Ancient Egypt. Egyptology n. The study of the culture and artifacts of the ancient Egyptian...
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Ancient Egypt. Egyptology n. The study of the culture and artifacts of the ancient Egyptian civilization Study of pharaonic Egypt from the putative beginnings
Egyptology n. The study of the culture and artifacts of the
ancient Egyptian civilization Study of pharaonic Egypt from the
putative beginnings of Egyptian culture (c. 4500 BC ) to the Arab
conquest ( AD 641). Egyptology began with discovery of the Rosetta
Stone (1799) and the publication of Description de l'gypt (1809 28)
by scholars accompanying Napoleon I. In the 19th century the
Egyptian government opened Egypt to Europeans, many of whose
collecting activities amounted to little more than plundering. In
1880 Flinders Petrie brought controlled, scientifically recorded
excavation to Egypt, revolutionizing archaeology and pushing
theories on Egyptian origins back to 4500 BC. The discovery of
Tutankhamen's tomb in 1922 heightened public awareness. In 1975 the
First International Congress of Egyptology convened in Cairo. Many
sites remain that have been only slightly explored.
Slide 3
Rosetta Stone A basalt tablet bearing inscriptions in Greek and
in Egyptian hieroglyphic and demotic scripts that was discovered in
1799 near Rosetta, a town of northern Egypt in the Nile River
delta, and provided the key to the decipherment of Egyptian
hieroglyphics.
Slide 4
Inscribed stone slab, now in the British Museum, that provided
an important key to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs. An
irregularly shaped block of black basalt with inscriptions in
hieroglyphs, Demotic Egyptian, and Greek, it was discovered by
Napoleon's troops near the town of Rosetta (Rashid), northeast of
Alexandria, in 1799. The text concerns the deeds of Ptolemy V
Epiphanes (205 180 BC ) and dates from the ninth year of his reign.
Its decipherment was begun by Thomas Young, who isolated the proper
names in the Demotic version, and decisively completed by J.-F.
Champollion, who grasped that some hieroglyphs were phonetic.
Slide 5
Jean-Francois Champollion (born Dec. 23, 1790, Figeac, France
died March 4, 1832, Paris) French scholar. He played a major role
in the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphs. Champollion was a
linguistic prodigy who had immersed himself in Hebrew, Arabic,
Syriac, and Coptic as well as Greek and Latin by age 19.
Slide 6
After study of the Rosetta Stone and other texts, Champollion
demonstrated decisively in Summary of the Hieroglyphic System of
the Ancient Egyptians (1825) that a phonetic value could be
assigned to some hieroglyphs. He became curator of the Louvre's
Egyptian collection (1826) and conducted an archaeological
expedition to Egypt (1828 30).
Slide 7
Champollion's brother, Jacques Joseph Champollion-Figeac,
published a number of Champollion's works posthumously, including
an Egyptian grammar (1836-1841), a hieroglyphic dictionary
(1841-1844), and, the most famous, Monuments de l'Egypte et de la
Nubie (4 vols., 1835-1847).
Slide 8
Giovanni Battista Belzoni 1778-1823, Italian adventurer and
antiquities dealer. He lived (1803-12) in England and there
invented a hydraulic machine, which he attempted to introduce into
Egypt in 1815. He subsequently became involved in securing Egyptian
antiquities in order to sell them to European collectors. He opened
(1817) the rock temple of Abu-Simbel, and he discovered (1817) the
tomb of Seti I at Thebes.
Slide 9
Active at a time before the emergence of scientific archaeology
and the government protection of Egyptian antiquities, Belzoni was
a major participant in the recovery of Egyptian monuments and
antiquities that took place in the early 19th cent. at the behest
of European collectors, museums, and governments. It resulted in
the removal of many Egyptian treasures to Europe and the
destruction and disruption of numerous monuments and much
archaeological material. His exploits are recorded in his Narrative
(1820).
Slide 10
Seti I Seti I (also called Sethos I after the Greeks) was a
Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt (Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt), the son of
Ramesses I and Queen Sitre, and the father of Ramesses II. As with
all dates in Ancient Egypt, the actual dates of his reign are
unclear, and various historians claim different dates, with 1294 BC
1279 BC[4] and 1290 BC to 1279 BC[5] being the most commonly used
by scholars today.
Slide 11
The name Seti means "of Set", which indicates that he was
consecrated to the god Set (commonly "Seth"). As with most
Pharaohs, Seti had several names. Upon his ascension, he took the
prenomen mn-m3t-r, which translates as Menmaatre in Egyptian,which
means " Eternal is the Justice of Re."[1] His better known nomen,
or birth name is technically transliterated as sty mry-n- pt, or
Sety Merenptah, meaning "Man of Set, beloved of Ptah". Manetho
incorrectly considered him to be the founder of the 19th
dynasty.
