211Geneva, Switzerland
Website: www.iso.org
ISO Documents are available from ANSI please see their listing above.
National Fire Protection Association1 Batterymarch ParkP. O. Box 9101Quincy, MA 02269
Telephone:Website:
800.344.3555www.nfpa.org
NFPA 70B Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance NFPA 79 Electrical Standard for Industrial Machinery
Roof Consultants Institute7424 Chapel Hill RoadRaleigh, NC 27607
Telephone:Fax:Website:
919.859.0742919.859.1328www.rci-online.org
United States Navy
MIL-STD-2194 Military Standard Infrared Thermal Imaging Survey Procedure for Electrical Equipment
colour picker Media college, from colour to RGB 0.0.0 .. 255.255.255.255 coding
Fresnel lens applied to microwave communications: Reflective fresnel lens for sub-millimeter wave power distribution United States Patent 7339551
A.2.5 DECC CALCULATOR: The following 3 pathways ('pathway' the way DECC calls combinations of different options) don't meet the 80% climate change reduction target. No Change Reference , Maximum demand, no supply , and Maximum supply, no demand. The following seventeen pathways are described in the 2050 pathways report 1 Spread effort 2 Low energy demand: all 3 Low energy demand: individuals 4 Low energy demand: businesses 5 Electrify all possible sectors 6 Electrify all except heat 7 Electrify all except transport 8 Solid biofuel focus 9 Liquid biofuel focus 10 Gas biofuel focus 11 Renewable generation 12 Offshore renewable generation 13 Nuclear generation 14 CCS generation 15 Gas generation 16 Microgeneration 17 Hedging strategy These eight pathways have been proposed by people outside of DECC, as part of the debate Friends of the Earth Campaign for Protection of Rural England Prof Nick Jenkins Mark Brinkley National Grid Energy Technologies Institute Atkins Mark Lynas .SBEM tool, non-dwellings buildings, SAP2009: adopted by Government as part of the England and Wales national methodology for calculation of the energy performance of buildingsRdSAP: industry-agreed standard set of data items and a standard way of inferring the missing data. next step? 0303 444 0000 [email protected]
BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: www.greenbooklive.com has life cycle assessments of building products, Life-
cycle analysis www.gdrc.org/uem/lca/life-cycle.html, more related links: EPA NRMRL, www.infraredcamerasinc.com and links from this page for IR tools.
A.2.6 SUN POWER FLUX [W/m2] and SOLAR POWER GENERATION
Sun power flux at Sun surface approx 63·106 W/m2. Sun surface temperature 5780K (3193ºC). Sun to Earth distance 150·106 kilometers from Earth. Several hundreds km above Earth surface Sun power flux is 1360 W/m2 varying 3.5% because orbit not round.
Sun power flux on the upper atmosphere to sun power flux heating Earth surface budget (%): Short wavelength (optical wavelengths) radiation from the Sun reaches the top of the atmosphere. Clouds reflect 17% back into space. If the earth gets more cloudy, as some climate models predict, more radiation
will be reflected back and less will reach the surface
John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency ANNEX 2 FURTHER READING A . 2 . 3
8% is scattered backwards by air molecules: 6% is actually directly reflected off the surface back into space So the total reflectivity of the earth is 31%. This is technically known as an Albedo . Note that during Ice Ages, the
Albedo of the earth increases as more of its surface is reflective. This, of course, exacerbates the problem.
What Happens to the 69% of the incoming radiation that doesn't get reflected back: 19% gets absorbed directly by dust, ozone and water vapor in the upper atmosphere. This region is called the
stratosphere and its heated by this absorbed radiation. Loss of stratospheric ozone is causing the stratosphere to
cool with time. 4% gets absorbed by clouds located in the troposphere. This is the lower part of the earth's atmosphere where
weather happens. The remaining 47% of the sunlight that is incident on top of the earth's atmosphere reaches the surface. This is
not a real significant energy loss.
