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Chapter 1
Human Body
Orientation
Anatomy• Study of structure
– Types• Gross Anatomy: the study of large body
structures visible to the naked eye such as the heart or lungs
• Microscopic Anatomy: the study of structures too small to be seen without a microscope such as tissues and cells
• Developmental Anatomy: the study of structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan
Physiology
• The study of the function of the body– Types
• Renal Physiology: kidney function and urine production
• Neurophysiology: nervous system• Cardiovascular Physiology: heart and blood
vessels
Structure determines Function
• How a cell looks determines what the cell does. (ex. Long dendrites on a nerve cell allows it to send signals quickly)
• How an organ looks determines how well it functions.
Levels of Structural Organization
• 1. chemical level (atoms & molecules)• 2. cellular level (cells & organelles)• 3. tissue level (groups of similar cells that have
a common function)• 4. organ level (discrete structures composed of
at least two tissue types)• 5. organ system (organs work together to
accomplish a common purpose)• 6. organismal level (the sum total of all
structural levels)
Necessary Life Functions
• 1. maintaining boundaries: internal boundaries remain distinct from external environment
• 2. movement: activities of the muscular system, etc.• 3. responsiveness: the ability to sense changes
(stimuli) and respond to them• 4. digestion: breaking down food to simple molecules• 5. metabolism: chemical reactions in the body• 6. excretion: removing wastes• 7. reproduction: cellular or organismal• 8. growth: increase in the size of cells, body parts, or
the organism itself
Survival Needs
• 1. nutrients: contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building
• 2. oxygen: allows cellular respiration to occur• 3. water: accounts for 60-80% of body weight,
needed for chemical reactions• 4. normal body temperature: maintains
metabolic reactions• 5. atmospheric pressure: needed for proper
breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
Homeostasis
• The ability to maintain a stable internal environment
• Every organ system plays a role in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment
Negative Feedback
• The output shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity (prevents sudden severe changes in the body)
• These mechanisms cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change
• Ex. Body temperature and blood volume
Positive Feedback • The response enhances
the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated
• The change that occurs is in the same direction as the initial disturbance
• Ex. Oxytocin: intensifies labor contractions
Response to Environment
• Nervous system – electrochemical– Afferent pathway – (arriving) receptor stimuli
to control center– Efferent pathway – (exiting) control center
• Ex. hot stove and hand
• Endocrine system – hormones
• Ex. insulin and glucose
Orientation and Direction
• Cranial• Caudal• Ventral• Dorsal• Superior• Inferior• Medial• Lateral• Proximal• Distal
Body Planes and Sections
• Sagittal: divides body into right and left
• Median: sagittal along the midline
• Frontal (coronal): divides body into anterior and posterior
• Transverse: horizontal; divides body into superior and inferior parts
Body Cavities• Dorsal
– Cranial & vertebral
• Ventral– Thoracic
• Pleural cavities – houses lungs
• Mediastinum – houses heart, trachea, esophagus
– Abdominal-- Pelvic
Membranes of Body Cavities
• Serous membranes– Covering on organs
• Parietal serosa: lines the cavity walls
• Visceral serosa: covers the organs
• Serous fluid: lubricating fluid
• Peritonitis- inflammation of the membrane lining of the abdominal cavity
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Other Body Cavities
• 1. oral and digestive• 2. nasal• 3. orbital• 4. middle ear• 5. synovial
11 Systems
• Cardiovascular• Skeletal• Integumentary• Lymphatic• Urinary• Muscular• Digestive• Respiratory• Reproductive• Nervous• Endocrine