Slide 12
Seti I Sarcophagus
Slide 13
Valley of the Kings Narrow gorge, Upper Egypt, near the ancient
city of Thebes. It is the burial site of nearly all of the kings
(pharaohs) of the 18th 20th dynasties (1539 1075 BC), from Thutmose
I to Ramses X. The valley contains 62 tombs, virtually all of which
were robbed in antiquity. Only the tomb of Tutankhamen escaped
pillage; after its excavation in the 1920s, its treasures were
placed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The longest tomb belongs to
Queen Hatshepsut, whose burial chamber is nearly 700 ft (215 m)
from the entrance. The largest tomb, built for the sons of Ramses
II, contains scores of burial chambers. The valley is part of a
UNESCO World Heritage site (designated 1979) centred on Thebes.
Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/valley-of-the-
kings#ixzz1ezVKzioN
Slide 14
Abu Simbel, Nubia Abu Simbel temples refers to two massive rock
temples in Abu Simbel ( in Arabic) in Nubia, southern Egypt on the
western bank of Lake Nasser about 230 km southwest of Aswan (about
300 km by road). The complex is part of the UNESCO World Heritage
Site known as the "Nubian Monuments,"[1] which run from Abu Simbel
downriver to Philae (near Aswan). Read more:
http://www.answers.com/topic/abu-
simbel#ixzz1ezVnuk19http://www.answers.com/topic/abu-
simbel#ixzz1ezVnuk19
Slide 15
The twin temples were originally carved out of the mountainside
during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II in the 13th century BC, as
a lasting monument to himself and his queen Nefertari, to
commemorate his alleged victory at the Battle of Kadesh, and to
intimidate his Nubian neighbors. However, the complex was relocated
in its entirety in 1968, on an artificial hill made from a domed
structure, high above the Aswan High Dam reservoir. Read more:
http://www.answers.com/topic/abu-
simbel#ixzz1ezVxYTswhttp://www.answers.com/topic/abu-
simbel#ixzz1ezVxYTsw
Slide 16
Abu Simbel, Nubia
Slide 17
Main Temple Entrance
Slide 18
Nefertaris Temple
Slide 19
Interior (Ra, Amun, Ptah, Ramesses)
Slide 20
Ramesses II (flourished 13th century BC) King of ancient Egypt,
1279 13 BC. His family came to power some decades after the reign
of Akhenaton. Ramses set about restoring Egypt's power by quelling
rebellions in southern Syria and fighting the Hittites
inconclusively at the Battle of Kadesh. He captured towns in
Galilee and Amor, but, unable to defeat the Hittites, he assented
to a peace treaty in 1258 BC.
Slide 21
He married one and perhaps two of the Hittite king's daughters,
and the later part of his reign was free from war. Its prosperity
may be measured by the amount of construction he undertook. Early
on he built himself a residence city in the Nile delta as a base
for military campaigns and resumed construction of the temple of
Osiris, begun by his father. He added to the temple at Karnak and
completed a funerary temple for his father at Luxor. In Nubia he
built six temples, most famously those at Abu Simbel. Read more:
http://www.answers.com/topic/ramses-
iii#ixzz1ezWgeItphttp://www.answers.com/topic/ramses-
iii#ixzz1ezWgeItp
Slide 22
Howard Carter Howard Carter discovered and excavated the tomb
of Egyptian pharaoh King Tutankhamen. Carter got his start as an
artist, tracing Egyptian hieroglyphics for others, before becoming
an archaeologist himself. His search for the tomb of King Tut took
nearly a decade, including a lengthy interruption during World War
I, and was supported financially by George Herbert, the earl of
Carnarvon.
Slide 23
On King Tut Carter discovered the tomb of Tut on 4 November
1922 and opened the tomb after Lord Carnarvon's arrival at the site
on the 26th of November. Ironically, Tutankhamen had been
practically unknown before the discovery, but news coverage of
Carter's amazing find made "King Tut" a household name.
Slide 24
Carnarvon, already in very frail health, died of an infected
mosquito bite and pneumonia shortly after the opening of the tomb
in 1923. Without his powerful patron, and due to his stubbornness,
Carter soon got into trouble with the Egyptian authorities who
temporarily took his concession away from him. He finally completed
his work on the clearing and the conservation of the tomb objects
in 1932. A three-volume work on the discovery of the tomb and its
contents, called The Tomb of Tutankhamen, much of it ghost written
by Carter's friend Percy White, appeared between 1923 and 1933.
