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8/10/2019 Ancient Egypt - Step 5 class.ppt
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BOSTON INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
Egyptian Civilization
The Gift of the Nile
Step 52014
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LOGRO 1
Comprender los aspectos relevantes de la cultura
del antiguo Egipto y como su influencia llega hastala edad moderna.
INDICADOR DE LOGRO 1
Entiende los acontecimientos histricos relevantes
del antiguo Egipto y como estos estnentrelazados con la cultura hebrea.
Biblical principle
Matthew 24:35New King James Version (NKJV)35 Heaven and earth will pass away, but My words
will by no means pass away.
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ESSENTIAL VOCABULARYInstruction: Look up the words and write the translation
and definition in English
1. Bounded
2. Flooded
3. Alluvial
4. Highway
5. Duality
6. Craftsmen
7. Architecture
8. Carve
9. Hieroglyphs
10.Tax
11.Law
12.Pharaoh
13.Vizier
14.Scribe
15.Artisan
16.Depict
17.Papyrus
18.Hierarchy
19.Livestock
20.Mud
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The NILE RIVER, the longest river in the world (6,650 kilometers), flows north from
the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. Its flood plain was a magnet for life --
human, plant and animal. Humans were drawn there because they could grow crops
and settle into permanent villages.
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Bounded on the south,
east and west by animpenetrable desert, and
on the north by the sea,
ANCIENT EGYPTwas
protected from outside
influences, which allowed
it to evolve in its own
unique way.
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For centuries, THENILE RIVER FLOODED THE VALLEY, enriching the land with a
thick layer of alluvial soil. Flooding occurred from July to September as the result of
the tropical rains in the Ethiopian tableland. The river attained its highest level in
October, then began to recede to its lowest point sometime between April and June.
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TRANSPORTATION:The Nile River was the highway that joined the country
together. Up until the nineteenth century, travel by land was virtually unknown.
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DUALITIES, such as
desert and river valley,Upper and Lower Egypt,
life and death, were an
important organizing
principle of the
Egyptians world view.
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ARCHITECTURE:The
ancient Egyptians built theirpyramids, tombs, temples
and palaces out of STONE,
the most durable of all
building materials.
These building projectstook a high degree of
architectural and
engineering SKILL, and the
organization of a LARGE
WORKFORCEconsisting
of highly trained craftsmenand laborers.
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Apart from the pyramids, EGYPTIAN BUILDINGSwere decorated with PAINTINGS,
CARVED STONE IMAGES, HIEROGLYPHS, andTHREE-DIMENSIONAL
STATUES. The art tells the story of the pharaohs, the gods, the common people and
the natural world of plants, birds and animals.
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One of the oldest mysteries surrounding ancient Egypt concerns the building of the
PYRAMIDS. How did humans move such massive blocks of stone using only Stone
Age tools? The Egyptians left thousands of illustrations depicting daily life in the Old
Kingdom. Curiously enough, none of them show how pyramids were built.
SEVERAL THEORIESattempt to explain how pyramids were constructed, but for
now, the mystery has yet to be solved.
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GOVERNMENT and RELIGIONwere inseparable in ancient Egypt. ThePHARAOH was the head of State and the divine representative of the
gods on earth.
Religion and government brought order to society through:
The construction of TEMPLES
The creation of LAWS TAXATION
The ORGANIZATION OF LABOR
TRADEwith neighbors
The DEFENCE of the countrys interests.
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To reinforce their image as powerful divine rulers, the PHARAOHS
represented themselves in writings and sculptured reliefs on temple walls.
They often DEPICTED THEMSELVES AS WARRIORSwho single-
handedly killed scores of enemies and slaughtered a whole pride of lions.
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Not all the pharaohs
were men. Before
the Graeco-Roman
period, at least
threeWOMEN
ascended thethrone, the most
important being
Queen
HATSHEPSUT.
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The EGYPTIAN LANGUAGEwas one of the earliest languages to be written
down, perhaps only the Sumerian language is older.
First appearing on stone and pottery dating from 3100 B.C. to 3000 B.C., it
remained in use for almost 3,000 years.
The last inscription was written in A.D. 394.
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The wordHIEROGLYPHliterally
means "sacred carvings". The
Egyptians first used hieroglyphs for
inscriptions carved or painted ontemple walls.
This form of PICTORIAL WRITING
was also used on:
Tombs
Sheets of papyrus
Wooden boards covered with a
stucco wash
Potsherds
Fragments of limestone.
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Papyrus Plant
Papyrus Sheet
Animation of paper-making process
To make the paper-like writing material, the exterior of
the PAPYRUSstem was discarded and the interior was
cut into thin strips.
The strips were soaked in water and beaten to breakdown and flatten the fibers.
They were then layered crosswise and lengthwise to
produce a sheet, which was beaten again to mesh the
strips together.
Weights were placed on the sheets while they dried.
Once dry, the sheets were rolled up and stored until
needed.
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Entering a Temple
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The flooding of the Nile rendered the narrow strip of land on either side of the river
extremely fertile. INTENSIVE AGRICULTUREwas practiced by the majority of the
peasant population. who played a vital role within the country's STRICTHIERARHICAL SOCIETY. As the flood waters receded, SOWINGand PLOWING
began, using primitive wooden plows.
In addition to such GRAINSas barley and emmer (a coarse wheat), a large variety
of VEGETABLESwere grown, including onions, garlic, leeks, beans, lentils, peas,
radishes, cabbage, cucumbers, and lettuce. There were also FRUITSsuch as
dates, figs, pomegranates, melons and grapes,
The abundance of flowers provided nectar for the bees to produce HONEY, which
the Egyptians processed. FLAXwas grown for making linen, and PAPYRUSwas
harvested to be converted into paper, ropes, mats, sandals and light skiffs.
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LIVESTOCKwas important to the Egyptian economy, supplying meat, milk,
hides, and dung for cooking fuel.
A variety of DOMESTICATED ANIMALSwere raised, including cattle, oxen,
sheep, goats, pigs, ducks and geese. Peasants probably enjoyed meat on
special occasions..
DRAFT ANIMALSsuch as oxen increased agricultural productivity.
HERDSMENand SHEPHERDSlived a semi-nomadic life, pasturing their animals
in the marshes of the Nile.
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Grapes were processed into WINEfor the noble class, but beer was the
favorite drink of the common people.
Food was served in POTTERY BOWLS, but NO UTENSILSwere used foreating.
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MostHOUSESwere made of BRICK. The banks of the Nile provided the mud
used to make bricks.
Brick makers collected MUD, added STRAWand WATERto it as needed, and
stomped it with their feet until it reached the right consistency. The mixture was
then placed in a MOLD. Once shaped, the bricks were removed from the mouldand left on the ground to dry in the sun.
Egyptian PEASANTSwould have lived in SIMPLE MUD-BRICK HOMES
containing only a few pieces of furniture:BEDS, STOOLS, BOXESand LOW
TABLES.
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CRAFTWORKERSlived in one- or two-storeyFLAT-ROOFED
DWELLINGSmade of mud bricks. The walls and roof would have been
covered with plaster and painted.Inside, there was a RECEPTION ROOM, a LIVING ROOM,BEDROOMS
and a CELLARin which food and beverages were stored. Food was
prepared in an OUTDOOR KITCHENequipped with a mud-brick oven.
Stairs on the exterior of the house led to a ROOF-TOP TERRACE.
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The HOMES OF THE WEALTHYwere larger and more luxurious.
SPACIOUSreception and living rooms opened onto a CENTRAL GARDEN
COURTYARDwith a fish pond and flowering plants.
Each bedroom had a PRIVATE BATHROOM, and the walls, columns and
ceilings were painted with BEAUTIFUL DESIGNSinspired by nature.
Elaborate and highly DECORATED FURNITUREincluded beds, chairs,
boxes and tables.
PAINTED CLAY POTSand vessels, as well as ALABASTER BOWLS AND
JARS, were also found in the homes of the nobles.
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A villa from the city of Amarna
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ROYAL PALACES, frequently CITIES IN THEMSELVES, included separate
residences, a temple and a workers village.
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WOMENengaged in WEAVING, PERFUME MAKING, BAKINGand
NEEDLEWORK. Very few artistic creations were signed, and exceptional
ability was rewarded through increased social status.
Women of all classes COULD EARN WAGES, OWN PROPERTYandEMPLOY WORKERS, but their main role was within the family. The title
most women had was "MISTRESS OF THE HOUSE". They were
considered EQUAL WITH MEN BEFORE THE LAW, and could sue for
damages and divorce.
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MATHEMATICS:Although the Egyptians lacked the symbol for zero, they
calculated numbers based on the DECIMALand the repetitive (numbers
based on the POWER OF 10). The following signs were used to represent
numbers in the decimal system
1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Numbers were usually written LEFT TO RIGHT, starting with the highest
denominator. For example, in the number 2,525the first number to appear
on the left would be 2000, then 500, 20 and 5, as follows:
The Egyptians did not develop abstract mathematical formulas. They used
the simplearithmetic of ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
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ASTRONOMY:Like many ancient peoples, the Egyptians studied the nightsky, taking measurements from the stars to accurately align their pyramids and
sun temples with the earths four cardinal points. Using an instrument called a
MERKHET (similar to an astrolabe), astronomer-priests marked out the
foundations of buildings with astonishing accuracy.
The GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZAprovides an example. This remarkablebuilding has a footprint of over 13 acres and consists of approximately 6.5
million limestone blocks. Its four sides are accurately aligned to face north,
east, south, and west, with an error of less than half a degree. They are also
virtually identical in length, with less than a 20 cm (8 inch) variance between
one side and another.
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MEDICINE:The doctors of ancient Egypt combined MAGIC SPELLSwith
REMEDIES. If a person fell sick, the illness was thought to be caused by thewrath of the gods or by an evil spirit that had entered the body.
Both PRIESTS AND DOCTORSwere called upon to heal the sick,
combining their powers and skills to fix the problem.
Doctors found cures for many diseases and some of their concepts are stillused today. They used CASTOR OILas laxatives, TANNIC ACIDfrom the
acadia tree to heal burns, CORIANDERin a tea for stomach illnesses, and
CUMMIN SEEDSon aching or arthritic joints and to calm a cough.
They also made and used TOOLS FOR SURGICAL USEthat are similar to
the ones that we use today.
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Sources
Egyptian Civilization
http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egcivile.html
Ancient Egyptian Virtual Temple
http://showcase.netins.net/web/ankh/
http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egcivile.htmlhttp://showcase.netins.net/web/ankh/http://showcase.netins.net/web/ankh/http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egcivile.html