[McK] has a graph displaying Sun year average power intensity or flux in London and Edinburgh:solar: Amonix, concentrating PV panels would have an average power per unit land area of 18W/m2. The assumptions of Amonix are: the lens transmits 85% of the light; 32% cell efficiency; 25% collector efficiency; and 10% further loss due to shading. Aperture/land ratio of 1/3. Normal direct irradiance: 2222 kWh/m2/year. They expect each kW of peak capacity to deliver 2000 kWh/year (an average of 0.23kW). A plant of 1GW peak capacity would occupy 12 km2 of land and deliver 2000GWh per year. That’s 18W/m2. Solar Further reading available in point 3.
David Carlson, BP solar www.aps.org/meetings/multimedia/upload/ The Status and Outlook for the Photovoltaics Industry DavidE Carlson.pdf , about Solar chimneys; www.enviromission.com.au, www.solarairpower.com.Sources: Schlaich J (2001); Schlaich et al. (2005); Dennis (2006), www.enviromission.com.au, www.solarairpower.com. Manzanares pilot plan 1989 – 1992, 195m tower 10m; collector 240m, roof 6000m2 of glass and 40 000m2 of transparent plastic. It generated 44MWh per year, 0.1W/m2.http://www.solarserver.de
www.solarserver.de/index.html 2008: weblinks: UK Solar Energy Society, www.brookes.ac.uk/other/uk-ises/home.html, World-wide Information System for Renewable Energy www.wire.ises.org, Solar World China www.cnsolar.net.cn, ENF Energy Focus www.enf.cn, EOLSS Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems www.eolss.com, electric power industry www.gridwatch.com, ISES International Solar Energy Society www.ises.org, US government program www.seia.org/milroofs/index.htm, Netherlands Energy Research Foundation www.ecn.nl, Solar energy www.solarenergy.org, www.solarenergysociety.ca, www.sessa.org.za, Sustainable Buildings Industry Council US www.sbicouncil.org, Sustainable Energy Europe Campaign www.sbicouncil.org, DIY homemade solar wind power projects www.yourgreendream.com good luck, Photon magazine, Solar magazine. www.solarmillennium.de .books: Solar Power and Photovoltaic Energy Encyclopedia 2nd ed, US gov CDROM Jan 2009 $24.95, Thin-Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: Physics and Technology Rolf Brendel, Mar 21, 2009 $132.97, Planning and Installing Photovoltaic Systems: A Guide for Installers Deutsche Gesellshaft Für Sonnenenrgie, spiral bound, Jan 2008. $131.40 Thin-Film Solar Cells: Next Generation Photovoltaics and Its Applications, hardcover $165.87 Jan 12,2004 Thin-film CdTe and CuInSe photovoltaic technologies Harin Shrinivas Ullai Chalcogenide Photovoltaics: Physics, Technologies and Thin Film Devices, R Scheer June 2008
Dewar tube: A double-walled glass vessel for holding liquid air, liquid nitrogen, etc., having the space between the walls exhausted so as to prevent conduction of heat, and sometimes having the glass silvered to prevent absorption of radiant heat.
John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency ANNEX 2 FURTHER READING A . 2 . 4
More examples of photovoltaic integrated into buildings (BIPV): solar roof complex of Sharp in the Japanese town of Kameyama with an output of 5.1 MW, and some of the largest solar photovoltaic roofs in Germany 5 years ago: four factory stores of the private company Franz Fischer in Dingolfing (Bavaria; 3.7 MW), Michelin Solar Park Homburg (Saarland; 3.5 MW), On the roof of the new Trade Fair in Munich 2.1 MW installed, roofs of the Solar Park Pfersdorf e.G. achieve 2 MW, a logistics centre in Relzow (Mecklenburg-West Pommerania) has 1.5 MW, and the discount retailer LIDL is operating a solar roof with 1.2 MWp distribution centre in Hartheim.
A.2.7 SOLAR THERMAL: www.ausra.com
A.2.8 More examples of buildings taking advantage of their large roofs to generate solar energy: Following more examples of photovoltaic integrated into buildings (BIPV): solar roof complex of Sharp in the Japanese town of Kameyama with an output of 5.1 MW, and some of the largest solar photovoltaic roofs in Germany 5 years ago: four factory stores of the private company Franz Fischer in Dingolfing (Bavaria; 3.7 MW), Michelin Solar Park Homburg (Saarland; 3.5 MW), On the roof of the new Trade Fair in Munich 2.1 MW installed, roofs of the Solar Park Pfersdorf e.G. achieve 2 MW, a logistics centre in Relzow (Mecklenburg-West Pommerania) has 1.5 MW, and the discount retailer LIDL is operating a solar roof with 1.2 MWp distribution centre in Hartheim.
A.2.9 WIND British Wind Energy Association
IET Eng&Tech article Eng. & Technol. Wind Powers Ahead -- 4 December 2010 -- Volume 5, Issue 18, p.47–49
A.2.10 ELECTRIC VAMPIRES
LIGHTING: what kind of light bulbs are being used? manufacturer? model? is there any set of lightbulbs that may be purchased in order to replace already installed ones?From reference [Rs]
Unless further components ahead of the initial transformer, the winding (primary, secondary, ..) will always draw 'a bit' of current despite appliance switched off, unless a mechanical switch is made available between the plug (not shown above) and the transformer, but dear
John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency ANNEX 2 FURTHER READING A . 2 . 5
reader, than means money, and if the overall cost of can be cut a few pence by removing the mechanical switch, that is what is going to happen. Electronic design is a fierce market and every cent counts. To get an idea of how tough it is to match design budget requested from for instance marketing, have a look to the following, courtesy of the IET:
A.2.11 BIOFUELS TO DEVELOP IN CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING
McK pg43 refers to [bio1] and [bio2] for the above graph and below short insights:
Oilseed: Oilseed fieldsproduce 1200L/HA year; 9.8 kWh/L; 0.13W/m2. If we used 25% of Britain for oilseed, we would obtain biodiesel with an energy content of 3.1 kWh/d per person or 0.13W/m2 crop field.
Sugar beet to ethanol:Sugar beet, UK yield of 53 Tn/HA year. And 1 Tn of sugar beet makes 108L of bioethanol. Bioethanol has an energy density of 6 kWh per litre, so this process has a power per unit area of 0.4W/m2
Cellulosic ethanol: NREL. Considered a 'better' ethanol biofuel. [Schmer et al] found that the net energy yield of switch grass grown over five years on marginal cropland on 10 farms in the midcontinental US was 60GJ
per hectare per year, which is 0.2W/m2. Ethanol Purdue link.
Jatropha: is an oil-bearing crop that grows best in dry tropical regions (300–1000mm rain per year). It likes temperatures 20–28ºC The projected yield in hot countries on good land is 1600 litres of biodiesel per hectare per year.That’s a power per unit area of 0.18W/m2. On wasteland, the yield is 583 litres per hectare per year.
That’s 0.065W/m2.
John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency ANNEX 2 FURTHER READING A . 2 . 6
Algae: composition. [McK] says that algae oil may grow at 30 g per square metre per day, producing 0.01L/m2 and day. unit pond area of 4W/m2, Auburn. Such production ponds need concentrated carbon dioxide. Without the concentrated CO2, the productivity of algae drops 100-fold, Open sea production doesn't work.
Algae producing H2: Energyreview. [McK] Hydrogen can be produced directly by the photosynthetic system. DOE algae Co2 H2. A research study from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Colorado predicted that a reactor filled with genetically-modified green algae, covering an area of 11 hectares in the Arizona desert, could produce 300 kg of hydrogen per day. Hydrogen contains 39 kWh per kg, so this algae-to-hydrogen facility would deliver a power per unit area of 4.4W/m2. Taking into account the estimated electricity required to run the facility, the net power delivered would be reduced to 3.6W/m2.
Wheat, oats, barley, and corn: have an energy density of about 4 kWh per kg. In the UK, wheat yields of 7.7 tons per hectare per year are typical. If the wheat is eaten by an animal, the power per unit area of this process is 0.34W/m2. If 2800m2 of Britain (that’s all agricultural land) were devoted to the growth of crops like these, the chemical energy generated would be about 24 kWh/d per person. Example of biodiesel processing machinery supplier Greenfuels.
