Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy---Study of Structure Gross anatomy Systemic anatomy Regional anatomy Microscopic anatomy

Physiology---Study of Function Neurophysiology Muscle physiology Respiratory Renal Digestive Endocrine

How is the body organized?

6 Levels of Organization

1. Chemical Level2. Cell Level3. Tissue Level4. Organ Level5. Organ System Level6. Organism

Cardiovascularsystem

Organelle

Molecule

Atoms

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.

Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues.

Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely.

Organismal levelThe human organism is made upof many organ systems.

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

HeartBloodvessels

Epithelialtissue

Smooth muscle tissue

12

3

4

56

Figure 1.1

11 systems of the body

Major Members

Locations

Functions

Homeostasis

DefinitionHow is it maintained?-Feedback Mechanisms

What if it is not maintained? (disease s/s)

Components of a Control Mechanism

1. Receptor Monitors the environmentResponds to stimuli

2. Control centerDetermines the set point Receives input from receptor Determines appropriate response

3. EffectorReceives output from control centerResponse acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (feedback)

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Nervous and endocrine systems

Features of these systems

Anatomical terminology

Anatomical position

Why is this important?

Directional Terms

• Right• Left• Superior• Inferior• Cephalic• Caudal• Anterior• Posterior

• Ventral• Dorsal• Proximal• Distal• Lateral• Medial• Superficial• Deep• Ipsilateral• Contralateral

Fig. 1.11

Body Parts and Regions

Body PlanesSagittal plane

Transverse plane

Frontal (coronal) plane

Fig. 1.13

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8

Transverse plane

Median (midsagittal) plane

Frontal plane

Liver

Spleen

Pancreas

Aorta

Vertebralcolumn

Spinal cord

Subcutaneous fat layer

Body wall

Rectum

Intestines

Left andright lungs

Liver

Heart Stomac

h

Spleen Arm

(a) Frontal section (through torso)

(b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view)

(c) Median section (midsagittal)

2 major body cavities

1. Dorsal (location and contents)

2. Ventral (location and contents)

Body Cavities

Fig. 1.15

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Other Body Cavities

•Oral and digestive cavities

•Nasal cavity

•Orbital cavities

•Middle ear cavities

•Synovial cavities

Membranes of the body

Serous Mucous

Synovial

Serous Membranes

Serous Membranes

Serous membranes line body cavities that do not open directly to the outside, and they cover the organs located in those cavities.

Serous fluid lubricates the membrane and reduces friction and abrasion.

Simple squamous

Connective tissue

Mucous MembranesThese membranes line the body cavities that open to the outside. The entire digestive tract is lined with mucous membranes. Other examples include the respiratory and reproductive tracts.

Synovial MembranesSynovial membranes are membranes that line the cavities of the freely movable joints. They line cavities that do not open to the outside. Synovial membranes secrete synovial fluid.

Special serous membranes, spaces and fluids

Thorax

Heart

Abdominal (AB) cavity

Meninges~ Another special type of membrane

Clinically useful information(what is where?)

Terms

Palpation

Auscultation

Percussion

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Anatomical Variability

•Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but:• Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out

of place

• Small muscles may be missing

Table 1.2

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(c) Computed tomographic (CT) scan(b Cerebral angiogram(a) X-ray (radiograph)

(e) Magnetic resonance image (MRI)(d) Positron emission tomographic(PET) scan

Fig 1.13

a: © U.H.B. Trust/Tony Stone Images/Getty Images; b: Custom Medical Stock Photos, Inc.; c: © CNR/Phototake; d: Tony Stone Images/Getty Images;e: © Monte S. Buchsbaum, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY;