Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt

GeographyGeography

• The Nile:– Longest river in the world– Very fertile along the river

banks.– Egyptians called the

fertile land – Kemet(Black Land)

• Provided for:– Irrigation– Transportation– Silt– Religious activities

Irrigation:Irrigation:

Upper Nile RiverUpper Nile River

• Upper Egypt: – The river valley was

very wide in some areas.

– High cliffs and mountains.

Lower Nile River:Lower Nile River:

• Lower Egypt:– Nile Delta– Flat area with a lot of

good farmland.– Outlet to the sea was

important for trade.

Deserts:Deserts:

• Deserts were called Desret. (Red Land)– On western side was

the Libyan Desert.– Provided granite,

marble, many oases, natron

• On eastern side was the Arabian Desert.– Provided gold, gems,

copper

– Both deserts provided protection from an enemy.

Class Work:Class Work:

• Read pages 75 and 76 in the text book.

• Answer questions 1, 2, 3* on page 77.

• Bonus: Find out the answer to question 4 for homework. Give your answer tomorrow.

The Gift of the NileThe Gift of the Nile

• Video

““The Mummy”The Mummy”

• As you watch the “Hollywood” version of an Ancient History themed film, pick out some of the historical inaccuracies in the movie.

Pre-dynastic Period:Pre-dynastic Period:

• Upper and Lower Egypt started as separate kingdoms, but were united under one leader: King Menes

• This started the first Egyptian dynasty. (A succession of family rulers.)

• Developed the irrigation systems and a form of writing.

HieroglyphsHieroglyphs

• Means ‘sacred carvings’.

• At first, Egyptians used a picture to represent a word.

• Changed to one symbol to represent one sound.

• Hieroglyphs were carved onto nameplates or seals called cartouches.

• Wrote from right to left, did not use punctuation or capitalization.

Make your own:Make your own:

• Using the hieroglyphic alphabet provided and design your own cartouche.

• Be creative, colourful and have fun with it.

• 20 marks

Quiz 2Quiz 2

• 1. On what continent is Egypt located?

• 2. What river is located in Egypt?

• 3. What did the Egyptian word desret mean?

• 4. What are two things the deserts provided for the Egyptians?

• 5. What is a dynasty?

• 6. What is kemet?

• 7. What are hieroglyphics?

• 8. What is a cartouche?

• 9. What did the Egyptians do to turn ‘sand into land’?

Old Kingdom (2650 BCE)Old Kingdom (2650 BCE)

• Age of the Pyramids– King Djoser had the

first monumental stone building built.

• The Step Pyramid at Saqqara.

• Symbolic stairway to heaven.

• Pyramids were built as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens.

• 80 pyramids along the Nile.

• The 1st and largest was built by Pharaoh Khufu at Giza.

Why pyramids?Why pyramids?

• It was believed that the sunbeams led the pharaoh to Ra (sun god).

• Limestone covered the outside and shimmered in the sun and moonlight.

• Sides are aligned with the compass points.

• 2 300 000 stone blocks

• Construction lasted 30 years during the winter months

The Guardian of Giza:The Guardian of Giza:

• Faces east.(?)• Shaped like a lion

with the pharaoh’s head. (Khufu)

• Carved out of the bedrock.

• (This is the largest one, but there are many others.)

• Paws are 50 ft.; body is 100 ft

• Head is 30 ft high;14 ft wide

• Doors in the body lead to underground passages.

Myths about the Sphinx:Myths about the Sphinx:

• A map to the lost city of Atlantis is buried unders its paws.

• There is a temple to the gods under it.

• There is a UFO buried in the sand between the Sphinx and the Great Pyramid.

The Riddle of the Sphinx:The Riddle of the Sphinx:

• What animal walks on all fours in the morning, two legs at noon and three legs at night?

• Bonus H/W: How did the Sphinx at Giza lose it’s nose?

Social StructureSocial Structure

• Pharaoh• Nobles and Military Leaders• Priest and Scribes• Crafters• Peasant Farmers• Slaves

• Pages 103-104 in the book. Find three points about each, for each level.

Death and the Afterlife:Death and the Afterlife:

• Egyptians believed in an “afterlife” when they died.

• 70 million Egyptians were probably mummified because they believed this was the way to preserve the body for the afterlife.

• The deceased was divided into three essential elements upon death:

• The Ba – personality

(Bird with human head)

• The Akh – Crested Ibis

(Flew to the stars to spend eternity)

• The Ka – Life force/soul

(Lived in the tomb for all eternity & needed a body to inhabit.)

Quiz 3Quiz 3

1. List the 7 steps of mummification.

2. The Great Pyramid at Giza took how many years to build?

3. What rock used in pyramid construction shimmered in the sun or moon light?

4. What guards the pyramids at Giza?

BONUS: What is one of the myths associated with the Guardian at Giza?

Mummification Process:Mummification Process:

• Took 70 days from start to finish.

• Process was performed by a priest and his assistants.

• The priest wore the mask of Anubis.(Jackal headed god of mummification.)

• There were 7 main steps:

• Step 1. Cleaned and purified the body.

• Step 2:Removed inner organs: lungs, liver, stomach, intestines to also be mummified.

• Removed the brain…

…with a hook!

Step 3: Drying Process

Placed the body on a slanted table so bodily fluids would drain out.

• Covered body with natron.

• Left for 40 days.

• Step 4: Packing/Sealing the Body

• Natron removed– Body washed.– Stuffed with linens, sawdust, lichen.

• Step 5:Wrapped the body with linens.– Poured resin and/or

beeswax over the linens.

– Placed jewelry and charms inside the linens.

• Step 6:The internal organs that were dried out were put inside canopic jars.

• These went in the tomb with the mummy.

• Jackel – stomach (Duamutef)

• Falcon – intestines (Qebehsenuf)

• Baboon – lungs (Hapi)

• Human – liver (Imseti)

• Step 7. Wrapped the body inside a shroud and placed inside a mummiform coffin.

• A funeral mask was placed over the face and then the entire coffin was put inside a sarcophagus.

King TutKing Tut

Egypt ProjectEgypt Project

The New Kingdom (1500 BCE)The New Kingdom (1500 BCE)

• “The Age of the Empire”

• Egypt is considered to have had the ancient world’s strongest empire.

• Increased their standing armies and built permanent fortress towns along the Nile River and the Nile Delta.

• Queen Hatshepsut

• Thutmose II• Thutmose III

• Ramses II– Ramses the Great

Pharaohs of EgyptPharaohs of Egypt

1. (P 83-84) Why were the pharaohs of the New Kingdom leaders of strong empires?

2. Why was Thutmose I a great leader?

3. Why was Thutmose III a great military leader?

4. (P85) How did Hatshepsut gain the throne of Egypt?

5. How did she maintain her power for 22 years?

6. What were the years of her rule like for the Egyptian people?

7. What is your belief of what may have become of Hatshepsut?

8. (P 86) Why is Ramses II the most famous of the Rameside Kings?

9. Why do scholars call him “Ramses the Great”?

10. Why could Ramses be considered a building King?

• Amenhotep IV

• King Tutankhamen– King Tut

Thutmose IIIThutmose III

• Stepson of Hatshepsut

• Great military ruler; mighty empire

• Led his armies on military campaigns into Asia every year for 20 years

• Enlarged the empire (slaves, copper, gold, ivory, ebony

• Brought pow’s (Children and Foreign princes) back to Egypt

Thutmose’s Military Innovations:Thutmose’s Military Innovations:

• Highly organized military

• Slaves forced to be soldiers

• Leather body armour with metal scales

• Large shields for chariot soldiers

Amenhotep IVAmenhotep IV

• Grandson of Thutmose III

• No good ruling skills

• Had his statues portray him as he really looked, not athletic and young like previous pharaohs

• Worshipped the sun disk – Aton

• Biggest change he made in Egypt’s history:

• Switched the religion from polytheistic to monotheistic.– From worshipping more than one god to

worshipping only one god.