Carter was preparing a definitive report on the tomb in six
volumes, when he died in London on March 2, 1939. Although Carter
died both famous and wealthy, he was given no public honors by
either the British or other governments. Read more:
http://www.answers.com/topic/howard- carter#ixzz1ezcKqNbp
Slide 25
Tutankhamuns Tomb One of the best-preserved tombs ever found,
it was filled with thousands of artefacts, and the golden death
mask which covered his mummy is now a famous relic of the ancient
world. Before Carter's discovery, Tutankhamen was practically
unknown, and his life still remains something of a mystery;
probably he was the 12th ruler in Egypt's 18th Dynasty. Tut most
likely was the son of Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (also known as
Akhenaten), and was married to his probable half-sister
Ankhesenamun, the daughter of Akhneten and the famous Queen
Nefertiti. Tut died when he was about 18, having ruled for nine
years, and so is often called the Boy King. Tut's death has also
been something of a mystery. X-rays taken in 1968 indicated he may
have been killed by a blow to his head, and testing in 2005
suggested death by infection from a broken leg. But DNA analysis a
few years later showed that Tut had a severe form of malaria that
affected his brain and probably killed him.
Slide 26
King Tuts Funerary Mask
Slide 27
Valley of the Kings, Thebes
Slide 28
Standing on the west bank of the Nile, across from ancient
Thebes (now Luxor), the Valley of the Kings is one of Egypts most
sensitive archaeological sites. Further discoveries in 2005 and
2008 have put the total number of tombs in the necropolis at 63 and
these range from simple, single pits to lavish complexes, the
largest of which comprises 120 chambers.
Slide 29
Map
Slide 30
The tombs contain important artwork helping scholars to piece
together information about ancient Egyptian burial rites and
beliefs and, although most of the tombs were plundered centuries
ago, they still convey the oppulence and luxury which characterised
the lives of their occupants. The first tombs in the valley are
thought to belong to Amenhotep I and Thutmose I, whose tomb bears
notes recording that its location was selected by the king's
adviser, Ineni. Further tombs are cut into the peak of al-Qurn,
which would once have been guarded by special tomb police.
Slide 31
Pyramids of Giza (Khufu, Kafre, Menkaure)
Slide 32
Sphinx, Khafres Pyramid
Slide 33
Though Khafre's pyramid is shorter than his father Khufu's
nearby Great Pyramid, Khafre made up for it by building at a higher
elevation and surrounding his pyramid with a more elaborate
complex. Within the burial chamber, explorers discovered a small
pit cut in the floorperhaps designed to hold the first canopic
chest in a pyramid. Canopic chests held jars carved in the shapes
of protective spirits. These jars, in turn, held the preserved
liver, lungs, stomach, and intestines of the deceased. The brain
would have been discarded, and the heart left in the body. Outside
the pyramid all the typical elements of a pharaonic mortuary temple
are seen in one place for the first time: entrance hall, colonnaded
courtyard, niches for royal statuary, storage chambers, and
interior sanctuary. Later pyramids would be significantly smaller,
with greater emphasis on these mortuary temples.
Slide 34
Stepped Pyramid, Saqqara
Slide 35
Intended to hold his mummified body, Pharaoh Djoser's Step
Pyramid at Saqqara began as a traditional, flat-roofed mastaba. But
by the end of his 19-year reign, in 2611 B.C., it had risen to six
stepped layers and stood 204 feet (62 meters) high. It was the
largest building of its time. Imhoteparchitect of the Step Pyramid,
physician, priest, and founder of a cult of healingwas deified
1,400 years after his lifetime.
Slide 36
Menofre It also tells him something incredible about the age of
the world. The tomb belongs to a man called Menofre who was Royal
hairdresser to a King called Djedkare a King who lived during the
fifth dynasty, one that predated Noah's Flood and, according to the
Church and the Bible, could not have existed.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005
/10_october/17/egypt_champ_eps.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005
/10_october/17/egypt_champ_eps.shtml More on this topic:
http://michaellothianart.wordpress.com/2010/03/30/the-
great-flood-and-john-francois-champollion/
http://michaellothianart.wordpress.com/2010/03/30/the-
great-flood-and-john-francois-champollion/
Slide 37
Issues: Monumentality What is monumentality? How would you
describe Egypts art and architecture? Life is a preparation for
death. Explain this. What is the pre-occupation of Egypts art and
culture. Why? Compare and contrast Ancient Egyptian art and culture
from that of Filipinos.
Slide 38
For more on Ancient Egypt: http://www.answers.com/
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/index.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005
/10_october/17/egypt.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005
/10_october/17/egypt.shtml