A.2.12 U[W·/(m2 Kelvin)] VALUES: Power loss[W/m2] = Area[m2] · U[W/(m2 · Kelvin)] · (T2 – T1)[ºC]
U: Thermal conductivity, just in case, conversion U[J ·Kelvin/kg] U[J· F/lb] , heat capacity of air: 1.2 kJ/m3/K. Heat leakage tables moved forward to point 3 Analysis.
Biofuels: Additional reading: Global Footprint Network www.footprintnetwork.org, Sage www.sage.wisc.edu, Netherlands Committee for IUCN www.nciucn.nl, WWF European policy office www.panda.org/epo, Norwegian School of Management www.bi.no
A.2.13 ABOUT STANDARDS and REGULATIONS
Before detailing what certification needs CONEL in order to comply with government regulations, and because in the past I was involved in design requiring CE certification (1997 Fratei Itelco DAB and DVB-T transmitters for then Retevision, Spain) I would like to explain a bit the importance of regulations in engineering. Technical regulations compliance makes systems work correctly. An example of technical regulation is BS7671:2008 Electrical wiring regulations 17th edition [IET]. In the library there is a book; Electrical Installation Calculations L2 [eISBN 9780080953953] that is based upon BS7671. BS stands for British Standard. BS7671:2008 is published under the direction of the British Electrotechnical Committee [BEC] and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET, formed after Institution of Electrical Engineering IEE, and Institute of Incorporated Engineers IIE merged) equivalent in the USA to the Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineering IEEE). The Technical Authority for BS7671:2008 is a group of competent people from both IET and the British Standards Institute BSI [StandardsUK] in 2008 jointly working in committee JPEL/64. Technical Committees may change often. There are many technical groups, another example is the Digital Video Broadcasting DVB that has produced a broad range (DVB-C DVB-S DVB-T DVB-T2 DVB- return channel,) of robust OFDM based standards, base to current UK and EU digital TV technology. I mention DVB because back to 1997 I was actively involved designing low power Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial 1 and 2kWrms air and liquid cooled Rohde&Schwarz transmitters [R&S DVB-T].
Basically, in the BS7671:2008 example the IET through its committee makes sure that BS7671:2008 meets CENELEC harmonization documents that many times started as copies of DIN or BS standards. In Germany for instance, technical regulations are named Deutsches Institut für Normung [DIN], in the USA American National Standards Institute [ANSI]. There are technical regulations produced by institutions independently of country, like International Telecommunications Union [ITU], International Electrotechnical Commission [IEC] that is not the same as the International Engineering Consortium [IEC], Federal Communications Commission [FCC] or [ETSI]. There are variants; drafts, recommendations, specific procedures, attachments, appendices, and many more technical documents that may need attention that are named differently when managing a project, but
John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency ANNEX 2 FURTHER READING A . 2 . 7
they may be related to BS DIN EN or UNE, regulations enforced by governments and regulators. Other Examples of UK technical regulations are National Physics Laboratory [NPL], or the alias NAMAS that may mean either National Measurement Accreditation Service that is the same as National Accreditation of Measurement and Stamping [NAMAS], or this one National Alliance of Medical Auditing Specialists [NAMAS].
The above explanation may seem too long, but from my experience I have detailed a bit because compliance with legal regulations [CV available if interested to read about my previous experience] is the way to make sure that technical regulations are met and at the same time than fulfilling regulatory law that otherwise might imply fines being paid by systems, possibly working acceptably well from the technical point of view, but yet non-complying or evading current and relevant law. Non-complying systems may incur additional cost in shape of additional work out of plan, economic fines if not meeting targets, or complete shut-down enforced by regulators. It's far better to have to spend several hours reading and understanding regulations BEFORE (during or even before initial planning) design and production, and suffering and paying the consequences of either poor regulation or engineering neglecting existing and valid regulations. [McK] is undoubtedly brilliant and accurate, but he is a scientist. He doesn't mention Chernovyl or Fukujima nuclear disasters, or doesn't refine on H2 probably because it is military technology that cannot be disclosed yet and we are just spending other's resources, which is economically and military speaking an advantage compared to the disadvantage of inadvertently or being forced to sell cheap. A good starting point to understand the mid-point between Science and markets, AKA engineering, is a study published online world-nuclear.