Changed his name to Akhenaton and claimed he was equal to the sun god.

A New Theory About the Long A New Theory About the Long Faced PharaohFaced Pharaoh

• How did Akhenaten change the style of art and the way pharaohs were portrayed?

• Describe Akhenaten’s appearance.• What diagnosis does Alwyn Burridge make

about Akhenaten’s physical features?• How do the symptoms of this syndrome fit the

portraits of Akhenaten?• How might the syndrome explain his

revolutionary acts?

Valley of the Kings:Valley of the Kings:

• Chosen as a new burial site for pharaohs during the 18th dynasty.– Close to the Nile River– Easily guarded.– Limestone was good

for carving

• There are 62 numbered royal and private tombs.

• Many discovered had already been robbed.

• Excavations are still happening there today.

King TutankhamenKing Tutankhamen

• KV 62 – Found in 1922 by Howard Carter.

• Tut is thought to be the son of Akhenaton and a lesser wife, and was 9 years old when he became the Pharaoh.

• He ruled with the help of trusted advisors, such as Ay and Nefertiti.

• Tut attempted to erase all the changes brought by Akhenaten.

• Built new temples to all the gods

• Rebuilt the capital city at Thebes

Why is Tut so famous?Why is Tut so famous?

• Most significant tomb found in Valley of the Kings.

• Most intact and most valuable.

• Miracle the tomb was even found.

• Tut died at age 18 and the reason for his death is still not conclusive.

• History tells us he died of mysterious illness, but did he???

Who Killed King Tut?Who Killed King Tut?

1. Which theory of King Tut’s do you believe to be the correct one?

2. What is the evidence to support this theory? List as many pieces of evidence as you can.

3. Murder – If you believe that Tut was murdered, who did it?

Murder – What is the evidence against this person? List as much evidence as you can.

4. Accident – If you don’t think he was murdered, explain how you think he died?

Accident – What artifacts are used as clues about the cause of his death? List as many as you can think of.

5. What current day technology could you use to prove your theory?

Other finds in KV:Other finds in KV:

Greek – Roman Period:Greek – Roman Period:

• End of the New Kingdom. Egyptian Empire is starting to weaken.

• 332BCE – Egypt invaded and conquered by Alexander the Great.

• He created a new city and capital at Alexandria and left a Greek governor in charge - Ptolemy

• Upon Alexander’s death in Asia, the governor Ptolemy declared himself King of Egypt and became known as Ptolemy I

• For 300 years Egypt was ruled by the Ptolemic Dynasty.

• Ptolemy XII had 3 children: Ptolemy XIII and XIV and a daughter Cleopatra VII

• Cleopatra was age 17 or 18 when she became ruler with her brother.

• Eventually she became sole ruler and formed an alliance with Julius Caesar, and later with Marc Antony (Roman rulers).

• Cleopatra was the last Pharaoh in Egypt.

Read pages 87-88 in text and Read pages 87-88 in text and answer the following:answer the following:

1. How did Cleopatra establish her power?

2. Explain how Egypt became a province of Rome.

3. Describe the Roman rule of Egypt.

4. What changes did Roman culture bring to Egypt?

5. Who conquered Egypt in 642 CE ending Roman rule?

Test Review:Test Review:

- Geography - Social Structure– Cartouche - Hieroglyphics– Old Kingdom - New Kingdom

• Pyramids - Hatshepsut• Sphinx - Thutmose III• Mummification - Ramses II

- Amenhotep IV

- Tut

- Valley of the Kings

- Greek-Roman Period

• Multiple Choice

• True/False

• Short Answer