A.2.14 SEARCH ON NUCLEAR POWER
[McK] there is no shortage or Uranium yet. [McK >> www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/israel/plut.html US Uranium production 1945 to 1996] 994Tn 230e6 SWU 200Wh/d person Material enriched to between 4% and 5% 235U is called low-enriched uranium (LEU). 90%-enriched uranium is called high-enriched uranium (HEU). It takes three times as muchwork to enrich uranium from its natural state to 5% LEU. To make 1 kg of 235U as LEU (in 22.7 kg of LEU) takes about 151 SWU. It takes about 100 000 SWU of enriched uranium to fuel a typical 1000MW commercialnuclear reactor for a year.Fast breeder reactors are 60 times more efficient that one-through reactors. 33 kWh per day per person. UK nuclear power has fallen from 4GWh/day to 1.2GWh/day. Set up a small fission plant like CALTEC's? this is not Oxford, this the College of North East London. A fatal accident would ruin CONEL reputation as learning centre, if surviving it, along with casualties, insurance compensation for life loss; not recommended. Same applies to wind turbines; a few of them may be installed where accidental blade fall may not cause fatal accidents, this is one of the reasons why large wind farms are developed on sea shores, besides the fact that there is far more wind. But in the middle of urban areas, wind turbine accidents or even intentional sabotage as result of criminal behaviour would increase social unrest. I say this because just few days ago I caught on LBC 97.3 news of railway sabotage resulting in steel overhead wiring stolen because steel, like copper is expensive and is readily sold. Time ago I worked for a guy installing mobile telecommunication base stations. The company manager wanted us to collect and bring back all tails left of thick copper used for electrical grounding. There may be minimal regulated distances from urban centres to such stations, and besides that security and safety would be expensive to keep.
[McK] The first nuclear-powered ship for carrying cargo and passengers was the NS Savannah, launched in 1962 as part ofPresident Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace initiative
www.usec.com/v2001 02/HTML/Aboutusec swu.asp, www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf28.htm, www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/u-centrifuge.htm UK Atomic Energy AuthorityCulham: Nuclear power training centre for secondary schools AKA Colleges
A.2.15 ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHT BULBS from envirolights
John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency ANNEX 2 FURTHER READING A . 2 . 8
A.2.16 GB CURRENT DEPLOYMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES
John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency ANNEX 2 FURTHER READING A . 2 . 9
A.2.17 FOSSIL FUEL TAXES, ACTION AND REACTION, HIGH DAMPING FACTOR TO AVOID EARLY DEPLETION AND HAVING TO RUSH TO ALTERNATIVE FUELS THAT WOULD EVENTUALLY MEAN ENERGY IS NO
John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency ANNEX 2 FURTHER READING A . 2 . 10
LONGER GOLD TO TRADE WITH BUT WATER 1ST NEED THAT SHOULD BE AFFORDABLE TO EVERY ONE. and agin who is 'every one'. Bear in mind the competition environment we are in. COAL: www.epa.gov/cmop/ Jackson and Kershaw (1996), Thakur et al. (1996)
A.2.18 Burning urban waste:
A.2.19 ADDITIONAL READING:LESA Landlord’s saving allowance, www.epa.gov/cmop/ Jackson and Kershaw (1996), Thakur et al. (1996).
Quote: "Clausewitz summed up what it had all been about in his classic On War. Men could not reduce strategy to a formula. Detailed planning necessarily failed, due to the inevitable frictions encountered: chance events, imperfections in execution, and the independent will of the opposition. Instead, the human elements were paramount: leadership, morale, and the almost instinctive savvy of the best generals. "The Prussian general staff, under the elder von Moltke, perfected these concepts in practice. They did not expect a plan of operations to survive beyond the first contact with the enemy. They set only the broadest of objectives and emphasised seizing unforeseen opportunities as they arose. Strategy was not a lengthy action plan. It was the evolution of a central idea through continually changing circumstances."Jack Welch
Book: The Art of Action
John Bofarull Guix CONEL Buildings Energy Efficiency ANNEX 2 FURTHER READING A . 2 . 11
